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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000
Procedia
Procedia Computer
Computer Science
Science 00(2018)
134 (2018)43–50
000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000
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The 15th International Conference on Mobile Systems and Pervasive Computing
The 15th International Conference on Mobile
(MobiSPC Systems and Pervasive Computing
2018)
(MobiSPC
The 15th International Conference 2018)
on Mobile Systems and Pervasive Computing
(MobiSPC 2018)
On PMIPv6-based Cost-Effective Function-distributed Mobility
On PMIPv6-based Cost-Effective Function-distributed Mobility
On PMIPv6-based
ManagementCost-Effective
Management Scheme
Scheme for Function-distributed
for Industrial
Industrial Future Mobility
Future Internet
Internet
Management Jeong-A
SchemeKim
for
a Industrial Future
a,∗
a , Jongpil Jeonga,∗ Internet
Jeong-A Kim , Jongpil Jeong
a Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro,a Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do,
a,∗
a Sungkyunkwan Jeong-A Kim , Jongpil Jeong 16419, Korea
University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Korea
a Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Korea

Abstract
Abstract
As the Internet is applied to various fields, it provides convenience according to user needs. Meeting user’s needs network traffic is
Abstract
As the Internet is applied to various fields, it provides convenience according to user needs. Meeting user’s needs network traffic is
disruptive and difficult to cause a distributed system structure resulting in high processing costs. To solve this problem, In this paper
disruptive
As and difficult to cause a distributed it system structure resulting in highto
processing costs. To solve thisneeds
problem, In this paper
newthe Internet is applied
Functionality-Distributedto various fields,
Mobility provides
Management convenience
Technology according
for user needs.
the Application of theMeeting user’s
Industrial Future network
Internet traffic
is proposed. is
new Functionality-Distributed
disruptive and difficult to cause Mobility
a Management
distributed system Technology
structure for the
resulting in Application
high of the
processing Industrial
costs. To Future
solve this Internet In
problem, is proposed.
this paper
Functional distributed mobility systems are considered to provide superior performance in cost analysis, such as location update
Functional
new distributed mobilityMobility
systems Management
are considered to provideforsuperior performance in cost analysis, such as location update
costsFunctionality-Distributed
and packet transmission costs, by applying various Technology the Application
analysis techniques. of the Industrial Future Internet is proposed.
costs and packet transmission costs, by applying various analysis techniques.
Functional distributed mobility systems are considered to provide superior performance in cost analysis, such as location update
costs
c 2018
©
 andThe
packet transmission
Authors.
Authors. Published
Published costs, by applying
by Elsevier
by Ltd. various analysis techniques.
c 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
This
c 2018is an
Peer-review
 open
The access
Authors.
under article under
Published
responsibility byofthethe
CCscientific
Elsevier BY-NC-ND
Ltd. license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
committee of the 13th International Conference on Future Networks and
Keywords:
This is an Distributed
Communications,
open access Mobility;
FNC-2018
article Future
and
underthe Internet;
15th
the CC Proxy Mobile
International
BY-NC-ND IP; Cost
Conference
license Analysis; Heterogeneous
on Mobile Systems andMobile Network
Pervasive Computing, MobiSPC 2018.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Keywords: Distributed Mobility; Future Internet; Proxy Mobile IP; Cost Analysis; Heterogeneous Mobile Network
Keywords: Distributed Mobility; Future Internet; Proxy Mobile IP; Cost Analysis; Heterogeneous Mobile Network

