The 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference,

01-137 Tokyo, 27-29 September 2005 (SB05Tokyo)

BUILDING CLIMATIC ZONING. THE CASE OF CHILE

Waldo BUSTAMANTE G. Dr.Eng.1

1
Escuela de Construcción Civil. Facultad de Ingeniería. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida
Vicuña Mackena 4860. Macul, Santiago, Chile, wbustama@puc.cl

Keywords: building climatic zoning, energy efficiency

Summary
Different methods for the definition of a building climatic zoning have been applied in different countries.
Many of these methods take into account the climate of a region but do not consider the building response to
such climates. A new methodology to define a building climatic zoning has applied to the case of Chile. The
methodology considers the type of building and the criterion of achieving comfort with energy efficiency. For
estimating the heating and cooling demand, a simulation software has been used, considering different types
of residential buildings. Simulations considered 15 typologies of residential buildings and 23 cities of the
country.

In the case of this type of buildings, when assuming some design strategies, an ample zone, where inside
comfort may be achieved without heating demand, has been defined. According to heating demand, 4
different zones were defined within the southern of the country.

It has been showed that inside comfort may be achieved without cooling demand throughout the whole
country. Design strategies considered were: orientation and size of windows, thermal mass, solar protection
and nocturnal ventilation.

1. Introduction
During the seventies, different countries of Europe defined climatic zonings as part of their regulations for
energy efficiency in buildings. These climatic zonings are still being used and they are mainly associated to
heating degree-days and solar radiation of respective regions. These heating degree-days are estimated
according to outdoor temperature in relation to a given indoor temperature in the building. Thus, only outdoor
and indoor conditions were considered for definition of these climatic zonings, without taking into account the
building itself. This is the case –for example– of Spain and France, where different indicators were also
defined for each climatic zone in order to establish a certain thermal behaviour of buildings

After decades of development in the field of energy efficiency and thermal comfort in buildings, when certain
building climatic zonings elaborated around 30 years ago are still being used, and after development of
calculation models, availability of better meteorological information, the creation of methodologies for
establishing of a test reference years (TRY), the development of design tools and simulation softwares, it is
possible to define new methodologies for the elaboration of a residential building climatic zoning in a region
or in a country.

Nowadays it is possible to think that a certain residence climatic zone should not only be associated to
meteorological information or to recommended indices of thermal behaviour of a building. Furthermore, it is
also possible to define certain architectural strategies to reach comfort inside of buildings, with minimum
energy consumption in a certain geographical region, taking into consideration different existing building
technologies and innovations that could be introduced in these ones.

According to what has been mentioned, emphasis should be given in achieving thermal comfort with efficient
use of energy in residential buildings. For this purpose, the use of tools, analysis and calculations should be
made within the framework of bioclimatic architecture.

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The objective of this work is to show applicability of a methodology to establish a climatic zoning for
residential buildings in Chile. The methodology considers criterion of achieving thermal comfort with
minimum energy consumption, in different periods of the year and in a country with cold, temperate or warm-
dry climates. Tools and simulation programs developed within the last years have been considered in the
definition of this methodology.

2. Methodology
The methodology to establish a residential building zoning, according to climate and comfort achievement
criteria with minimum energy demand, was applied to the case of Chile, a country with cold, temperate and
hot-dry climates [1,2].

This methodology, includes the followings steps:

