Mos - 2130003 - by H N Patel

Simple stresses &
strains
-By
Prof. H. N. Patel
Mechanical Engg. Dept.
Govt. Engg. College, Valsad-396001
CONTENT
 Basics of stress and strain: 3-D state of stress (Concept only)
 Normal/axial stresses: Tensile & compressive
 Stresses :Shear and complementary shear
 Strains: Linear, shear, lateral, thermal and volumetric.
 Hooke’s law,
 Elastic Constants
 Application of normal stress & strains

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Basics of Stress and Strain 3-D State of Stress
Stress
Stress is the internal resistance offered by the body to the
external load applied to it per unit cross sectional area.
Stresses are normal to the plane to which they act and are
tensile or compressive in nature.
Now stress is defined as the force intensity or force per unit
area. Here we use a symbol σ to represent the stress.
Where A is the area of the X –X section
If the force carried by a component is not uniformly
distributed over its cross – sectional area, A, we must consider
a small area, ‘δA’ which carries a small load ‘δP’, of the total
force ‘P', Then definition of stress is
Strain
When a single force or a system force acts on a body, it

undergoes some deformation. This deformation per unit
length is known as strain. Mathematically strain may be
defined as deformation per unit length.
So, Strain=Elongation/Original length
Elasticity:
 The property of material by virtue of which it returns to its original
shape and size upon removal of load is known as elasticity.

TYPES OF STRESSES
Only two basic stresses exists :
 (1) Normal stress and
 (2) Shear stress
 Other stresses either are similar to these basic stresses or are a
combination of this e.g. bending stress is a combination tensile,
compressive and shear stresses.
 Torsional stress, as encountered in twisting of a shaft is a shearing
stress.
Normal stresses : We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the
stresses are normal to the areas concerned, then these are termed as
normal stresses.
Shear Stresses: The cross – sectional area of a block of material is
subject to a distribution of forces which are parallel, rather than normal,
to the area concerned. Such forces are associated with a shearing of the
material, and are referred to as shear forces. The resulting stress is
known as shear stress.
Normal/axial stresses: Tensile & compressive
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the

deformations in the structure as well as the stresses induced under
loading. Statics analyses alone are not sufficient.
Considering structures as deformable allows determination of

member forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
Determination of the stress distribution within a member also

requires consideration of deformations in the member.
This chapter is concerned with deformation of a structural

member under axial loading.

Tensile or compressive Stresses: The normal stresses can be either
tensile or compressive whether the stresses acts out of the area or
into the area.
Bearing Stress: When one object presses against another, it is

referred to a bearing stress ( They are in fact the compressive
stresses ).

Stresses :Shear and complementary shear
Complementary shear stresses:
 The existence of shear stresses on any two sides of the element
induces complementary shear stresses on the other two sides of
the element to maintain equilibrium.
 As shown in the figure the shear stress τ in sides AB and CD
induces a complimentary shear stress τ' in sides AD and BC.

Hydrostatic stress :
 The term Hydrostatic stress is used to describe a state of tensile or
compressive stress equal in all directions within or external to a
body.
 Hydrostatic stress causes a change in volume of a material, which if
expressed per unit of original volume gives a volumetric strain
denoted by εv.

Deformation of a Body due to Self Weight
Consider a bar AB hanging freely under its own weight as shown in the
figure. Let,
L= length of the bar
A= cross-sectional area of the bar
E= Young’s modulus of the bar material
w= specific weight of the bar material
Then deformation due to the self-weight of the bar is
Members in Uni – axial state of stress

Introduction: [For members subjected to uniaxial state of stress]
For a prismatic bar loaded in tension by an axial force P, the elongation
of the bar can be determined as

Principle of Superposition
 The principle of superposition states that when there are numbers of

loads are acting together on an elastic material, the resultant strain
will be the sum of individual strains caused by each load acting
separately.

Types of Strains
 Linear strain ε : The deformation per unit length is known as strain.
 Shear strain ϕ : The distortion produced by shear stress on an
element or rectangular block is shown in the figure. The shear strain
or ‘slide’ is expressed by angle ϕ and it can be defined as the change
in the right angle.
 Lateral strain: It is also known as transverse strain, is defined as the
ratio of the change in diameter of a circular bar of a material due to
deformation in the longitudinal direction.

