Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Deflection Torque
Deflecting Torque, Td = BINA
Where
B = flux density in Wb/m2 (Tesla)
I = current (A).
N = number of turns of the coils.
A = area ( length x wide), (m2).
Deflection Torque
Example :
Deflection Torque
• Any effect that tends to reduce the amplitude of
oscillations in an oscillatory system, particularly the
harmonic oscillator.
• The process of "smoothing out" the oscillation of the
pointer
Damping
Two basic techniques:
• The first method of damping comes from the d’Arsonval meter
movement itself. In the d’Arsonval meter movement, current
through the coil causes the coil to move in the magnetic field of
the permanent magnet. This movement of the coil (conductor)
through a magnetic field causes a current to be induced in the
coil opposite to the current that caused the movement of the coil.
This induced current will act to damp oscillations.
Damping
Two basic techniques:
• The second method of damping used in most meter movements
is an airtight chamber containing a vane (like a windmill vane)
attached to the coil.
Damping
Two classes of damped motion
• PERIODIC - in which the pointer oscillates about the
final position before coming to rest.
Damping
DAMPING RATIO - The value of the damping ratio ζ
determines the behavior of the system
• Critical damping (ζ = 1)
• Over-damping (ζ > 1)
• Under-damping (0 ≤ ζ < 1)
Damping
Common Damping System In Indicating Instrument
• Air friction damping
Damping
Common Damping System In Indicating Instrument
• Liquid damping
- Similar principle as air damping only the vane moves
in a liquid chamber with a proper concentration.
• Eddy current damping
- Eddy currents are currents induced in conductors to
oppose the change in flux that generated them
Damping
• A basic d’Arsonval movement can be converted into dc
voltmeter by adding in series resistor multiplier
Current in series
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑀
𝑉
𝑅𝑆 = − 𝑅𝑀
𝐼𝑀
DC VOLTMETER
From Ohm’s Law:
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑀 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝑀
= 𝐼𝑀 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝑀 𝑅𝑀
DC VOLTMETER
Example:
A basic D’ Arsonval movement with a full-scale
deflection of 50 μA and internal resistance of 500Ω is
used as a DC voltmeter. Determine the value of the
multiplier resistance needed to measure a voltage range of
0-10V.
DC VOLTMETER
• Multi-Range Voltmeter - A DC voltmeter can be
converted into a multirange voltmeter by connecting a
number of resistors (multipliers) in series with the meter
movement.
DC VOLTMETER
Multi-Range Voltmeter
Example:
Convert a basic D’ Arsonval movement with an internal
resistance of 100Ω and a full scale deflection current of 1mA into
a multirange dc voltmeter with voltage ranges of 0-15V and 0-
50V.
DC VOLTMETER
• Loading Effects in DC Voltmeter
- When a voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across a circuit
component, the voltmeter circuit itself is in parallel with the
circuit component. Total resistance will decrease, so the voltage
across component will also decrease. This is called voltmeter
loading. The resulting error is called a loading error. The
voltmeter loading can be reduced by using a high sensitivity
voltmeter.
DC VOLTMETER
• Loading Effects in DC Voltmeter
Example:
Find the voltage across the resistor 50KΩ as shown in figure above
if using
a. Voltmeter with sensitivity 1000Ω/V
b. Voltmeter with sensitivity 20000Ω/V
And voltmeter range for both measurements is 0 -50V.
DC VOLTMETER
• The PMMC galvanometer constitutes the basic movement
of a dc ammeter. The coil winding of a basic movement is
small and light, so it can carry only very small currents
• The PMMC can use to build an ammeter with connected
the shunt resistor and meter in parallel.
DC AMMETER
RM = internal resistance of the movement
RSH = shunt resistance
ISH =shunt current
IM = full scale deflection current of the movement
I = full scale current of the ammeter + shunt (i.e. total current)
DC AMMETER
DC AMMETER
Example:
DC AMMETER
• Multirange Ammeter – Individual Shunt
a. Individual Shunt
DC AMMETER
b. Ayrton Shunt
DC AMMETER
Example:
DC AMMETER
• The PMMC can change to be ohmmeter with connected voltage
source and limited current resistor in series.
- Series Ohmmeter
- Parallel Ohmmeter
• The purpose of an ohmmeter is to measure the resistance placed
between its leads. This resistance reading is indicated through a
mechanical meter movement which operates on electric current.
OHMMETER
• Series Ohmmeter
OHMMETER
Operation of Series Ohmmeter
OHMMETER
Operation of Series Ohmmeter
OHMMETER
Example:
Given PMMC with resistance 100Ω was using in series
ohmmeter. R1 = 500Ω, R2 = 400Ω and supply voltage = 10V.
When connected with Rx, the reading shows 0.5mA. Find the
value of Rx.
OHMMETER
• Shunt Resistor in Series Type Ohmmeter
OHMMETER
OHMMETER
OHMMETER
• Parallel (Shunt) Ohmmeter
OHMMETER
• Operation of Shunt Ohmmeter
S1 is using for cut-off the battery (Vin) when not using the circuit.
When Rx = 0 ( AB terminal short), no current in circuit and the
pointer is mark as 0 ohm.
OHMMETER
• Operation of Shunt Ohmmeter
When Rx = infinity (AB terminal open), the current (I
) in circuit is maximum. Adjust R1 until the meter movement is
full scale, and the pointer is mark as ∞Ω (Infinity).
OHMMETER
• FUNCTION
1. Current limiting resistance - A resistor inserted in an electrical
circuit to limit the flow of current to some predetermined value.
It is used chiefly to protect tubes and other components during
warm-up.
2. Zero adjusts resistance - A resistor inserted in an electrical
circuit to adjusts the value of resistance to zero.
3. Meter resistance - A resistance of the meter's armature coil.
4. Unknown resistance - A resistance that unknown value in a
circuit.
OHMMETER
ASSIGNMENT:
OHMMETER
• AC METERS
• ELECTRODYNAMOMETER
• IRON VANE
• ELECTROSTATIC
• THERMOCOUPLE
• D’ ARSONVAL
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