Wood Waste As Coarse Aggregate in The Production of Concrete PDF

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Wood waste as coarse aggregate in the

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a
T.S. Thandavamoorthy
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering
College, Melmaruvathur, India
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European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2015.1016631
Wood waste as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete

T.S. Thandavamoorthy*
Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, India

(Received 23 September 2014; accepted 3 February 2015)
An attempt was made in this experimental investigation to recycle wood waste.

Concrete-containing wood aggregate in percentages of 0, 15, 20 and 25 in place of
crushed stone was developed with a characteristic compressive strength of 25 MPa,
with a mix proportion of 1:1.26:2.76 and with water/cement ratio of .45. One
hundred and twenty specimens were cast and tested to evaluate the strength and
durability properties of concrete. The performance of wood aggregate concrete was
compared with control concrete that contained only crushed stone aggregate. The
compressive strength of control concrete was 31.40 MPa and that of wood aggregate
concrete with 15% replacement level was 32.36 MPa which is 3.06% above the
control concrete. Split tensile strength of 15% replaced wood aggregate concrete was
2.25 MPa as against a value of 2.05 MPa for control concrete registering an increase
of 9.75%. The flexural strength of control concrete was 2.49 MPa and that of
concrete containing 15% wood aggregate was 2.51 MPa which was .80% higher than
the control concrete. The weight loss of wood aggregate concrete with 15%
replacement level under acid attack was 30.38% greater than the control concrete.
Under alkaline attack, the weight loss of wood aggregate concrete with 15%
replacement level registered an increase of 9.72% over control concrete. Therefore,
wood aggregate can be used in the production of concrete, and the optimum
replacement was found to be 15% from all considerations.
Keywords: waste wood; coarse aggregate; concrete; strength; durability; fire resistance
1. Introduction
The Indian construction industry consumes about 400 million tonnes of concrete every
year and it is expected that this may reach a billion tonne in less than a decade. All the
materials required to produce such huge quantities of concrete come from the earth`s
crust, thus depleting its resources every year creating ecological strains. On the other
hand, human activities on earth produce solid wastes in abundant quantities of over
2500 million tonnes per year, including industrial wastes, agricultural wastes and wastes
from rural and urban societies. Some of the wastes that are available in the preparation
of concrete are fly ash, rice husk ash, wood waste, bottom ash, marble powder, copper
slag, etc. During the twentieth century, there was an increase in the consumption of
mineral admixtures and crushed stones by the concrete industries. Due to over exploita-
tion of crushed stones for construction, scarcity of the material occurs and this will lead
to illegal mining. Nowadays, recycling of waste is gaining importance from the point of
view of sustainable construction. Among the available waste materials, wood waste is
the one readily available everywhere free of cost. The lumber and timber industries are
*Email: tan_44@yahoo.com
© 2015 Taylor & Francis

2 T.S. Thandavamoorthy
so developed that there are an infinite number of wood-based products made of wastes
created in each transformation step from the tree until the sawdust. Some of this waste
is normally used as a fuel for cooking as well as for heating. Adobe houses in West
Indies use wood waste with clay for the construction of houses for poor people. Logs
obtained from trees removed from service are used for various purposes in construction
such as for centring, formwork, doors, windows, trusses, etc. Some are used for furnish-
ing the houses too. Wood waste is also used for sound insulation in theatres and cinema
complexes where noise is a problem. In some form or other, wood waste is used along
major roads and express ways to create barriers for attenuating noise pollution in the
neighbourhood (Dasarathy & Thandavamoorthy, 2013). The wood particle is used to
prepare cement particle board (Wolf & Gjinolli, 1999). One company in India used such
boards for the construction of thousands of fast-track houses for people displaced in
earthquake-damaged zone in Latur, Maharashta State, India in 1993. In fact, in this