 Thermal strain: Temperature change can also cause strain. In an
isotropic material the thermally induced extensional strains are equal
in all directions, and there are no shear strains.
 In the simplest cases, these thermal strains can be treated as being
linear in the temperature change T − T0 (where T and T0 is the
temperature of the reference state), writing εijthermal = δijα(T − T0 ) for
the strain produced by temperature change in the absence of stress.
Here α is called the coefficient of thermal expansion.
 When unrestrained, most engineering materials expand when heated
and contract when cooled
 Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) α = thermal strain due to a
one degree ( ) change in temperature
 α is a material property (and it may depend on T)
 Thermal strain
 Total strain
 Volumetric strain: Hydrostatic stress causes a change in volume of
a material, which if expressed per unit of original volume gives a
volumetric strain denoted by ε . So let us determine the expression
v
for the volumetric strain.

 Consider a rectangle solid of sides x, y and z under the action of
principal stresses s1 , s2 , s3 respectively.
 Then Î1 , Î2 , and Î3 are the corresponding linear strains, than the
dimensions of the rectangle becomes
 ( x + Î1 . x ); ( y + Î2 . y ); ( z + Î3 . z )
 hence the

Hooke’s law
It states that within elastic limit stress is proportional to strain.
Mathematically
Where E = Young’s Modulus

Hooks law holds good equally for tension and compression.
Modulus of Elasticity (or Young’s Modulus)

Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of stress to strain within elastic
limit.

Elastic Constants
Modulus of elasticity: Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of stress

to strain within elastic limit.
Poisson’s ratio: The ratio lateral strain to longitudinal strain produced

by a single stress is known as Poisson’s ratio. Symbol used for poisson’s
ratio is µ or 1/ m.
Modulus of rigidity: For elastic materials it is found that shear stress is

proportional to the shear strain within elastic limit. The ratio is called
modulus rigidity. It is denoted by the symbol ‘G’ or ‘C’.
Bulk modulus: It is defined as the ratio of uniform stress intensity to the

volumetric strain. It is denoted by the symbol K.

Relations between them with derivation of Elastic Constants
 These are the relations which determine the deformations produced

by a given stress system acting on a particular material.
 These factors are constant within elastic limit, and known as
modulus of elasticity E, modulus of rigidity G, Bulk modulus K and
Poisson’s ratio μ.
 Relationship between modulus of elasticity (E) and bulk modulus

(K):
 Relationship between modulus of elasticity (E) and modulus of

rigidity (G):
 Relation among three elastic constants:

Application of normal stress & strains:
Homogeneous and composite bars having uniform &
stepped sections subjected to axial loads and thermal loads

 A temperature change results in a change in
length or thermal strain. There is no stress
associated with the thermal strain unless the
elongation is restrained by the supports.
 Treat the additional support as redundant and

apply the principle of superposition.
 The thermal deformation and the deformation

from the redundant support must be compatible.

ISOTROPIC: If the response of the material is independent of the
orientation of the load axis of the sample, then we say that the material
is isotropic or in other words we can say that isotropy of a material in a
characteristics, which gives us the information that the properties are
the same in the three orthogonal directions x y z, on the other hand if
the response is dependent on orientation it is known as anisotropic.
Examples of anisotropic materials, whose properties are different in
different directions are Wood, Fiber reinforced plastic, Reinforced
concrete
HOMOGENIUS: A material is homogenous if it has the same
composition through our body. Hence the elastic properties are the
same at every point in the body.
However, the properties need not to be the same in all the direction for
the material to be homogenous.
Isotropic materials have the same elastic properties in all the
directions. Therefore, the material must be both homogenous and
isotropic in order to have the lateral strains to be same at every point in
a particular component. PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
The tensile test
 Uniaxial loading tester allows us to
study the behavior of materials
under tension
 The applied force is measured by
means of load cells
 The stress is calculated utilizing the
cross section area of the sample
 The deformation can be measured
from the motion of the grips where
the sample is attached to
 Utilizing the original length, the
strain can be calculated
 Alternatively, a strain gauge may be
used
 The stress vs. strain diagram can be
obtained
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

Application of normal stress & strains:
Analysis of homogeneous prismatic bars under
multidirectional stresses

