Chap 1 To 5 PDF

CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
I. INTRODUCTION
Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of television signals, including the sound
channel, using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier television technology, analog
television, in which the video and audio are carried by analog signals. It is an innovative
advance that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color
television in the 1950s. Digital TV makes more economical use of scarce radio
spectrum space; it can transmit multiple channels in the same bandwidth occupied by a
single channel of analog television, and provides many new features that analog television
cannot. A switchover from analog to digital broadcasting began around 2006 in some
countries, and many industrial countries have now completed the changeover, while other
countries are in various stages of adaptation.
The Philippines uses the American NTSC standard for analog television since color
television arrived in November 1966. The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC)
announced in June 2010 that the Philippines would use the Japanese ISDB-T standard for
digital television, and issued a circular stating that the country's broadcasters must
discontinue their analog services by the transition deadline of 11:59 p.m. (Philippine
Standard Time, UTC+8) on December 31, 2015. But due to delay of the release of the
implementing rules and regulations for digital television broadcast, the target date was moved
on 2020 or April 30, 2023. Preparation for the transition to digital television commenced with
an issuance of Executive Order 546, series of 1979 and Republic Act 3846 or the Radio
Control Law as amended by the local governing body for broadcast services, the NTC
adopted the said order to promulgate rules and regulations in order to facilitate the entry of
digital broadcast services in the Philippines and implement a specific standard for the delivery
of DTT services.
Subsequently organizing two technical working groups for the purpose of directing the
governing body in the selection of appropriate DTT standard and upon the commendation of
investors in the broadcast business, comprising the local broadcasters group, the Kapisanan
ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas, and the NTC, issued Memorandum Circular 02-06-2010 on
June 11, 2010, implementing the standard for digital terrestrial television broadcast service.
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II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The residence in the Province of Negros Occidental is experiencing
fading, snow, and ghosts by using an analog technology. REALM DTV
decided to build a digital television to produce a crystal-clear picture and
sound without fading or interference.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN

A. General objective:
To design a Digital Terrestrial Television Transmission Broadcasting in the
Province of Negros Occidental employing all the principles, theories and ideas we
learned.
B. Specific Objectives:
 To apply the knowledge, we have learned from Broadcast Engineering subject.
 To select exact and appropriate equipments suitable for the design.
 To broadcast multiple channels with different programming.
IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The main relevance of this study is to introduce the fundamental principles

of digital television transmission. The design will serve as the preparation of the
students as future engineers in planning and designing a reliable digital
television transmission that complies with the standard set by the government.
It can provide a better understanding of the principles, necessary measures and
guidelines in the implementation of the study. Furthermore, it intends to help
upcoming ECE students to familiarize themselves in the basic concepts of digital
terrestrial television broadcasting.
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V. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The design is subjected to the following scopes and delimitations.

a) Scope
 The area of the design was chosen in the Province of Negros occidental and
nearby provinces.
 The designers assumed that they were the first company to establish a Digital
Television Broadcasting in the said area.
 The frequency channel or allocation used was based on the frequency assigned
by the NTC.
 Information about the site was obtained based on reliable internet website such as
PAG-ASA.
 Costing of all equipments was included.
 Only computations for reverberation time and ERP are required.
 Coverage areas and other computations are provided by Nautel RF Toolkit.
b) Delimitation
 No actual field survey was made.
 Return of Investment was not included.
 No permits and licenses are required for the design.
 Soil testing was not done to prove the integrity of the soil.
 Electrical and architectural layouts are not included in the design.
VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Additional information - Information that is transmitted using part of the control information
carrier.
Antenna – a physical transmission device that transmits and/or receives electromagnetic waves.
It is specifically designed for the reception of over the air broadcast television signal.
Authorized Frequency - the carrier frequency authorized by the National Telecommunications
Commission.
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Bandwidth – the range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting
signal.
Carrier symbol - A symbol per OFDM carrier.
Channel - a television channel is a broadcast frequency or virtual number over which a television
station or television network is distributed.
Connected signal transmission - A type of transmission of ISDB-TSB signals arranged without
a guard band.
Constraint length - Number obtained by adding 1 to the number of delay elements in a
convolutional coder.
Continuity book - A daily file of all commercials, in chronological order, to be broadcast on a
radio or TV station.
Control information - Information other than MPEG-2 TS that assists the receiver in
demodulation and decoding operations.
Crosstalk – an undesired signal occurring in one channel by an electrical signal in another
channel.
Data segment - Data group that corresponds to the effective carrier. This is an elementary block
for channel coding.
Daytime – refers to that period of time between 0500 GMT+8 – 1800 GMT+8.
Digital terrestrial broadcasting - Digital broadcasting and high-definition television
broadcasting from among the various standard television broadcasting systems using the
terrestrial basic broadcasting stations.
Digital terrestrial sound broadcasting - Digital broadcasting among various types of ultra-high-
frequency-wave broadcasting carried out with terrestrial basic broadcasting stations.
Decibel (dB) – unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical
signal by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale.
Dead Air – it’s a broadcasting term for silence, perhaps resulting from a dead microphone.
Dead Spot – also termed as broadcast commercial or program not aired, or sometimes black
space. It’s an area where broadcast reception is weak; also called dead space.
Effective Radiated Power - the product of the transmitter power multiplied by (a) the antenna
power gain or (b) the antenna field gain squared.
Experimental Period – it’s the period between 12 midnight to 5:00 A.M local standard time. This
period may be used for experimental purposes in testing and maintaining apparatus by the
licensee of any broadcast station on its assigned frequency and not in excess of its authorized
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power, provided no interference is caused to other stations maintaining a regular operating
schedule within such period.
Electric Field (E-Field) - An electric field or E-field is an effect produced by an electric charge
that exerts a force on charged objects in its vicinity.
Earphones - A device reproduces sound and is worn over the ears; more commonly called
headphones or a headset.
Equalizer - A process that attempts to enhance the quality of a recording by filtering out distortions
and other undesirable elements.
FFT sampling frequency - FFT sampling frequency for model receivers used to form multiple
frame patterns
Gain – usually expressed in decibels, indicates how well the antenna focuses energy from a
particular direction, in comparison with a standard reference antenna.
Hierarchical layer information - Channel-coding parameter information on each layer in
hierarchical transmission.
Hierarchical transmission - Simultaneous transmission of multiple OFDM segments that are
channel-coded differently.
High-definition television (HDTV) – it’s a system with higher resolution, or pictorial clarity, and
other qualities that are superior to techniques currently used by U.S. television stations. In HDTV,
more lines per picture frame are transmitted than is standard (525 lines per frame in the United
States), resulting in sharper, more vivid images.
IFFT sampling frequency - IFFT sampling frequency for OFDM modulation on the
transmission side.
Interstitial programming - The placement of short programs between full-length programs. For
example, Home Box Office (HBO) and other movie channels schedule programs of about 2 to 25
minutes between the full-length movies.
ISDB-T - Digital terrestrial television broadcasting system in which transmission bands consist
of 13 OFDM segments.
ISDB-TSB - Digital terrestrial sound broadcasting system in which transmission bands consist
of one or three OFDM segments.
Mode - Identification of transmission mode based on the spacings between OFDM carrier
frequencies.
Model receiver - Virtual receiver used to arrange transmission TSPs on a multiplex frame.
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Multiplex frame - Frame that is provided for signal-processing purposes and is used to re-
multiplex MPEG-2 TSs to create a single TS. This frame is identical to an OFDM frame in terms
of duration.
Multiplexing – in its simplest sense, multiplexing implies that two or independent sources of
information are combined for carriage over a single medium, namely, the radio frequency carrier,
and then separated at the receiving end.
Necessary bandwidth - A 6-MHz-wide frequency band in the case of digital terrestrial
television broadcasting.
Night-time - refers to that period of time between 1800 GMT+8 - 0600 GMT+8.
OFDM frame - Transmission frame consisting of 204 OFDM symbols.
OFDM segment - Basic band (1/14 of television-channel bandwidth) for transmission signals,
generated by adding control-signal carriers to data carriers. OFDM segment also means signal
processed to make up a frame.
OFDM symbol -Transmission symbol for the OFDM transmission signal.
Out-of-band domain - The frequency range, immediately outside the necessary bandwidth but
excluding the spurious domain, in which out-of-band emissions generally predominate. In the
case of digital terrestrial television broadcasting, the out-of-band domain is within +/-15 MHz
