PHYSICS #electrons= _q total_

Electricity- comes from the word “electron” 1.6x10-19

which means amber.
Amber effect- literally called static electricity Particle Charge(c) Mass(kg)
-19
electron -1.6x10 9.109x1013
Benjamin Franklin-made the arbitrary choice of 1.673x10-27
proton 1.6x10-19
calling the positive and one negative.
neutron 0 1.675x10-27
 “an equal amount of the opposite
charge is produced on another object
when a certain amount of charge is Ways to charge a neutral object by :
induced on one object”
1). Conduction- interaction occurs
Electrostatics- study of charge that can be
between charged object and neutral
localized and contained. Studies electric charges
object
at rest.
Consequence: two objects with the
Electric Charge- same charges
2). Induction- no interaction occurs
 Electric charge is conserved and it is
between charged object and neutral
quantized with units of e.
object
 An atom that loses an electron
becomes positively charged(positive Consequence: two objects with
ion) opposite charges
 Atom that gains an electron becomes 3). Friction: Rubbing two materials
negatively charged(negative ion) together can rub electrons off from one
 Some material may be polarized such object to another.
their atoms interchange in response to
Conductor
an external charge.
 Materials that allow electrons to pass
Charge Concepts- opposite charges attract, like
charges repel through them.
 Metals are naturally excellent
Law of conservation of Charge conductors because their valence(outer
 The total amount of electric charge shell) electrons are not confined to any
produced in this process is zero one atom.
 Symbol: q, Q  Electrons are free to roam on metal
 Unit: C , Coulomb named after Charles object.
De Coulomb  If a conductor carries excess charge, the
 Our body contains more than 1X1028 excess is distributed over the surface of
 The net charge of an object is the the conductor.
excess of any charges as a result of
Insulator
the transfer of electrons
 Essential principle in electrical  Materials that hinders the flow of
phenomena is the conversation of electrons and atoms are tightly bond.
charge; The total charge of an  Non-metals are mostly insulators
isolated system remains constant
  Insulators are useful for studying
electrostatics.
 Electrons are not free to roam on
nonmetallic objects.
Semi-Conductor
 Materials that are considered neither
good conductors nor insulators.
 Their properties change with their
chemical composition.
 Photoconductive materials become
conductor when light shines of them.
Super Conductor
 Material that considered as perfect
conductors of electricity.
Electric Fields
 a region of space in which an electric
charge will experience a force when
placed on it.
 An electric field may be produced by
one or more charges and it may be
uniform or it may vary in magnitude,
direction or both, from place to place.
Electric Field Intensity
 Coulomb force per unit charge the
electric field exerts on a positive
charged placed in the region of the
field.
Mathematically can be written as:

____________________________________ E= _F_ or E= Q1
Qt r2
Coulomb’s Law

 In 1778, a French physicist Charles Where is…

Augustine de Coulomb formulated the
 E= electric field(N/C)
relation between charged particles
 F= electric force(N)
which is called Coulomb’s law.
 Qt= test charge(c)
 States that ”the magnitude of the
electric force between two-point Electric Flux
charges is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and indirectly  Defined as the rate of flow of the
proportional to the square of distance electric field through a given area.
that separates them” Gauss’s Law
Mathematically can be written as:  Powerful tool for the evaluation of
electric fields when they are produced
Fe= k Q1 Q2
from charge distributions of enough
r2
symmetry to apply it.
where…

Fe = electric force(N)

Q1 Q2= electric charge(c)

r= distance between 2 charges(m)
k= coulomb constant= 9x109 Nm/c2
or 8.998x109 Nm/c2