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1.1INDUSTRIAL BUILDING
Conventional steel buildings (CSB) are low rise steel structures with roofing
systems of truss with roof coverings [ASBESTOS SHEET, GALVANISED
IRON SHEET AND METAL SHEETS]. Various types of roof trusses can be
used for these structures depending upon the pitch of the truss. For large pitch,
Fink type truss can be used; for medium pitch, Pratt type truss can be used and
for small pitch, Howe type truss can be used. Skylight can be provided for day
lighting and for more day lighting, North light type truss can be used, the
selection criterion of roof truss also includes the slope of the roof, fabrication
and transportation methods, aesthetics, climatic conditions. Several compound
and combination type of economical roof trusses can also be selected depending
upon the utility. Standard hot-rolled sections are usually used for the truss
elements along with gusset plates.
They are classified into three
Broad categories:
• Warehouse and factory buildings.
• Large span storage buildings.
• Heavy industrial process plant structures.
In the design of industrial buildings, load conditions and geometrical factors will
dictate the degree of complication and hence the economy. The designer should
possess good knowledge about the Industrial process or purpose for which the
building is intended. In this way, an optimum balance between safety, function
and economy can be achieved. The main dimensions of an industrial building
are usually determined from a combination of functional and design
considerations. Its Width is derived first from an owner’s study of the space
required to carry out the processing or Storage operations. The designer then
1
needs to consider whether this width can be provided economically by a single
clear span, or whether multi-bay spans are feasible. Likewise the overall Length
is usually readily determined by the owner, but the designer should give thought
to the Optimum bay length. Some of the factors affecting the choice are:
An industrial shed is typically a simple single storey roofed structure that is used
for storage or as a workshop. Sheds vary considerably in the complexity of their
construction and their size from small open sided-tin roofed to large sheds in
industries
2
PARTICULARS
3
1.2ROOF TRUSS
While planning a roof, designer should look for following quality lightness,
strength, water Proof ness, insulation, fire resistance, cost, durability and low
maintenance charges. Sheeting, purlin and supporting roof trusses supported on
column provide common structural roof system for industrial buildings. The
type of roof covering, its insulating value, acoustical properties, the appearance
from inner side, the weight and the maintenance are the various factors, which
are given consideration while designing the roof system. Brittle sheeting such as
[asbestos, corrugated and Trafford cement sheets or ductile sheeting such
as galvanized iron corrugated or profiled sheets] is used as the roof covering
material. The deflection limits for purlins and truss depend on the type of
sheeting. For brittle sheeting small deflection values are prescribed in the code.
4
TYPE OF TRUSS
PRATT TRUSS
HOWE TRUSS
FINK TRUSS
FAN TRUSS
COMPUND FAN TRUSS
BELGIAN TRUSS
NORTH LIGHT ROOF TRUSS
SPACING OF TRUSS
The spacing between trusses is determined by the required column spacing and
by consideration of minimum cost for the structure as a whole. The usual
economical ranges between 4 and 8m, with the lower limit for short truss spans
and the higher limit for long spans of about 30m or over. The economic spacing
of the truss is the spacing that makes the overall cost of trusses, purlins, roof
coverings, columns etc. As a guide, the spacing of the roof trusses can be kept ¼
of the span up to 15m, and of span for 15-30m span of roof trusses.
5
1.3SELECTION OF ELEMENTS FOR TRUSS
The Fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short-span high-
pitched roofs as the members are subdivided into shorter elements. There are
many ways of arranging and subdividing the chords and internal members.
For smaller spans, tee sections are frequently used for chords, with angles used
as internal members. The internal members may be bolted or welded to the tees.
Back-to-back angles or channels may be used for longer spans or heavier loads,
with a gusset plate used at nodes to connect the members.
For large trusses and heavy loads, typically found in transfer trusses in
buildings, members may be rolled sections. Nodes are usually welded. Any
necessary connections are completed with bolted splices within the length
between nodes.
