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Contents
1. The Air interface
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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Evolution of Cellular Networks
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First Generation Mobile Systems
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System)
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Second Generation Mobile Systems
Other
cdmaOne D-AMPS
(IS-95) (IS-136)
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2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS
Systems
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Third Generation Mobile Systems
UMTS
WCDMA
UMTS
CDMA2000
TD-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
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Fourth Generation Mobile Systems
Key IMT Advanced Features
A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to
support a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner.
Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks.
Capability of interworking with other radio access systems.
High quality mobile services.
User equipment suitable for worldwide use.
User-friendly applications, services and equipment.
Worldwide roaming capability.
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100Mbit/s for high
and 1Gbit/s for low mobility were identified as targets).
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Fourth Generation Mobile Systems
LTE
Advanced
WiMAX
802.16m
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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3GPP Releases
Release 6
HSUPA
5.76Mbit/s
HSPA+
GSM HSDPA
28.8Mbit/s
9.6kbit/s 14.4Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
Phase 1 Release 5 Release 7/8
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Release 5 - HSDPA
HSDPA
Adaptive Modulation
Flexible Coding
Fast Scheduling (2ms)
HARQ
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Release 6 - HSUPA
HSUPA
Flexible Coding
Fast Power Scheduling
HARQ
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Release 7 - HSPA+
HSPA+
64 QAM (DL)
16 QAM (UL)
MIMO Operation (DL)
Power Enhancements (DL)
Less Overhead (DL)
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Release 8 - HSPA+ and LTE
HSPA+
64 QAM + MIMO (DL)
Dual Cell Operation
Less Overhead (UL)
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Release 9 and Beyond
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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Radio Interface Techniques
OFDMA
TDMA CDMA
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Frequency Division Multiple Access
Power Time
Frequency
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Time Division Multiple Access
Time
Power
Frequency
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Code Division Multiple Access
Time
Power
Frequency
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Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
Time
Power
Frequency
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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Transmission Modes
Frequency Division Duplex
Channel Channel
Bandwidth Bandwidth
Frequency
Uplink Downlink
Duplex Spacing
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Transmission Modes
Time Division Duplex
Asymmetric
Allocation
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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GSM Bands
Operating Band Frequency Uplink Frequency Downlink
Band (MHz) Frequency (MHz)
GSM 400 450 450.4 - 457.6 460.4 - 467.6
GSM 400 480 478.8 - 486.0 488.8 - 496.0
GSM 850 850 824.0 - 849.0 869.0 - 894.0
GSM 900 (P-GSM) 900 890.0 - 915.0 935.0 - 960.0
GSM 900 (E-GSM) 900 880.0 - 915.0 925.0 - 960.0
GSM-R (R-GSM) 900 876.0 - 880.0 921.0 - 925.0
DCS 1800 1800 1710.0 - 1785.0 1805.0 - 1880.0
PCS 1900 1900 1850.0 - 1910.0 1930.0 - 1990.0
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UMTS Bands
Operating Band Frequency Uplink Frequency Downlink
Band (MHz) Frequency (MHz)
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UMTS TDD Frequency Bands
Frequency Band
1900 - 1920
2010 - 2025
1850 - 1910
1930 - 1990
1910 - 1930
2570 - 2620
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Existing GSM Deployments
United States,
Europe, Middle Canada, and
East, Africa, many other
and most of countries in the
Asia/Pacific. Americas.
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Key UMTS Deployment Bands
Band I Band IV
(WCDMA (WCDMA
2100) 1700)
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LTE Release 8 Bands
Band Duplex FDL_low FDL_high NOffs-DL NDL FUL_low FUL_high NOffs-UL NUL
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Carrier Frequency EARFCN
Calculation
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Example
100kHz Raster
Uplink Downlink
Frequency
1937.4MHz 2127.4MHz
(FDL - FDL_low)
NDL = + NOffs-DL
0.1
(2127.4 - 2110)
NDL = + 0 = 174
0.1
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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LTE Transport Channel Processing
Transport Block MAC Layer
PHY Layer
Transport Block CRC Attachment
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
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Transport Block CRC
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CRC Parity Bits
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Code Block Segmentation and CRC
Attachment
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Example
8000bits
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Channel Coding
Transport Channel Coding Options
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Channel Coding
Control Information Coding Options
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Repetition Coding
ACK
Repetition
Coding
1 1 1
Orthogonal sequences
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Block Coding
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Convolutional Encoding
½ Rate Convolutional Encoder
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Convolutional Coding Example
Input S1 S2 G0 G1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1
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Convolutional Coding Trellis
Output
Current
Next State
State
00
Input 0 00 00
Input 1 11 11
10 10
00
10
01 01
01 01
11 11
10
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Viterbi Decoding
Input
0 1 1 0
Sequence Indicate possible
Transmitted number of bits in
00 11 01 01
/Received error.
