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Drift

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Drift
You may calculate and report inter­story drift based on calculated joint displacements. The calculations will be
performed in the two horizontal translation directions, but not for the vertical direction.

Drift Definitions Spreadsheet


The Drift Definitions spreadsheet defines where the drift calculations will be performed. If the model contains
diaphragms, the joints connected to that diaphragm will automatically be considered in the drift calculations. Drift
calculations may be performed at specific elevations (where diaphragms don't exist). However, these elevations must
be manually entered by the user on the Drift Definitions spreadsheet. These elevations are defined with respect to the
vertical axis of the model.
In addition, the user may specify individual joints to be used in drift calculation. Joint definitions are included for a
number of reasons. They allow models defined in older versions of the program (which only used defined "story
joints") to produce identical drift results in the current version. They allow users to get drift reporting at specific
points of interest even if these points don't line up well from floor to floor or don't behave the same as other joints at
that elevation. See Drift Modeling Tips for more information.
Note

Elevations and Diaphragms are treated interchangeably for drift calculations. Joints must be in exactly the
same location on the upper and lower floors for drift to be calculated.
When Elevations are entered manually, there MUST be defined joints at that elevation.
When Joint definitions are used, the drift calculation for the joint is based only on the defined joints.
Therefore, you must define a joint at the story below (unless it is at zero ft) in order to get correct
behavior.

Inactive Diaphragms
Drift is not reported for elevations that have been flagged as "Inactive" on the Diaphragms Spreadsheet. diaphragm.
However, the inactive diaphragm is still considered for the drift calculation for the floor above in the determination of
story height.

No Wind / Drift Checkbox


When the No Wind / Drift box is checked on the Diaphragms Spreadsheet, then that diaphragm will be completely
ignored for drift calculations. Drift will not be reported at that level. I will also not affect the story height calculation
for the floor above or below.

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To Define an Elevation for Drift Calculation

On the Drift Definitions specify Elevation as the Type of drift definition you are creating.
Enter the value for the elevation.

Note

The program will also assume a default base elevation of 0. This will NOT be done if there are any drift
definitions defined for elevations below 0.

To Define a Joint for Drift Calculation

On the Drift Definitions specify Joint as the Type of drift definition you are creating.
Enter the Joint label.

Note

This joint will be included in the drift calculations for both horizontal deflections.

For additional advice on this topic, please see the RISA News webpage at risa.com/news. Type in Search keywords:
Story Drift.

Drift Results
Once the solution is performed you may view the drift results in the Story Drift spreadsheet. Access the Story Drift
spreadsheet by selecting it from the Results Menu. This report lists the drift for all defined Diaphragms, Elevations
and Joints that exist in the Drift Definitions spreadsheet. The results are reported in the order in which they appear in
the Drift Definitions spreadsheet.

To calculate inter­story drift for a particular direction, the displacement at the lower level is subtracted from the
current story displacement. For example, to calculate X direction drift for story 2, the X displacement for the
joint representing story 1 is subtracted from the X displacement for the joint representing story 2.
For Diaphragm and Elevation definitions, the drift calculations are only done at locations where columns or walls have
joints at the current level and at the level below.
For Joint Definitions, the calculations are done for the current defined drift joint compared to the nearest defined drift
joint at a the level below. Joint definitions never look at the joints in a Diaphragm or Elevation definition. These are
user­defined drift joints which act completely independent of the more automated Diaphragm and Elevation drift
results and offer flexibility for cases where the Diaphragm or Elevation options don't give the output needed.
For story height, the vertical axis is used to determine the distance. For example when the Y-axis is specified as the
vertical axis, the story joint Y coordinate values are used to calculate heights for X and Z direction drift. If Y direction
drift is being calculated, the Z coordinate values for the story joints are used to calculate heights.
The base elevation of the structure is assumed to be zero. If the 0 ft elevation should NOT be used as the base of the

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structure for drift calculations, then the user should enter in an Elevation entry in the Drift Definitions spreadsheet to
define the elevation of the base of the structure. This applies whether the base is a positive or negative value. If the
value is positive, then the will be a reported drift (probably zero) at the base elevation that will have to be ignored by
the user.
Service level and strength level drifts are reported on different tabs of Drift Results Spreadsheet. This is done because
seismic drift checks frequently are usually checked purely for the strength level Load Combinations while wind drift is
usually checked against service level Load Combinations.

