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Voltage greater than the normal value is known as an over voltage. Over
voltages are caused due to lightning , the opening of a circuit breaker , the
grounding of the conductor etc.,
A sudden rise in voltage for a very short duration on the power system is known
as voltage surge.
The over voltages produced on the power system due to switching operations
are known as switching surges
The transients produced due to arcing ground are cumulative and may cause
series damage to the equipment in the power system by causing breakdown of
insulation. arcing ground can be prevented by earthing the neutral.
9. What is lightning?
Protective angle of the ground wire is defined as the angle between the vertical
line passing through the ground wire and the line passing through the outermost
power conductor.
The protective zone is the zone which is a cone with apex at the location of the
ground wire and the surface, generated by line passing through the outermost
conductor.
The tower footing resistance is the value if the footing resistance when
measured at 50Hz.
17. What are the methods used for improving the grounds of transmission towers?
The methods normally used for improving the grounds of transmission towers
are the use of i. Ground rods ii. Counterpoises
20. Gove one method of protecting the transmission lines against direct strokes.
As damage depends not only on the amplitude of an incoming wave but also on
the steepness of the wavefront, protection can be offered by any device which
reduces this steepness. Such a device is known as surge absorber or modifier.
Unit.II
4. What are the two theories that are used to describe the arc extinction
phenomena?
The two theories which are used to explain the phenomenon of current zero
interruption are,
a. Energy balance theory (Cassie’s theory)
b.Voltage race theory (or) recovery rate theory (Slepian’s theory)
When interrupting a low inductive current, e.g., that of a shunt reactor or the
magnetizingcurrent of a transformer, the rapid de-ionizing and blast effect may cause
the current to fall abruptly to zero well before the natural current zero. This
phenomenon is termed as current chopping. Current chopping is otherwise known as
breaking of low inductive currents.
10. How is self compensated explosion pot used in oil circuit breakers?
self compensated explosion pot is the combination of both plain and cross jet
explosion pot.
RRRV is defined as the slope of the steepest tangent to the restriking voltage curve.
RRRV/dt = dvc = Em ω sin ωt
19. What are the factors affecting restriking voltage characteristics?
The factors affecting restriking voltage characteristics are
a) Configuration of the network b) Its natural frequency
c)Relative position of the resistances
21. What are the indirect testing methods of testing of circuit breaker?
The indirect testing methods of testing of circuit breaker are
a. Unit testing b. Synthetic testing
Circuit breaker can be switched automatically but the switch has to be operated
manually.
23. A 3 phase oil circuit breaker is rated at 1200A, 1300MVA, 11KV. Find the
rated symmetrical breaking current.
√3 x 11
=68 KA
1.Define fuse?
It I a short piece of metal inserted in the circuit,which melts when excessive current flows through
it and thus it breaker the circuit.
Minimum fusing current at which the fuse element melt and thus disconnects the circuit protected
by it. It depend on length,shape and area of cross section,size and location of the terminal,type of
enclosure and number of strands in the fuse wire.
5.How the minimum fusing current does differs for standed wires?
It depends on the cors sectional area of the wires.
Sl.no SWG Rated Minimum fusing
1 20 34 70
2 25 15 30
3 30 8.5 13
4 35 5 8
5 40 1.5 3
Able to withstand momentry over current due to starting a motor and transient
current surges due to switching on transformers,capacitors and fluorescent lightning etc.,
Operation must be ensured when sustained overload or short circuit occurs.
Though the line is disconnected,there is some voltage on the line to which the capacitance
between line and earth is charged.This voltage is significant in high voltage system.Before starting the
maintenance work these voltages are discharged to each by closing the earthing switch.
Unit IV
1. What is biased differential bus zone reduction?
The biased beam relay is designed to respond to the differential current in terms
of its fractional relation to the current flowing through the protected zone. It is essentially
an over-current balanced beam relay type with an additional restraining coil. The restraining
coil produces a bias force in the opposite direction to the operating force.
2. What are the various faults to which a turbo alternator is likely to be subjected?
Failure of steam supply; failure of speed; overcurrent; over voltage; unbalanced
loading; stator winding fault .
Pilot wires refers to the wires that connect the CT’s placed at the ends of a power
transmission line as part of its protection scheme. The resistance of the pilot wires is usually
less than 500 ohms.
4. Mention any two disadvantage of carrier current scheme for transmission line only.
The program time (ie, the time taken by the carrier to reach the other end-upto .1%
mile); the response time of band pass filter; capacitance phase-shift of the transmission line
.
5. What are the causes of over speed and how alternators are protected from it?
Sudden loss of all or major part of the load causes over-speeding in alternators.
Modern alternators are provided with mechanical centrifugal devices mounted on their
driving shafts to trip the main valve of the prime mover when a dangerous over-speed
occurs.
Fault between phase and ground; fault between phases and inter-turn fault
involving turns of the same phase winding.
Since neutral earthing resistances are often used to protect circuit from earth-fault
currents, it becomes impossible to protect the whole of a star-connected alternator. If an
earth-fault occurs near the neutral point, the voltage may be insufficient to operate the
relay. Also it is extremely difficult to find two identical CT’s. In addition to this, there always
an inherent phase difference between the primary and the secondary quantities and a
possibility of current through the relay even when there is no fault.
9. What are the types of graded used in line of radial relay feeder?
10. What are the various faults that would affect an alternator?
2, Loss of drive
3, Vacuum failure resulting in condenser pressure rise, resulting in
shattering of the turbine low pressure casing
(d) 1, Fault on lines
2, Fault on busbars
11. Why neutral resistor is added between neutral and earth of an alternator?
In order to limit the flow of current through neutral and earth a resistor is
introduced between them.
UNIT V
1. What are the various zone of protection for a modern power system?
If a fault occurs, it is the duty of the primary protective scheme to clear the fault. It
acts as a first line of defence. If its fails, the back up protection clear the fault.
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the
circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.
The relay detects the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly
measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and fault
conditions. The electrical quantities which may change under fault conditions are
voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. Though the changes in one or more of
these quantities, it detects this faulty section and close the contacts of circuit
breaker. This result the CB contacts open and disconnect the faulty section from the
rest of the system.
Torque produced in these when one alternating flux reacts with the current induced
in the rotor by another alternating flux displaced in time and space but having the
same frequency.
Induction relay are widely used for protective relaying purpose involving AC
quantities.
Inverse time relay is the relay in which the operating time is inversely proportional to
the magnitude of the operating current.
13.What is meant by IDMT relay?
The relay which gives an inverse time characteristics at lower values of the
operating current and definite time characteristics at higher values of the operating
current. This is called inverse definite minimum time relay.
The relay which measure impedance or a component of the impedance at the relay
location is kwon as a distance relay. It is used for the protection of the transmission
line.
MHO relay is used to measure the particular values of impedance i.e., Z/ cos (F-q ),
where ‘F’ is the power factor angle and ‘q ‘ is the design angle to shift MHO
characteristics on the R-X diagram. Its characteristics on the R-X diagram are a circle
passing through the origin. It is a directional relay. It is also kwon as an admittance
or angle admittance relay.
The relay which operates in response to the difference of two actuating quantities are
called differential relay.
22. what are the advantages of microprocessor based relay over other
relays?
An under frequency relay is one which operates when the frequency of the system
(usually an alternator or transformer) falls below a certain value.