0 2 1 1
00 00 00 00 00
2 0 1 1
10 10 10 1 10 1 10
1 1
1
2 2
01 01 1 01 01 01
0 0 0 0
11 11 11 2 11 2 11
Input 0 Input 1
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Coding Comparison Chart
Initializes the shift register with zeros. Initializes the shift register with the last bits
of the stream, i.e. zeros are not added for
initialization.
Padded with zeros. The shift register finishes, such that the last
bits of input are the same as what was used
to initialize the shift registers.
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Initializing Tail Biting Convolutional
Encoding
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LTE 1/3 Rate Tail Biting
Convolutional Coding
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LTE Turbo Coding
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Rate Matching
vk(0)
vk(1)
vk(2)
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LTE Sub-block Interleaver
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Code Block Concatenation
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Contents
1. The Air Interface
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
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Principles of OFDM
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Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency
Channel
Bandwidth
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OFDM Subcarriers
Orthogonal
Subcarriers
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Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
Inverse Fast
Fourier
Transform
IFFT
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Fast Fourier Transform
Subcarrier
Demodulation
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LTE Channel and FFT Sizes
Channel FFT Size Subcarrier Sampling Rate
Bandwidth Bandwidth
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OFDM Symbol Mapping
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OFDM
Peak to Average Power Ratio
PAPR (Peak to Average
Power Ratio) Issue
Peak
Average
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Time Domain Interference
Energy
Delay Spread
Time
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Inter Symbol Interference
Delayed
Signal
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Cyclic Prefix
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Questions
Which release of the 3GPP specifications includes the initial
release of LTE?
a. Release 6.
b. Release 7.
c. Release 8.
a. Release 9.
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Questions
What is the general name given to Frequency band IV in North
America?
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Questions
What is the maximum size that a Turbo coder can handle in LTE?
a. 1024bits.
b. 2048bits.
c. 5512bits.
d. 6144bits.
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Questions
Name the four main types of channel coding (FEC methods)
used in LTE.
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Contents
1. The Air interface
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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Uu Interface
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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LTE Control Plane and User Plane
NAS Control
Plane
RRC
Control
Plane
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E-UTRA Protocols
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NAS Signaling
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NAS EMM and ESM Procedures
EMM Procedures ESM Procedures
Attach Default EPS Bearer Context Activation
Detach Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Activation
Tracking Area Update EPS Bearer Context Modification
Service Request EPS Bearer Context Deactivation
Extended Service Request UE Requested PDN Connectivity
GUTI Reallocation UE Requested PDN Disconnect
Authentication UE Requested Bearer Resource Allocation
Identification UE Requested Bearer Resource Modification
Security Mode Control ESM Information Request
EMM Status ESM Status
EMM Information
NAS Transport
Paging
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Radio Resource Control
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Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Control Plane
Encryption NAS Signaling
Integrity Checking
RRC
User Plane
PDCP
IP Header Compression
Encryption RLC
Sequencing and Duplicate Detection
MAC
PHY
eNB
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Radio Link Control
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Medium Access Control
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Physical Layer
Error Detection
FEC Encoding/Decoding NAS Signaling
Rate Matching
Mapping of Physical Channels RRC
Power Weighting PDCP
Modulation and Demodulation
Frequency and Time Synchronization RLC
Radio Measurements
MIMO Processing MAC
Transmit Diversity PHY
Beamforming eNB
RF Processing
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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LTE Channels
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Logical Channels
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Control Logical Channels
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CCCH and DCCH Signaling
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Traffic Logical Channels
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LTE Release 8 Transport Channels
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Downlink Physical Channels
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
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Uplink Physical Channels
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
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Radio Channels
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Downlink Channel Mapping
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Uplink Channel Mapping
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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LTE Frame Structure