project, the author was involved in extensive testing of wood particle boards for their
suitability in construction. So, innumerable number of options are available to utilise
wood-based waste in construction. In order to reduce the consumption of crushed stone
in concrete, therefore, wood as partial replacement of coarse aggregate is proposed in
the production of concrete. Sustained research on such use of unconventional material
in the production of concrete would encourage construction industry to adopt this on a
large scale to minimise the strain on natural resources. This is similar to the present use
of fly ash as mineral admixture in the manufacturing of concrete. Once it was an unpop-
ular material. With sustained research on its beneficial aspect, the construction industry
nowadays uses the fly ash in abundant quantities reaching a stage where no concrete is
produced without fly ash. Wood waste in some form or other was used earlier in the
manufacturing of concrete to establish its feasibility (Mageswari & Vidivelli, 2009;
Saeed, 2013). This concrete can be used in the construction of both structural and
non-structural systems and components.
Wood waste is generated from a variety of industrial operations including
production of furniture, fabrication of cupboards and cabinets, construction activities
and other manufacturing units which use wood to manufacture products as part of their
production process. These wood wastes and residues are mostly used as a fuel in
cement kilns (Ariyaratne, Melaaen, & Tokheim, 2013) and power plants (Harrabin,
2013). It is estimated that about 136 million tonnes of wood wastes are produced
annually worldwide. These wood wastes are a great environmental threat causing
damage to the land and the surrounding area in which it is dumped (Stalker, 1993).
Economical disposal of this wood waste is a problem of growing concern to the wood
industries (Cooper, 1994, 1999).
Wood ash and particles can be used to manufacture bricks, cement blocks and slabs,
roof planks, exterior wall panels, highways noise barriers and asphalt (Harkin, 1969;
Lamers, Marchal, Schouwenberg, Cocchi, & Junginger, 2012; Sorfa, 1984; Zziwa et al.,
2006). Historically, wood ash has been used to manufacture cinder blocks. Wood fibres
combined with water and cement can be used to produce cement-bonded particleboards
(Wang, Yang, Lin, Lin, & Tsai, 2007). Wood fibre can also be mixed with gypsum to
produce gypsum board. Wood fibre, generally sawmill shavings, can be used to produce
wood-based products. Wood is an ideal material to produce lightweight concrete.
Wood concrete offers a speedier, cost-effective, environmentally sound alternative to
conventional concrete materials. It is based on the principle of densification of a lean
concrete mix to make a regular-shaped, uniform, high-performance concrete. Wood con-
crete technology can be easily adapted to suit special needs of users by modifying
European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 3
design parameters such as mix proportion, water/cement ratio and type of production
system. This technology has high potential in areas where raw materials are easily avail-
able. The basic raw materials are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate consisting of
wood wastes and crushed stones and water.
The objective of the present investigation is to establish the feasibility of making
concrete using wood waste from carpentry works as coarse aggregate and to determine
the mechanical and durability properties of wood concrete. It is intended to prepare con-
crete with various percentages of wood wastes, i.e. 0, 15, 20 and 25% as coarse aggre-
gate by recycling wood wastes. Control specimens with characteristics compressive
strength of 25 MPa designated as M25 grade concrete by Indian Standard IS: 456
(2000) are to be cast and tested to evaluate their mechanical and durability properties.
Olutoge (2010) has conducted investigation on the use of sawdust as fine aggregate
and palm kernel shells (PKS) as coarse aggregate in reinforced concrete slabs at replace-
ment levels of 0–100% in steps of 25%. Reinforced concrete slabs measuring
800 mm × 300 mm × 75 mm were cast. Compressive strengths were evaluated at 14 and
28 days, and flexural strengths were determined at 7, 14 and 28 days. Increase in per-
centage of sawdust or PKS in concrete slabs led to a corresponding reduction in both
flexural and compressive strength values. It was observed that at a replacement level of
25% of sawdust and 25% of PKS, lightweight reinforced concrete slabs could be pro-
duced with desirable properties and it could be used where low stress was required at
low cost. A weight reduction of 14.5 and 17.9% was achieved for sawdust and PKS
replacement, respectively. It was concluded that the reduction in cost up to 7.43% could
be achieved for every cubic metre of slab produced with the use of sawdust and PKS.
Olanipekun, Olusola, and Ata (2006) have presented the results of an investigation
carried out on the comparative cost analysis and strength characteristics of concrete pro-
duced using crushed, granular coconut and PKS as substitutes for conventional coarse
aggregate in gradation of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The results of the tests showed that
the compressive strength of the concrete decreased as the percentage of the shells
increased. However, concrete obtained from coconut shells exhibited a higher compres-