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Recently the social demands get more diverse and complicated so that the current internet technologies cannot meet
Recently the social demands get more diverse and complicated so that the current internet technologies cannot meet
all the demands. Accordingly, internet researchers are carrying out new network researching works in diverse aspects
all Recently
the demands. Accordingly, internet
the social researchers arecomplicated
carrying outsonew
thatnetwork researching works in diverse aspects
in order to solve these demands get more
diverse demands. diverse and
Network technologies have evolvedthe current internet
to 2G voice technologies
digitization, 3G cannot meet
multimedia,
in
all order
the to solve these
demands. diverse demands.
Accordingly, internet Network technologies
researchers are carrying have
out evolved
new to 2G
network voice digitization,
researching works in3G multimedia,
diverse aspects
and 4G wireless broadband [1, 2]. Traditional network technologies are no longer able to meet these requirements
and
in 4G wireless
order to broadband
diverse[1, 2]. Traditional network technologies are notolonger abledigitization,
to meet these 3Grequirements
because of solve these
problems caused demands.
by new mobileNetwork technologies
devices, have evolved
communication services, 2Gandvoice
network traffic [3]. multimedia,
To solve this
because
and 4G of problems
wireless caused [1,
broadband by 2].
newTraditional
mobile devices,
network communication
technologies services,
are no and network
longer able to trafficthese
meet [3]. requirements
To solve this
problem, it can provide faster speed than 4G as 5G network has recently been developed [4, 5]. In addition, various
problem,
because ofit problems
can provide fasterbyspeed
caused than 4G as 5G network has recently been developed [4,traffic
5]. In [3].
addition, various
devices can be connected reliablynew mobile
at the samedevices,
time [6].communication services,
5G has characteristics of and network
automation, smart link, To solve
and this
real time
devices
problem, can
it be connected
can provide reliably
faster at the
speed same
than 4G time
as 5G [6]. 5G hashas
network characteristics
recently beenofdeveloped
automation, [4,smart
5]. In link, and real
addition, time
various
monitoring by connecting various smart devices to the Internet [7]. Currently it is preparing to apply to the industry
monitoring
devices by
be connecting variousatsmart devices
timeto[6].
the 5G
Internet [7]. Currentlyofit automation,
is preparingsmart
to applylink,toand
the real
industry
and to becanapplied connected reliably
to the industrial the same
Internet Industry has
Internet characteristics
of Things (IIoT). time
and to be applied
monitoring by to the industrial
connecting various Internet
smart Industry
devices to Internet
the of Things
Internet [7]. (IIoT). it is preparing to apply to the industry
Currently
The layer network structure and the centralized management system are generally used in the mobility management
and The layer
to be network
applied structure
to the andInternet
industrial the centralized
Industry management system(IIoT).
Internetmobile
of Things are generally used in the mobility management
of mobile communication network. The next generational networks such as SAE/EPC (System Architecture
of mobile
The layercommunication
network network.
structure and The
the next generational
centralized managementmobile networks
system such asused
areconsidered
generally SAE/EPC (System management
in the(General
mobility Architecture
Evolution / Evolved Packet Core) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) are at GPRS Packet Radio
Evolution / Evolved Packetnetwork.
of mobile communication Core) and TheLTE
next(Long Term Evolution)
generational are considered
mobile networks such as at GPRS (General
SAE/EPC (SystemPacket Radio
Architecture
Evolution / Evolved Packet Core) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) are considered at GPRS (General Packet Radio
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-31-299-4260 (office), +82-10-9700-6284 (Mobile) ; fax: +82-31-290-5569.
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-31-299-4260 (office), +82-10-9700-6284 (Mobile) ; fax: +82-31-290-5569.
E-mail address: jpjeong@skku.edu
∗ E-mail address:author.
Corresponding jpjeong@skku.edu
Tel.: +82-31-299-4260 (office), +82-10-9700-6284 (Mobile) ; fax: +82-31-290-5569.
1877-0509 c 2018 The
E-mail address: Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
jpjeong@skku.edu
1877-0509
1877-0509 ©
 2018 The
c 2018 TheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Published
by by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd. Ltd.
This
This is ananopen
openaccess article under the CC
the BY-NC-ND licenselicense
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
This isisan open access
access
c 2018
article
article under
under the CC CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
1877-0509 
Peer-review under The Authors. Published
responsibility by scientific
of the Elsevier Ltd.
committee of the 13th International Conference on Future Networks and
This is an open access
Communications, article under
FNC-2018 andthe
theCC BY-NC-ND
15th licenseConference
International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
on Mobile Systems and Pervasive Computing, MobiSPC 2018.
10.1016/j.procs.2018.07.142
44 Jeong-A Kim et al. / Procedia Computer Science 134 (2018) 43–50
2 Jeong-A Kim / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