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Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
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Downlink CP Parameters
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Normal CP Configuration
DL
Nsymb OFDM Symbols (= 7 for Normal CP)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048
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Type 2 TDD Radio Frame
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Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points
0 5ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5ms D S U U U D S U U D
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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OFDM Signal Generation
Antenna
Layers Ports
Modulation
Mapper
Layer
Precoding
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
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Codeword, Layer and Antenna Port
Mapping
Codeword
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1, 2 or 4 2 or 4 4 Antenna 4 Antenna
Antenna Antenna Ports Ports
Ports Ports
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Scrambling
Interference
F1 No F1
Scrambling
PRB PRB
eNB eNB
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Scrambling
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Modulation Mapper
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64 QAM Modulation Mapper
64QAM
Q
7
101111 101101 100101 100111 000111 000101 001101 001111
5
101110 101100 100100 100110 000110 000100 001100 001110
3
101010 101000 100000 100010 000010 000000 001000 001010
1
101011 101001 100001 100011 000011 000001 001001 001011
I
-7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7
-1
111011 111001 110001 110011 010011 010001 011001 011011
-3
111010 111000 110000 110010 010010 010000 011000 011010
-5
111110 111100 110100 110110 010110 010100 011100 011110
-7
111111 111101 110101 110111 010111 010101 011101 011111
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Layer Mapper Configuration
Mapper Configuration Layers (v) Antenna Ports (P)
Single Antenna v=1 P=1
Transmit Diversity v=P P≠1 (2 or 4)
Spatial Multiplexing 1≤v≤P P≠1 (2 or 4)
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Single Antenna Layer Mapping
For transmission on a single antenna port, a single layer is used,
1
x ( 0) (i ) d ( 0) (i )
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Spatial Multiplexing Layer Mapping
Number Number of layer
Codeword to Layer Mapping i 0,1,..., M symb 1
of Layers Codewords
1 1 x (0) (i ) d ( 0) (i) layer
M symb (0)
M symb
2 2 x (0) (i ) d ( 0) (i ) layer
M symb ( 0)
M symb (1)
M symb
x (1) (i ) d (1) (i )
3 2 x (0) (i ) d ( 0) (i ) layer
M symb (0)
M symb (1)
M symb 2
x (1) (i ) d (1) ( 2i )
x ( 2) (i ) d (1) ( 2i 1)
4 2 x ( 0) (i ) d ( 0) ( 2i ) layer
M symb (0)
M symb (1)
2 M symb 2
x (1) (i ) d ( 0) ( 2i 1)
x ( 2) (i ) d (1) ( 2i )
x (3) (i ) d (1) ( 2i 1)
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Transmit Diversity Layer Mapping
Number Number layer
Codeword to Layer Mapping i 0,1,..., M symb 1
of of Code
Layers words
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LTE Precoding Options
LTE Precoding
CDD (Cyclic
Precoding Delay
Diversity
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Precoding Concept
The precoder takes as input a block of vectors:
x(i ) x (0) (i ) ... x ( 1) (i ) T layer
i 0,1,..., M symb 1
from the layer mapping and generates a block of vectors:
y (i ) ... y ( p ) (i ) ... T ap
i 0,1,..., M symb 1
to be mapped onto resources on each of the antenna ports,
( p)
wherey (i ) represents the signal for antenna port .
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Precoding for Single Antenna Port
( p) (0)
y (i ) x (i )
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Precoding for Transmit Diversity
For two antenna ports p 0,1 the output
y (i ) y ( 0) (i ) y (1) (i ) T ap
i 0,1,..., M symb 1
y (0) (2i) 1 0
j 0 Re x (0) (i )
(1)
y ( 2i )
1
0 1 0 j
Re x
(1)
(i )
layer
i 0,1,..., M symb 1
y ( 0) (2i 1)
(1)
2 0 1
0 j Im x ( 0) (i )
ap layer
y (2i 1) 1 0 0 (1) M symb 2M symb
j Im x (i )
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Precoding for Spatial Multiplexing
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Spatial Multiplexing Codebook for
Precoding - 2 Antenna Ports
Codebook Index Number of layers
1 2
0 1 1 1 1 0
2 1 2 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1
2 j 2 j j
3 1 1 -
2 j
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OFDM Signal Generation
N DLN RB / 2
RB sc
p 1
p p
ak ,l e
j 2kf t NCP,lTs j 2kf t NCP,lTs
sl t a k ,l
e
k NRB Nsc / 2
DL RB k 1
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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OFDMA in LTE
Frequency
Channel OFDMA
Bandwidth
E.g. 3MHz
PRB consists of 12
subcarriers for 0.5ms
Time
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Physical Resource Blocks and
Resource Elements
Radio Frame = 10ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Physical Resource
Block
NSCRB Subcarriers = 12
NRBDL
Resource
Element
NSymbDL
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Downlink PRB Parameters
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.1 The Uu Interface
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Downlink Cell ID
(1) (2)
Ncell
ID = 3NID + NID
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PSS and SSS Location for FDD
PSS (Primary
Synchronization
Sequence)
72
62 Subcarriers
Subcarriers
SSS (Secondary
Synchronization
Sequence)
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Radio Frame
Repeated in
slots 0 and 10
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PSS and SSS Location for TDD
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Example of SSS Indices
0 0 1 34 4 6 68 9 12 102 15 19 136 22 27
1 1 2 35 5 7 69 10 13 103 16 20 137 23 28
2 2 3 36 6 8 70 11 14 104 17 21 138 24 29
3 3 4 37 7 9 71 12 15 105 18 22 139 25 30
. . . . .