MOHR'S CIRCLE
 The formulas developed in the preceding article may be used for any
case of plane stress.
 A visual interpretation of them, devised by the German engineer Otto
Mohr in 1882, eliminates the necessity for remembering them.
 * In this interpretation a circle is used; accordingly, the construction is
called Mohr's, circle.
 If this construction is plotted to scale, the results can be obtained
graphically; usually, however, only a rough sketch is drawn,
analytical results being obtained from it by following the rules given
later.
 x  y  x  y (1)
n   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2 (2)
2
Rewriting the equation (1)
 x  y  x  y
n   cos 2   xy sin 2 (3)
2 2
Taking squares of equations (2) & (3)
 x  y
[ ]  [
2
sin 2   xy cos 2 ] 2 (4)
2
 x  y 2  x  y
[ n  ] [ cos 2   xy sin 2 ] 2 (5)
2 2
By adding equ. (4) & (5), and simplifying, we obtain
2 2
  x  y    x  y 
  n      
2
   xy  2 (6)
 2   2 
Recall that σx, σy, and τxy are known constants defining the specified state
of stress, whereas σn and τ are variables. Consequently, (σx + σy)/2 is a

constant, say, h, and the right-hand member of Eq. (6) is another
constant, say, r. Using these substitutions, we transform Eq. (6) into
 n  h 2
  r 2 2 (7)

The equation (7) is similar to equation of Circle i.e.,
( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2  r 2

Center of circle is
 x  y
Ch
2
From the origin.
Above Figure represents Mohr's circle for the state of plane stress that
was analyzed in the preceding article. The center C is the average of the
normal stresses, and the radius
2
  x  y 
R  r      xy  2
 2 
From figure  x  y
a
2
2θ is the hypotenuse of the right triangle CDA. How do the coordinates
of points E, F, and G compare with the expressions derived for σ 1, σ2 ,τmax
? We shall see that Mohr's circle is a graphic visualization of the stress
variation given by Eqs. (1) and (2). The following rules summarize the
construction of Mohr's circle.
Mohr's circle for

PROFgeneral state
H. N. PATEL GECV MECH of plane stress.
Rules for Applying Mohr's Circle to Combined Stresses
1. On rectangular σ-τ axes, plot points having the coordinates (σx, τxy)
and (σy, τyx). These points represent the normal and shearing stresses
acting on the x and y faces of an element for which the stresses are
known. In plotting these points, assume tension as plus, compression
as minus, and shearing stress as plus when its moment about the
center of the element is clockwise.*
2. Join the points just plotted by a straight line. This line is the diameter
of a circle whose center is on the a axis.

3. As different planes are passed through the selected point in a
stressed body, the normal and shearing stress components on these
planes are represented by the coordinates of points whose position
shifts around the circumference of Mohr's circle.
4. The radius of the circle to any point on its circumference represents

the axis directed normal to the plane whose stress components are
given by the coordinates of that point.

5. The angle between the radii to selected points on Mohr's circle is
twice the angle between the normal to the actual planes represented
by these points, or to twice the space angularity between the planes
so represented. The rotational sense of this angle corresponds to the
rotational sense of the actual angle between the normal to the planes;
that is, if the n axis is actually at a counterclockwise angle θ from the
x axis, then on Mohr's circle the n radius is laid off at a
counterclockwise angle 2θ from the x radius.

x
x-axis
v, v1 plane
2θs1
σx, xy  max
σ2
2θP2
2θP1
2θs2
σy, -xy  min
y
H, H1 plane
σy
y-axis
x y  x y 


 
 
 

 2   2 
σx
σ1 PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Example Problem 1
It has been determined that a point in a load-carrying member is

subjected to the following stress condition:
σx=400MPa σy=-300MPa τxy=200MPa(CW)
Perform the following
(a)Draw the initial stress element.

(b)Draw the complete Mohr’s circle, labeling critical points.
(c)Draw the complete principal stress element.
(d)Draw the maximum shear stress element.

Solution
The 15-step Procedure for drawing Mohr's circle is used here to complete the problem.
The numerical results from steps 1-12 are summarized here and shown in Figure 11-12.
Step 1. The initial stress element is shown at the upper left of Figure 11-12.
Step 2. Point 1 is plotted at ax = 400 MPa and τxy = 200 MPa in quadrant 1.
Step 3. Point 2 is plotted at ay = -300 MPa and τ yx = -200 MPa in quadrant 3.

