1.

Discuss the roles of Nurse/ clinical specialist in child health nursing during the toddler
rearing period.

A parent-child nurse is a clinical nurse specialist (CNS) who specializes in the care of
families and children. In general, a parent-child CNS educates and supports families
during transitional phases of child-rearing, such as the birth of a child, and focuses on
developing healthy, productive relationships between children and parents. The job that
parent-child nurses perform reduces the stress that can arise due to family conflicts,
disorganization and other situations. Their duties might include delivering primary care
to children or adolescents with complex health issues, working within school settings to
develop health education programs and educating families on parent-child health
services.

On the other hand parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting
the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to
adulthood. Parenting refers to the intricacies of raising a child and not exclusively to the
biological relationship. Thus the care of a parents is never been the same as the clinical
specialist. Because it deals with intricate care for his/her child.

2. Discuss at least three theories of growth and development.

a. Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory

In this theory it deals with the psychosexual development of a child Freud’s

proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed
psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. These are called
psychosexual stages because each stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly
translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body. Freud
stressed that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of adult
personality. The id must be controlled in order to satisfy social demands; this sets up
a conflict between frustrated wishes and social norms. The ego and superego
develop in order to exercise this control and direct the need for gratification into
socially acceptable channels. Gratification centers in different areas of the body at
different stages of growth, making the conflict at each stage psychosexual. Each of
the psychosexual stages is associated with a particular conflict that must be resolved
before the individual can successfully advance to the next stage. The resolution of
each of these conflicts requires the expenditure of sexual energy and the more
energy that is expended at a particular stage, the more the important characteristics
of that stage remain with the individual as he/she matures psychologically.