I. Selection of a representative sample of residential buildings of the country.
II. Selection of cities located in different regions of the country, considering climate, housing demand
and availability of adequate meteorological information.
III. Gather meteorological data of the different cities.
IV. Study of human comfort conditions in the inside of residential buildings of the chosen cities.
V. Study of internal heat gains in residential buildings of different regions of the country.
VI. Simulations for the determination of hourly indoor temperature and humidity for different types of
residential buildings so as to compare them with comfort conditions. At least summer and winter seasons
should be considered.
VII. Improvement of the thermal performance of building assemblies and the architectural design in order
to achieve thermal comfort without energy demand.
VIII. If thermal comfort is not achieved in the previous step, minimum recommended heating or cooling
energy demand should be estimated for different residential buildings.
IX. Definition of zones according to comfort achievement criteria conditions, without energy demand, in
the inside ambient of residential buildings (for different periods of the year) or according to energy
demand when comfort is not possible without artificial heating or cooling during identical periods.
X. Definition of certain recommendations to achieve comfort.
The main characteristic of this methodology is the fact that, in this case, three fundamental aspects are
directly and simultaneously considered when defining a climatic zoning for residential buildings. These
aspects are climate, users and thermal performance of buildings.
In relation to climate: the use of a test reference year is proposed, considering at least hourly values of
temperature, solar radiation and humidity of the cities taken into account.
With respect to users, comfort thermal conditions must be studied for different climatic regions of the country.
Internal gains that may vary among different seasons and climates must also be studied.
When defining a climatic zone for buildings, an important aspect to be considered is their thermal
performance. Starting with a representative sample of residential buildings of the country, improvements to
the architectural design and building envelope assemblies have to be made in order to achieve comfort in
the inside ambient with minimum energy demand. The limits of a certain climatic zone are defined according
to the fact that, within the zone, thermal comfort in the inside of the residential buildings is achieved by using
a demand of energy within a given range. This energy demand can be zero when certain architectural
design strategies permit the achievement of comfort without artificial heating or cooling.
The described methodology has been already applied to the case of Chile (Bustamante, W et al. 2001) but
only considering preliminary simulations in 6 dwellings (3 houses and 3 apartments) with two types of
building specifications and imaginary located in 6 different climates of the country. A complete set of
simulations for 16 cities of the country were made for a detached house of 85 m2, which not necessarily
represent the residential types of residential buildings of the country.

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This work will show a complete set of simulation for 15 different types of houses that represent the types of
residential buildings that are being constructed in Chile. Plans and building specifications of these 15
dwellings were defined from a sample of 75 projects that were constructed in different cities of the country
between 1994 and 1998. These 75 dwellings have been randomly selected from a sample that includes
100% of residential buildings constructed in Chile between 1994 and 1998. This work was made in the
Instituto de la Construcción of Chile within the framework of the steps to define a thermal regulation for
housing that will define thermal transmittance for walls, windows and floors of residential buildings (Instituto
de la Construcción, 2001). This thermal regulation will be probably approved by the Ministerio de Vivienda y
Urbanismo (Ministry of Dwelling and Urbanism) of Chile this year to be mandatory from the year 2006. A
regulation for thermal transmittance of ceilings of dwellings is being applied by this Ministry since March
2000.

3. Chile. Climate description and cities included in the study

3.1 Chile: a brief description
The country is to be found along an extended strip that has a length of around 4200 km down the south-west
coast of South America, with an average width of only 177 km. Reaching down beyond the southern seas to
the Chilean Antarctic region, it advances towards the South Pole; and towards the west it reaches the
archipelago of Juan Fernández (around 33° 30′ latitude South and 80° longitude West) and Easter Island
(around 27° latitude South and 109° longitude West). Such dispersion explains the denominations of insular
and continental Chile.
The continental part of the country is located from 17° 30′ latitude South as far as 56° latitude South with an
area of 756.626 km2.
The relief of the country is irregular and mountainous since no more than 20% of the continental territory is
plain. Three morphological features characterize the country: the Andean mountain range along the east, the
Coastal mountain range by the west and the intermediate depression between both features (Central Valley)
(Schwerdtfeger W. 1976.)

3.2 The climate of Chile

Almost every aspect of Chile′s existence, including its climate, is dominated by the massive Andean
Cordillera, which occupies at least a third of the country along its eastern edge, and the vast Pacific Ocean to
the west. These two geographical features rather effectively isolate the area, and the effect of the rest of
South America continent on the climate of Chile is rather small (Schwerdtfeger W. 1976.)
Within the country, the rugged topography and the Pacific Ocean are so important in determining the climatic
distribution in such a long and narrow ribbon of land, from an extremely arid and hot zone starting on north of
Tropic of Capricorn, as far as the region of glaciers and ice fields in the deep south of the continent. Then, to
the expected climate variation from north to south, the mentioned geographical features along the whole
country causes also pronounced longitudinal climate variations (Schwerdtfeger W. 1976.)