Story Drift and Drift Ratio %


The Drift at a given level is equal to the deflection at that level minus the deflection at the level below. For the image
below:

1st Level Drift = X1

2nd Level Drift = X2 ­ X1

The Drift Ratio (%) is equal to the drift at that level divided by the height from that level to the level below. For the
image below:

1st Level drift ratio % = (X1 / H1 ) *100%

2nd Level drift ratio % =((X2 ­ X1) / H2 ) *100%

Seismic Drift Checks


Seismic drift are reported for all codes, but the program will report failures in red text for the ASCE 2005 and 2010
codes based on the following table of allowable seismic drift versus Risk Category / Occupancy Category:

Drift Category I or II III IV


High Drift
2.5% 2% 1.5%
Design

Masonry

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Cantilever 1% 1% 1%
Other Masonry 0.7% 0.7& 0.7%
Other 2% 1.5% 1%

When the ASCE and IBC codes are used, the Story Drift for the strength level combinations will account for the
inelastic deflection (i.e. the Cd factor) by amplifying the joint deflections at each level by Cd/ I per Section 12.8.6 of
ASCE­7. Where Cd is the Deflection Amplification factor intended to convert the elastic deflection levels given in the
analysis to the inelastic levels used for seismic drift checks. Similarly, I is the importance factor (based on Risk /
Occupancy Category) which was presumably used to amplify the seismic forces applied to the structure.
For codes other than the US codes the drift results are not modified for Cd, I or rho, and are never reported in red text
to indicate a failure.
Note

These seismic checks are only performed for strength level load combinations.
Stiffness reduction (per AISC Direct Analysis Method) does NOT change the drift code checks in RISA even
though it may cause significant increase the reported drift.
Load Combinations with Overstrength (Omega) seismic loading are not included in the drift reporting at
all.
To negate the effect of the redundancy factor (rho), the joint deflection results are divided by rho before
drift calculations are perform. This only occurs, of course, for load combinations where rho was used to
amplify the seismic loading. This is done because the redundancy factor is not intended to affect story drift
calculations per section 12.3.4.1 item 2 of ASCE­7 2016.

2nd Order / 1st Order Deflection Ratio


The program will report the ratio of 2nd order deflection to 1st order deflection for the joints used in the drift
calculation. This is useful when determining whether it is required by the AISC code to use the Direct Analysis Method.
In general, if the ratio is greater than 1.5 (or 1.7 if stiffness adjustment has been turned on) then you MUST use the
Direct Analysis Method on your structure.
To facilitate this check, RISA will color the check in red whenever the ratio exceeds the 1.5 limit (or 1.7 when stiffness
adjustment is used). This is done regardless of what has been chosen for the HR steel code. While the 1.5 or 1.7 may
not be a code trigger in other HR steel codes, it remains because it can be an indicator of when 2nd order effects
become troublesome.
There is an internal tolerance of 0.0005 inches, below which the deflection will not be reported in drift results. This is
because while the drift is essentially zero, testing showed cases where minor increases in these small values could
result in high 2nd order / 1st order deflection ratios. Which were falsely indicating 2nd order effects as reaching high
or troublesome levels.

Drift Modeling Tips


Inclined Columns
When using diaphragm or elevations, the drift is reported for aligned joints connected by columns or walls. This
doesn't help for inclined columns because those joints will very specifically NOT align from level to level. If drift
reported is required for these joints, then they should be defined using the Joint option instead. When defined this
way, the drift from level to level will be reported based on the nearest joint at the level below.

Multi-Story Columns
In the image below, joint N2_3 should have its drift calculated based on a story height that is twice what the other
joints at that level would be based on. In that case, the user should use Elevation or Diaphragm definitions for the

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majority of the joints, but use Joint definitions for N2_3.

Troubleshooting NC results
There are times when drift results will be reported as "NC" (which stands for Not Calculate). This can occur for a
number of reasons:

The Story Drift for that floor is below the 0.005" minimum tolerance for reporting.
If a diaphragm is flagged as inactive then all results for that diaphragm will report NC.
When there are no aligned drift joints between that diaphragm / elevation and the one below.
The 2nd / 1st Ratio will report NC for any load combinations where a P­Delta analysis was not included in the
solution.

mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA\risa3dw.chm::/3D_2D_Only_Topics/Drift.htm 11/5/2018

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