For many exposed trusses hollow sections are chosen for their structural
efficiency and for aesthetic reasons. Nodes will generally be welded in the
workshop. As part of the truss design, it is essential to verify the resistance of
the as the joint design may dominate member selection and final truss geometry.
Members should be selected carefully to avoid expensive strengthening of
trusses fabricated from hollow sections
6
1.4BATTEN COLUMN
Built-up columns are used in steel construction when the column buckling
lengths are large and the Compression forces are relatively low. This guide
covers two types of built-up columns:
BATTENS
Battened built-up columns are not appropriate for frames in industrial buildings.
They are sometimes used as isolated frame members in specific conditions,
where the horizontal forces are not significant. Channels or I-sections are
mostly used as chords and flat bars are used as battens. The battens must have
fixed ends on the chords
Battened built-up columns are composed of two parallel planes of battens which
are connected to the flanges of the chords. The position of the battens should be
the same for both planes. Battens Should be provided at each end of the built-up
member. Battens should also be provided at intermediate points where loads are
applied, and at points of lateral restraint.
7
1.5 ROOFING AND SIDE CLADDINGS
8
Procedure for laying A.C sheets
1 the A.C sheets should be laid with smooth side upward and the end marked
top pointing towards ridge.
2 End lap and side lap should be properly maintained. General end lap is 15cm
but this can be varied to suit purlin spacing.
3 purlin spacing and length of sheets should properly checked, before laying
4 the holes for fixing accessories should be drilled in the crown of the
corrugation. The diameter of the holes should be 3mm greater than the diameter
of the fixing bolt or screw.thus 8mm dia drilled holes and screwed tightly.
5 bitumen washers should be provided under G.I flat washers, the nuts of the
screws or bolts are moderately tightened when 10 to 12 sheets have been laid.
They should not be screwed very tight.
9
LITERATURE REVIEW
10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Cold formed steel. Innovative, steel building system, full scale testing,
innovative frameless, light weight building system, load simulation, nonlinear
analysis and finite element analysis
Long span, Column free structures are the most essential in any type of
industrial structures and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) fulfil this requirement
along with reduced time and cost as compared to conventional structures. This
methodology is versatile not only due to its quality pre-designing and
prefabrication, but also due to its light weight and economical construction.
11
Design & Comparison of Various Types of Industrial Buildings
12
LOAD CALCULATION
13
3 LOAD CALCULATIONS
Truss configuration
Let us choose standard Trafford asbestos sheets along with standard roof
light at certain interval the maximum purlin spacing for asbestos sheet is
1.4m. Let us provide 8 purlins or [7 spaces] at spacing 1.376m leaving a gap
at 60mm at apex.
= 18 + 5 x 10 = 120N/m2
3
14
Panel length = 2.423m
The Panel length in plan = 2.423 cos 21.80
= 2.24 ~ 2.3 m
Load on each intermediate panel due to dead load
Let us assume that no access is provided to the roof the live load is reduced by
20N/m2 for each one degree above 100 slope.
Let us assume the life of the industrial building to be 50 years and the
land to be plain and surround by small buildings.