. . . . 167 2 9
33 3 5 67 8 11 101 14 18 135 21 26
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SSS Scrambling
Length 31 Sequence
Cyclic Shift based on Scrambling
NID(1) sequence z
s0(m0) s1(m1) s1(m1) s0(m0)
Subframe 0 Subframe 5
62 interleaved Scrambling sequence c0
bits and c1 based on NID(2)
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
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Downlink Reference Signals
Cell Specific (non-MBSFN)
UE Specific
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Cell Specific Reference Signals
One Antenna Port
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Cell Specific Reference Signals
Cell ID Offset
R R
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Cell Specific Reference Signals
Two Antenna Port Configuration
x R x R R x R x
R x R x x R x R
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1
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Cell Specific Reference Signals
Four Antenna Port Configuration
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MBFSN Reference Signals
Subframe Subframe
Slot
R
R R R R
R
R R R
R
R R R R
R
R R R
R
R R R R
R
R R R
Extended CP R R
15kHz R
R R
Extended CP R R
7.5kHz R
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UE Specific Reference Signals
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
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PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
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MIB to PBCH Mapping (FDD and
Normal CP)
MIB
CRC
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping PBCH
Precoding
Mapping to REs
10ms Frame
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CFICH (Physical Control Format
Indicator Channel) - CFI Mapping
N RB 10 N RB 10
DL DL
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4
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CFI to PCFICH Mapping
CFI OFDM Symbols
k allocated to
PDCCH
Channel Coding
(Block1/16)
Scrambling
Modulation
Layer Mapping
Precoding
Mapping to REs
PCFICH
NRBDL
Cell DL
k = (NRB
sc /2)·(NID mod 2NRB) Reserved RSs
k=k
DL
k = k + NRB )/2 · NRB
sc /2
DL RB
k = k + 2NRB)/2 · Nsc /2
RB
k = k + 3NDL
RB)/2 · Nsc /2
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CFI Codewords
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PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control
Channel)
Downlink Frame - 10ms
Control 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Region
5MHz (25 Resource Blocks)
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REG to CCE and PDCCH Mapping
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PDCCH to Control Region Mapping
0
0
x 0 R x R
PCFICH 0
1
R 1 x R x
1
1
x 2 R x R
PHICH
2
2
R 2 x R x
3 4
3 4
x 4 R x R
3 4
3 5
R 5 x R x
6 5
6 5
x 7 R x R
6 7
6 7
R 7 x R x
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CCE Allocation Levels
1 CCE Level
2 CCE Level
4 CCE Level
8 CCE Level
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Search Spaces
Candidate Candidate
Aggregation Set Aggregation Set
for Common for UE-specific
Control Control
8 - CCE
4 - CCE
2 - CCE
1 - CCE CCE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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PHICH (Physical Hybrid Indicator
Channel)
Frame Structure Type 1
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PHICH Mapping
Up to eight PCFICH
ACK/NACK per
PHICH
PHICH Group
Mapping
Group 0 Equation
DL For normal CP
group
NPHICH
2 Ng (NDL
RB /8)
For extended CP
Where: Ng = 1/6, ½, 1 or 2
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Extended PHICH Example
Subframe
Extended
PHICH
Normal
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PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared
Channel)
Subframe
x R x R
PDSCH
R x R x
Symbols
x R x R
PDSCH R x R x
Symbol
x R x R
Mapping
R x R x
Reserved for x R x R
Control
R x R x
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
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Downlink Control Signaling
DCI Format Usage
0 Scheduling of PUSCH
1 Scheduling of one PDSCH codeword
1A Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword and random access
procedure initiated by a PDCCH order
1B Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding
information (Rank-1 transmission)
1C Very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword
1D Compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding and
power offset information (multi-user MIMO)
2 Scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in closed-loop spatial
multiplexing MIMO
2A Scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in open-loop spatial
multiplexing MIMO
3 Transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustments
3A Transmission of TPC (Transmit Power Control) commands for
PUCCH and PUSCH with 1-bit power adjustments
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DCI Format 0
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0
indicates format 0 and value 1 indicates format 1A.
Hopping flag.
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DCI Format 0 (cont.)
Cyclic shift for DM RS.
CQI Request.
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DCI Format 1
Resource allocation header (resource allocation type 0 / type 1).
Redundancy version.
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DCI Format 1 (cont.)
TPC command for PUCCH.