3.3 The Chilean standard of residential building climatic zoning

In the country, an official standard (NCh 1079 Of 77) that defines a dwelling climatic zoning and architectural
design recommendations for its continental part was approved in 1977 (INN, 1977). This standard divides the
country in 9 zones, considering the mentioned latitudinal and longitudinal variations that can be summarised
as followings:
Parameters that generally increase from North to South:: Precipitation, relative humidity of the air, number of
winter months of the year, cloudiness.

Parameters that generally decrease from North to South: Temperature of the air, solar radiation, solar
altitude

Parameters that generally increase from West to East: Daily fluctuation of temperature, solar radiation

Parameters that generally decrease from West to East: Relative humidity of the air, cloudiness, atmospheric
pressure.

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4. Building sector in Chile

4.1 General description
Around 68% of Chilean buildings constructed during the last years belong to the residential sector. The rest
for buildings belongs to the financial sector, industry, commerce, services and others.
Regarding to constructed dwelling floor area, 47.9% of dwellings built between 1994 and 1998 have a floor
area under 50 m2 and 24.9 % between 50 and 100 m2 .
In the case of residential buildings, 41.1% were built on brick masonry as the only material in walls during the
period 1994-1998. Other important specifications for external walls were reinforced concrete (25.8%) and
timber frame (12.4%) (INE, 1998). Similar figures are to be found in official data of the INE (National Institute
of Statistics) for years 1996 till 2001 (INE, 1998).
Both, the floor area of dwellings that represents the case of Chile and the types of specifications used in
walls are being represented in the 15 typologies of dwellings that are being used for simulations in this work.

4.1 Thermal behavoiur and regulations

Chilean buildings have serious deficiencies in their thermal behavior. The combined consumption of the
Commercial, Public and Residential sectors account for 25% of national energy use. The efficiency of this
sector has been about 35% for the past 30 years. Studies made in different cities of the country have
demonstrated these deficiencies for all seasons of the year.
On the other hand, in Chile, a “residential building regulation” is being applied since March 2000. This
regulation defines a maximum U value (according to the location of the respective city) in ceilings of new
residential buildings. As mentioned before, a new step of this regulation may be applied in the year 2006
(MINVU, 1999).

5. Building sector in Chile

Simulations to study thermal behavior of dwellings were made using the multizone dynamic software
CCTE_CL, that was elaborated by the team of Termotecnia, Energy Engineering Department. University of
Sevilla, Spain. This software uses the same models of the one that will be used in Spain as part of the
process of certification that soon will take place in this country. This Spanish version of the software has
been adapted for the Ministry of Dwelling and Urbanism of Chile, to be used for identical purpose in this
country. The software estimates dwelling heating and cooling demand for different cities of Chile (see
www.minvu.cl).

5.1 Cities included in the study

Considering the variation of the country’s climate, 23 cities were selected. This selection considers climate
changes from north to south and from east to west (excluding the Andean zone).

5.2 Climatic data

As proposed in the methodology, a test reference year (TRY) is recommended for establishing a building
climatic zoning. In our case, METEONORM 4.0 was used to generate hourly meteorological data.

5.3 Internal gains

No studies for evaluating these gains in housing have been found for the case of Chile. As a reference value,
the French’s experience has been considered, where a mean value of 100 Wh/m2 day has been used
(Chatelet, A. et al, 1998).

5.4 Comfort conditions.

Regarding to comfort, lower limits of temperature for estimating of heating energy demand of dwellings are
the following:
Living and dining room, corridors, stairs and kitchen: Day: 7 – 24 hours: 20 ºC. Night: 0 – 7 hours: 17 ºC.
Bedrooms: Day: 7 – 24 hours: 18 ºC. Night: 0 – 7 hours: 15 ºC.
Bathrooms: Day and night: 7 – 24 hours: 22 ºC.
Ventilation: 1.0 ach.
For cooling we have considered 25 °C as the upper limit of temperature.

