HSC

Maths Adv.
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I
HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION OF A LOGARITHM

• Allows the index to be written as the subject of the equation:

𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 is equivalent to 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥

Question 1

Express the following in log form:

a) 24 = 16

log 2 16 = 4

1
b) 3 = 92

1
log 9 3 = 2

1
c) 10−2 = 100

1
log10 100 = −2

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

Question 2

Express the following in exponential form:

a) log 3 9 = 2

32 = 9

1
b) log 5 125 = −3

1
5−3 = 125

1
c) log 49 7 = 2

1
492 = 7

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

Question 3

Express the following logarithmic equations as exponential functions and solve for 𝑥𝑥:

a) log 3 𝑥𝑥 = 3

33 = 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 = 27

b) log 5 𝑥𝑥 = −2

5−2 = 𝑥𝑥

1
𝑥𝑥 = 25

c) log 𝑥𝑥 49 = 2

𝑥𝑥 2 = 49

𝑥𝑥 = 7

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

• Log and exponential functions are inverse functions.

EXPONENTIAL AND LOG LAWS

Index Laws Log Laws

𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 × 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦 log 𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 + log 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦

𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ÷ 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥
log 𝑎𝑎 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 − log 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦
(𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 )𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎0 = 1 log 𝑎𝑎 1 = 0
𝑎𝑎1 = 𝑎𝑎 log 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 1
1 1
𝑎𝑎−𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑎𝑎 = −𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

Question 4

Express as a single logarithm:

a) log 3 + log 4 − log 6

= log(3 × 4 ÷ 6)
= log 2

b) 2log 3 10 − 2log 3 2 − log 3 5

= log 3 102 − log 3 22 − log 3 5

= log 3 (100 ÷ 4 ÷ 5)
= log 3 5

1
c) log 5 125 − 2 log 5 25 − log 5 √5

1 1
=3−2×2−2
3
=2

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

Question 5

Solve by converting each side to the same base:

a) 252𝑥𝑥 = 53𝑥𝑥+1

54𝑥𝑥 = 53𝑥𝑥+1

4𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 1

𝑥𝑥 = 1

b) 3𝑥𝑥 = √813

3𝑥𝑥 = √39

9
= 32

9
𝑥𝑥 = 2

c) 254𝑥𝑥−3 = 5𝑥𝑥+7

52(4𝑥𝑥−3) = 5𝑥𝑥+7

8𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥𝑥 + 7

7𝑥𝑥 = 13

13
𝑥𝑥 = 7

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA

Question 6 (Conceptual)

log𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥
If 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥, prove that 𝑦𝑦 = log𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐
.

log 𝑥𝑥 log 𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦
=
log 𝑐𝑐 log 𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦 log 𝑐𝑐
=
log 𝑐𝑐
= 𝑦𝑦

Change of Base Formula

log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥
log 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 =
log 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐

Talent Tip: You may like to remember this as the “The log of the top over the log over the
bottom”

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

Question 7

Use the change of base formula to evaluate the following correct to 2 decimal places:

a) log 3 5

log 5
= log 3

= 1.46

b) log 3 10

log 10
= log 3

= 2.10

c) log 𝜋𝜋 √2

log √2
= log 𝜋𝜋

= 0.30

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RECIPROCAL FUNCTION AND

THE LOG FUNCTION

We have previously seen that:

𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛+1
� 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶
𝑛𝑛 + 1

Substitute 𝑛𝑛 = −1 into the formula:

1 𝑥𝑥 0
∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶 (not defined!)
0

We have also learnt that the definite integral will give us the area under the curve.

1
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥

1 𝑒𝑒

1 square unit

1
Clearly, the area under the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 in the first quadrant is well defined!

We define 𝑒𝑒 to be the number greater than one so that the area between the hyperbola 𝑦𝑦 =
1
𝑥𝑥
and the 𝑥𝑥-axis from 𝑥𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 is exactly one square unit. (In fact, 𝑒𝑒 is an irrational

number. Its value is 2.718 correct to 3 decimal places.)

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

1
In order to find a primitive function of 𝑥𝑥
or 𝑥𝑥 −1 , we must find a function whose derivative
1
(that is, gradient function) is 𝑥𝑥
. A standard log function of the form 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥, where 𝑎𝑎 >

0, is potentially such a function, since its gradient is positive throughout its domain (which is
𝑥𝑥 > 0) and its gradient approaches (but never reaches) zero as 𝑥𝑥 increases.