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DCI Format 1A
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0
indicates format 0 and value 1 indicates format 1A.
Preamble Index.
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DCI Format 1A -
Compact Scheduling
Flag for format0/format1A differentiation - 1 bit, where value 0
indicates format 0 and value 1 indicates format 1A.
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DCI Format 1A -
Compact Scheduling (cont.)
Redundancy version.
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DCI Format 1B
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag
Redundancy version.
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DCI Format 1B (cont.)
TPC command for PUCCH.
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DCI Format 1B (cont.)
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) confirmation for precoding -
This indicates whether precoding is based on the indicated
TPMI or on the latest PMI report sent on the PUSCH.
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DCI Format 1C
Gap value - This indicates if or is to be utilized.
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DCI Format 1D
Localized/Distributed VRB assignment flag.
Redundancy version.
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DCI Format 1D (cont.)
TPC command for PUCCH.
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DCI Format 2
Resource allocation header - This indicates resource allocation
type 0 or type 1.
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DCI Format 2
Transport block to codeword swap flag - This determines the
transport block to codeword mapping. However, if one of the
transport blocks is disabled the mapping is different.
Redundancy version.
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DCI Format 2
For the second Transport Block:
Redundancy version.
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DCI Format 2A
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DCI Format 3
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,…, TPC
command number N, where:
L
N format 0
2
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DCI Format 3A
TPC command number 1, TPC command number 2,…, TPC
command number M - where
M Lformat 0
and where:
Lformat 0
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
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Initial Procedures
PLMN/Cell
Selection
Downlink Synchronization
Complete
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Cell Search
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Physical Cell Identities
eNB eNB
eNB
504 Unique Cell
Identities PSS - One of 3 Identities
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PSS Correlation
Subframe
PSS0
PSS1
PSS2
Correlation
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SSS Correlation
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SI Messages - PBCH and the Master
Information Block
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SI Block Type 1
SIB1 (System Information Block Type 1)
PLMN Identity List
Tracking Area Code
E-CGI (Evolved Cell Global Identity)
Cell Barred Indication
Intra Frequency Reselection
CSG Indication
CSG Identity
Qrxlevminoffset
P-Max
Frequency Band Indicator
Scheduling Info List
SIB Window Length (1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40ms)
System Info Value Tag
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SI Block Type 1
PLMN Identity List - This is a list of PLMN identities. The first
listed PLMN-Identity is the primary PLMN.
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SI Block Type 1 (cont.)
CSG Indication - if set to “TRUE”, the UE CSG (Closed Subscriber
Group) identity needs to match.
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SI Block Type 1 (cont.)
SI Periodicity Mapping Information - This denotes a value in
radio frames: rf8, rf16, rf32, rf64, rf128, rf256, rf512 and is
used to calculate the occurrence of messages
System Info Value Tag - Common for all SIBs other than MIB,
SIB1, SIB10 and SIB11.
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Example of SI Mapping
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 SFN
SI1 {rf8, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5} SIB1 (System Information Block Type 1)
.
SI-Window=5ms
Scheduling Info List
- SI1 {rf8, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5}
- SI2 {rf16, SIB6, SIB7, SIB8, SIB9}
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SI Block Type 2
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SI Block Type 3
SIB3 (System Information Block Type 3)
Cell Reselection Information
Q-Hyst
Speed State Reselection Parameters
Q-Hyst Speed SF (Scaling Factor)
Treselection EUTRA
Treselection EUTRA SF
S Intra Search
Cell Reselection Serving Freq Info
S-Non-Intra Search Info
Threshold Serving Low Value
Intra Freq Cell Reselection Info
p-Max
Allowed Measurement Bandwidth
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SI Block Type 4
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SI Block Type 5
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SI Block Type 6
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SI Block Type 7
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SI Block Type 8
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SI Block Type 9
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PLMN Selection
PLMN selection
may be initiated
automatically or
manually
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Cell Selection
Qrxlevmeas
Srxlev > 0
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - Pcompensation
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Cell Selection Parameters
Parameter Description
Srxlev Cell Selection RX level value (dB).
Qrxlevmeas Measured cell RX level value (RSRP),
where RSRP is defined as the linear average
over the power contributions of the resource
elements that carry cell specific reference
signals within the considered measurement
frequency bandwidth.
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level in the cell
(dBm).
Qrxlevminoffset Offset to the signaled Qrxlevmin taken into
account in the Srxlev evaluation as a result
of a periodic search for a higher priority
PLMN while camped normally in a visited
PLMN.
Pcompensation max (PEMAX - PUMAX, 0), where PEMAX is the
maximum allowed power configured by
higher layers.
PUMAX RF output power of the UE (dBm) according
to the UE power class (this may vary
depending on allowed tolerances).
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page205
SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping
Concept
Frequency Domain Time Domain
Subcarrier CP
Mapping Insertion
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SC-FDMA Signal Generation
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SC-FDMA and the eNB
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SC-FDMA Signal Generation
Equation
N RB N sc / 2 1
UL RB
j 2 k 1 2 f t N CP ,l Ts
sl t a k ( ) ,l e
UL RB
k N RB N sc / 2
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page210
SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page212
Uplink LTE Physical Channels
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PRACH (Physical Random Access
Channel)
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PRACH Guard Period
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Random Access Preamble
Parameters
Preamble Allocated TSEQ TCP TCP (µs) TGT TGT Max. Max Cell
Format Subframes (Ts) (Ts) (Ts) (µs) Delay Radius
Spread (km)
(µs)
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PRACH FDD Formats
Subframe 1ms Subframe 1ms
Format 3
Format 2
Format 1
6
Format 0
PRB
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PRACH Configuration
Subframe Subframe Subframe
0 1 2
RB 24
839
Subcarriers
1.25kHz
(6RBs)
C
ZC
P
RB 0
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PRACH Configuration Index
PRACH Preamble System Subframe
Configuration Format Frame Number
Index Number
0 0 Even 1
1 0 Even 4
2 0 Even 7
3 0 Any 1
4 0 Any 4
5 0 Any 7
6 0 Any 1, 6
7 0 Any 2 ,7
8 0 Any 3, 8
9 0 Any 1, 4, 7
10 0 Any 2, 5, 8
11 0 Any 3, 6, 9
12 0 Any 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
13 0 Any 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
14 0 Any 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
15 0 Even 9
. . . .
. . . .
63 3 Even 9
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PRACH Configuration and Preamble
Sequences per Cell
Constant amplitude
Autocorrelation
Cross correlation
Cell has 64
Preamble
PRACH-Configuration
Sequences
Root Sequence Index (0 to 837)
PRACH Configuration Index (0 to 63)
High Speed Flag
Zero Correlation Zone Configuration (0 to 15)
PRACH Frequency Offset (0 to 104) eNB
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PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared
Channel)
Subframe
PDSCH
Symbol
Mapping
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Multiplexing Control Signaling
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PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control
Channel)Uplink Carrier Bandwidth
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.8 Downlink Reference Signals
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FDD Timing
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“K” Values for TDD Configurations
0 4* 6* 4* 6*
1 6 4 6 4
2 4 4
3 4 4 4
4 4 4
5 4
6 7 7 7 7 5
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Example of TDD Configuration 2
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
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Uplink Reference Signals
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Demodulation Reference Signal
Sequence length - This is part of the uplink allocation.
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DRS Sequence Group Selection
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PUSCH DRS
R R
R R
R R
12 Subcarriers
R R
R R
R R
R R LTE DRS (Demodulation
R R Reference Signals) transmitted
R R
R R across all subcarriers assigned
R R to a UE
R R
Slot Slot
Subframe
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PUSCH DRS (Extended CP)
R R
R R
R R
12 Subcarriers
R R
R R
R R
R R
R R Extended CP
R R DRS Location
R R
R R
R R
Slot Slot
Subframe
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Requirement for SRS
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SRS Frequency Hopping
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SRS Allocation
SRS Symbol
UE 1 and 2 (Using
different cyclic
shifts)
Subframe
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page237
PUCCH Formats
PUCCH Description Modulation Bits per
Format Type subframe
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PUCCH Format 1
Information is carried by the presence/absence of transmission
of PUCCH from the UE.
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PUCCH Format 1a and 1b
1 or 2 bit ACK/NACK
To Next
BPSK/QPSK Slot
Cyclically
shifted
length-12
sequence
W0 W1 W2 W3
UL RS UL RS UL RS
Slot
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PUCCH Format 2 (Normal CP)
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PUCCH Format 2 (Extended CP)
CQI/PMI or RI + ACK/NACK
Cyclically To Next
shifted Slot
length-12
sequence
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
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PUCCH Format 2a and 2b
ACK/NACK Coding
They are bit scrambled by a UE specific scrambling sequence.
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PUCCH Format 2a and 2b
ACK/NACK Coding (cont.)