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5.5 Houses, apartments and simulations

Simulations will consider the 15 residential building typologies (10 houses and 5 apartments) that represent
the types of houses and apartments that are being constructed in Chile. Specifications and design of these
typologies were defined considering a sample of 5 projects randomly selected from the 100% of residential
buildings constructed in Chile in the period 1994-98. Each of these typologies was defined according to
number of floors of the houses or apartment building, the floor area and the type of material used in wall
specifications. The design of a typology considered the following aspects: number of rooms observed in the
5 projects of the typology, compactness, floor area of the buildings and different rooms, size and orientation
of windows. (Instituto de la Construcción, 2001)

As a first step, simulations considered the houses according to as they are constructed at the moment in
Chile. Most of dwellings showed no insulation in wall and ceilings. Some timber framed houses did not
considered insulation in walls and all windows are single glazed.

As a second step, improvements in specifications of walls, ceilings and windows were considered. As a third
step, some very simple improvements in the design were assumed, like orientation of the house, size and
orientation of windows and in some cases we considered a lower ventilation to control indoor temperature,
for example during the night.

Table 1 Dwelling typologies considered in the study

Typology DESCRIPTION N° of dwellings % Floor Window to S/V
period 94-98 area floor ratio
m2 % m -1
1 House 1 floor. Area ‹ 50m2. Ceramic brick
91610 13,9 32,5 13,4 0.96
walls
2 House 2 floors. Area ‹ 50m2.Ceramic
80871 12,3 40,2 11,5 0.88
brick walls
3 House 1 floor. Area ‹ 50m2.Timber frame 57675 8,7 39,8 26,1 1.10
4 Apart. building 3 floors. Area apartment.
51177 7,8 42,8 15 0.93
‹50m2.Brick walls
5 House 1 floor. Area 50 m2 -100 m2. Brick
48838 7,4 72,0 14,7 0.92
walls
6 House 2 floors. Area 50 m2 - 100 m2.
37415 5,7 81,1 19,1 00.80
Concrete walls
7 House 2 floors. Area ‹ 50m2.Timber frame 22399 3,4 39,9 14,4 0.88
8 House 2 floors. Area 50 m2 -100 m2.
20250 3,1 74,3 17,1 0.66
Timber frame and brick walls
9 Apart. building 11-15 floors. Area
13997 2,1 67,7 21,2 0.72
apartment: 50m2- 100 m2. Concrete walls
10 Apart. building 6-10 floors. Area
13292 2,0 68,3 22,3 0.72
apartment: 50m2- 100 m2. Concrete walls
11 House 2 floors. Area 50 m2. Timber frame
12257 1,9 44,8 18,4 0.87
and brick walls
12 House 1 floor. Area 50m2 100 m2. Timber
10883 1,7 75,4 22,4 0.95
frame
13 Apart. Building 5 floors. Area apartment:
10580 1,6 63,2 16,9 0.82
50m2- 100 m2. Concrete walls
14 Apart. Building 3 floors. Area apartment:
9024 1,4 59,0 19,4 0.75
50m2- 100 m2. Concrete walls
15 House 2 floors. Area 100 m2 -140 m2.
7342 1,1 116,5 25,2 0.75
Timber frame and brick walls
Total dwellings for selecting the sample 487610 73,9
Total dwellings period 94-98 659.429 100
Mean value (**) 50,7 17,2
(*) Envelope area (S)/Volume of building (V)
(**) Mean value considering typology number of dwellings and total of 487610 buildings.
Source: Instituto de la Construcción. 2001

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6. Final results and conclusions.

Considering the methodology proposed, and the “climate-users-building” approach, simulations using
software for analysis under dynamic conditions were made. 15 typologies of residential buildings were
preliminarily studied in 23 cities located in a wide variety of climates (8 of its 9 climatic zones, according to
the present Chilean standard (NCh 1079 Of 77) for climatic zoning. The Andean zone was not studied due to
its small population and the negligible demand for new housing.