Step 4. The line from point 1 to point 2 has been drawn.
Step 5. The line from step 4 crosses the σ-axis at the average applied normal stress,
called O in Fig 11-12, is computed from any,

 avg  12  x   y   1
2  400  (300)  50MPa
Step 6. Point 0 is the center of the circle. The line from point O through point 1 is
labeled as the x-axis to correspond with the x-axis on the initial stress element.
Step 7. The values of G, b, and R are found using the triangle formed by the lines
from point 0 to point 1 to σx = 400 MPa and back to point O.
The lower side of the triangle,
a 1
2
 x  y  
1
2
 400  (300)  350MPa

FIG 11-12
PROF Complete Mohr’s circle
H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
The vertical side of the triangle, b, is completed from
b   xy  200 MPa
The radius of the circle, R, is completed from:
R  a 2  b 2  (350) 2  (200) 2  403MPa
Step 8. This is the drawing of the circle with point 0 as the center at σ avg = 50 MPa and a radius
of R = 403 MPa.
Step 9. The vertical diameter of the circle has been drawn through point O. The intersection of
this line with the circle at the top indicates the value of τ max = 403 MPa, the same as the value of
R.
Step 10. The maximum principal stress, σ1, is at the right end of the horizontal diameter of the
circle and the minimum principal stress, σ2, is at the left.

Step 11. The values for al and a2 are
 1  O  R  50  403  453MPa
 2  O  R  50  403  353MPa
Step 12. The angle 2Φ is shown on the circle as the angle from the x-axis to the σ 1-axis,
a clockwise rotation. The value is computed from
200
2  tan 1
 29.74o
350
Note that 2Φ is CW from the x-axis to σ1 on the circle.
o
29.74
  14.87o
2
Step 13. Using the results from Steps 11 and 12, the principal stress element is drawn
as shown in Figure 11-13(b). The element is rotated 14.87 0 CW from the original x-axis
to
FIG 11-13 Results for Example Problem 11-2
the face on which the tensile stress σ1 = 453 MPa acts. The compressive stress σ2 = -353 MPa
acts on the faces perpendicular to the al faces.
Step 14. The angle 2Φ’ is shown in Figure 11-12 drawn from the x -axis CCW to the vertical
diameter that locates τmax at the top of the circle. Its value can be found in either of two ways.
First using Equation 11-8 and observing that the numerator is the same as the value of a and the
denominator is the same as the value of b from the construction of the circle. Then
2 '  tan ( b )  tan (
1 a 1 350
200 )  60.26 CCW
o
Or, using the geometry of the circle. we can compute
2 '  90  2  90  29.74  60.26 CCW

o o o o
Then the angle Φ’ is one-half of 2Φ’.
60.26o
'  30.13o
2
Step 15. The maximum shear stress element is drawn in Figure 11-13(c), rotated 30.13° CCW
from the original x-axis to the face on which the positive τ max acts. The maximum shear stress of
403 MPa is shown on all four faces with vectors that create the two pairs of opposing couples
characteristic of shear stresses on a stress element. Also shown is the tensile stress σ max = 50 MPa
acting on all four faces of the element.

Summary of Results for Example Problem 1 Mohr's Circle
Given σx=440MPa σy= -300MPa τxy=200MPa CW
Results Figures 11-12 and 11-13.
σ1=453MPa σ2= -353MPa Φ=14.87o CW from x-axis
τmax=403MPa σavg=50MPa Φ’=30.13o CCW fron x-axis

Example Problem 2
Given σx=-120MPa σy= 180MPa τxy=80MPa CCW
(a) Draw the initial stress element.

(b) Draw the complete Mohr’s circle, labeling critical points.
(c) Draw the complete principal stress element.
(d) Draw the maximum shear stress element.
Solution:
Results Figures 11-15.
σ1=200MPa σ2= -140MPa Φ=75.96o CCW
τmax=170MPa σavg=30MPa Φ’=59.04o CW

Figure 11-15 Result for Example Problem 11-4, X-axis in the third quadrant.
Example Problem 3
Given σx=-30ksi σy=20 ksi τxy=40 ksi CW

Solution:
σ1=42.17 ksi σ2= -52.17 ksi Φ=61.0o CW
τmax=47.17 ksi σavg=-5.0 ksi Φ’=16.0o CW
Comments : The x-axis is in the fourth quadrant.

