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megahertz range that are reproduce by tissue to varying degrees to produce kidney
images. This is commonly related with imaging the kidney stone in kidney patients.
Uses of ultrasound are much broader. While it may provide less anatomical detail than
derived from a learning process. Next the labels are adjusted with a features detection
knowledge of the kidney images structure. At last the regions of kidney images are
marked and the features of the regions are arranged to get from histogram.
Medical imaging is the method and process used to create images of the
human body for clinical purposes or medical science. Although imaging of detached
organs and tissues can be performing for medical reasons, such procedures are not
1.2 SCOPE
important step in computer aided diagnosis and treatment. To use association rule in
kidney ultrasonic images can provide several useful features for the diagnosis of
various kidney diseases. The process of vision, this evaluation focuses on kidney
imaging and image analysis. The kidney images map out the feature extraction by
tracing out the features of the diagnosing images. A lot of important kidney diseases
kidney. It will find the mean value, standard value, min and max value of the kidney
2
Introduction
Kidney cancer is staged by measuring the size of the tumor, the location of the
cancer cells either confined to the kidney, locally spread or widespread beyond the
tough tissue surrounding the kidney .The kidneys are two organs in the body that filter
the blood and remove waste material and excess water by making urine that is
expelled as waste.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
the different disease stages using kidney images. A simple and user friendly interface
quickly process a large number of kidney images from mass screening of kidney
diseases.
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Chapter 1
and still no robust general purpose methods exist. The general methodology is
applicable also for other segmentation problems. The obvious next step, not within the
objective of this study, is to perform the analysis of histogram features in the spatial,
temporal and spectral domains using the segmentation result. Therefore various
application adapted methods which take advantage of the a priori knowledge about
the images, are needed. In this study developed a sequence of processing steps that
cost effective, in detecting the different stages of diseases and identify patients for
4
Introduction
To find an ultrasound scan of the kidney can use to detect a kidney cancer.
The kidneys remove waste products from the blood and produce urine. As
blood flows through the kidneys, they filter waste products, chemicals, and unneeded
Cancer that spreads is the same disease, and the new tumors have the same
name as the original, or primary, cancer. Often, benign tumors can be removed by
surgery, and they are not likely to return. Sinful tumors are cancer. That is how cancer
can spread to other parts of the body. This spread is called metastasis. They do not
spread to other parts of the body and are seldom a threat to life. Urine collects in the
middle of each kidney, an area called the renal pelvis. Urine then drains from the
kidney through a long tube, the ureter, to the bladder, where it is stored.
They can invade and eliminate nearby healthy tissues and organs. Cancerous
cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream and lymphatic
system. Healthy tissues, cysts, and tumors produce different echoes maintaining ideal
weight may reduce the risk of cancer through identified from the ultrasonic kidney
images.
Ultrasound is a test that sends high frequency sound waves, which cannot be
heard by humans, into the kidney. The pattern of echoes produced by these waves
creates a picture called a sonogram. Although the research shows that being
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Chapter 1
overweight can increase the chance of getting some types of cancer. Kidney cancer
Kidney cancer
This cancer begins in the kidneys. Your kidneys are two bean shaped organs,
each about the size of your fist. The occurrence of kidney cancer seems to be
increasing, though it is not clear. Many kidney cancers are detected during procedures
tomography are being used more often the discovery of further kidney cancers.
In adults, the largest part standard type of kidney cancer is renal cell
carcinoma. Other less common types of kidney cancer can occur. Transitional cell
carcinomas, which have a produce on the ureters, can also instigate in the kidneys. In
addition to renal cell carcinoma and renal pelvis carcinoma, other, less common types
Mesoblastic nephroma
Angiomyolipoma
Renal oncocytoma
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Introduction
Cancer in the kidney may also be secondary, the result of metastasis from a
primary cancer elsewhere in the body. Most cancers in the renal tubule are renal cell
carcinoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma. Kidney cancer formulate in the kidney in
two principal locations: the renal tubule and the renal pelvis. Most cancers in the renal
Symptoms
Kidney cancer rarely causes signs or symptoms in its early stages. In the later
Side pain
Heavy sweating
Loss of appetite
Tiredness
Blood in your urine, which may appear pink, red or cola colored (heamaturia)
Back pain
Weight loss
Fatigue
Intermittent fever
It is not clear what causes renal cell carcinoma. Doctors know that kidney
cancer begins when some kidney cells acquire mutations in their DNA. The
transformation tells the cells to grow and divide rapidly. The accumulating abnormal
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Chapter 1
cells form a tumor that can extend beyond the kidney. Some cells can break off and
Chemicals in your workplace: Workers who are exposed to certain chemicals on the
job may have a higher risk of kidney cancer. People who work with chemicals such as
Treatment for kidney failure: People who receive long term dialysis to treat chronic
Von Hippel Lindau disease: People with this innate disorder are likely to increase
Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma: Having this inherited condition makes it
Smoking: Smokers have a better risk of kidney cancer than nonsmokers do. The risk
Obesity: People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than do people
High blood pressure: High blood pressure increases your risk of kidney cancer, but it
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Introduction
Prevention
Taking steps to improve your health may help reduce your risk of kidney
Quit smoking. If you smoke, quit. Many options for quitting exist, including support
programs, medications and nicotine surrogate products. Tell your doctor you want to
Eat more fruits and vegetables. Add more fruits and vegetables to your diet. A
variety of fruits and vegetables helps ensure that you are getting all the nutrients that
your body needs. Replacing some of your snacks and side dishes with fruits and
overweight or obese, reduce the number of calories you consume each day and try to
exercise most days of the week. Ask your doctor about other healthy strategies to help
Control high blood pressure. Ask your doctor to check your blood pressure at your
next appointment. If your blood pressure is high, you can discuss options for lowering
your numbers. Lifestyle measures such as exercise, weight loss and diet changes can
help. Some people may need to add medications to lower their blood pressure.
chemicals, take special precautions such as wearing a mask and heavy gloves. In the
United States, your employer is required to tell you what chemicals you may be
exposed to on the job. Follow your employer safety procedures, and ask your doctor if
Blood and urine tests. Tests of your blood and your urine may give your doctor clues
Imaging tests. Imaging tests allow your doctor to visualize a kidney tumor or
Removing a sample of kidney tissue. In much selected cases, your doctor may
your kidney. Kidney biopsy is typically reserved for cases that are most likely to be
Once your doctor diagnoses kidney cancer, the next step is to determine the
extent, or stage, of the cancer. Staging tests for kidney cancer may include additional
Stage I. At this stage, the tumor can be up to 7 centimeters in diameter. The tumor is
Stage II. A stage II kidney cancer is larger than a stage I tumor, but is still restrained
to the kidney.
Stage III. At this stage, the tumor extends beyond the kidney to the immediate tissue
or the adrenal glands, and may also have spread to a nearby lymph node.
Stage IV. Cancer spreads exterior the kidney, to several lymph nodes or to remote
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Introduction
Treatment
Surgery
Removing the affected kidney. Radical nephrectomy involves the removal of the
kidney, a border of healthy tissue and the adjacent lymph nodes. The adrenal gland
may also be removed if it appears the tumor has grown into the gland. Nephrectomy
can be an open operation, meaning the surgeon makes one large incision to access
incisions to insert a video camera and tiny surgical tools. The surgeon watches a video
Removing the tumor from the kidney. During this procedure, also called partial
nephrectomy, the surgeon removes the tumor and a small margin of healthy tissue that
surrounds it, rather than removing the entire kidney. Nephron sparing surgery can be
may be an option if you have a small kidney cancer or if you only have one kidney.
nephrectomy, since retaining as much kidney tissue as possible may reduce your risk
of later complications, such as kidney disease. The type of surgery your doctor
recommends will be based on your cancer and its stage, as well as your health.
Surgery carries a risk of bleeding and infection. Treatments when surgery is not
possible. For some people, surgery may be too risky. These people have other options
Blocking blood flow to the tumor. In this procedure, a special material is injected
into the main blood vessel leading to the kidney. Clogging this vessel deprives the
tumor of oxygen and other nutrients. Arterial embolization also may be used before an
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Chapter 1
through your skin and into your kidney tumor using X ray guidance. Gas in the needle
is used to cool down or freeze the cancer cells. There are few long term data about the
safety and efficacy of cryoablation. It is typically reserved for people who cannot
undergo other surgical procedures and those who have small kidney tumors located in
inserted through your skin and into your kidney tumor using X ray guidance. An
electrical current is run through the needle and into the cancer cells, causing the cells
to heat up or burn. There are few long term data about the safety and efficacy of
cannot undergo other surgical procedures and those with small kidney tumors located
Kidney cancer that recurs and kidney cancer that spreads to other parts of the body
Surgery to remove as much of the kidney tumor as possible. Even when surgery
can not remove all of your cancer, in some cases it may be helpful to remove as much
of the cancer as possible. Drugs that use your immune system to fight cancer.
Biological therapy uses your body immune system to fight cancer. Drugs in this
category include interferon and aldesleukin, which are synthetic versions of chemicals
made in your body. Side effects of these drugs include chills, fever, nausea, vomiting
Treatment that targets specific aspects of your cancer. Targeted treatments block
specific abnormal signals present in kidney cancer cells that allow them to proliferate.
These drugs have shown promise in treating kidney cancer that has spread to other
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Introduction
areas of the body. Targeted therapy drugs can cause side effects, such as a rash that
cells. Chemotherapy is not commonly used to treat renal cell carcinoma. But
chemotherapy may be used to treat transitional cell carcinoma a cancer of the ureters
that sometimes begins in the kidneys. Chemotherapy treatments may be used before
treat cancer cells that have traveled to distant parts of the body.
Treatments for distant tumors. Kidney cancer cells that travel to other parts of the
body can sometimes be treated. This depends on the number of distant tumors, their
locations and your general health. Achievement options vary based on where your
cancer has spread. Options might include surgery for brain metastasis or radiation for
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