National University

College of Architecture
M.F. Jhocson, Sampaloc, Manila

RESEARCH #2
(GROUP HOMEWORK)
Renovation, Additional, Alteration, and Different Types of Doors and
Windows

Submitted by:
GROUP 1
Bataclan, Rey Kevin
Caro, Rishia
Daz, Raine
Dela Cruz, Sean Ferry
Dimapasoc, Erily
Figuracion, Ivy
Gatchalian, Jesriel
Harlan, Gracia
Pile, Lester Ace
Tenedero, Ma. Jhana

Submitted to:
Prof. Hilario P. Gutierrez, M. Arch.

March 26, 2018

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Title Page
2. Table of Contents
3. Renovation
a. Types of Renovation
b. Process of Renovation
4. Additional
a. House Additional to Add More Space
5. Cont. of Additional
6. Alteration
a. Common Examples of Alteration
7. Cont. of Alteration
8. Case Study on Renovation
a. Poblenou Office
b. Tel Aviv Central Promenade Renewal

16. Case Studies on Additional and Alteration

a. Wray Avenue
b. Thomson Road, Beach Office
c. Evan Davies Building

27. Doors

a. Types Of Doors

32. Windows

a. Types Of Windows

40. References

Page 1 of 42
RENOVATION

Renovation, also called as remodeling, is a term that means and

refers to the process of returning something broken, damaged, or outdated
structure into a good state of repair or into something new. Most people
would buy old or run-down properties, mostly houses, and would renovate
them to increase the value. There are two types of renovation, ‘Cosmetic’
or ‘Structural’.

TYPES OF RENOVATION

Cosmetic renovation includes flooring,

updating fixtures and fittings, light landscaping,
painting and other forms of decoration and minor
repairs, and many others.

Structural renovation includes extensions,

loft conversions, construction of a basement,
redesign of floor plan, re-wiring, re-plumbing, and
so on.

Picture 1: Cosmetic Renovation

PROCESS OF RENOVATION

The process of renovation requires a careful preparing before

starting to estimate the costs, interrelated projects that may be carried out
repeatedly or continuously to support an ongoing process and delivering a
successful, problem free project.

First process of renovation is finding a project to get the renovation

started.

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 Financing; finding the costs of a project would be essential as if it
takes a lot of money and find cheaper ways to make the construction
possible.

Condition assessment; it is important to get a detailed assessment

of the condition of the building because in this way, it will be helpful to find
and identify the repairs, type of construction needed and techniques that will
be used.

Secure the building because once a building is left out empty for so
long, it will start to deteriorate, may also be susceptible to vandalism,
trespassing and theft.

Consents are necessary for the project because some projects require
planning permission, title deeds or lease for any other development
restrictions that may apply. The earlier the papers are submitted the better
because some might take several weeks or months to be processed.

Initial construction work and extensions; might include;

treatment of any infestations, demolition work, ensured water and electricity
supply, checking existing drains and other service connections, and securing
the site.

Structural work and extensions; usually begins once building is

stable. Must comply with building regulations, also to ensure the security of
the building from damage during works.

First fix is when the structure works are near completion. Work can
begin on internal stud walls, flooring, fixing ceiling joists, new staircases,
wiring and plumbing, and so on.

Second fix includes fitting lights, sockets, switches, phone cables, tv

points, hanging doors, preparing surface for decorating and so on.

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 Decorating begins with painting, staining, varnishing and so on. It is
important that surfaces are smooth and clean. Tiling of bathrooms and
kitchen should also be done in this stage, as well as any soft floor coverings.

ADDITIONAL

Expansion or extension of a fixed asset such as a building or structure

by constructing new parts or wings.

Renovations and additions can improve the livability and sustainability

of your home with careful planning, thoughtful design and a considered
choice of builder.

House additions come in a few basic types to address homeowners'

needs for living space, cost, and style. House additions range from low-cost,
do-it-yourself sunrooms that only minimally can be called additions to
expensive full-size conventional additions.

HOUSE ADDITION TO ADD MORE SPACES

CONVENTIONAL HOUSE ADDITION

Is a multi-room structure that is built onto the side of a house and which is
permanently open to the main house. When built well enough, a house
addition essentially blends into and becomes the house itself.

BUMP OUT

Is a single room structure built onto the

side of a house meant for a single
function, such as a bedroom or bathroom.
Sometimes it only expands the size of a
single room on the existing house.
Picture 2: Bump Out

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 SUNROOM

Is an addition to the side of the

house that is usually a supplemental
living area. Sunrooms typically can be
closed off from the main part of the
house with doors. Sunrooms are not an
alternative to a conventional addition. Picture 3: Sunroom

Smaller than a full-size addition, sunrooms are most often made of pre-
fabricated materials such as aluminum and thermal-resistant glass and
assembled on-site. Sometimes, sunrooms are stick-built from lumber,
concrete, and other materials used to build the house itself, resulting in a
solidly built living area that visually matches the existing house.

GARAGE CONVERSION

Is a one- or two-vehicle attached garage

that has been turned into a living space by
adding flooring, replacing the garage door
with a solid wall, and installing a ceiling.
Usually, garage conversions become living
rooms or bedrooms.
Picture 4: Garage Conversion

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ALTERATIONS

Existing buildings often undergo alterations during their life to change,

modify or improve their performance or the nature of their use.

Common examples of alterations include:

 Total or partial change of use.

 Extension.
 Partial demolition.
 Linking or separating spaces.
 Making or closing openings.
 Retrofitting a new a component or feature.
 Refurbishing an existing a component or feature.
 Renovating an existing component or feature.
 Repairing an existing component or feature.
 Maintenance.
 Decoration.

Some alterations may require planning permission. Other alterations may

be considered 'permitted developments' for which planning permission is not
required.

Examples of permitted developments include; certain enlargements

or alterations to houses, construction of some sheds and fuel storage
containers, certain porches, doors and windows, and so on. The best way to
determine whether a development is permitted or not is to ask the local
planning authority.

Responsibility for determining panning permissions generally lies

with local planning authorities (usually the planning department of the
district or borough council).

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The building regulations may also apply to alterations. The building
regulations set out:

 What qualifies as ‘building work’ and so falls under the control of

the regulations.
 What types of buildings are exempt (such as temporary buildings).
 The notification procedures that must be followed when starting,
carrying out, and completing building work.
 Requirements for specific aspects of building design and construction,
such as; structure, drainage, fire
safety, conservation of fuel and power, access for people with
disabilities and so on.

Building regulations approvals can be sought either from the building

control department of the local authority or from an approved inspector.

On larger projects, the The Construction (Design and Management)

Regulations (CDM regulations) may also apply. The CDM regulations are
intended to ensure that health and safety issues are properly considered
during a project’s development so that the risk of harm to those who have
to build, use and maintain structures is reduced.

Page 7 of 42
 CASE STUDY
(RENOVATION)

Page 8 of 42
Poblenou Office / estudio COA

Architects: estudio COA

Location: Carrer de Joan d'Àustria, Barcelona, Spain

Category: Offices Interiors

Lead Architects: Clara Ocaña

3d Rendering: Javier Vilaregut

Clients: Agua KMZERO

Area: 90.0 m2

Project Year: 2018

Photographs: José Hevia

Manufacturers: Flos, Santa & Cole, Ikea

With the intention that the atmosphere of their offices took part of
their own identity the goal was to represent their values in the interior
design project. On the one hand, we sought to work with recyclable
materials (ecology), on the other hand, we took advantage of all the
elements of the original industrial architecture (proximity / economy) and
finally, we used glass as an allegory of water and to enhance and contrast
with the rest of materials (quality).

The distribution consists of a diaphanous floor, which was the original

state of the room, where we decided to introduce two boxes, due to the
required program from the client. One box for the management office and
the other one for the meeting room. These two boxes sorted and distribute
the main open space

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t is also worth mentioning the actions of preservation and restoration of all
the original elements as the concrete columns, the metalic beams and the
wooden floor.

The white paint floods the space with natural light and the green
ceiling is a reference to nature according to the identity of the company that
occupies the office.

Last but not least, for the artificial illumination the LED tube has been
used as a suspension lamp on each table of the office, due to its low cost
and formal simplicity.

Picture 5: Plan

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Picture 6: Section

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Tel Aviv's Central Promenade Renewal / Mayslits Kassif Architects

Architects: Mayslits Kassif Architects

Location: Aviv Beach, Tel Aviv, Israel

Category: Renovation

Lead Architects: Ganit Mayslits Kassif, Udi Mayslits Kassif, Maor Roytman

Project Year: 2018

Photographs: Guy Cohen, Aviad Bar-Ness, Elad Gonen

Buildings Built Area: 3,500 m2

Total Intervention Area: 150,000 m2

Client: Atarim Company for Tel Aviv Municipality

The current renovation project aimed to transform this historical

blockade by creating a new continuous interface that enables free pedestrian
flow to and from the sandy beach, throughout the city's central waterfront.
Moreover, serving as the main waterfront public space of the entire
metropolitan area, the new promenade and its sitting-terraces were
designed to offer a generous array of seats and relaxation opportunities
along the seafront, in order to host a great many new visitors and create a
hospitable and lively public domain for this large dense urban area.

By creating a continuous stretch of sitting-stairs and ramps all along

the waterfront, and redesigning the disused rooftops of the existing beach
buildings and turning them into welcoming urban balconies, the physical
rupture between the city and the sea was mended. In order to create a
sense of hospitality, the promenade was extended towards the beach with
terraced sitting platforms and large shaded areas, as well as new

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recreational areas which hold sports facilities, various game courts,
playgrounds and relaxation areas under the palms.

By utilizing careful structural and detailed design, the project's

environmental footprint was minimized, accessibility in all aspects was
achieved, and a liminal urban 'new ground' was created. An in-between zone
where swimsuits and business suits are mixed together in an urban space
that doesn’t comply with any one code, it's a unique design that is abstract
and open to multiple interpretations, reflecting Tel Aviv's unique urban
character.

Following other regeneration projects along Tel Aviv's coastline, the

newly renovated promenade is commonly considered the most
transformative project among them, due to the radical change it made in the
relation between the city's built fabric and its primary natural resource – the
sea. The new promenade became a host to over 9 million visitors a year, a
record number compared to Israel's population of only 9 million.

Page 13 of 42
Page 14 of 42
Page 15 of 42
 CASE STUDY
(ADDITIONAL AND
ALTERATION)

Page 16 of 42
WRAY AVENUE
Location: Wray Avenue, Fremantle, Western Australia
Type: Residential Alteration + Addition
Status: Development Approval Received
Client: Private
Scope: Concept Design, Design Development, Development Approval

Page 17 of 42
 Braham Architects were engaged to help a lovely couple with their four
childrenmake a change to experience inner-city Fremantle living. Wray
Avenue is one of the most historically important residential streets in
Fremantle, with a strong existing character and aesthetic. As there was
already an existing residence on the site, we looked to effectively and
economically use the existing structure, whilst also re-imagining the
residence conceptually to create new spaces and a completely new facade
system.

The proposed form takes cues from the strong heritage character of
the surrounding residences to create a contemporary building which is
respectful of form, scale and street rhythm. This has led to a simple twin
gable form, with both gables and the rooms which they encase having
their own distinctive character. The western shape will be solid, encasing the
master bedroom of the residence, with a thin articulated opening
on the street-side facade. The eastern shape will be the same size, scale and
proportions, but will be visually permeable, creating and enclosing a light-
filled, expressive front deck area.

Moving the front facade toward the street has allowed the residence to
create usable space on the Wray Avenue frontage. This will allow the
residents to utilise their future front deck at a higher level, but close to the
footpath, encouraging engagement with the community and increased safety
on the street.

As with all heritage projects we undertake, Braham Architects begin

the process with a detailed understanding of the strong bones of a building
and its surrounding context and work forward with that at the foundation of
the design. We look forward to the completion of this project, and for the
families positive transition into the next stage of their lives.

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THOMPSON ROAD, NORTH FREMANTLE - BEACH OFFICE

Location: 100 Thompson Road, North Fremantle, Western Australia

Type: Residential Alteration + Addition
Status: Stage 1 of Construction Completed 2017
Client: Private
Scope: Concept Design, Design Development, Development Approval,
Documentation, Contract Administration

All photographs copyright Braham Architects: © 2018 and Nicholas

Putrasia

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 The North Fremantle, Beach Office is the first stage of a 2 stage
building process for a growing family in North Fremantle, to turn their small
heritage cottage with multiple era additions into a consolidated and site
responsive forever home. Situated on a tight site filled with challenging
opportunity, the initial component aims to provide, shelter, storage, parking,
workshop and home office whilst connecting with the tree lined laneway and
allowing for a home business to flourish. Rather than simply adding a home
office at this stage and considering stage 2 later, the complete design was
designed and approved in order to ensure a future homogeneous home.

The proposed residence seeks to extend the existing heritage cottage

in a sympathetic and intelligent way, to create space for a young family to
grow. Braham Architects, in close collaboration with the client, have taken
inspiration from the vibrant, eclectic mix of building typologies and uses in
the surrounding North Fremantle area to create an addition which is
contemporary, but also mindful and considerate of heritage and history.

The design intent was to use the traditional vernacular to create a

morphing roofline, reflecting the pitched roofs, lean‐tos and overlaying
aesthetic of historical Fremantle. This contemporary addition allows multiple
pockets of green space to enter the proposed living spaces, maintaining
amenity while referencing the surrounding light industrial courtyard
aesthetic.

Another key design consideration was the two-‐way dialogue between

house and the adjacent laneway, emphasizing a community aesthetic with
indirect surveillance. The proposed living areas are specifically designed to
both bring the garden into the house, and incorporate the laneway and
surrounding North Fremantle community into the lives of its inhabitants.

Page 20 of 42
Page 21 of 42
EVAN DAVIES BUILDING / MARKET STREET ACTIVATION FREMANTLE

Location: Cnr Market and Collie Street, Fremantle

Type: Ideas Competition
Client: The City of Fremantle

All imagery and related intellectual property are strictly copyright Braham
Architects, 2015.

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 In November 2015, Braham Architects were invited to participate in an
ideas competition for the corner site at Market and Collie Streets, Fremantle.

Our overall master-plan was to strengthen the connection between the

busy South Terrace cafe strip, and The Esplanade, which is Fremantle City's
primary green space. Currently the road is relatively barren and void of the
vibrancy for which Fremantle is famous. Our proposal designates the
southern edge of Collie street as a tree-lined promenade, linking South
Terrace to the park with a suggestive green overhead passage. This offers a
more enticing, human scaled journey between South Terrace, Esplanade and
the fishing boat harbour, whilst also disguising the adjacent five-story car-
park and cinema complex. Through this strategy we intended to support,
complement and direct towards The Esplanade space.

Our proposal began by removing the unsuccessful elements of the site

and shifting the service access to a new and limited frontage elevation on
Collie Street.

This move encourages Market Street to become the primary street of

the majority of tenants on the site, improving legibility of the area. The clear
strategy of situating the primary access and address for the upstairs venue

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to Market Street both strengthens the street and the the engagement with
existing and proposed venues.

A detailed study of both the historical and existing aspects of the site
and wider area revealed a strong precedent in simple balcony structures
creating edge conditions. This led us to propose a scheme which
acknowledged the important of the Collie/Market St junction by completing
the corner at height with a lightweight, transparent steel structure, evoking
the cast iron balconies of the past. Whilst creating this edge, we preserve
the amenity of the interior space, allowing natural light and ventilation to the
site whilst allowing for the possibility of staging and raised infrastructure to
support activity in the area.

Finally, In order to support the intensified areas of the site, along with
the improved activity on Market Street, we proposed a raised urban
“Laneway”, creating a dynamic, visible, and versatile first floor space and
roof terrace, connecting with the wider Fremantle city-scape.

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Doors

A door is the main component of the house. It is an openable barrier

at the entrance of the house, room or other spaces that allow people, vehicle
and other goods to enter and leave. It is held in position by the door frame,
the members of which are located at the sides and top of the opening
doorway. Expanding a narrow doorway can open up space and make your
home feel bigger.

Here we describe the function of door:

 The main function of door is to maintain privacy and safety inside the
room or house when it is closed.
 Doors provide connecting link between the various internal rooms
of the house.
 It gives an aesthetic view to the house.
 Open door provides lighting and ventilation to various rooms in the
house.
 It controls the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing it,
excluding air drafts so that interiors may be more effectively heated or
cooled.
 It also acts as noise barrier when there are chances of too much noise
outside of the house.
 It is used to screen areas of a house for aesthetic purposes, keeping
formal & utility area separate.
 Open door allows people and animals entering the house.
 The house doors used to manage the physical atmosphere inside
a room, so that heating or cooling of interiors may become more
effective.
 It also plays a significant role in preventing the spread of fire or
smoke.

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  It is equipped with locking mechanisms, which allow entrance to only
selected people and hence keep out others is also the function of door.

Types of Doors Based on Location:

When you design your house, it is important to know where the door
can be placed. Based on location of doors, doors are classified in following
ways:

01. Interior Door:

Interior door do more than just separate rooms and provide privacy. It
comes in the variety of styles and made of variety materials.

02. Exterior Door:

Exterior door allows entrance to or exit from a house. They are generally
made of steel or wood.

Types of Doors Based on Materials:

Knowing the types of doors material available can help you make a better
decision for the doors for your house. The doors are made of different
materials like wood, steel, aluminum, glass, PVC, etc. Based on material
used for construction of doors, they are classified in following ways:

01. Wooden or Timber Door:

Wooden or Timber door is primarily used for interior door applications. These
doors provide soundproofing, insulation or security. They are easy to install
and clean.

02. Glass Door:

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Glass door add richness, beauty and light to any doorway in your home. Cut
glass panel fit into the wooden frames are beautiful option for front doors.
The disadvantage of this door is that they are easily broken.

03. Steel Door:

Steel door is used in interior as well as exterior application. These doors

have a steel face with a foam core for insulation. They are very strong as
compared to other doors.

04. PVC Door:

PVC door is light in weight and easy to use. They come in variety of designs
and colours and look beautiful. These doors do not corrode and do not need
much maintenance. But it is not scratch proof.

05. Fiberglass Door:

Fiberglass door is most commonly used for exterior application. This door
has many design options and can be easily molded into most of shapes and
style. These doors are durable and hard.

06. Aluminum Glazed Door:

Aluminum door with glass panel is most commonly used in commercial

applications. They are strong, durable and used as security door.

Types of Doors Based on Operation of Door Shutter:

Based on operation of door shutter, the doors are classified in following

ways:

01. Rolling Shutter Door:

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Rolling Shutter Door is mostly used in garages and shops. These are very
strong and offer proper safety.

02. Folding Door:

Folding door is used singly or as folding partitions so that two rooms may be
used together as a single room or separately.

03. Sliding Door:

Sliding door is mostly used in offices. These doors have one or more sliding
shutter based on opening available.

04. Swinging Door:

Swinging door is mostly used in offices. These doors have its shutter
attached to the frame by means of double action springs. Hence shutter can
move both inward and outward.

05. Revolving Door:

Revolving door is mostly used in heavy traffic areas i.e. public buildings,
hospitals, etc. These doors revolve about one side of the shutter and get
closed automatically.

06. Collapsible Door:

Collapsible door is used for the main entrance of the residential buildings,
shops, godowns, etc. These doors can be opened or closed by slight pull or
push.

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Types of Doors Based on Method of Construction:

Before you choose any type of doors for your house, you should know the
method of construction. Based on methods of construction, doors are
classified in following ways:

01. Panel Door:

Panel door is most commonly used inside house. This door may be
constructed with 2, 4 or 6 panels. Panel can be made of plywood,
blockboard, veneer, glass, wood, etc.

02. Flush Door:

Nowadays, the flush door is most commonly used in house. This door has a
joint less surface on both the sides.

03. Louvered Door:

Louvered door is used when privacy with natural ventilation and quietness
for rest is desired. The Louvers are made of glass, timber or plywood.

04. Wire Gauzed Door:

Wire Gauzed door is widely used in house for preventing the insects and
mosquitoes from entering into the house. This door is provided in kitchens,
canteens, cupboards used for food storage, refreshment rooms, hotels,
sweet shops etc.

Types of Doors Based on Arrangement of Door Components:

Based on arrangements of door components, the doors are classified in

following ways:

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 01. Battened and Ledged Door

02. Battened, Ledged and Braced Door

03. Battened, Ledged and Framed Door

04. Battened, Ledged, Framed and Braced Door

Nowadays, these types of doors are not used because the wood is not easily
available and is highly costly.

Windows

Windows have to fulfil functional as well as esthetical tasks. They

dominate the appearance of a building with their form, structure and
placement on the envelope.

Design criteria, function

In addition to the classical functions of windows, like the protection

against the weather, daylighting, supply of fresh air and the connection to
the outside, they have meet thermal and acoustical requirements.

Protection against the weather: The requirements concerning

mechanical stress, joint permeability and resistance to heavy rain are
defined within the national German code DIN18055. The joint permeability
means the air leakage through the window and frame and is defined by the
joint permeability coefficient. The coefficient describes the airflow, which is
exchanged between the interior and exterior per meter joint length at a
reference barometric pressure dif-ference of 10 Pa. The requirements
towards heavy rain demands that no water enters the interior when
simultaneously exposed to rain and wind.

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 Daylight: A sufficient level of daylight reduces the energy demand
and also provides visual comfort to the user. To guarantee a sufficient level
of daylight, the windows have to meet minimal requirements in size and
orientation. Further parameters of influence are the room geometry and the
surrounding buildings (see Daylight, Tool Shading by Overhangs). Energetic
disadvantages have to be omitted when optimising a buildings day lighting
potential by enlargement of the glazing area. The energy savings due to
reduced amount of electrical lighting an possibly solar gains have to be
weight against the increased transmission loss.

Ventilation: Windows are used for natural ventilation of rooms. They

have to provide sufficient controlled air exchange and have to minimise
the infiltration and exfiltration caused by uncontrolled air exchange through
a careful design (see Ventilation).

Usage of solar energy: In minimising the heating energy demand of

buildings windows can play an important role in optimising the passive solar
gains. A positive energy balance, i.e. higher passive solar gains than
transmission heat losses, is only accomplished by windows with low U-
values and high solar heat gain coefficients (SHGC). An ideally oriented
building and suitable designed shading devices are a necessary condition to
accomplish this goal. South orientated windows are preferable. The energy
input into the building with this orientation is smaller compared to east or
west orientated windows and is easily controllable by simple shading
devices, because in summer the incident angle of the solar radiation is very
high. Whereas in winter the low standing sun maximises the solar energy
gain and reduces therefore the heat energy demand of the building.

Sound insulation: Noise imposes a health risk for human beings.