Figure 11-16 Result for Example Problem 11-5, X-axis in the fourth quadrant.
Example Problem4
Given σx=220MPa σy=-120MPa τxy=0MPa
Solution:
σ1=220MPa σ2= -120MPa Φ=0o
τmax=170MPa σPROF
avg=50MPa
H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Φ’=45.0o CCW
Fig 11-17 Result for Example Problem 11-5,Special case of biaxial stress with no shear

Example Problem 5:
Given σx=40 ksi σy=0 ksi τxy=0ksi

Solution:
σ1=40 ksi σ2=0 ksi Φ=0o
τmax=20 ksi σavg=20 ksi Φ’=45.0o CCW

Fig 11-18 Results of Example Problem 11-7. Special case of uniaxial tension
Example Problem 6
Given σx=0 ksi σy=0 ksi τxy=40ksi CW
Solution:
σ1=40 ksi σ2=-40

PROF H.ksi
N. PATEL GECV MECHΦ=45 CW
o
τmax=40 ksi σavg=0 ksi Φ’=0o

Fig 11-19 Results of Example Problem 11-8, Special case of Pure shear.

Torsion: Content
 Derivation of equation of torsion,
 Assumptions,
 Application of theory of torsion equation to solid & hollow

circular shaft,
 Torsional rigidity.

Introduction
 Not all deformation is elongational or compressive. The concept of

strain can be extended to inclined shearing or distortional effects.
 The deformation of a circular cylinder rod by surface tractions applied

at the end forces can be studied using basic concepts of continuum
mechanics.
 The formulas for deformation and stresses in circular cylinder of

linear elastic material subjected to torsion are developed .The state of
stress in pure shear and state of strain are analyzed.

Continuum Mechanics Approach
 Solid Mechanics is the study of load carrying members in terms of
forces, deformations and stability.
 The Continuum Mechanics Approach is applied, because the material
properties are taken to be the same even when we consider
infinitesimal areas and volumes.
 Alternative Approach:
 There are many alternative approaches to study solid mechanics.

 Such as from basic equations relating atomic forces and interactions
are used to build up material properties and then extending it to large
sets of such entities.
 For example Molecular Dynamics

Torque
 Twisting moments or torques are forces acting through distance so as

to promote rotation.
 Example:
Using a wrench to tighten a nut in a bolt.
 If the bolt, wrench and force are all perpendicular to one another, the
moment is the force F times the length of the wrench.
 Simple torque : T = F * l
Torsion
 Torsion is the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded by twisting

moments or torques that tend to produce rotation about the
longitudinal axes of the bar.
 For instance, when we turn a screw driver to produce torsion our hand
applies torque ‘T’ to the handle and twists the shank of the screw
driver.

Bars subjected to Torsion
 Let us now consider a straight bar

supported at one end and acted upon
by two pairs of equal and opposite
forces.
 Then each pair of forces P1 and P2 form

a couple that tend to twist the bar
about its longitudinal axis, thus
producing surface tractions and
moments.
 Then we can write the moments as
T1  P1 d1 T2  P2 d 2

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts
 Interested in stresses and strains
of circular shafts subjected to
twisting couples or torques.
 Turbine exerts torque T on the

shaft.
 Shaft transmits the torque to the

generator.
 Generator creates an equal and

opposite torque T.

Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
 Net of the internal shearing stresses is
an internal torque, equal and opposite
to the applied torque,

Tr
�d
F�r

 
 d
A
 Although the net torque due to the
shearing stresses is known, the
distribution of the stresses is not.
 Distribution of shearing stresses is

statically indeterminate – must
consider shaft deformations.
 Unlike the normal stress due to axial

loads, the distribution of shearing
stresses due to torsional loads can not
be assumed uniform.
Axial Shear Components
 Torque applied to shaft produces shearing
stresses on the faces perpendicular to the
axis.
 Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces of
the two planes containing the axis of the
shaft.
 The existence of the axial shear

components is demonstrated by
considering a shaft made up of axial slats.
 The slats slide with respect to each other

when equal and opposite torques are
applied to the ends of the shaft.

Shaft Deformations
 From observation, the angle of twist of the
shaft is proportional to the applied torque
and to the shaft length.
 When subjected to torsion, every cross-

section of a circular shaft remains plane
and undistorted then the bar is said to be
under pure torsion.
 � T
 � L
 Cross-sections for hollow and solid
circular shafts remain plain and
undistorted because a circular shaft is
axisymmetric.
 Cross-sections of noncircular (non-

axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.
Torsional deformation of circular shaft
 Consider a cylindrical bar of

circular cross section twisted by
the torques T at both the ends.
 Since every cross section of the bar
Is symmetrical and is applied to the
same internal torque T we say that
the bar is in pure torsion.
 Under action of torque T the right
end of the bar will rotate through
small angle  known as angle of
twist.
 The angle of twist varies along the
axis of the bar at intermediate cross
section denoted by  ( x ) .
Torsional Deformations of a Circular Bar
 Rate of twist d

