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Synthesis database: Potassium chlorate synthesis (via chlorine Acetic acid

disproportionation) Acetylene
Calcium oxide
Dextrin
This method of potassium chlorate production is somewhat more complicated Ethanol
and dangerous than the hypochlorite method, mainly because one of the Hydrobromic acid
reagents needed here, is chlorine. Chlorine is, as most already know, a very Iron(III) oxide
poisonous gas. Because of that, one must be especially careful when doing Lithium ethoxide
this reaction. The reaction is based on the following equation: Lithium nitrate
Nitrocellulose
Potassium chlorate (method 1)
3K2CO3 (aq) + 3Cl2 (g) -› 5KCl (aq) + KClO3 (aq) + 3CO2 (g) Potassium chlorate (method 2)
Potassium chlorate (method 3)
Potassium nitrate
As it is mentioned in the title, this is basically a reaction of disproportionation
Sodium acetate
of chlorine, because the oxidation number of chlorine is being both, reduced
Sodium hypochlorite
and increased during this reaction, from 0 (Cl2), to -1 (KCl) and +5 (KClO3).

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 As one can see, potassium carbonate is one of the reagents, and it must be
dissolved in distilled water. The second reagent is chlorine which is produced in
a reaction of potassium permanganate and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
The reaction can be represented by the following equation:

2KMnO4 (s) + 16HCl (aq, konc.) -› 5Cl2 (g) + 2KCl (aq) + 2MnCl2 (aq) + 8H2O (l)

First, 25 grams of potassium carbonate (0.180 moles) are taken and added to
17.5 mL of distilled water. This solution is then gradually heated in a glass
beaker. The solution is stirred from time to time, to speed up the dissolving of
the K2CO3. In the meanwhile, the apparatus for the generation of chlorine is
prepared. Basically, one needs a reaction beaker in which the hydrochloric acid
and potassium permanganate will react, a funnel with a stopper (in which one
will pour the HCl solution), and an exit hose which will lead to a beaker
containing the K2CO3 solution. Before setting the apparatus, 11.4 grams
(0.072 moles) of potassium permanganate is added to the reaction beaker. To
the funnel, 21.1 grams (0.576 moles) of concentrated hydrochloric acid is
added. The mentioned amounts of compounds should yield about 0.180 moles

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 of molecules of chlorine, exactly the amount which is needed for the reaction
with 0.180 moles of potassium carbonate.

After the apparatus is ready, one should wait with the reaction until the
solution of potassium carbonate reaches its boiling point. After that, one can
begin to add the hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, to the potassium
permanganate. Chlorine starts to form immidiately and flows through the hose
into the solution of potassium carbonate. The chlorine is slowly generated
through a longer period of time (little more than 1/2 h). At the end of the
reaction, some crystals may be visible on the walls of the beaker with the
K2CO3 solution. This is due to the large amount of KCl that is produced
together with the KClO3. After the reaction is completed, one can simply add a
bit more distilled water to the still hot solution, to dissolve the remaining
crystals.

However, one shouldn't add too much water, as the next step is to pour the
solution in a wider beaker, so that water could evaporate at a relatively fast
rate. After drying, the result is a mixture of solid potassium chlorate and
potassium chloride. In my example, I got about 28.8 grams of this mixture.
Having in mind the amounts of the reagents in the chemical equation,
theoretical mass of KCl should have been around 22.3 grams, and the
theoretical mass of KClO3 should have been around 7.3 grams. So the sum of

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 these two equals 29.6, and as one can see, the experimental yield is very
close to that value.

In order to separate these two compounds, one should add about 80 mL of

cold (0 °C) distilled water to the mixture of salts. The solubility of KCl is much
higher than that of KClO3, so that after some stirring, one can easily filter out
the relatively pure crystals of KClO3, while the KCl stays in the solution.
Unfortunately, some of the KClO3 will dissolve in the water, but the loss is
negligible.

After the crystals of KClO3 have been filtered, they can be added to a small
container and placed in a desiccator (containing, for example, silica gel) in
order to dry the crystals properly.

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