System)-based and the IP-based mobile management system, and are standardized for every IP mobile network [8, 9].
And the PMIP is adopted as the IP-based mobile protocol. As the internet technology develops in the future, the IP
mobility and the mobile phone mobility are generally harmonized and integrated.
Through a lot of internet research works and studies, the standardization of major functions such as security of
future internet, contents transmission mechanism, delay-tolerant network, frame management and control, service
technology, routing, future internet infra planning of experiments, and etc. The mobility among them is one the
important characteristics in the technology of management, framework and transmission path, and etc. It appears that
MILSA [10] is one of the promising technologies which are related to mobility problem such as multi-homing and
ID/location (radio locator) distribution. This paper proposes a new mobility management framework. The suggested
mobility management framework provides an effective technique to construct flexible systems, and accordingly could
be easy to be applied to future internet. In term of the cost of location update and packet analysis, this suggested
technique shows the analysis result of the better performance.
The composition of this paper is as follows. Section 2 presents mobility management techniques for cost effective
functional delegation. Section 3 describes the performance evaluation of the mobility management techniques in
detail. Section 4 presents conclusions on this paper.

2. Cost-Effective Mobility Management Scheme with Function Distributor

Here is explained the system to which is applied the mobility management system through the function distribution.
Fig. 1 show the diagram of composition of mobility model network. The composition master domain of network has
path and status location information for external reference to every user. And it has a certification function for users in
its domain. Each domain has the LMA which is responsible for and controls the inside of the domain, and is authorized
the function by M LMA. Each domain is authorized with the certification function to certify the internal users of each
domain and the function which is related to status location information. That is, H LMA and V LMA demonstrate the
node which is authorized (authorized functions: location and state) by M LMA.
When the mobile node (MN) attempts to access the visit network (visit domain) by coming out of the home network
(home domain), MAG V automatically senses the movement of the MN, and forms a normal wireless connection
through the V LMA and AAA V (certification). The entire traffic between the mobile node and the correspondent node
(CN) communicate through V LMA, and the CN checks up the information related to location, status and certification
through M LMA and AAA M, and can communicate with the MN.

Fig. 1. Mobility model network configuration.

 Jeong-A Kim et al. / Procedia Computer Science 134 (2018) 43–50 45
Jeong-A Kim / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 3

In general, the mobility management system manages the entire mobility-related functions by all-in-one in the
same, central place. As for the centralized management system, if any of the central system doesn’t function properly,
all the users cannot receive the normal service. Because every function is centralized, the probability of communication
disruption could be high. Each function of the management system has its own unique property. In order to carry out
the mobility management effectively in the complex and highly-movable internet environment, each function must
be distributively arranged at the appropriate place according to its unique property. So, function distribution mobility
system is suggested as a way to solve this problem. The mechanism of this distribution mobility system is carried out
by authorization. A detailed explanation of the proposed scheme is discussed as follows.

2.1. Function-Distributed Mobility Management

In general, the overall network is composed of home network, core network, local network, destiny network, mobile
node, and etc. The home network is a network which mobile users register to, and the destiny network is a network
the CN will access and communicate to. The local network is a network of the MN which is visiting at the moment,
and the core network is the all the network which generally every data passes through.

Fig. 2. Basic sequence of delegation procedure.

