ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS

Administrative Law - Specialization and expertise with respect to

matters and services
- Law that tends to control the administrative
operation of the government Types of Administrative Agencies:

Two aspects of administrative law 1. Carry specific functions

2. Performs business functions
a. Internal administrative law- refers to the legal
3. Regulation of business or public interest
aspect of the government
4. Regulate business of private individuals
b. External administrative law- the relationship
between the government and the private Jurisdiction:
individual
That which is mandated by law or by the
Main Purpose: serve the interest of the individuals Constitution, expressly or impliedly
and citizens
Conferment of Power
Kinds of Administrative Law:
Directory Power or Mandatory Power- must be done
a. Constitution;
Permissive Power- merely directory
b. Rules and regulation; and
c. Administrative agencies To Determine whether it is mandatory or permissive:
It consists of the following: 1. Ascertain the legislative intent
2. If it is done, determine whether there would
a. Constitution;
be damage: if yes, then mandatory; if no,
b. Laws ;
then permissive
c. Administrative code; and
d. Other laws enacted by the Congress Government is not capable of error but the
government employee or official may commit an
Note that when a general law is called a Code, it
error
means it has a wide scope or coverage.
- The individual concerned will be sued
Kinds of Documents:
- Presumption of regularity in good faith for
a. Incorporated Agencies government employees as long as they
b. Administrative agencies created by the performed their duties in good faith. Such
Constitution presumption can be overturned.
- Congress cannot abolish agencies created - If an error/mistake was committed by the
by the constitution (water cannot rise above government official or employee in good
its source) faith and no injury, then the error is not an
c. Administrative agencies created by the law actionable wrong.
- Congress had the power to enact, create
Powers of the administrative agency
and abolish
- Reorganization is simply changing the - Lodged in the executive department
organizational structure (different from  Executive Power
abolishing) - SC held in case of Marcos v. Manglapus that
the powers granted to the president are not
Reasons for the creation of administrative agencies:
only those granted by the Constitution but he
1. More convenient also have implied powers or residual powers
- Administrative Agencies can promulgate
Powers:
rules to enforce the law created by
Congress.  Power to Control
2. To address the growing complexities of - Amend, alter or set aside the decision of a
modern society subordinate in the Executive Department

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 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS
 Power to Review
- Reverse, amend or go over the decisions of a
subordinate
 Power to Investigate
- Fact-finding as those agencies whose
function is primarily to investigate and make
a recommendatory action
- When the agencies has the power to
investigate is merely incidental, it can
conduct a case
- Is notice and hearing necessary in an
investigation? Yes, it is essential for due
process to give the person under
investigation an opportunity to be heard, but
lack of notice and hearing does not deprive
a person due process as long as no right is
trampled upon. Such requirement is only
necessary when the law expressly provides
for the requirement of notice and hearing. If
the law is silent, it depends on the stage of
the investigation. If it is in the fact-finding
stage, then there is no need for notice and
hearing, but if the investigation is in the stage
of filing charges, then notice and hearing is
required.
Limitations:
1. Cannot abolish or create executive offices
2. Cannot Remove or suspend career
executive officials and employees without
just cause, except for cabinet officials
appointed by the President.
3. Setting aside, reversing or reviewing a
decision that already become final by virtue
of a court order
4. Limited to supervision outside of the
executive department, ie local government
units
QUASI-LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION
General Rule: Legislative function is vested upon the
Congress. It may not be delegated, following the
Doctrine of Separation of Powers and Non-
delegation of Legislative Power.
Exceptions:
1. Constitution gives powers to the President
such as fixing the Tariff, declaration of Martial
Law, etc.
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2. The power of SC- decisions of the courts may
form part of the laws of the land
3. Article X of the 1987 Constitution (Local
Government Code)
4. Local Sanggunian
Rulemaking power of the administrative agencies
pertains to quasi-legislative power
- Administrative agencies exercise rulemaking
power and not lawmaking, the former can
be delegated
- Rulemaking power is based on the existing
laws. The administrative agencies merely
supplies the details not found in the law.
The rulemaking power is for:
1. In relation to the function of the administrative
agency to implement the laws
Publication is necessary for administrative agencies
for their IRR to be effective. Publication is for the
public to be aware, and answers the date of
effectivity of the law.
Administrative Code requires that publication be
made in the Official Gazette or a newspaper of
general circulation unless provided otherwise. It is
required even if the law is silent.
2. Interpretation and construction of the law
Interpretation and construction is strictly part of the
Judiciary’s function, however it is also given to
administrative agencies if there is a request or
referral for legal opinion. The legal opinion is given
great weight and great respect. Ex. DOJ circulars
which clarifies some provision of law; the Forestry
Code did not qualify what are included as ‘other
forest products’
It is followed by other administrative agency. It is not
binding to the courts but Congress may enact a law
following such interpretation. Absent such law, the
court may invalidate such erroneous interpretation.
Ex. BFAR provided that the use of electricity as one
of the prohibited acts in fishing before Congress
enacted a law for such. SC held that it was beyond
the power of the BFAR to include such as prohibited.
What the law does not include, it excludes.
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS
Administrative agencies can interpret the law
because going to courts is costly, and the party must
bring a case of actual controversy.
3. Interpretation of the facts based on the law
- Determine how to implement law but not
how the law should be
Ex. DPWH – power to remove obstruction in
waterways, even fish cages or other platform as long
as it impedes the flow. SC held that executive power
is not only limited to enforcement, but the power to
determine the facts is incidental to the main function
to implement the law.
To determine if it is rulemaking:
a. Determine if there is an existing law, or at
least a provision of the Constitution
- If none, then it is a lawmaking power
b. Ascertain if the rule promulgated pursuant to
the law is valid, following the two tests:
a. Completeness test
- Law must be complete and it must not
delegate the authority to another
department. There must be nothing left but
enforce the law.
- A law is not complete if there is discretion on
the part of the enforcing body. Ex. “the
courts shall determine the penalty for
violators.”
b. Sufficient standard test
- To guide the implementor by setting
boundaries or limitations
- Ex. Ynot v. IAC- the confiscated meat may be
disposed by the Department as it may deem
necessary
Notice and hearing requirement is not required for
rulemaking
- When the law only has general application or
applies to a particular class
- Publication is needed for the rule to be
effective
Ex. Rate-fixing of minimum fares in jeepney
When there is no petition or adversarial procedure,
notice and hearing is not required. The
administrative agency can simply promulgate
based on the law.
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Recourse when rules promulgated is in the exercise
of quasi-legislative function: Petition for Declaratory
Relief.
If there is a petition from a group or private individual
for the increase of fare, and the administrative
agency ruled on such matter- Quasi-judicial
function. Notice and hearing is required.
QUASI-JUDICIAL
There is a controversy, and gathering of evidence is
involved in the process.
Rules of Court is suppletory in character. The Rules
are applicable only when the Administrative
Procedure is lacking.
Technical rules on evidence are not applied.
Lawyers may or may not be involved in the process.
Adjudication of the cases in Administrative Agencies
have limited jurisdiction and it is based on what is
provided by law. Compared to those exercising
general jurisdiction that is vested in courts, they may
exercise functions even in matters not provided by
law.
Jurisdiction is acquired:
a. Over the subject matter
The subject matter are provided for by law.
Ex. Government Employee is under the jurisdiction of
the Civil Service Commission.
b. Cause of action
This is subject to the provisions of law granting such
agency power.
Ex. CSC cannot resolve issues who would handle the
salary of the husband.
c. Over the parties
The complainant or petitioner files the complaint.
The agency acquires jurisdiction over the party upon
the filing of the complaint. Jurisdiction is acquired
over the defendant or respondent through proper
service of summons or voluntary submission. The
defendant submits to the jurisdiction with a caution
that he can question the jurisdiction.
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS
If the administrative agency has no jurisdiction over
the subject matter, the petition must be dismissed.
Due Process Requirement must always be observed.
In the event that the requirement of notice and
hearing was denied, the party may appeal.
For custodial investigation: not as strict in enforcing
the Constitutional Rights
Administrative Agencies has their own set of rules. If
they have none, then the provisions of the
Administrative Code must be followed. Rules of
Court has suppletory character.
Due Process in Administrative Agencies (Ang Tibay
v. CIR)
1. The first of these rights is the right to a
hearing, which includes the right of the
party interested or affected to present
his own case and submit evidence in
support thereof.
2. The tribunal must consider the evidence
presented.
3. The decision must be based on the evidence
presented by the parties.
4. The evidence must be substantial, relevant
as a reasonable mind to accept as
adequate to support the conclusion.
5. The decision must be rendered on the
evidence presented at the hearing, or at
least contained in the record and disclosed
to the parties affected.
6. The tribunal must act on its own independent
consideration of the law and facts of the
controversy, and not simply accept the views
of a subordinate in arriving at a decision
7. The tribunal should, in all controversial
questions, render its decision in such a
manner that the parties to the proceeding
can know the various issues involved, and the
reasons for the decision rendered.
Principles under Civil Procedure Applicable:
 Certificate of Non-forum shopping
A reminder that a person must not resort to Forum
Shopping.
To certify under oath asserting a claim that the party:
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a. Has not commenced any action or filed any
claim involving the same issues in any court,
tribunal, quasi-judicial agency and to the
best of his knowledge has no such other
action or claim is pending therein;
b. If there is such other action or claim, a
complete statement of the present status
thereof; and
c. If he should learn that the same or similar
action has been filed or is pending, he shall
report that fact within five days to the court
wherein his aforesaid complaint or initiatory
pleading has been filed.
Forum Shopping
- Can be committed even if one is a judicial
court and the other is a quasi-judicial
agency.
 Verification
Notarized statement. A pleading is verified by
an affidavit that an affiant has read the
pleading and that the allegations therein are
true and correct of his personal knowledge or
based on authentic records.
This is usually included in the certificate of non-
forum shopping.
 Judicial Affidavit Rule
Witness testimony is prepared in writing and in a form
of question and answer. When the parties go to
courts, the other party would proceed to cross-
examination instead of conducting direct
examination.
Right to Counsel is not necessary in Quasi-judicial
proceedings
Luniqued Case: The procedure is composed of a
committee. The first day of hearing, Regional
Director has no counsel. He requested for a reset that
was granted by the committee. On the next
scheduled hearing, the respondent did not appear
nor his counsel. As such, the committee decided to
proceed and recommended the dismissal of the
Regional Director. The SC held that even without
counsel in an Administrative Case, there is no denial
of due process because the respondent should
know, considering his high degree of education.
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS
Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction on Prior Result
- Courts will not proceed to decide on the
case for the administrative agency has
necessary expertise on such matters
- Action of courts:
o Courts shall refer the case to the
administrative agency instead of
resolving the case; or
o Dismiss the case outright (Sir Ngolob’s
opinion: dismissal is not the proper
procedure but more appropriate to
archive for revival after decision
reached by the appropriate
administrative agency)
- May be a defense by the Defendant if he
wants to bring the case to proper
administrative agency and the court may
motu proprio refer the case
Doctrine of Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
- Once a case was lodged in administrative
agency, the parties must exhaust all
administrative remedies before the matter
be brought to the Court
- Parties went to the administrative agency first
before they went to Court
- Courts will not entertain the case filed unless
all remedies were exhausted by the party,
otherwise the filing of a case in court while
pending in a quasi-judicial agency will result
to forum shopping.
Q: there is a pending administrative case. Ten
days after the receipt of a decision, the party
filed a complaint in court.
The running for period to appeal will not be
suspended.
Administrative Remedies of the Party:
1. Appeal
2. Motion for Reconsideration
Exception:
 when the issue involved is a pure question of
law
 when the due process is clearly violated
 when the administrative action is patently
illegal amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction
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 when there is urgent need for judicial
intervention
 when there is unreasonable delay or official
inaction
 when there is no other plain, speedy or
adequate remedy provided by law
 when there is estoppel on the part of the
agency concerned
 when there is great and irreparable
damage which can only be prevented by
court action
 when the resort to administrative remedy will
amount to the nullification of a claim
 when the law specifically provides that the
issue shall be brought up to the court
 when the subject matter is private land in
land case proceedings
Principle of Qualified Political Agency:
- due to multifarious functions there are those
that may be acting as President’s alter ego
o deemed the decision of the Office of
the President so as not for the parties
to go to the President himself
- secretary’s decision is the President’s
decision
o some administrative agency are of
the same level with the RTC
- however there are decisions that can be
appealed to the CA
Judicial Review
- exercised by all courts whether from an
agency exercising quasi-legislative or quasi-
judicial agency
- Political Question- not decided by court but
by the people
o Changed the trend that the court will
not decide on matters that is a
political question
o Every act of the government is now a
subject of judicial review but is not
abandoned for there are instances
that should be left to the sovereign
power.
- Plain administrative actions are brought
through ordinary action
o Court of general jurisdiction
- Quasi-legislative functions
o Mode of appeal under Rule 43 and
brought to CA
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS

- If in excess of jurisdiction, then the mode of ELECTION LAWS

review is through Rule 65 but only when no
other remedy is available for the aggrieved Right of Suffrage
party
- Right to vote and be voted upon
Questions of law are the ones brought to the Sources:
judiciary but determine the kind of judicial review
Constitution
Review on Appeal Appeal on Certiorari
RA No. 8189
Error of judgment Special civil action
brought to Court of Qualifications of a Voter:
Appeals Deals with error on
jurisdiction 1. Philippine citizenship
2. 18 years of age
The reckoning point is on the date of
election.
Example: A applied for registration. He is now
seventeen years old. On the day of election,
he will turn 18. He would allowed to vote by
then.
3. Resident of the Philippines at least 1 year and
a resident of the municipality for at least 6
months
-Romualdez- Marcos v. COMELEC

Disqualification of Voters

1. Sentenced imprisonment for at least one

year unless pardoned
- Those that were not granted pardon can
vote after five years of service (automatic)
2. Insanity or incompetent
3. Dual citizens

Registration of Voters:

Day to day but ends

120 days before regular election; or

90 days before special election

Process:

1. Filing
2. COMELEC conducts a hearing to determine
the qualifications

COMELEC either:

Grants- any person can file for a petition for

exclusion if he knows any disqualification existing
in the voter; or

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 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS
Denies- the applicant can file a petition for
Inclusion
3. Voters shall look for the precinct which
contains his name
- At least 1 precinct per barangay in the event
that it cannot accommodate enough
people, there will be supplemental precinct
Case: Book of Voters- contains the vital information
of voter where the Board will compare for the validity
of identity.
Facts: Barangay Kagawad carried the ballot box
which contained the book of voters to be
transported to the precinct that is six hours away
from his barangay. On his way to the precinct, he
bought groceries. Due to the heavy load, he left the
book of voters along the road and went to the
precinct. The teachers pushed through with the
election.
SC: Loss of the book of voters is not a valid ground to
invalidate election.
Handicaps and illiterate can be registered voters as
long as they have none of the disqualifications. They
must be assisted by a member of the household.
Principle of Res Judicata is not applicable for the
qualifications of voters
- He may possess the disqualification but he
can cure the defect
Absentee voting
- Whether registered voters or not, outside the
Philippines but possess all the qualifications,
he can register in the consulate or embassy
or any institution that deals with the rights of
the citizens.
- Limited to:
o President
o Vice-president
o Senator
Change of Residence
- Can still vote in the locality but can apply for
transfer of the voter’s ID to prevent double
registration.
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Political Parties
- Philippines follow a multi-party system that is
based on the platform of leadership
- mean an organized group of persons
pursuing the same ideology, political ideas or
platforms of government and includes its
branches and divisions. To acquire juridical
personality, quality it for subsequent
accreditation, and to entitle it to the rights
and privileges herein granted to political
parties, a political party shall first be duly
registered with the Commission. Any
registered political party that, singly or in
coalition with others, fails to obtain at least
ten percent of the votes cast in the
constituency in which it nominated and
supported a candidate or candidates in the
election next following its registration shall,
after notice and hearing be deemed to have
forfeited such status as a registered political
party in such constituency (Section 60,
Omnibus Election Code)
- Case Doctrine: There are two kinds of party-
list contemplated under the Constitution:
sectoral and political. Although the
Constitution did not exclude nor disqualify
the political parties from participating in the
party-list system, the SC still held that it is not
still the time for such party to participate in
the party-list system.
National party
- when its constituency is spread over the
geographical territory of at least a majority of
the regions.
Regional party
- when its constituency is spread over the
geographical territory of at least a majority of
the cities and provinces comprising the
region.
Sectoral party
- refers to an organized group of citizens
belonging to any of the sectors enumerated
in Section 5 hereof whose principal
advocacy pertains to the special interests
and concerns of their sector. (RA 7941 Party-
list System Act)
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS

- The Sectors shall include the following: foundation, organization whether directly or
o labor, through any of its members or indirectly
o peasant, through third parties for partisan election
o fisherfolk, purposes
o urban poor,  Violates or fails to comply with laws, rules, or
o indigenous cultural communities, regulations relating to elections
o elderly,  Declares untruthful statements in its petition
o handicapped,  Ceased to exist for at least one year
o women,  Fails to participate in the last two preceding
o youth, elections or fails to obtain at least two
o veterans, percentum of the votes cast under the party-
o overseas workers, and list system in the two preceding elections
o professionals. (Rationale: have no strong following)

Registration of Political Parties: Requirements for Candidates to Run under a Political

Party:
Any organized group of persons may register as a
party, organization, or coalition for purposes of the  Present a certificate of membership
party-list system by:  Nomination of the party for the position

 filing with the COMELEC not later than 90

days before the election a petition verified
The internal rules of the political party governs the
by its president and secretary stating its desire
selection of the official candidates running under the
to participate in the party-list system as
political parties but the COMELEC can decide on the
national, regional or sectoral party or
leadership of the parties.
organization or coalition
 attaching the constitution, by-laws, platform
or program of government, list of officers,
coalition agreement and other relevant Case: Ang LADLAD v. COMELEC
information the COMELEC may require
- Ang LADLAD is a sectoral party-list
 COMELEC shall publish the petition in at least
representing the LGBT community to give
two national newspapers of general
voice in the Congress.
circulation
- COMELEC denied its registration on the
 Resolve the petition after 15 days from date
grounds that morality is contrary to Christian
it was submitted for decision but in no case
and Muslim beliefs.
shall it be later than 60 days before election
- SC: Morality is not a ground for disapproval
Removal or Cancellation of Registration on the application for it was not provided by
law. Ang LADLAD may run for the party-list
- By COMELEC motu proprio or upon verified system. (Note that Ang LADLAD lost in that
complaint of any interested party election.)
- With due notice and hearing
Midterm Election- the election held three years after
Grounds: the Presidential Election.
 Religious sect or denomination, organization, - Presidential and Vice-Presidential
or association organized for religious candidates are not included in this period.
purposes - 12 senators/ 3 years are elected
 Advocates violence or unlawful means to
seek its goal Conduct of Convention – to select the candidates
 Foreign party or organization per political party, and filing of the Certificate of
 Receiving support from any foreign Candidacy.
government, foreign political party,