The climatic information that was possible to obtain for this paper was long term data (30 years) of monthly
mean values of minimum and maximum temperature, monthly mean values of solar radiation and
temperature and monthly mean values of daily sun hours. Meteonorm 4.0 was used to generate hourly
climatic data.

Simulations for estimating heating and cooling demand were the first followed steps. These simulations
showed a high energy heating demand in all cities, with values between 82 to 182 kWh/m2 year in Santiago
(33 ° 26’ South) and from 260 to 500 kWh/m2 year in Punta Arenas (53° South), showing a high potential for
energy efficiency. The application of the methodology to the Chilean case led to the conclusion that it is
possible to define a vast geographical zone where low energy low energy heating (‹ 10 kWh/m2 year) and no
cooling energy demand would be needed to reach inside comfort in dwellings throughout the year. This zone
is located north of La Serena and Ovalle cities and has been denominated the “zero energy consumption
zone”. The approximate limits of this zone are shown in figure 1.

For central and southern Chile, that is, the areas to the south of Valparaíso city (33º 01’ S), inside comfort
conditions were not reached without energy consumption during heating periods. It was also demonstrated
that in this regions, no cooling energy demand was necessary to achieve internal comfort conditions. In this
case, four different zones were defined according to the heating energy for thermal confort .

6.1 Zero energy consumption zone

According to the Chilean climatic standard for architectural design (Nch 1079 Of. 77) (INN 1977), cities within
this zone belong to different climates related to coastal or central valley localizations. These climates are
represented with different colours in the map of figure 1.

Climate differences generated differential strategies to achieve comfort. In fact, in cities located in the central
valley (Calama, Copiapó, Vallenar and Ovalle), where there is a high fluctuation of external ambient
temperature during different periods of the year, inertia is recommended to reduce this fluctuation in the
inside. Inertia may not be necessarily applied in coastal cities (Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, La Serena).

Wall insulation is recommended for these 4 cities (Calama, Vallenar, Copiapó and Ovalle) up to a thickness
of 50 mm (expanded polystyrene, mineral fibre or glass fibre). The minimum ceiling insulation recommended
is 100 mm of any of the mentioned materials. In relation to windows, double-glazing is recommended for
cities of the central valley of the “zero energy consumption zone”. Attention to limiting air infiltration through
cracks of windows and doors and through joints of construction is necessary. Study of window to floor ratio
permitted to conclude that higher areas are recommended (from 24 to 28% according to simulations made)
in order to increase solar gains.

With respect to ventilation, lower nocturnal than diurnal air changes are recommended for winter periods, in
order to increase temperature during the night when external conditions are extreme.

With respect to the coastal cities of the same “zero zone”, due to variations of climate severity from northern
to southern areas of the country, differences in recommendations will be observed. In fact, for the city of
Arica single glazing may be used without a negative impact in comfort conditions, but in cities such as La
Serena double glazed windows are recommended to achieve comfort.

In the case of ceiling insulation, requirements increase from north to south, leading to a recommended
minimum of 40 mm in Arica and 100 mm in La Serena. In the case of wall insulation, this is recommended for
La Serena and may be obviated in Antofagasta given its more favourable climatic conditions.

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Finally, for summer conditions, the use of horizontal fixed overhangs (for north oriented windows and also for
south oriented ones north of 23º27’S, as is the case of the city of Arica) as well as outside movable and
vertical shadow devices (for west and east oriented windows) are recommended to avoid overheating.

6.2 Zones with energy consumption

Wherever heating energy demand was needed to achieve inside comfort conditions, four different zones
were defined. The limits of these zones are the following (refer to figure 1.):

Zone 1. Zone from the southern area of La Serena and Ovalle cities (localised at the southern limit of the
“zero energy consumption zone”) to the area between Los Andes, Valparaíso and Santiago, to the south.
(Heating energy demand ‹ 50 kWh/m2 year)

Zone 2. Zone from the south of Valparaíso to the south of Concepción. (Energy heating demand between 50
and 75 kWh/m2 year)

Zone 3. Zone from the south of Concepción to the south of Ancud. (Energy heating demand between 75 and
125 kWh/m2 year)

Zone 4. Zone from the south of Ancud to the south of Punta Arenas. (Energy heating demand between 125
and 180 kWh/m2 year)

Each of the four zones with heating energy consumption is conformed by two or more climatic zones defined
by conditions of altitude and/or proximity to the sea.