Basic wind velocity Vb = 50m/sec
Class of a structure = All general building structures
Mean probable design life of the Structure = 50 years
Year city K1
50 years Chennai 1
K1=1
15
Terrain factor (K2)
Height K2
10 1
12 X
15 1.05
= 1.04
K2 = 1.04m
Vz = K1 x K2 x K3 x Vb
= 1 x 1.04 x 1 x 50
Vz= 52 m/s
Calculation of design wind pressure (pd)
Pd = 0.6 X Vz2
= 0.6 X 522
= 1622.4 N/m2
Pd = 1.622 KN/m2
16
Calculation of External and internal air pressure co-efficient
Therefore,
X1 = -0.2 – [(-0.2 + 0.7)/(30-20)] X (300 – 21.80)
= -0.61 [wind ward]
X2 = -0.8 – [(-0.8 + 0.80/30-20)] X (300 – 21.80)
= -0.8 (leeward)
(ii) Internal air pressure co-efficient
17
TABLE 1 [Load acting on truss]
Loads Intermediate (KN) End Panel (KN)
Dead Load 5.4 2.7
Live Load 6.168 3. 084
Wind load (wind -26.17 -13.085
ward)
Wind load (leeward) -30.65 -15.325
RL0= 21.936 KN
18
WIND LOAD REACTION
From the truss Geometry
Line of action of resultant = 122.42 KN [ from left]
104.68 KN [from right]
COMPONENTS OF A TRUSS
Force = 122.42 KN
Force=104.68 KN
19
ROOF TRUSS ANALYSIS
20
4 ROOF TRUSS ANALYSIS
21
22
23
TABLE 2 ANALYSIS OF ROOF TRUSS
STRESS DEAD LIVE WIND LOAD STRESS COMBINATION WITH FACTORED LOADS MEMBER
LOAD LOAD (KN)
STRESS STRESS
(KN) (KN)
WIND WIND 1.5(DL+LL) 1.2(DL+LL+WL) 1.5(DL+WL) RAFTER
LEFT RIGHT
b-1 -51.02 -58.13 237.63 278.34 -163.725 203.028 340.98 163.725 KN L0U1
compression
c-2 -49.55 -56.46 235.93 278.31 -159.015 206.76 343.14 U1U2
d-5 -48.1 -54.8 234.23 278.13 -154.35 210.17 345.045 U2U3
e-6 -46.64 -53.14 232.53 278.17 -149.67 214.068 347.295 347.295KN U3U4
tension
f-8 -46.64 -53.14 278.17 232.53 -149.67 159.3 278.835 U4U5
g-9 -48.1 -54.8 278.13 284.23 -154.35 157.59 279.195 U5U6
h-12 -49.55 -56.46 278.31 235.93 -159.015 155.904 279.57 U6U7
I-13 -51.02 -58.13 278.34 237.63 -163.725 154.176 279.915 U7L5
MAIN
TIE
1-k 47.39 53.97 -217.14 -254.33 152.04 -183.564 -310.41 152.04 KN L0L1
tension
3-k 40.56 46.39 -181.34 -213.33 130.425 -151.656 -259.15 L1L2
7-k 22.2 30.97 -131.18 -131.18 87.255 -87.612 -155.97 314.41KN L2L3
compression
11-k 40.56 46.39 -213.33 -181.24 130.425 -113.148 -211.02 L3L4
13-k 47.39 53.97 -254.33 -217.14 152.04 -138.972 -254.625 L4L5
STRUTS
1-2 -6.1 -6.67 26.04 30.64 -16.155 23.844 38.31 U1L1
3-4 -10.04 -11.63 52.66 61.3 -32.365 47.676 76.89 76.89KN U2L2
tension
5-6 -6.03 -5.76 26.04 30.64 -16.185 23.82 38.415 U3M1
8-9 -5.03 -5.76 30.64 26.04 -16.185 18.30 31.515 U5M2
10-11 -10.04 -11.53 61.3 52.66 -32.355 37.308 63.93 -32.355KN U6L3
compression
12-13 -5.1 -5.67 30.64 26.04 -16.155 18.324 31.41 U7L4
MINOR
SLINGS
2-3 7.83 8.16 -36.75 -44.16 23.235 -34.04 -55.245 -55.245 KN U2L1
compression
4-5 6.81 7.61 -37.6 -41.07 21.63 -31.98 -51.39 U2M1
9-10 6.81 7.61 -41.07 -37.6 21.63 -27.812 -51.39 23.235KN U6M2
tension
11-12 7.33 8.16 -44.16 -36.75 23.235 -25.512 -44.13 U6L4
MAIN
SLINGS
6-7 21.76 24.77 -114.09 -132.4 69.795 -103.044 -165.96 -165.96KN U4M1
compression
4-7 14.38 16.6 -76.06 -88.24 46.47 -68.712 -110.79 L2M4
7-8 21.76 24.77 -132.4 -114.09 69.795 -81.072 -138.495 69.795KN U4M2
tension
7-10 14.38 16.6 -88.24 -76.06 46.47 -54.096 -92.52 L3M2