The basic authorization consecutive procedure is shown at Fig. 2. The function of the LMA M is to authorize
location and status information to LMA H and LMA V according to the authorization procedure, to put the AAA M
certification server in the master domain, and put AAA H and AAA V certification server in each domain too, so
that the authorization of certification is carried out between certification servers. If the MN moves between each
LMA Hand LMA V in order to save the PMIP environment, they authorize status and location information according
to their probability. That is, if the MN moves to the visiting network, the LMA H authorizes the LMA V with status,
location and the certification-related information. If the MN enters the visiting network, the MAG V shoots the quarry
to the LMAV to send the registration request of the MN. If the normal registration request is completed, the LMAV
sends its changed information to the LMA M and then improves the environment so that the destiny network can refer
to it. The LMA V and LMA M maintain the connection path information while the status of MN is maintained. The
fail restoring time is calculated with data information of real time information environment. If the total authorization
of connection succeeds, the MN communicates with the CN, and receives the best function-distribution service which
induces the optimum costs.
46 Jeong-A Kim et al. / Procedia Computer Science 134 (2018) 43–50
4 Jeong-A Kim / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 3. Layered structure of function-distributed mobility.

Additional layer structure can be identified through Fig. 3. From the perspective of users, the convenient com-
munication layer structure is not different from the seven layer model for OSI. The control plan needs the function
authorization process, in fact. It can accompany the useful path management such as user-based management which is
one of the major requirements for the function distribution mobility. Each distribution function must be automatically
maintained and dynamically updated. The management plan adjusts each distribution function management entity.
2.2. Characteristics of Function-Distributed Mobility Management

In the function distribution mobility, the appropriate adjustment of each function is very important. Table 1 shows
the effect not only of the factors of mobility system but also the management technique of each function.

Table 1. Impact of each function placement from mobility system parameter.

Element Each functional element
Anchor Cost Path State Authentication
Connection frequency High Middle Middle High low
Speed of MN Middle High High High low
Recovery time failure Middle High High High low
Volume of Traffic Middle High High low low
Quantity of MN low Middle Middle High Middle
Type of Application program Middle low High High low

In spite of a few exceptions, generally the mobility system factors are dynamically updated. The closer the distri-
bution function is located to where the MN is located, the higher the level of effect is. The certification function must
be located deep in the internal network. On the contrary, the status function must be located at the node close to the
visiting local network. The path management function may better be located between source in the middle of core
network and the destiny for the sake of the fast shift of the paths. Lastly, the local management function composed
of anchoring and casting may be better in the middle place like the middle of the local network which is close to the
core network and the MN. Regarding anchoring, the special node provides the status of stable IP address for the NM.
In addition, the anchor plays a role to provide the low-loss communication when users move. The casting function
carries out the multi-casting the user data to the node which the MN beforehand moves and attempts to be provided.

2.3. Comparison of Function-Distributed Mobility Management and Others

It will be explained what kinds of differences the function distribution has in comparison with the existing mobility
system. The location update procedure type, anchor point flexibility, function distribution, and path management
ability are considered as the comparing target for mobility special measurement.
 Jeong-A Kim et al. / Procedia Computer Science 134 (2018) 43–50 47
Jeong-A Kim / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 5

Table 2. Qualitative Comparison between mobility systems.

location Anchor Path Function

MIP Wide area Fixation Fixation Concentration

HMIP Wide area & Region Fixation Fixation Concentration
DisMob Wide area & Region Flow Flow Dispersion
Proposed Scheme Wide area & Region Fixation Fixation Dispersion

Table 2 shows the qualitative comparison with other existing mobility methods. From the perspective of the location
update type, the MIP always carries out the wide area location update registration. Other methods carries out the local
location update function with the wide area location update, and use the cost effective registration procedure. From
the aspect of the anchor point flexibility, the MIP and the HMIP uses fixed points. On the contrary, other environments
change dynamically their anchor points according to user priority and environmental condition. The DisMob functions
to manage the transmission path from source to destiny. The distribution mobility which leads the system construction
flexible to the function distribution is the only way to satisfy this property. The construction of this function distribution
is possible with DisMob and the proposed scheme, and is one of the important factors which discriminates it from the
existing systems.