Long-term exposure greatly increases the risk for heart and circulatory
diseases. To protect the human being from external noise, windows have to

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fulfil requirements concerning airborne sound insulation defined in the
national German code DIN 4109. Parameters influencing the sound
insulation properties of a window are on the one side the sound insulation
properties of the window pane and frame itself, and on the other side the
airtight construction of the seal of the casement and the joints. The sound
insulation of the glazing increases with increasing thickness (weight per
area), damping capacity of the space between the panes, and the number of
panes.

Thermal insulation: Heat transmission and airtightness (Glossary)

characterise the thermal insulation qualities of a window during winter. The
heat transmission is defined by the overall heat transmission
coefficient UW which again is defined by the heat transmission coefficients of
the glass Ug and the frame Uf and of a length related heat transmission
coefficient G The airtightness is characterised by the joint permeability
coefficient a. The thermal transmission coefficient decreases with increasing
numbers of panes, decreasing thermal conductivity of the fluid in the space
between the panes and with decreasing emissivity of the coating of a
pane. The thermal insulation during summer is also influenced by the solar
heat gain coefficient of the window pane. An excess of solar energy input
has to be avoided using additional shading devices.

Security: security guidelines are divided into active and passive

measures. Passive security deals with the protection of the human being
during the usage (Opening, closing, cleaning). Active security means the
protection against theft or direct attacks.

Different Types of Windows in House

The windows are an essential part of the house. It also provides

light, fresh air and ventilation in the house. Windows are often arranged,

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also for the purposes of architectural decoration. It allows light into the
room, enhance your wall colours or furniture. It provides solar heating in
the winter, insulation against heat loss and in some cases against sound,
too, if properly designed acoustically.

There are different types of windows that make up the construction of

the house. There are so many different options available that it can be pretty
overwhelming to try to pick out the right one for your needs. The shapes of
windows can be square, rectangular, octagonal and even triangular also.
Some windows open to the side and some slide up. Most styles
of windows are available in a number of different materials.
Traditionally, windows were made of timber, but now steel, aluminium, PVC,
are also popular. The windows are classified in following ways, based on
their

Types of Windows Based on Material:

When you design your home, it is important to know which types of

materials are used in the construction of windows. Based on the material,
windows are classified in following ways:

01. Timber or Wooden Windows:

Timber or wooden windows give a beautiful look to your home. It offers

good thermal performance and natural beauty to your house. They are
costly as compared to other types of windows; particularly when made in
teak.

02. Glass Windows:

Glass windows provide daylight, particularly even when closed. These

windows are mainly used in residential as well as in public buildings as an
architectural feature.

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 03. Metal Windows:

Generally, the mild steel is used for making of metal windows. They are less
costly as compared to wooden windows.

04. UPVC Windows:

Nowadays UPVC Windows are the most popular types of windows. They
protect your house from noise, dust and rain. UPVC windows are more
durable and will last for many years.

05. Fiberglass Windows:

Fiberglass windows are very strong and are highly resistant to external
weather conditions. It requires low maintenance.

Types of Windows Based on Position of Window:

When you design your home, it is important as to where to place the

windows. Based on the position, windows are classified in following ways:

01. Bay Windows:

Bay windows make the room appear larger and create the attractive
appearance to the interior as well as the exterior of the home. These types
of windows provide increased area of the opening, so that admit more light
and ventilation from different directions.

02. Corner Windows:

As the name suggests, corner windows are placed at the corner of the room.
These types of windows provide light and ventilation from the directions at
right angles to each other.

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 03. Dormer Windows:

Dormer windows are vertical windows provided on the sloping roof. The
dormer has its own roof, which may be flat, arched, or pointed. Dormer
windows are also known as rooftop windows.

04. Skylight Windows:

Skylight windows are fixed on the sloping surface of the roof. They are
usually provided with glass panels.