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page245
LTE Random Access Procedure
Identify
Send Receive
PRACH
Preamble Response
Format
Yes
MAC
Decode SRB
Connection
Response Established
Resolution
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Random Access RRC Signaling
Procedure
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PRACH Probing
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Parameters for Random Access
Parameter Description
PRACH-ConfigInfo This contains: prach-ConfigIndex, highSpeedFlag,
zeroCorrelationZoneConfig and prach-FreqOffset
ra-ResponseWindowSize Random access response window size in subframes
(sf2, sf3, sf4, sf5, sf6, sf7, sf8 or sf10)
powerRampingStep Power ramping factor (dB0, dB2,dB4 or dB6)
preambleTransMax Maximum number of preamble transmission (n3, n4,
n5, n6, n7, n8, n10, n20, n50, n100 or n200)
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower Initial preamble power (-120, -118, -116, -114, -112,
-110, -108, -106, -104, -102, -100, -98, -96, -94, -92
or -90 dBm)
DELTA_PREAMBLE Preamble format based offset
maxHARQ-Msg3Tx Maximum number of Msg3 HARQ transmissions (1
to 8)
mac-ContentionResolutionTimer Contention Resolution Timer (sf8, sf16, sf24, sf32,
sf40, sf48, sf56 or sf64)
numberOfRA-Preambles Number of preambles used (n4, n8, n12, n16 ,n20,
n24, n28, n32, n36, n40, n44, n48, n52, n56, n60 or
n64)
sizeOfRA-PreamblesGroupA Number of preambles assigned to group A (n4, n8,
n12, n16 ,n20, n24, n28, n32, n36, n40, n44, n48,
n52, n56 or n60)
messagePowerOffsetGroupB Part of the power equation to identify which group
to use (minusinfinity, dB0, dB5, dB8, dB10, dB12,
dB15, or dB18)
messageSizeGroupA Part of the size equation to identify which group to
use (b56, b144, b208, b256},
ra-PreambleIndex The preamble to use as parted of dedicated
configuration (0 to 63)
ra-PRACH-MaskIndex The resource to use as parted of dedicated
configuration (0 to 15)
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Allocation of Preamble Groups
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Random Access Response Window
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MAC Random Access Response
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Uplink Transmission
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MAC Contention Resolution
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page255
Uplink Power Control
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Power Control Calculations
PUSCH Power Control:
PPUSCH (i ) min{PCMAX , 10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i )) PO_PUSCH ( j ) ( j ) PL TF (i ) f (i )}
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
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Paging Issues
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DRX Reception of Paging
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Paging Frame
FDD Subframe Patterns
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Paging Frame
TDD Subframe Patterns
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page263
ARQ vs. HARQ
ARQ
Implemented at RLC Layer
Slow Retransmission
Not optimized for Radio Interference
HARQ
Not New – used in HSPA and HSPA+
Implemented at MAC and PHY Layers
Fast Retransmission
Optimized for Radio Interference
Improved system efficiency
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page264
Basic Concepts of SAW
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HARQ Parallel Processes
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HARQ Methods
Chase Incremental
Combing Redundancy
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Redundancy Versions and Soft Bits
NACK
Reff.=2/5
ACK
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HARQ in LTE
FDD HARQ Processes
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HARQ in LTE
TDD HARQ Processes
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HARQ in the Downlink
Asynchronous adaptive HARQ.
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HARQ in the Uplink
Synchronous HARQ.
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Uplink HARQ Operation
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Downlink ACK NACK Timing
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Uplink ACK NACK Timing
PHICH
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Contents
2. LTE Radio Interface General Principles
2.16 Uplink Reference Signals
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SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO
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Transmission Modes
Mode 1 - Single-Antenna transmission, port 0, no MIMO.
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Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
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Spatial Multiplexing Interference
Issues
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MIMO Single Stream
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Adaptive MIMO Switching
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Spatial Multiplexing in LTE
PDSCH Processing
Antenna
Layers Ports
Modulation
Mapper
Layer
Precoding
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
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Codebook Based Precoding
1 2
0 1 1 1 1 0
2 1 2 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 1
2 j 2 j j
3 1 1 -
2 j
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Feedback Reporting
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4bit CQI Table
CQI Index Modulation Code Rate x 1024 Efficiency
0 out of range
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page286
Questions
Which protocol performs air interface ciphering and integrity?
a. PDCP.
b. RLC.
c. MAC.
d. PHY.
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Questions
True / False. All System Information messages are transferred
on the BCH.
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Questions
How many symbols are there in a slot when a normal CP is
used?
a. 5.
b. 6.
c. 7.
d. 8.
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Questions
What is the maximum number of codewords that LTE can use?
a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.
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Questions
How many symbols are in a slot when operating with a normal
CP?
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page291
Questions
How many physical cell identities are there?
a. 168
b. 256
c. 504
d. 512
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Questions
How many REG make up a CCE?