1
So, if the primitive of 𝑥𝑥
is a log function, then what is its base?

𝑒𝑒 1
From the earlier definition of 𝑒𝑒, we know that ∫1 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1.

So [log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥]1𝑒𝑒 = 1

so log 𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒 − log 𝑎𝑎 1 = 1

so log 𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒 = 1

so 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑒𝑒.

1 𝑑𝑑 1
So ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 , or to put it another way, (log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ) = .
𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

Note: A rigorous proof of this result is not included in these notes. It is a very complicated and
abstract proof.

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

THE DERIVATIVE OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

DERIVATIVE OF 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒆𝒆 𝒙𝒙

Derivative of 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒆𝒆 𝒙𝒙

𝑑𝑑 1
log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Given 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏), find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 using the chain rule:

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
so 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=

then 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑢𝑢

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
so 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑢𝑢

Using the chain rule,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= ×
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1
= × 𝑎𝑎
𝑢𝑢
𝑎𝑎
=
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏

Derivative of 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒆𝒆 (𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 + 𝒃𝒃)

𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎
log 𝑒𝑒 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Given 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 using the chain rule:

Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
so 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)

then 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
so 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

Using the chain rule,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= ×
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= × 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)
=
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

Derivative of 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒆𝒆 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)

𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥)
log 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

Note that log 𝑥𝑥 and ln 𝑥𝑥 both represent log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥.

BUT on your calculator, log 𝑥𝑥 = log10 𝑥𝑥 and ln 𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥.

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

SUMMARY OF STANDARD FORMS OF DIFFERENTIATION

Standard Forms of Differentiation

𝑑𝑑 1
log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎
log 𝑒𝑒 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏

𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥)
log 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

Question 8

Use the standard forms to differentiate the following functions:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥

3
= 3𝑥𝑥

1
= 𝑥𝑥

b) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 (2𝑥𝑥 + 3)

2
= 2𝑥𝑥+3

c) y = ln(1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 )

2𝑥𝑥
= 1+𝑥𝑥 2

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

d) 𝑦𝑦 = 5 log(4 − 5𝑥𝑥)

−5
= 5 × 4−5𝑥𝑥

e) 𝑦𝑦 = ln(2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 3)

4𝑥𝑥+3
= 2𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+3

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

Question 9

Find the derivative of:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = ln 6𝑥𝑥

6
= 6𝑥𝑥

1
= 𝑥𝑥

b) y = log(10𝑥𝑥 + 3)

10
= 10𝑥𝑥+3

c) y = log 𝑒𝑒 (4 − 3𝑥𝑥)

3
= − 4−3𝑥𝑥

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

d) 𝑦𝑦 = log(𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 1)

2𝑥𝑥+3
= 𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+1

1
e) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − ln(1 − 2 𝑥𝑥 2 )

−𝑥𝑥
=1− 1
1− 𝑥𝑥 2
2

𝑥𝑥
=1+ 1
1− 𝑥𝑥 2
2

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

USING THE LOG LAWS TO MAKE DIFFERENTIATION EASIER

Question 10

Use the log laws to help differentiate:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 √𝑥𝑥 [use log 𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑏𝑏 log 𝑥𝑥]

1
𝑦𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2𝑥𝑥

b) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 �√𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 + 3)� [use log 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑥𝑥 + log 𝑦𝑦]

𝑦𝑦 = log √𝑥𝑥 + log(𝑥𝑥 2 + 3)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 +3

1−4𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
c) 𝑦𝑦 = ln 1−𝑥𝑥 2 [use log 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑥𝑥 − log 𝑦𝑦]

𝑦𝑦 = log(1 − 4𝑥𝑥) − log(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −4 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 1−4𝑥𝑥 − 1−𝑥𝑥 2

−4 2𝑥𝑥
= 1−4𝑥𝑥 + 1−𝑥𝑥 2

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

(2−4𝑥𝑥)(1+𝑥𝑥)2
d) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑥𝑥−3

𝑦𝑦 = log(2 − 4𝑥𝑥) + log(1 + 𝑥𝑥)2 − log(𝑥𝑥 − 3)

= log(2 − 4𝑥𝑥) + 2 log(1 + 𝑥𝑥) − log(𝑥𝑥 − 3)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −4 2 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2−4𝑥𝑥 + 1+𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥−3

−2 2 1
= 1−2𝑥𝑥 + 1+𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥−3

10
e) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = − log 10

1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=− 10
𝑥𝑥
10

1
= − 𝑥𝑥

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

3
f) 𝑦𝑦 = log √𝑥𝑥 2 + 1

1
𝑦𝑦 = 3 log(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 3(𝑥𝑥 2 +1)