3. Performance Evaluation

For analysis of the mobile mobility networkwe assume a hexagonal model. The mobile mobility model of hexago-
nal it is assumed that a MAG consists of the same number of rings in the domain LMA and each ring r is composed
of 6r cells.
The number of N(R) in the cell reaching the ring R is calculated by the following equation.
R

N(R) = 6r + 1 = 3R(R + 1) + 1 (1)
r=1

3.1. Cost Function

This section defines the cost function considered. In order to evaluate the process that each mobility method pos-
sesses and accurate assets. Total cost is analyzed without paging cost. The reason is that paging costs do not always
support all methods. So the total cost can be known from the following equation (9). Ctot represents total cost, update
cost of location information is Cloc , and packet transmission cost is C pkt .

Ctot = Cloc + C pkt (2)

3.1.1. Location update cost model

HMIP, DisMob and the proposed scheme can perform region location update process. MIP executes only the
updating process of the wide area position. DisMob and the proposed scheme mean shortening dispersion mobility.
Divide the mobility function into several part functions. The function of each part shows the dynamic allocation system
to other nodes according to its characteristics. Looking at the position update cost, C H , C LN , and C LD are the update
cost of the wide area position information, Regional location renewal delegation No cost, and Let’s assume at regional
location renewal delegation cost. Execution of wide area location update means that the MN at the boundary of the
ring R goes outward. In other situations, the MN performs regional location updates. The arguments for calculating the
substitution probability are indicated by MAGV as the probability of executing the delegation process. The probability
for performing global location update is calculated in πR , Rα,R+1 .
Calculation of the update cost of the position of HMIPv6 follows the following equation.
48 Jeong-A Kim et al. / Procedia Computer Science 134 (2018) 43–50
6 Jeong-A Kim / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

The cost of updating the position of the proposed method is calculated based on the following equation.
πR αR,R+1C H (1 − πR αR,R+1 )[ωC LD + (1 − ω)C LN ]
Cloc = + (3)
T T
C H = 2(κ + γ(Dυ ) + 2NCN ([κ + γ(Dυ + Dc )]
(4)
+PC LMAM + PC LMAH + PC LMAv + NCN PCCN

C LN = 2κ + τ(Dυ ) + PC LMAH (5)

C LD = 2(Z s Y s + Zl Yl )[κ + γ(Dυ ] + 2Z p Y p NCN [κ + γ(Dυ + Dc )] + PC LMAH + PC LMAV (6)

T is the average cell registration time, K and T are the unit transfer cost on the link with each line and no link. Du ,
Dc and Dh are the number of hops between nodes, and NCN means the number of CN s communicating with MN. PCgg
is the cost of the process of updating for binding at each node. ∗ refers to the cost incurred in the surrogate process.
Finally, Y s/i/p and Z s/i/p refer to Substitution probability according to each state, location and path management. MIP
and HMIP location update cost is calculated in a similar way.

3.1.2. Packet transmission cost model

The next is a description of the transfer cost of the packet. Currently to LMA domain N MN means total user. And
it is expressed as follows. N MAG indicates the number of MAGs currently connected to the LMA domain. K indicates
the average number of users in the MAG range.

N MA = N MAG K (7)

The transmission cost of the packet follows the following equation. C MAG , C LMA , CT means the cost incurred for
transmission of packets of LMA and MAG. CT means the transfer cost of a packet between CN and MN.

C pkt = C MAG + C LMA + CT (8)

C MAG is divided into two parts of lookup and routing cost. The cost of lookup is proportional to the size of the
mapping table. The cost of lookup is proportional to the number of MNs. On the other hand, the routing cost is
proportional to the log function of the number of MAGs in the LMA domain. C LMA the route optimization is at the
node matching the LMA sending the first packet. All packets of thin lines need to be transmitted directly to the MN.
CT is the transmission cost. This is related to distance and means the number of hops between MN and CN. Using the
previous argument element, the total packet transmission cost can be expressed as follows.

D pkt Proposed = λ s ([αN MN + βlog(N MAG )] + λ s θLMA + τλ s [(S − 1)(Dc + Dυ )] + κS ) (9)

λ s is the session arrival rate, S is the average session size of the packet unit and θLMA packet processing cost. α, β
means an additive element.

3.2. Results for Cost Analysis

Confirm the results based on the mobility model described above. Table 3 shows the numerical values of each
element of the system. The evaluation method is analyzed based on MIP, HMIP and DisMob the proposed method.
In the above two methods, I analyzed the position update and packet transmission cost of MIP and the other meth-
ods. It is explained the advantages. In analyzing the total cost, we try to provide a more fair assessment by adjusting
the elements of delegation. In a system where all elements are taken into consideration , γ and ω are calculated as
follows to create the local state.
πR2 3
1−γ = => γ = (10)
4πR2 4
πR2 8
1−ω= => γ = (11)
4πR2 9
 Jeong-A Kim et al. / Procedia Computer Science 134 (2018) 43–50 49
Jeong-A Kim / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 7
Table 3. Basic system parameters used in the evaluation

PCCN PC LMA PC LMA ∗ PC LMAi N MAG NCN ω MN ω MAG
6 24 24 12 1 2 0.1 0.2
Yg Yl Yυ Dh ω q K α
0.7 0.7 0.7 6 0.55 0.4 4 0.1
 
PC LMAi θ MAG θ MAG S Zg Zl Zυ γ
12 20 20 10 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.43
Dυ Dc κ τ β Lc λs
4 2 2 1 0.2 1 20 0.1

Fig. 4. Location update cost analysis.

This can be compared equally in terms of cost analysis when HMIP is R=3, DisMob is R=1, and the proposed
technique is R=1. Fig. 4 and 5 show the cost of updating the location in the defined area and the transmission cost
analysis of the packet, respectively. The delegation cost is closely related to the update cost of the location information.
The transmission cost of the visible packet is closely related to the LMA domain size. In this section, we will explain
the analysis of the total cost. For evaluation of liquidity system, Session to Mobility Ratio (SMR) is generally used.
In the personal communication service network, SMR stands for complementing cell mobile proportion of mobile
network. And it means the relative proportion of session arrival rate with user mobility. The SMR in the Random walk
model is defined as follows.

S MR = λ s (12)

Here, we are trying to make a more fair evaluation by adjusting delegation elements.To make settings for the system
where all elements are taken into account, calculate in the following way. By limiting the domain size of HMIP (R =
3), DisMob (R = 1) and proposed technique (R = 1), it becomes possible to evaluate equally in terms of cost analysis.

4. Conclusion

This paper propose the function distribution mobility system. And the location update cost and packet transmission
cost of the existing MIP, HMIP, and DisMob are analyzed. From the perspective of mobility method and SMR, the
Random-walk mobility model was applied. As the result of cost analysis, the HMIP and DisMob demonstrated the
similar performances, and better performance than the MIP. At high SMR, the MIP demonstrated the better perfor-
mance, and at low SMR the other three methods demonstrated better performances. The suggested function distribu-
 50 Jeong-A Kim et al. / Procedia Computer Science 134 (2018) 43–50
8 Jeong-A Kim / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig. 5. Packet delivery cost analysis.

tion mobility method demonstrated better performance not only in integrate region but also at the cost analysis for the
sake of coping with every SMR environment. That is, it has been proved that it is very effective and flexible method.
In the future, 5G networks will be applied to smart factory environments to efficiently process vast amounts of
sensor data. It is believed that efficient systems that have 5G network applied to industrial environment will be able to
operate factories efficiently.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2016R1D1A1B03933828). Corresponding author: Prof.
Jongpil Jeong.

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