dx
 Shear Strain at the outer surface
of the bar
bb | rd
g max    r
ab dx
 For pure torsion the rate of twist
is constant and equal to the total
angle of twist  divided by
the length L of the bar
r
g max  r 
L
For Linear Elastic Materials
 From Hooke’s Law
  Gg
 G is shear modulus of elasticity
 g is shear strain
 From Shear Strain equation :
r
g max  r 
L
 Shear Stress at the outer surface
of the bar :
 max  G r 
 Torsion Formula : To determine the relation between shear stresses

and torque, torsional formula is to be accomplished.
Torsional Formula
 Since the stresses act continously they have a
resultant in the form of moment.
 The Moment of a small element dA located at
radial distance r and is given by
 max 2
dM  r dA
r
 The resultant moment ( torque T ) is the Distribution of stresses
summation over the entire cross sectional area acting on a cross section.
of all such elemental moments.
 max  max
T � dM  r dA 
�
2
Ip
A
r A r
 Polar moment of inertia of circle with radius r
and diameter d p r4 p d 4
Ip  
2 32
 Maximum Shear Stress Tr 16T
PROF  
Ip pd
maxH. N. PATEL GECV MECH 3
Derivation of equation of Torsion
Definition of Torsion: Consider a shaft rigidly clamped at one end and
twisted at the other end by a torque T = F.d applied in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the bar such a shaft is said to be in torsion.
Effects of Torsion: The effects of a Torsional load applied to a bar are

(i) To impart an angular displacement of one end cross – section with
respect to the other end.
(ii) To setup shear stresses on any cross section of the bar
perpendicular to its axis.

Assumptions:
 (i) The materiel is homogenous i.e. of uniform elastic properties

exists throughout the material.
 (ii) The material is elastic, follows Hook's law, with shear stress
proportional to shear strain.
 (iii) The stress does not exceed the elastic limit.
 (iv) The circular section remains circular
 (v) Cross section remain plane.
 (vi) Cross section rotate as if rigid i.e. every diameter rotates through
the same angle.

Example from “Mechanics of Materials” by Gere & Timoshenko
 A solid steel bar of circular cross section has diameter d=1.5in,

l=54in,
G=11.5*106
psi. The bar is subjected to torques T acting at the ends if
the torques have magnitude T=250 lbft .
 a)what is the maximum shear stress in the bar
 b)what is the angle of twist between the ends?
 Solution :
 a)From16Ttorsional formula
16* 250*12
 max    4530 psi
pd 3
p *1.5
3
p d 4 p *1.54
Ip    .4970in 4
32 32
TL 250*12*54
  6
 b) Angle of twist GI pPROF H. N.11.5*10
PATEL GECV MECH

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Simple stresses &

 Normal/axial stresses: Tensile & compressive

 Stresses :Shear and complementary shear

 Strains: Linear, shear, lateral, thermal and volumetric.

 Application of normal stress & strains

When a single force or a system force acts on a body, it

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the

Considering structures as deformable allows determination of

Determination of the stress distribution within a member also

This chapter is concerned with deformation of a structural

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

Bearing Stress: When one object presses against another, it is

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

Members in Uni – axial state of stress

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

 The principle of superposition states that when there are numbers of

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

for the volumetric strain.

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

It states that within elastic limit stress is proportional to strain.

Where E = Young’s Modulus

Modulus of Elasticity (or Young’s Modulus)

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

Modulus of elasticity: Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of stress

Poisson’s ratio: The ratio lateral strain to longitudinal strain produced

Modulus of rigidity: For elastic materials it is found that shear stress is

Bulk modulus: It is defined as the ratio of uniform stress intensity to the

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

 These are the relations which determine the deformations produced

 Relationship between modulus of elasticity (E) and bulk modulus

 Relationship between modulus of elasticity (E) and modulus of

 Relation among three elastic constants:

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

 Treat the additional support as redundant and

 The thermal deformation and the deformation

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

of stress, whereas σn and τ are variables. Consequently, (σx + σy)/2 is a

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

Mohr's circle for

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

4. The radius of the circle to any point on its circumference represents

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

x y  x y 

It has been determined that a point in a load-carrying member is

Perform the following

(a)Draw the initial stress element.

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

Step 3. Point 2 is plotted at ay = -300 MPa and τ yx = -200 MPa in quadrant 3.

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH

The lower side of the triangle,

PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH