University OF Duhok

College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department

Thermodynamics Lab

Experiment (2) : Thermal equilibrium

Name: Hassan Waheed Zubair

Date of experiment: 4/11/201

Date of submitting: 18/11/2018

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Content :

Introduction ……………………….……. 3

Purpose and material ………………… 4

Description of equipment ………...……. 5

Procedure…………………………….….. 6

Calculation …………………………….... 7

Conclusion and Discussion ………….….8

Work sheet ……………………….…… 9

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Introduction:

Thermal equilibrium, Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if

there is no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected
by a path permeable to heat. Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of
thermodynamics. A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the
temperature within the system is spatially and temporally uniform.

Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are always in thermal equilibrium, but

the converse is not always true. If the connection between the systems allows
transfer of energy as heat but does not allow transfer of matter or transfer of
energy as work, the two systems may reach thermal equilibrium without
reaching thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Purpose :

The purpose of this experiment is verifying thermal equilibrium principle and

to know how thermal equilibrium work and how to rich the thermal
equilibrium.

Equipment and material:

1. Temperature sensor (Thermometer)

2. 150gm of cold water and 150gm of hot water

3. Calorimeter

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Description of Equipment

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Procedure:

In this experiment we mixed cold water with hot water and waited
until equilibrium. We followed the steps in below to do that :

1. We prepared 150gm of cold water (mw=150gm) and measured

its temperature (T1)
2. We measured the calorimeters mass (mc) and then fill the
calorimeter with hot 150gm of hot water and measured its
temperature (Th)
3. After the temperature of both sample have been measured, we
mixed both samples then wait until two samples of water reach
the equilibrium "the temperature stop changing". Then we
measured the equilibrium temperature (T2).
4. Calculate the energy loss and gain
5. Calculate the equilibrium temperature (T2) practically, then
compare it with theoretical value.

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Calculation :

Energy loss and energy gain :

ΔE(gain) = mw(T2-T1)C

ΔE(loss) =(mh C+mc Cc)(T2-Th)

ΔE(gain) = ΔE(loss)

C= specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal/gm.C

mc= specific heat capacity of calorimeter = 0.215 cal/gm.C

Equilibrium temperature (T2)

𝑇ℎ+𝑇𝑐
T2=
2

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Conclusion and Discussion :

In this experiment we learn how to rich thermal equilibrium.

Thermal equilibrium :

In this experiment we are working to rich thermal equilibrium, in this

experiment we need to use the cold water, hot water, calorimeter and
thermometer to rich thermal equilibrium. Firstly we have to prepare
cold water and put hot water into calorimeter and measure the
temperature of both cold and hot water then mix them with each
other and wait a few minute then measure the temperature witch is a
thermal equilibrium temperature.