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
Copyright © 2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page293
Questions
Which DCI Format is used to allocate uplink resources?
a. DCI Format 0
b. DCI Format 1
c. DCI Format 1a
d. DCI Format 1b
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Questions
What is the TTI for the MIB?
a. 1ms
b. 10ms
c. 40ms
d. 80ms
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Questions
How many PRACH sequences are on each cell?
a. 64
b. 128
c. 256
d. 512
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Questions
How many HARQ processes are used in the downlink?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
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Contents
1. The Air interface
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Contents
3. Dynamic Resource Allocation
3.1 Scheduling Principles and Signaling
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Contents
3. Dynamic Resource Allocation
3.1 Scheduling Principles and Signaling
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IP Scheduling
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Basic Scheduling in a Cell
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QoS in Packet Switched Networks
Packet Schedulers and Classifiers
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Key Factors Influencing Scheduling
Uplink
Interference Guaranteed
Bearers
Buffer
Status
eNB
eNB
Configuration
Bandwidth
Configuration
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Scheduling Methods
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DCI Format 2
Resource allocation header - This indicates resource allocation
type 0 or type 1.
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DCI Format 2
Transport block to codeword swap flag - This determines the
transport block to codeword mapping. However, if one of the
transport blocks is disabled the mapping is different.
Redundancy version.
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DCI Format 2
For the second Transport Block:
Redundancy version.
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PDSCH Resource Allocation - Type 0
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PDSCH Resource Allocation - Type 1
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PDSCH Resource Allocation - Type 2
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Modulation and TBS Index for
PDSCH MCS
Index
Modulation
Order
TBS
Index
MCS
Index
Modulation
Order
TBS
Index
I MCS Qm I TBS I MCS Qm I TBS
0 2 0 16 4 15
1 2 1 17 6 15
2 2 2 18 6 16
3 2 3 19 6 17
4 2 4 20 6 18
5 2 5 21 6 19
6 2 6 22 6 20
7 2 7 23 6 21
8 2 8 24 6 22
9 2 9 25 6 23
10 4 9 26 6 24
11 4 10 27 6 25
12 4 11 28 6 26
13 4 12 29 2 Reserved
14 4 13 30 4
15 4 14 31 6
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Using the TBS Size
5MHz (25 Resource Blocks)
Scheduled
5RB (MIMO SM)
16QAM
TBS(s) Size
RV
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Contents
3. Dynamic Resource Allocation
3.1 Scheduling Principles and Signaling
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Scheduler Interaction
Layer 3 RRM
Manager
Layer 3
Layer 2
UE
Buffer Status
MAC
HARQ
Scheduler
Link
Adaptation
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Questions
Which entity performs the allocation and scheduling of the air
interface resources?
a. UE.
b. eNB.
c. MME.
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Questions
Identify three main factors influencing resource scheduling.
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Questions
How many MCS Indexes are there in LTE?
a. 16.
b. 32.
c. 64.
d. 128
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Questions
How many subframes are allocated when TTI (subfrrame)
bundling is configured?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
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Contents
3. Dynamic Resource Allocation
3.1 Scheduling Principles and Signaling
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Dynamic Scheduling
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Semi-Persistent Scheduling
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Contents
1. The Air interface
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Contents
4. Intra LTE Mobility
4.1 Intra LTE Mobility
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Contents
4. Intra LTE Mobility
4.1 Intra LTE Mobility
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Intra-LTE Mobility
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Idle State - Cell Reselection
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Sintrasearch Parameter
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High and Medium Mobility State
Impact to Treselection
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Ranking of Cells - Ranking Equation
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Active State Mobility - Intra LTE
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LTE Handover
Measurement
Report(s)
Handover
Request Ack
SN Status
Transfer
Path Switch
Request
Path Switch
Request Ack
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Contents
4. Intra LTE Mobility
4.1 Intra LTE Mobility
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Measurement Configuration
Parameters
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Report Configuration Parameters
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Periodic and Event Reporting
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Contents
4. Intra LTE Mobility
4.1 Intra LTE Mobility
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Measurement Gaps
Non Gap Assisted
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Fc Fc Fc
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Measurement Gaps
Gap Assisted
Fc
Fc
Fc
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Gap Configuration
where: T= TGRP/10
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UE Measurements
E-UTRA Carrier RSSI
RSRP
RSRQ
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Questions
True / False. Adjacent LTE cells can utilize the same, or
difference, frequency band.
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Questions
What is the name of the parameter which can be used to
configure if intra-frequency measurements should be
performed?
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Questions
Which message is used to provide the UE with Active State
measurement configuration information?
a. System Information.
d. Measurement Control.
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Questions
Which measurement event is used to indicate that a neighbor
cell is “an offset” better than the serving cell?
a. Event A1.
b. Event A2.
c. Event A3.
d. Event A4.
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