(𝑥𝑥+2)2 3√𝑥𝑥
g) 𝑦𝑦 = log � �
𝑥𝑥−4

3
𝑦𝑦 = log(𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + log √𝑥𝑥 − log(𝑥𝑥 − 4)

1
= 2 log(𝑥𝑥 + 2) + 3 log 𝑥𝑥 − log(𝑥𝑥 − 4)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥+2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥−4

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

DIFFERENTIATING LOG FUNCTIONS WITH OTHER BASES

Use the change of base law to write log 2 𝑥𝑥 in terms of log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
log 2 𝑥𝑥 =
log 𝑒𝑒 2

1
= log × log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 2

1 1 1
So, the derivative of log 2 𝑥𝑥 is log𝑒𝑒 2
× 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 log .
𝑒𝑒 2

The differentiation rules we have used so far only work for base 𝑒𝑒.

Therefore:

If we want to differentiate a log function with a base other than 𝑒𝑒, then we
use the change of base formula to express the function in terms of log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥,
and then differentiate.

Question 11

Differentiate with respect to 𝑥𝑥:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 5 𝑥𝑥

log 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = log 5

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 log 5

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

b) 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 5𝑥𝑥

log 5𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = log 2

1
= 𝑥𝑥 log 2

c) 𝑦𝑦 = 3 log 7 4𝑥𝑥

3 log 4𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = log 7

d) 𝑦𝑦 = log 4 2𝑥𝑥 2

log 2𝑥𝑥 2
𝑦𝑦 = log 4

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 4𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= log 4 × 2𝑥𝑥 2

2
= 𝑥𝑥 log 4

log 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = log 11

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED. www.talent-100.com.au

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

USING THE CHAIN RULE, PRODUCT RULE AND QUOTIENT RULE

Question 12

Using the chain, product and quotient rules (as well as the log laws where necessary) to
differentiate:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑 1
(𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥) = ln 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 ×
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

= ln 𝑥𝑥 + 1

log𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

1
𝑑𝑑 log 𝑥𝑥 ×𝑥𝑥−log 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑥𝑥
�= 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 2

1−log 𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑥𝑥
c) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑥𝑥

1
𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 log 𝑥𝑥− ×𝑥𝑥
�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 log 𝑥𝑥
�= 𝑥𝑥
(log 𝑥𝑥)2

log 𝑥𝑥−1
= (log 𝑥𝑥)2

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

d) 𝑦𝑦 = (ln 𝑥𝑥)3

𝑑𝑑 1
(log 𝑥𝑥)3 = 3(log 𝑥𝑥)2 ×
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

3(log 𝑥𝑥)2
= 𝑥𝑥

e) 𝑦𝑦 = log(log 𝑥𝑥)

𝑑𝑑 1 1
(log(log 𝑥𝑥)) = × 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 log 𝑥𝑥

1
= 𝑥𝑥 log 𝑥𝑥

f) 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑒𝑒 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 1)

𝑑𝑑 2𝑥𝑥+2
(log(𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 1)) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+1

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED. www.talent-100.com.au

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

𝑥𝑥 2
g) 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥

1
𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑥 log 𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 2 ×
�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 log 𝑥𝑥
�= (log 𝑥𝑥)2
𝑥𝑥

2𝑥𝑥 log 𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥

= (log 𝑥𝑥)2

h) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑 1
(𝑥𝑥 3 log 𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 log 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 3 ×
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

= 3𝑥𝑥 2 log 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2

(𝑥𝑥−2)2
i) y = log (1−𝑥𝑥 2 )

= log(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 − log(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )

= 2 log(𝑥𝑥 − 2) − log(1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥−2)2 2 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�log (1−𝑥𝑥 2 )� = 𝑥𝑥−2 + 1−𝑥𝑥 2

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HMA Logarithmic and Exponential Functions I © TALENT 100

j) y = log √𝑥𝑥

1
= 2 log 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�log √𝑥𝑥� = 2𝑥𝑥

k) 𝑦𝑦 = √ln 𝑥𝑥

1
𝑑𝑑 1 − 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�log 𝑥𝑥 = 2 (log 𝑥𝑥) 2 × 𝑥𝑥

1
=
2𝑥𝑥�log 𝑥𝑥

TALENT 100: HSC SUCCESS. SIMPLIFIED. www.talent-100.com.au

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