sive strength than PKS concrete. Considering the strength/economy ratio, it was con-
cluded that coconut shells were more suitable than PKS when used as substitute for
conventional aggregates in concrete production.
Cornachione (2006) have studied the use of juniper bark as aggregate substitute in
concrete in which it was suggested that wood and wood by-products were being consid-
ered as replacement for sand and gravel aggregate in concrete. The large volume con-
crete produced each year, approximately one tonne per person, makes concrete an ideal
choice for the introduction of waste and/or recycled products. Wood products used in
concrete mix would produce a lightweight concrete with some reduction in strength.
There are, however, many applications for lightweight concrete with low to moderate
strength requirements.
Lightweight concrete masonry with recycled wood aggregates was developed by
Stahl, Skavaczewski, Arena, and Stempski (2002), and it was suggested that waste
wood normally dumped in landfills represented potentially valuable resource for con-
struction materials. The authors have reported progress in the use of recycled wood
aggregate for concrete blocks. The aim of the investigation was to apply the procedure
for the manufacturing of standard concrete block in the production of lightweight con-
crete block meeting the requirements of ASTM C129-75 (1996) for non-load-bearing
concrete masonry. Trial cylinders were made in a laboratory simulation of block plant
processes to arrive at apt mix with proper percentages of wood and the same mix was
used to make several batches of blocks in a commercial plant. Cylinders and blocks
were tested for compressive strength, and the blocks were subjected to wet–dry cycling.
Results indicated that weight, strength and durability targets were met.
Gong, Kamden, and Harichandran (2004) conducted compression tests on wood–
cement particle composites made of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood
removed from service. A total of 22 specimens were fabricated using Portland cement
(type I) and wood particles from CCA-treated southern yellow pine retired from service.
The specimens were made as rectangular short columns with different column aspect
ratios (height/width). The cement to wood ratio by weight of the specimen was 1.5:1.0.
The load-deformation curves displayed significant non-linearity, and indicated that the
wood–cement particle composite had the capability to absorb energy. Further, the
mechanical properties were not isotropic and indicated directional dependencies due to
the orientation of the wood particles caused by the pressing during the manufacturing
process. Short column specimens failed predominantly in shear under compressive load-
ing irrespective of the orientation of the particles in the specimens. The wood–cement
particle composites exhibited a compressive strength comparable to that of normal
concrete material. However, the strain at peak load was at least tenfold higher than
that of normal concrete. The ability of such a composite to sustain large plastic
deformations implies that it can be used for applications where energy dissipation is
highly required.
Taoukil, El-bouardi, Ezbakhe, and Ajzoul (2011) have conducted experiments to find
thermal properties of concrete lightened by wood aggregates from which they had given
the following results. They made concrete lightened by wood aggregate stemming from
waste products of the carpentry work. They were especially interested in the comparison
between the properties of concrete lightened by sawdust and those lightened by wood
shavings. The determination of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of various sam-
ples allowed them to demonstrate that the incorporation of wood aggregate in the con-
crete increases considerably its thermal insulation capacity. Also, they found that, at
equal mass percentage of wood aggregates, the concrete elaborated from shavings pres-
ent thermal insulation capacities better than those obtained from sawdust. On other
hand, they have examined the influence of the water content on the thermophysical
properties of the studied concrete. So, they have demonstrated and confirmed that the
thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the studied materials are strongly dependent on
the water content.
2. Experimental programme
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade confirming to IS: 12269 (1987) was used. River
sand conforming to IS: 2386 (1963) was used as fine aggregate. Crushed stone coarse
aggregate conforming to IS: 383 (1970) was used. Wood wastes obtained from furniture
industries, construction industries and other wood work industries particularly the
padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii) wood wastes were shredded and used to prepare the
wood concrete. In India, padauk is extensively used for doors, windows and trusses in
buildings and for making furniture. Sample of padauk wood aggregates is shown in
Figure 1. The properties of wood aggregate determined by testing as per IS: 2386
(1963) and IS: 9307 (1979) are given in Table 1.
The concrete mix was designed for a characteristics compressive strength of 25 MPa
at 28 days as per IS: 10262 (1982). The mix proportion adopted in the investigation
was 1:1.26:2.76 with w/c ratio of .45.
Figure 1. Wood aggregate.
Table 1. Physical properties of wood aggregate.