In the case of these zones, a first question that needed attention was related to how to make a decision
about recommendations concerning the thickness of insulation in wall assemblies related to a country where
this technology is rarely used. But when we consider comfort in central and southern cities, condensation
problems on the inner side of wall assemblies should be taken into account. From this point of view, thermal
insulation is recommended in all wall assemblies used nowadays in these parts of the country.

According to the results of the analysis of these phenomena, in the first three zones that need heating
energy consumption (zones 1 to 3), the minimum thickness proposed was 20 mm of external wall insulation,
when bricks, concrete blocks and reinforced concrete are used.

In some cities that belong to these three zones, and according to condensation analysis, thickness of inner
insulation should increase to a minimum of 30 mm, depending on the material used in the wall assembly.

In the case of wood frame, a minimum of 50 mm of cavity insulation is recommended for zones 1 to 4. In
these types of walls a vapour diffusion retarder is also recommended.

In the case of the south of Puerto Montt, for the cities of Coihaique and Punta Arenas, the external or internal
minimum recommended insulation thickness could be 50 mm.

Additionally, air change rates should be controlled in all cities of these four zones. This means that infiltration
through windows and doors should be reduced as their quality is increased. In the case of windows, double
glazing and north orientation are recommended for these 4 zones

In the case of ceilings a minimum of 100 mm of insulation could be recommended for the first three zones
and 150 mm for the fourth one. It is nevertheless strongly recommended that the distribution of insulation
(considering both ceiling and walls) should be carefully studied, given that identical insulation volumes
distributed in different manners for a given housing unit may produce higher or lower energy demands.

In the case of floors, similar to the recommendations for the “zero energy consumption zone”, foundations
may be protected with thermal insulation with identical thickness as applied in envelope walls.

For summer conditions and especially for Mediterranean cities of zones 1 to 3, the use of horizontal
overhangs (for north oriented windows) as well as outside vertical shadow devices (for west and east
oriented windows) are recommended as protection from overheating.

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6.3 Office buildings.

In the case of office buildings, a similar methodology has been applied. In this case, four different builkdins
have been studied in order to know thermal performance of these type of buildings. Improvements in their
architectural design and specifications in building envelope and the use of nocturnal ventilation has showed
to be effective in achieving comfort inside of this type of buildings. Also, due to higher internal gains, cooling
energy demand has showed to be more important than heating demand. Further studies are being carried in
this filed in order to define a climatic zoning for this type of constructions.

Zero energy zone Z1 Z4

Z2 Z3

Figure 1 Heating demand with improved design and envelope specifications in 15 types of dwellings in
Chile.

References
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Alonso and J. Da Cunha Neto. Volume 2, pp 635 -639.
Chatelet, A.; P. Fernandez and P. Lavigne. 1998. Architecture climatique. Une contribution au
développement durable. Tome 2: Concepts et dispositifs. EDISUD. Aix en Provence. France.
Instituto de la Construcción. 2001. Determinación de modelos tipológicos base. Propuesta 2° Etapa de
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INE. 1998. Anuarios de Edificación 93–98. Inst. Nacional de Estadísticas, INE. Santiago, Chile 1994- 1999.
INN. 1977. NCh 1079 Of 77. Zonificación climático habitacional para Chile y recomendaciones para el
diseño arquitectónico . Instituto Nacional de Normalización, INN. Santiago. Chile. 1977.
MINVU. 1999. Manual de Aplicación Reglamentación Térmica. Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y
Cosntrucciones.Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo. Santiago. Chile. 1999.
Schwerdtfeger W. World Survey of Climatology. Volume 12. Climates of Central and South America.
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. 1976.

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