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 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS
- Senatorial candidates may be less than 12
Election Period- when the Election laws takes effect.
Prohibited acts as mandated by the Election Code
takes effect
Campaign Period
- National Candidates- February 12, 2019- May
11, 2019
- Local Candidates – March 29, 2019- May 11,
2019
- Maundy Thursday and Good Friday
candidates cannot campaign on said dates
Filing of Certificate of Candidacy- a condition
before a person can be elected in the public office.
Requirements for Certificate of Candidacy:
Common Contents:
a. Office aspired for
b. Name of aspirant
c. Age
d. Sex
e. Civil status
f. Place and date of birth
g. Citizenship
h. Execution of sworn renunciation of foreign
citizenship
i. If married, name of spouse
j. Address for election purposes
k. Legal residence, exact address and number
l. Barangay, city, municipality and province
where aspirant is a regular vote
m. If under political party, accompanied by
certificate of nomination and acceptance
- To be treated as a candidate running under
political party
- Political party had nominated that person is
really a member of a political party
- Can be used by coalition
Premature Campaigning
Case: Penera v. COMELEC
- Mayor candidate and her slate agreed to
meet in the house of Penera. They went to
town with banners and megaphone
announcing their intention to run
- Headed to COMELEC to file their Certificate
of Candidacy.
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- She won as Mayor and some of her co-
parties.
- A petition was filed alleging premature
campaigning
- COMELEC decided against Penera, so she
was disqualified. Case was brought to SC
- SC defined Premature Campaigning as an
act of doing a campaign for or against a
party prior campaign period committed by a
candidate. A candidate is a person who has
duly filed his CoC but is considered only a
candidate during the campaign period.
Thus, Penera was still not a candidate when
they campaigned around town.
Elective Officials v. Appointive Officials
- Not deemed resign for their term of office is
from July 1 to June 30.
- If the elective officials are deemed resigned
upon filing of CoC, then we deprive the
electorate representation.
- Appointive officials are deemed resigned for
there is a grave danger that they would use
official time for personal reasons.
Limitation for ballot: 30 characters maximum space
for candidates
Campaign Medium:
1. Audio-visual
- With limitations with respect to the minutes,
eg. TV ads
2. Print media
- Regulations and limitations which now
included social media
Note: social media is not included for election
expenses.
Expenses allowed:
1. Independent Candidates
-P5/ registered voter in the constituency where
they are running for office
2. With political parties
- P3/ individual candidate but the political
party itself can spend P5/ registered voter.
- Contributions of candidates can be part of
the expenses
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS
- Example of prohibited act: feeding people in
the political rally
Limitations:
1. Streamers- 3ft x 8ft
- Only during rallies or gatherings
- 5 days before the conduct of rally or
gatherings
2. Poster- 2ft x 3 ft
- In designated posting areas
- Political parties and candidates within the
locality can agree how to share the area
- Can post in private places as long as the
owner consented
3. Leaflets- maximum size is 8.5 in x 14 in
4. For public transport
- To be displayed with limitations
- Vehicles owned by the government is strictly
prohibited
SC: freedom of expression but qualified the use of
PUVs that the owner must apply for the permit
coming from COMELEC and LTFRB and payment of
required fees.
5. Letters written to individual voters
Destruction of campaign materials is a violation of
the Election Laws
A candidate may establish headquarters
- National- 1 each region
- Governmental- 1 within the province and 1
each municipality
How to conduct a campaign
- TV ads, survey
Survey post-election- must maintain a distance from
the precinct/ voting place
1. Rally/ political rally
- Conducted by a candidate in a place
whereby he would hold speeches
- General audience, not selected by the
candidate
- Somehow display of his strength
2. Caucus
- Audience are selected or invited, from
particular sectors
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- Can discuss more matters with respect to the
problems each sector face
- More effective than a rally for rally cannot be
controlled
3. House to House
- Knocks on each house within the area and
ask the members of the household what they
need (eg. Housewife)
Prohibition:
1. Foreigners not allowed to campaign for any
candidate
2. Government officials and Employees
- Mere utterances of one’s preference is not a
violation but if the Employee is campaigning
for a candidate then it is a violation
- EXPN: those also running
Permit
- Rally or political parties issued by the
municipality
- Ministerial duty of the municipality to grant
unless there is a conflict like a prior scheduled
political rally or there is danger
Misrepresentation and Credentials
- Depends on the voters
Case: Married woman Candidate won for Mayor.
She used her husband’s surname during the election.
When she was the incumbent mayor, her marriage
was annulled. She made a survey and found out that
her husband’s surname is more popular. When she
ran for the next election, she used her husband’s
surname in filing the CoC.
Surveys
- Conducted when candidates have already
filed a Certificate of Candidacy
- COMELEC: those who would release falsified
election survey can be held liable
- Conduct of surveys during election day must
be away from the precinct (it is still a means
to garner votes. Bandwagon mentality)
- (Note: according to COMELEC Resolution
No. 3636, pollsters shall not conduct their
surveys within 50meters from the polling
place)
ELECTION DAY
 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ELECTION LAWS

- Commence at 7am and ends at 3pm

Precinct- voting place where sort of 200 registered

voters are found

- After the Automated Election System (AES)-

there is a voter counting machine

Cluster- equivalent to 5 voting precincts.

- AES’ counting is by cluster.

- Less than 5 precincts for some areas, still 1
cluster due to limited number of Voter
Counting Machine
- Manned by the Board of Election Inspectors,
usually public school teachers with added
qualification that they must have basic IT
knowledge

Voting Place

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