S. No. Properties Experimental values
1 Fineness modulus 6.9
2 Specific gravity 2.4
3 Water absorption (%) 3.6
4 Compressive strength:
Parallel to grain (MPa) 5.3
Perpendicular to grain (MPa) 4.6
2.1. Workability
Workability value for wood concrete was obtained by carrying out slump cone test as
per IS: 1199 (1959). Table 2 shows the variation in the slump value with respect to the
percentage of wood aggregate. The variation in the slump value arises due to increase
in the percentage of wood aggregate. For conventional concrete, the slump value was
the lowest. When the percentage of replacement of coarse aggregate by wood aggregate
increases, the slump value of the concrete increases.
2.2. Tests on hardened concrete for strength

A total of 120 specimens with various percentages of replacement of coarse aggregate,
namely, 0, 15, 20 and 25% of wood aggregates were cast for testing. All the specimens
were tested at 28 days. Non-destructive tests such as rebound hammer and ultrasonic
pulse velocity (UPV) were conducted first on the specimens. Afterwards, tests to
Table 2. Slump value for M25 grade concrete.

S. No. Percentage of wood aggregate Slump value (mm)
1 0 30
2 5 70
3 10 95
4 15 110
5 20 125
6 25 135
evaluate compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were carried
out. Subsequently, durability tests such as acid attack, alkaline attack and fire resistance
were conducted. The details of each test are presented below.
2.2.1. Rebound hammer test

This test was conducted as per the procedure specified in ASTM C805 (2014) as shown
in Figure 2. Estimation of concrete compressive strength from rebound number was
determined from standard calibration curve supplied by equipment manufacturer. The
results are presented in Table 3. Compressive strength obtained from the calibration
chart is also shown alongside in Table 3.
2.2.2. UPV test

This test was conducted as shown in Figure 3 as per ASTM C597-09 (2014) to deter-
mine the velocity of wave propagated through concrete. Results obtained from this test
are shown in Table 4.
2.2.3. Compressive strength test

Compression test was carried out on cubes as specified in IS: 516 (1959). The size of the
specimen was 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. Three specimens were tested for each per-
centage at 28 days and the results were averaged out. The test results are shown in Table 5.
Figure 2. Rebound hammer test.
Table 3. Rebound hammer test results.

Percentage replacement Rebound number obtained Compressive strength (MPa)
0 36 26
15 34 22
20 30 16
25 28 14
Figure 3. UPV test.
Table 4. Results of UPV test.

Percentage replacement Time of travelling of wave (10-6s) Velocity (km/s) Quality
0 33.6 4.4 Excellent
25 47.0 3.1 Good
Table 5. Compressive strength of concrete.

Percentage Average compressive strength at Percentage variation over control
replacement 28 days (MPa) concrete
0 31.40 –
15 32.36 +3.06
20 26.25 −16.40
25 22.60 −28.03
2.2.4. Split tensile strength test

Concrete cylinders were tested in compression testing machine (CTM) by applying load
on diametrically opposite sides as per IS: 5816 (1999). Three cylinders in each category
were tested, the results were averaged out and are given in Table 6.
2.2.5. Flexural strength test

Prisms were tested for the evaluation of flexural strength at the end of 28 days. The
specimen size was 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm. The test set-up is shown in
Figure 4(a), and the failed specimen is shown in Figure 4(b). The results obtained are
presented in Table 7.
Table 6. Split tensile strength of concrete.

Average split tensile strength Percentage variation over
Percentage replacement at 28 days (MPa) control concrete
0 2.05 –
15 2.25 +9.75
20 1.98 −25.36
25 1.09 −46.83
Figure 4. Flexural strength test (a) before loading and (b) failed specimen.
Table 7. Flexural strength of concrete.

Average flexural strength Percentage variation
Percentage replacement at 28 days (MPa) over control concrete
0 2.49 –
15 2.51 +.80
20 1.58 −36.55
25 1.28 −48.59
3. Durability tests
These tests were conducted on all categories of concrete specimens. Acid and alkaline
tests were conducted to determine the resistance of concrete to the action of these agents.
3.1. Acid attack

The specimens were immersed in 3% of HCl solution for 60 and 90 days as shown in
Figure 5(a) as per ASTM C1152M-04 (2012). In Figure 5(b), specimens are shown after
Figure 5. Acid attack test (a) before attack and (b) after attack.
the attack. Weight of the specimen was taken before and after immersion from which
weight loss was determined. The results are summarised in Table 8.
3.2. Alkaline attack

The specimens were immersed in 3% of NaOH solution as per ASTM C289-07 (1996)
for 60 and 90 days as shown in Figure 6. From the weights of cubes taken before and
after immersion, the weight loss was calculated. The results are shown in Table 9.
3.3. Water absorption test

Cubes were immersed in water for 24 h. The weight of wet cube was taken. Afterwards,
the cubes were dried for 24 h at 100 °C, then difference between wet and dry cubes
were calculated. Results are presented in Table 10.
3.4. Fire resistance

Cubes of control concrete and those containing different percentages of wood aggregates
like 0, 15, 20, 25 were taken out from curing tank after 28 days, dried at room tempera-
ture and were kept in oven at 150 °C for 18 h. The samples were monitored at regular
intervals.
Table 8. Test result of acid attack.

Average
weight
before Average Percentage
immersion weight after Loss of variation over
into acid taken out of weight Percentage control concrete
(kg) acid (kg) (kg) loss at 90 days
Days Days Days Days
Type of concrete 60 90 60 90 60 90 60 90
Control concrete 8.488 8.405 8.432 8.339 .056 .066 .66 .79 –
15% replacement by 7.661 7.672 7.594 7.593 .067 .079 .88 1.03 +30.38
wood aggregate
20% replacement by 7.544 7.390 7.460 7.294 .084 .096 1.11 1.30 +64.56
wood aggregate
25% replacement by 7.080 6.827 6.964 6.652 .116 .175 1.64 2.56 +224.05
wood aggregate
Figure 6. Alkaline attack test.
4. Results and discussion

The slump value of concrete containing 15% wood aggregate was about 267% higher
than the control concrete. The compressive strength obtained from rebound hammer test
was lower than that determined from destructive compressive test conducted in CTM.
This test was a qualitative indication of the concrete only. The UPV test generally
indicated the condition inside of concrete as well as the quality of concrete. This means
that there was no flaw or crack in the interior. Further, different types of mechanical
and durability tests were conducted on control and wood aggregate concrete, as
described above. The results obtained are discussed below in the same order.
Table 9. Test result of alkaline attack.

Average
weight Average
before weight after
immersion in taken out of
NaOH NaOH Percentage Percentage
solution (kg) solution (kg) Loss (kg) loss variation over
Days Days Days Days control concrete
at 90 days
Type of concrete 60 90 60 90 60 90 60 90
Control concrete 8.328 8.440 8.279 8.379 .049 .061 .59 .72 –
15% replacement by 7.585 7.510 7.534 7.437 .051 .073 .67 .79 +9.72
wood aggregate
20% replacement by 7.304 7.680 7.245 7.587 .059 .093 .80 1.21 +68.06
wood aggregate
25% replacement by 6.996 6.936 6.920 6.800 .076 .136 1.09 1.96 +172.22
wood aggregate
Table 10. Test result of water absorption.

Percentage variation over
Type of concrete Water absorption (%) control concrete
Control concrete 1.5 –
15% replacement by wood aggregate 1.8 +11.11
4.1. Compressive strength

From Table 5, it could be observed that compressive strength of concrete with 15%
replacement of coarse aggregate with wood aggregate was higher than the compressive
strength of control concrete as well as other percentages replacement at the age of
28 days (Figure 7). It was found that the maximum value was obtained at 15% replace-
ment level with a result 3.06% greater than that of the control concrete. For all the other
percentage levels, compressive strength was lower than that of the control concrete.
4.2. Split tensile strength

It can be observed from Table 6 that split tensile strength varies for different percent-
ages of replacement of coarse aggregate by wood aggregate and attains a maximum
value at 15% replacement level as shown in Figure 8. The trend is similar to that of
compressive strength. It was found that the increase in strength was 9.75% greater than
the control concrete at the age of 28 days. The strength for other percentage replacement
was lower than the control concrete.
4.3. Flexural strength

Results of flexural strength of different concretes were presented in Table 7. The varia-
tion of flexural strength for different percentage replacements of coarse aggregate by
wood aggregate is shown in Figure 9. The maximum strength was attained at 15%
35
Compressive strength in MPa

30
25
20
15
10
0
0 15 20 25
Percentage replacement
Figure 7. Results of compressive strength.
2.5
Split tensile strength in MPa
1.5
0.5
0
0 15 20 25
Precentage replacement
Figure 8. Result of split tensile strength.
replacement level. It was found that the increase was about .8% higher than that of the
control concrete. The trend was observed to be similar to that of compressive strength.
With further increase in percentages, the strength decreased.
4.4. Acid test

Weight loss of control as well as wood concrete of different percentages of replacement
of crushed stone by wood aggregate due to acid attack were presented in Table 8. From
the table, it could be observed that weight loss at the age of 60 and 90 days gradually
increased as the percentage of wood aggregate increased. The variation of loss against
the number of days is shown in Figure 10. It shows that in the case of concrete with
25% wood aggregate, the increase was very steep, and at 90 days, the weight loss
increased by almost 224% compared to other percentages and control concrete.
Flexural strength in MPa

2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 15 20 25
Percentage replacement
Figure 9. Result of flexural strength.
2.5
Loss of weight in Percentage
2
CC
1.5 15 % Replacement by
wood
20% Replacement by
1 wood
25% Replacement by
wood
0.5
0
60 90
Days
Figure 10. Result of percentage loss in acid test.
However, at 15% replacement, the increase in weight loss was 30.38%, a value that can
be considered moderate.
4.5. Alkaline test

Tests were carried out to obtain weight loss of concrete. The results were presented in
Table 9 from which it was found that weight loss at the age of 60 and 90 days gradually
increased as the percentage of wood aggregate increased (Figure 11). Maximum loss of
172% occurred at 25% replacement over that of the control concrete, whereas at 15%
replacement level, the weight loss is only 9.72% which can be considered as an
acceptable reduction.
2.5
Loss of weight in Percentage 2
1.5 CC
15 % Replacement by
1 wood
20% Replacement by
wood
25 % Replacement
0.5
0
60 90
Days
Figure 11. Result of percentage loss in alkaline test.
4.6. Water absorption

From the test results given in Table 10, it could be observed that the value of water
absorption in the case of control concrete was the lowest when compared to wood
aggregate concrete. In the case wood aggregate concrete, the water absorption percent-
age increased reaching a maximum of 73% at 25% replacement level of wood aggregate
over that of control concrete. For 15% replacement of wood aggregate, there was an
increase of 20% in water absorption over the control concrete.
4.7. Fire resistance

It was observed that there was no physical change in control concrete due to heating of
the concrete. However, in the case of the wood aggregate, concrete colour changed from
light brown to dark brown with the percentage increase of wood aggregate. From this, it
is concluded that with the less percentages replacement of coarse aggregate by wood
aggregate, concrete is more resistant to fire than with the higher percentage of
replacement of wood aggregate.
5. Conclusions
The mechanical and durability properties of control and wood aggregate concrete were
determined in this experimental investigation. To investigate this, M25 grade concrete
with mix proportion of 1:1.26:2.76 and with w/c ratio of .45 was prepared. The wood
used in this investigation was padauk (P. soyauxii). Both control concrete and concrete
with wood aggregate with percentage levels of 0, 15, 20 and 25 were prepared. Cubes,
cylinders and prisms were cast with these concretes and tested after 28 days of curing.
The slump measured for control concrete was 30 mm and this value kept on increasing
with the increase in percentage addition of wood aggregate, and attained a highest value
of 135 mm. There was an increase of 267% in slump value of wood concrete containing
15% wood aggregate over that of the control concrete. The rebound number in the case
of control concrete was 36 and the same for wood aggregate concrete was lower for all
percentages of replacement with the value of 32 in the case of 15% replacement level.
There was a decrease of 22% in the case of wood aggregate concrete with 25% replace-
ment level. The UPV reading for all concretes was more than 4 km/s, and hence was
graded as excellent excepting for wood aggregate concrete with 25% replacement level
in which case it was graded as good.
The compressive strength of control concrete was 31.40 MPa at the age of 28 days
and that containing 15% wood aggregate was 32.36 MPa at the same age which is
3.06% higher than that of the control concrete. For other percentages of replacement of
wood aggregate, the compressive strength was far lower than that of the control con-
crete. Therefore, 15% was observed to be the optimum replacement. The split tensile
strength of control concrete was found to be 2.05 MPa as against that of wood aggre-
gate concrete with 15% replacement at the age of 28 days with a value of 2.25 MPa
which was found to be 9.76% greater than that of the control concrete. For other per-
centages, the strength was lower than that of control concrete. Therefore, 15% replace-
ment was found to be optimum. The flexural strength of concrete made with 15%
replacement of coarse aggregate by wood aggregate at the age of 28 days was observed
to be 2.49 MPa as against 2.51 MPa for wood concrete with 15% replacement with
wood aggregate. This is .80% more than the control concrete.
As per the durability tests on both concrete, the acid attack test revealed that the per-
centage loss in weight of control concrete was .66% at 60 days and .79% at 90 days.
The weight loss increased with the increase in percentage replacement with wood aggre-
gate. The loss was found to be 30.38% in the case of 15% replacement level at 90 days.
The degradation of wood aggregate concrete was found to be more pronounced under
acid test. Values for alkaline attack test for control concrete were found to be .59% and
.72% for 60 days and 90 days, respectively. For wood concrete, the weight loss consis-
tently increased till it attained a loss of 1.92% which is 167% higher than the value for
control concrete. However, for 15% replacement of wood concrete, the increase was
9.7% over control concrete. Therefore, 15% replacement level is considered as opti-
mum. The fire resistance test disclosed that there was no degradation excepting change
in colour at 150 °C for 18 h duration of exposure in the case of wood concrete with
15% replacement compared to control concrete.
From these tests, it is concluded that it is feasible to prepare structural concrete
using wood as coarse aggregate as its properties are on par with that of the crushed
stone used in control concrete. The optimum percentage replacement of stone aggregate
was found to be 15%. As it is a new development, it may take some time for the con-
struction industry to get convinced of its benefit and adopt this concrete in practice.
Eventhough no test was done with respect to acoustic insulation property of wood
waste concrete based on well-known property of scientific principle of sound insulation
of wood, a generic statement is made here that the concrete developed with wood
aggregate is expected to attenuate noise and, therefore, can be used as a sound barrier
along highway (already in use in some countries) as well as for sound insulation panels
in hospitals. Also going by the literature evidence, these composites have energy-
dissipating properties that could have special applications in structures where impact
and dynamic loads are a design consideration.
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Wood waste as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete

Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, India

An attempt was made in this experimental investigation to recycle wood waste.

© 2015 Taylor & Francis

earthquake-damaged zone in Latur, Maharashta State, India in 1993. In fact, in this

Figure 1. Wood aggregate.

Table 1. Physical properties of wood aggregate.

2.2. Tests on hardened concrete for strength

Table 2. Slump value for M25 grade concrete.

2.2.1. Rebound hammer test

2.2.2. UPV test

2.2.3. Compressive strength test

Figure 2. Rebound hammer test.

Table 3. Rebound hammer test results.

Figure 3. UPV test.

Table 4. Results of UPV test.

Table 5. Compressive strength of concrete.

2.2.4. Split tensile strength test

2.2.5. Flexural strength test

Table 6. Split tensile strength of concrete.

Table 7. Flexural strength of concrete.

3.1. Acid attack

3.2. Alkaline attack

3.3. Water absorption test

3.4. Fire resistance

Table 8. Test result of acid attack.

Figure 6. Alkaline attack test.

4. Results and discussion

Table 9. Test result of alkaline attack.

Table 10. Test result of water absorption.

4.1. Compressive strength

4.2. Split tensile strength

4.3. Flexural strength

Compressive strength in MPa

Figure 7. Results of compressive strength.

Figure 8. Result of split tensile strength.

4.4. Acid test

Flexural strength in MPa

Figure 9. Result of ﬂexural strength.

Figure 10. Result of percentage loss in acid test.

4.5. Alkaline test

Loss of weight in Percentage 2

Figure 11. Result of percentage loss in alkaline test.

4.6. Water absorption

4.7. Fire resistance

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