05. Clerestory Windows:

Clerestory windows admit light into a house from an upper level by adding
complete stories. They look elegant. They provide more and uniform light in
the room.

06. Circular Windows:

As the name suggests, circular windows are circular in shape and pivoted on
the central axis. These windows are commonly used in factories for the
purposes of admitting light and air.

Types of Windows Based on Operational Movement of Windows:

Based on operational movement, windows are classified in following ways:

01. Fixed Windows:

Fixed windows do not open; they can either be located on exterior walls to
admit natural light or set into interior walls. These types of windows come in
varieties of shapes and sizes.

02. Double Hung Windows:

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A double hung window has two sliding shutters, one above the other. We
can open the windows on top or at the bottom to our required level.

03. Horizontal Sliding Windows:

Horizontal sliding windows have two or more sashes that overlap slightly but
slide horizontally within the frame. It can slide easily.

04. Folding Windows:

Folding windows consist of several panels whose frames are hinged to one
another. It opens and closes by sliding horizontally, resembling an
accordion.

05. Pivoted Windows:

Pivoted windows are very commonly used in hospitals, hostels, offices, etc.
They are unique in the sense that half the window opens inside, and half
outside.

06. Awning Windows:

Awning windows are hinged at the top and swing outward from the bottom.
It allows ventilation even during the light rain.

Types of Windows Based on Construction or Form of Shutter:

Based on the construction of shutter, windows are classified in following

ways:

01. Louvered Windows:

Louvre windows allow unrestricted views while maintaining the ventilation

option. These types of windows are commonly recommended for the
bathroom, W.C., and other areas where privacy is the main consideration.

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 02. Casement Windows:

These are the windows, the shutters of which open like doors. Casement
windows are secure, energy-efficient and attractive. Casement windows are
easy to open.

03. Panel Windows:

Panelled windows are very old types of windows and popular, even today.
These types of windows have single, double, three or six panels. Sometimes,
windows are a half panel and half glazed, too.

04. Glazing Windows:

In this kind of window, panels are fully glazed i.e. of glass. Glazing windows
are made of glass panels either with shutter frames of wood, aluminium,
etc. It provides superior transparency as compared to panel window.

05. Partially Panel and Partially Glazed Windows:

These types of windows are most commonly used in residential buildings.

These windows provide natural lighting or to make the interior of one room
visible from another. The ratio of the glazed portion to panel portion is kept
2:1.

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REFERENCES

1. Alterations to Existing Building. (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Alterations_to_existing_buil
dings?fbclid=IwAR0WocppiQD5tPbTKdlDZet5Wt4sHtX2KjQtvrnuU5L27r
73alSRNHv1kl4

2. Renovation. (2019). Retrieved from

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Renovation?fbclid=IwAR3z
p26HkVr_5YhxPuBqHyB6unlfLlRp2TgjC7fy0JKchFZG8bZxSr-VcZk

3. Types of House Addition. (2018). Retrieved from

https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-house-additions-1821124

4. Function of Door in A House. (2018). Retrieved from

https://gharpedia.com/function-of-door/

5. Different Types of Doors. (2018). Retrieved from

https://gharpedia.com/types-of-doors/

6. Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nesa1.uni-

siegen.de/wwwextern/idea/keytopic/7.htm

CASE STUDIES

1. Thomson Road, North Fremantle – Beach Office. (2018). Retrieved

from http://www.brahamarchitects.com/north-fremantle

2. Evan Davies Building/ Market Street Activation Fremantle. (2015).

Retrieved from http://www.brahamarchitects.com/evan-davies-
competition

3. Wray Avenue. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.brahamarchitects.com/wray-avenue

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4. Poblenou Office/ estudio COA. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.archdaily.com/913143/poblenou-office-estudio-coa

5. Tel Aviv’s Central Promenade Renewal/ Mayslits Kassif Architects.

(2019). Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/913023/tel-avivs-
central-promenade-renewal-mayslits-kassif-architects

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