24
DESIGN OF TRUSS ELEMENTS
25
5.1 DESIGN OF PRINCIPLE RAFTER
Given Data
Rafter Length = 9.6932 m
Compressive Force = 163.725 KN
Purlin reaction due to dead load = 1912.704 KN
Purlin reaction due to live load = 1.376 x cos 21.8o x 514 x 6 x (2/3)
= 2626.73 KN
Total reaction from purlin = 1912.704 + 2626.73
= 4539.43 N
= 4.5 KN
End Reactions = (4.5 / 2) = 2.25 KN
Solution
The Problem consist of first finding the maximum Bending Moment in the
rafter due to applied normal loads on purlin and the rafter is then designed for
the axial compressive force and maximum Bending Moment
26
MFCB = 4.5 x 0.3292 x 2.094 + 4.5 x 1.7052 x 0.718 = 1.772 KNm
2.4232 2.4232
27
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR [TABLE 3]
JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE T.S D.F = (R.S / T.S)
STIFFNESS
B BA (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.824 I 0.5
BC (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.5
C CB (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.824 I 0.5
CD (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.5
D DC (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.824 I 0.5
DE (I / 2.423) = 0.412 I 0.5
28
C.S.A required = 163.725 x 103 = 1530.14 mm2
107
Let us try Double Angle Section 2, ISA 70 x 70 x 8 connected to the opposite
side of Gusseted Plate.
λz = 1945.6 = 91.77
21.2
λy = 2432 = 73.92
32.9
ϵ =√ =1
For = L = 91.77
r
fy = 250 N/mm2 fcd = 118.522 N/mm2
29
CHECK FOR LOCAL CAPACITY OF CROSS SECTION
N = 163.725 KN
Mz = 2.8 KNm
N + Mz ≤1
Nd Mdz
163.725 + 2.8 ≤1
529 4.318
Md = βd x Zpz x fbd
= Ze x fbd x Zez
Zpz
- (C2Yg - C3Yj)
30
For Double angle section on opposite side of gusset plate,
K= 1, βf = 1, Kw= , Iw = 0, Yg = Yj = 0
The above expression reduces to,
E = 2 x 105 N/mm2
C1 = 1.365
It = ∑ bi x ti3
3
= 2 (11946.66 + 20666.6)
= 65.226 x 103 mm4
31
NON-DIMENSIONAL SLENDERNESS RATIO
λLT = √ =√
λLT = 0.284
= 0.560
χLT = 1
ɸLT + (ɸLT0.5 - λLT0.5)0.5
χLT = 1
0.560 + (0.5600.5 - 0.2840.5)0.5 = 0.976
32
CONNECTIONS
20mm diameter bolt
do = 22mm
Design force = 163.725 N
STRENGTH IN BOLT
Pitch = 50mm
33
5.2 DESIGN OF PRINCIPLE TIE
Effective length
ε=√ =1
since the member is subjected to reversal of stress and design compressive force
is also appreciable, it will be wise to design the member in compression and
check for tension.
34
A= 4038 mm2 r = 27.1 mm
= = 250.92 = = 189.035
Section classification
Connections
20mm diameter bolts to be used
d0= 22mm
Thickness of gusset plate = 12mm
design tensile force= 152.04
Strength of bolt in double shear = 90.52 KN
Strength of bolt in bearing = 98.4 KN
n= = 2 bolts
35
5.3 DESIGN OF MAJOR STRUT
Given data:-
Length of the strut = 1.868m (main)
Factored compressive force = -32.355 KN
Factored tensile force = 76.89 KN
Grade of steel = Fe 410
Grade of Bolt = 4.6
Bolt diameter = 20mm
MAIN STRUT
Effective length of strut = KL = 1x 1.868 = 1.868 m = 1868mm
2 2
Equivalent slenderness Ratio e = K1 + K2 vv + K3
= = 2.18
= b 1 + b2
X 2t
250
= = 0.094
36
The Co-efficient for two bolts condition and consideration fixity.
K1 = 0.20 K2 = 0.35 K3 = 20
fcd = fy/γmo
2
+( – e2) o.5
fcd = 250/1.1
= 94.23 N/mm2
Section classification
b/t = = 8.33 15.7
Hence the section is compact
37
Design Tensile Strength
Tdg =
= = 129.09 KN 76.89 KN
Connections,
Let us provide 20 mm dia Bolt
Design force = 32.355 KN
Vdsb = = X X = 45.26 KN
√ √
Vdpb =2.5 Kb dt
38
5.4 DESIGN OF MINOR STRUT
Given data:-
32.355 103
C.S.A. = = 302.38 mm2
107
MINOR STRUT
Effective length KL = 1X 0.93 = 930 mm
2 2
Equivalent slenderness ratio e = K1 + K2 vv + K3
vv = 930/9.6
88.5
= 1.094
=b1+ b2
ε X 2t
750
= = 0.094
39
The Co-efficient for two bolts condition and consideration fixity.
K1 = 0.20 K2 = 0.35 K3 = 20
The equivalent slenderness ratio
fcd = fy/γmo
+ ( 2 – e2) o.5
fcd = 250/1.1
= 139.088 N/mm2
Section classification
40
Design compressive strength
Pd = Area x fcd
= 568 X 139.088 X 10 -3
=78.95 32.55 KN
Design Tensile Strength
Tdg = = = 129.09 KN 76.89 KN
Connections,
Vdsb = = x x = 45.26 KN
√ √
41
5.5 DESIGN OF MAIN SLINGS
Given data
Maximum compressive Stress = 165.96 KN
Maximum Tensile stress = 69.795KN
Length of member = 2.69m
Cross- sectional Area
Try two ISA angles ISA 70 X 70 X 8 with 12mm gap to accommodate gusset
plate of thickness 12mm
A= 2116 m2 CXX = CYY = 20.2mm
IXX = IYY = 94.8 X 104 mm4 rxx=ryy =21.2mm
at = = 32.98 N/mm2
Connections
Design Forces = 165 KN
Strength of bolt in Double shear = 90.52 KN
Strength of bolt in bearing = 98.4 KN
N= = 2 bolts
42
5.6 DESIGN OF MINOR SLINGS
Given data
Compressive force = 55.245 KN
Tension free = 23.235 KN
Length = 2.69m
43
Connections
= x x = 45.26 KN
√
44
45
DESIGN OF PURLIN
46
5.7 DESIGN OF PURLIN
Given Data
Length of purlin = 6m
Spacing of purlin = 1.376m
D.L +L.L = 1912.704 + [514 X 1.376 Cos 21.8 X 6]
= 5852.81 N ≃ 5.85 KN
Solution:
47
Ix = 416.4 X 104 mm4 Iy = 59.9 X 104 mm4
DEFLECTION :
ᵟx = 5 x Wdlx x L3
384 EI
ᵟ =√
= 18.61 < 30
Hence Safe.
LOAD COMBINATIONS:
DL + WL
Mdwx = = -2336.4 Nm
Mdwy = = 106.54 Nm
48
fbt = Mdwx + Mdwy
Zx Zy
δx 5 x 3894 x 60003
ᵟx = 13.15 mm
384 2 x 105 x 416.4 x 104
δ=√ = 13.15
49
DESIGN OF SIDE RAILS
50
5.8 DESIGN OF SIDE RAIL
GIVEN DATA
Vertical bending
= 380.81 N.m
Horizontal bending
= 1277.64 N.m
= 5749 N.m
ZYY ZXX
51
=380.81 + 5749
13.1 X 103 66.6X103
= 5/8 X 338.5 X 6
=1269.375 N
= 10155 N
=0.677m2
52
DESIGN OF SAG RODS
53
5.9 DESIGN OF SAG ROD
Given data :
C/c spacing of trusses = 6m
C/c spacing of purlins = 1.376m
Slope of the truss = 21.8o
self-weight of roofing = 159 N/m2
fu=410 Mpa fy =250 Mpa
rf = 1.5 rm1 = 1.25
gravity loads = 5852.81 N
54
NET AREA OF TIE ROD
PULLS IN THE TIE RODS = T2 = 4 X 7607.39
= 30429.56mm2
An2 = T2 γm1
0.9fu
= 30429.56 x 1.25
0.9 x 410
=103.091 mm2
Dia dt = 4 x 103.081
Π
55
DESIGN OF COLUMN CAP
56
5.10 DESIGN OF COLUMN CAP
Given data
P= 1363.5 KN
COLUMN TWO ISMC 400
tf = 15.3mm tw= 8.6mm
D=400mm b=600mm
e=33mm
Length of plate = 400 + 2x(2x33) = 532 mm
Width of plate =600 + 2x(2x33) = 732mm
Let us provide 532 x 732 mm column cap
THICKNESS OF CAP
a = (532-400)/2 = 66mm
b =(732-600)/2 = 66mm
unit pressure W= P / A1
= 1363.5x103 / (532 x 732) = 3.501 N/mm2
57
Column cap – 532 x 732 x 12mm
Asb = 314mm2
Tnb = 0.9 x 400 x 245 > 250 x 314 x 1.25 x10-3= 88.2 KN
1.1
Tdb = 88.2 / 1.25 = 70.56 KN
58
DESIGN OF BATTEN COLUMN
59
5.11 DESIGN OF BATTEN COLUMN
Given Data
Length = 12m
Factored axial compressive load = 2727 KN
The Column is restrained in position but not in direction at both the
ends.
Design of Column
Assume axial compressive stress = 175 N/mm
P= = 1363.5KN
Area required = P =
fcd
= 7791.42 mm2
For single channel = 3895.71 mm2
Select a section from steel table
Try two ISMC 400
Ag = 6293mm3 , g=50, tf = 15.3mm, tw= 8.6 mm bf = 100mm,
Ixx = 15082.8 X 104 mm4 Iyy= 504.8 X 104 mm4 , ryy = 28.3mm,
rzz = 154.8mm Area provided = 2 X 6293
= 12586 mm2
CHECK FOR LOAD
P=Ae x fcd
KL = 1.1 x = 85.27
rmin
fcd =128.095
P = 128.095 x 12986 P = 1612.20 KN 1363.5KN
60
SPACING OF CHANNEL
2
2Izz = 2 Iyy + As S + Cyy
2
2
301656000 = 10096000 + 6293 S + 24.2
2
46330.8 = S + 24.2 2
2
S= 382.09 ≃ 400mm
SPACING OF BATTERN
C < 0.7 times Slenderness ratio of column as a whole
ryy
C < 0.7 x 85.27
ryy
61
SIZE OF END BATTEN
Provide 20mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6
dn =22mm, e= 1.5 X 22 = 35mm
Effective depth d' = S + 2Cyy
= 400 + 2 x 24.2
= 448.4 2bf (200)
Overall depth (d) = d'+2e
= 448.4 + 2 X 35
= 518.4 ≃ 520mm
Thickness of the batten = 1 (S + 2g)
50
= 1 (400 + 100)
50
= 10 mm
Provide end batten 600 x 520 x 10 mm
62
DESIGN FORCES
Longitudinal shear
Vb = Vt x C < 50
NxS
Vt = x 1363.5 X
Vt = 34.08 X 103 N
2 x (400 + 200)
Vb = 39760 N
Moment M = Vt x C
2N
2x2
M = 11928000 N.mm
END BATTEN
[600 X 520 X 10]
fy = 131.2 N/mm2
√3 x γmo
63
fy = 227 N/mm2
γmo
Bending stress = 6M
td2
= 6 x 11928000 = 26.46 < 227 N/mm2
10 x 5202
INTERMEDIATE BATTERN
[600 X 410 X 10]
fy = 7.64 < 131.2 N/mm2
√3 x γmo
Shear stress = Vb = 39760
A 410 x 10
CONNECTION DETAILS
= 164KN
64
Pitch =(½) x (520-70) = 225mm
= + 1 = 9 numbers
65
DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE
66
5.12 DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE
GIVEN DATA
Fe 410 grade of steel
fu= 410 Mpa, fy = 250 Mpa
for M15 Grade of concrete
Bearing strength = 0.45 X 15
= 6.75 N/mm2
Partial safety Factor (rmo) = 1.1
Properties of ISMC 400
D= 400mm, bf = 100mm, tw = 8.6 mm, tf = 15.3 mm, fub = 400 Mpa, rmb =1.25
Required Area of Base plate
For 24mm diameter bolts,
Anb = 353 mm2 Do = 24+2 = 26 mm e= 39 mm P = 2727 KN
Assume the size of Gusset material, let us provide 16mm thick Gusset plate one
on each, on the two flanges of column section and two Gusseted angles
ISA 150 X 115 X 15mm
The minimum width required = 600 + (2 x 16) + (2 x 115) + (2 x 15)
= 892 mm ≃900 mm
67
Maximum moment (Mx) = W x C12 = 6.73 x 1042 = 36,395.84 Nmm
2 2
Md = 1.2 x fy x ze
1.1
= 1.2 x 250 1 x t2
1.1 6
2
= 45.45 t
45.45 t2 = 36,395.84
t = 28.29 mm
Thickness of base plate
tb= 28.29 - 15
= 13.17 ≃ 16mm 15.3
Provide a base plate of 900 X 450 X 16mm
Botted Connections
The Bolt will be single shear and Bearing
Strength of bolt in single shear
Vnsb = Anb
√
Vdpb = 2.5 Kb dt
= 2.5 X 0.5 X 24 X 16 X
= 157.44 KN
No of bolt = = 20 bolts
68
Provide 450 X 288 X 16mm plate
Check
Check for Buckling of compression edge
=√ =1
Gusseted outside = = 25 mm
S0 = √
= 140.24mm ≃150mm
273.22mm
Safe
69
70
DESIGN OF RAFTER BRACINGS
71
5.13 DESIGN OF RAFTER BRACINGS
GIVEN DATA
Depth of the building (d) = 120m
Height of the building (h) = 12m
Width of the building (b) = 18m
Design wind pressure = 1.622 KN/m2
Factored compression in rafter = 163.725 KN
Load factor (γ)f = 1.5
Wind drag co-efficient on roof (Cf') = 0.02
FORCES IN BRACING
Let α be the inclination of the roof with horizontal
tan α = (3.6 / 9) = 21.80
As per Recommendation of IS-800
Shear in rafter bracing = (2.5 + 1.25) x 163.725 = 6.139 KN
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As per IS 875 [Part 3] :1987
[for h ≤ b and (d / h) > 4]
Frictional drag force is given by
F' = Cf' x (d - 4h) x b x Pd + Cf' x (d - 4h) x 2h x Pd
= 0.02 x (120 - (4 x 12)) x 18 x 1.622 + 0.002 x (120 - (4 x 12) x 2 x12
x1.622
F' = 98.09 KN
Factored drag force = 1.5 x 98.09
= 147.135 KN
Since the bracing is done in 5 bays and total number of braced panels are 14 [70]
147.135 = 2.10 KN
70
Total shear in bracing = 6.139 + 2.10 = 8.239 KN
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Length of bracing = √ = 7.13 KN
Design force in bracing = 8.239 x 7.13 = 4.196 KN
14
Alternatively,
Inclined length of portion of rafter AA1 = 3.6 x sec 21.80 = 3.87 m
cos Ɵ = 3.87 = 57.120
7.13
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DESIGN STRENGTH OF MEMBER DUE TO GROSS SECTION
YIELDING
Tdg = Ag x fy
γmo
Which is sufficient
DESIGN OF TENSILE STRENGTH ISA 80x 80 x 8 mm
Tdg = 0.9 x Anc x fu + β x Ago x fy
γm1 γmo
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BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH
FOR ISA 80 x 80 x 8 mm with 2 numbers of 16mm diameter bolt at 50mm
pitch
Avg = (1 x 50 x 40) x 8 = 720 mm2
Avn = (1 x 50 + 40 - (2 - 0.5) x 18) x 8 = 504 mm2
Atg = 40 x 8 = 320 mm2
Atn = (40 - (0.5 x 18)) x 8 = 248 mm2
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DESIGN OF SIDE AND FRONT END BRACINGS
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5.14 DESIGN OF SIDE AND FRONT END BRACINGS
GIVEN DATA
SOLUTION
= 14601.6N
γmin = 2.65
Bracings
= 21,106 N
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Anc = a = 8.06 -4.02
= 4.04 cm2
1+ 0.35 X (4.02/4.04)
= 7 cm2
Tensile stress = 21016 / 7 = 300.2 < 15000
=9398.64 N
rxx = 583
350 Use ISA 80 x 80 x 6 mm
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DESIGN OF PLINTH FLOOR
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5.15 DESIGN OF PLINTH FLOOR
Given data
Slab size = 6m X 18m
Floor Finish = 0.6 KN/m2
fck = 20N/mm2
fy = 415N/mm2
Total imposed load on the floor of Building = 2.4 X height of storage
= 12 KN/m2
Type of slab used
= >2
= 240mm
Adopting a clear cover of 20mm and using 10mm diameter bars the total
depth is computed as D = 265m
Effective Span
(i) [Clear span + effective depth]
L = 6 + 0.24 = 6.24 m
Loads
Self-weight of Slab = (0.265 X 25) = 6.625 KN/m2
Finishes = 1.5
Live load = 12 KN/m2
Total service load = 20.125 KN/m2
Ultimate load = 1.5 = 30.1875 KN/m2
Ultimate moments and shear forces
Mu = (0.125 Wu.L2)
= (0.125 X 30.1875 X 62)
= 135.84 KN.m
Vu = (0.5 Wu.L)
81
= (0.5 X 30.1875 X 6)
= 90.5625 KN
Limiting Moment of Resistance.
MuLim = 0.318 fckbd2
=( 0.138 X 20 X 183 X 2402 )10-6
= 927.148 KN.m
Mu < Mulim section is under reinforced.
Tension Reinforcements
=( ) = 81.33 ≃90mm
Distribution Bars
Ast = 0.12 % bD
= (0.0012 X 265 x 1000)
= 318 mm2
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 160mm centers.
X Check for shear stress
τv = ( )
=( ) = 0.377 N/mm2
Pt = ( )
82
=( ) = 0.515
Kt = 1.2 Kf = 301
= 28.8
( ) provided = ( ) = 26 < 28
83
84
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
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5.16 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
Given data
Size of footing
Size of footing = √
= 2.61m
Adopt 2.7 m X 2.7 m square footing
qu= ( )
τc = 0.28 N/mm2
Vu1 Vc1
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756 (1363.5 – d) 756d
Ks = 1.0
τc = 0.25 = 1.118 N/mm2
d= 419.23mm
D=800mm
87
Design of Reinforcements
( )=( ) = 0.294
S= ( )
88
89
GEOMETRIC PLAN
90
91
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6 CONCLUSIONS
The aim of this project, “to learn, practice and Excel in various subjects which
we learned in our classrooms by applying them practically by analysis and
design of an roof truss, for the usage of industrial storage of materials,
efficiently to reach the requirement as well as economy”, has been fulfilled
successfully. The various operations of the building have been analyzed
perfectly and the local codes have been followed correctly. The analyzed truss
has strength to withstand various loads. The manual design of other components
is also given high importance and a calculation of desired reinforcement is found
with high factors of safety. We propose that this building has adequate strength
to resist all the loads and meet its purpose of storage of materials in its life span.
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REFERENCES
LIMITS STATE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES – SK DUGGAL
[McGraw Hill Education (India) pvt.ltd – 2nd edition 2014]
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