from the center frequency of the necessary bandwidth (the frequency of the boundary between
the out-of-band and spurious domain is included in the spurious domain).
Out-of-band emission - Emission on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the
necessary bandwidth resulting from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions.
Partial reception - Reception of only one OFDM segment at the center of a group of segments.
Polarization – also called wave polarization, and an expression of the orientation of the lines of
electric flux in an electromagnetic field. It can be constant that is, existing in a particular orientation
at all times, or it can rotate with each wave cycle.
Radiation Pattern - refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio
waves from the antenna or other source.
Segment number - Number used to identify 13 OFDM segments and their corresponding data
segments.
Seismic motion warning Information - The information regarding seismic motion warning
conducted based on the regulation of Clause 1 of Article 13, the Meteorological Service Act (Act
No. 165 of 1952) Although seismic motion warning is generally called “Earthquake Early
Warning,” this standard uses the term “Seismic Motion Warning,” as is the case with the
Ordinance and Notifications referred to.
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Spurious domain - The frequency range beyond the out-of-band domain in which spurious
emissions generally predominate.
Spurious emission - Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary
bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding
transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic
emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-
band emissions.
Subchannel number - ISDB-TSB tuning step with a virtual bandwidth of 1/7 MHz
Transmission TSP - 204-byte packet formed by adding 16-byte parity to 188-byte MPEG-2
TSP
Terrestrial multimedia broadcasting - Multimedia broadcasting carried out with terrestrial
basic broadcasting stations.
Unwanted emissions - Consist of spurious emission and out-of-band emissions.
Wavelength -The wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. It is
commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ).
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CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF THE
SITE
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I. OVERVIEW THE PROVINCE
A) Brief Description
Negros Occidental Province is situated in the west and north of Negros Island,
neighboring Visayan Sea in the north, Tanon Strait and Negros Oriental Province in the
east, Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait in the west and Sulu Sea in the south. As the 7th
largest province in the country, it boasts a total landmass of 7,926.1 square kilometers.
There are plains and slight slopes in the north and west, and a range of mountains in the
east.
The province consists of 13 cities, 20 municipalities and 661 barangays, with its
capital named Bacolod. The population is 2,497,261(data of 2015), the 7th largest of the
country. The mainly used languages are Hiligaynon and Cebuano.
The major industries are sugar manufacturing, fishery, copper mining and cottage
industry. The province enjoys such fame as "the Sugar Bowl of the Philippines", and the
sugar manufacturing is the mainstay of its economy. It has 15 sugar mills, with Victorias
Mill being the world's largest integrated sugar mill and refinery. A fishing industry is found
in Cadiz City, and other fishponds dot the province. One of the country's largest copper
mines is located in Sipalay City. There also exists a cottage industry which produced
handicrafts made from indigenous materials.
B) Brief History of Negros Occidental
Negritos, Malayans and Chinese have long inhabited the island of Negros before
the 1565 expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Because of the strong current of the
channel between the islands of Cebu and Negros, the Spaniards were forced to land on
the Occidental side. This island was called Buglas by the natives, but because the
Spaniards saw many black inhabitants, they named it Negros.
The Spaniards considered the island of Negros as one province with Bacolod as
the Capital. In 1856 it was changed to a politico-military district. Constant pirate raids,
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very poor defenses and the distance of the important towns from the capital caused
thirteen Recollect priests to petition for the division of the Island.
After thirteen years, on January 1890 a royal decree prompted the Governor
General ValerianoWeyler to establish Negros Oriental as a district and a separate
political unit with Dumaguete as capital. When the Philippine Revolution, which broke
out in 1896, reached the province in 1898, the functions of the government were
disrupted by the bloodshed and chaos. Unfortunately, it was at this time that Gen.
Pantaleon Villegas (Leon Kilat) of Bacong, one of our fabled revolutionary leaders was
treacherouslymurdered in Cebu.
In the last quarter of 1898, Negros Oriental was stirred into action to support the
revolution. Inspired and organized under the strong and able leadership of Don Diego
de la Vina, an army composed primarily of farm laborers, marched to Dumaguete to
liberate it.
In 1901 the civil government was established under Don Demetrio Larena as
Governor. In 1934 Negros Oriental became a corregimiento, a separate military district.
After 10 years of transition or Commonwealth period, independence for Philippines was
promised on July 4, 1946.
Four delegates from Negros Oriental were sent to the Constitutional Convention.
The economic condition in the Philippines was good. Negros Oriental was directly
benefited as a producer of sugar and copra. Forest resources were vast and sawmill
acquired modern machineries. This was complemented with reforestation. Abundance
of marine life especially in the southern portion attracted big Japanese fishermen with
better equipment.
The Bais Sugar Central was constructed to manufacture centrifugal sugar and
alcohol. Under the American regime, roads were improved and bridges were built.
Transportation companies sprung up and limited Cebu lines were in operation. News of
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the bombing of Pearl Harbor started preparations by Filipinos and Americans against
Japanese aggression with emergency committees and agencies.
On May 26, 1942 the Japanese landed in a deserted Dumaguete whose

residents had fled to the mountains. In their evacuation sites, residents made a
concerted effort to become self sufficient. President Manuel L. Quezon, escaping from
possible capture during WW II came to Dumaguete enroute to Northern Mindanao.
Through the USAFFE forces, 75th Infantry Regiment and the American Forces,
the Japanese were defeated on August 6, 1945. Thus rehabilitation of a devastated
province and economy started. People joined forces to achieve this goal. Municipal
governments were started. Schools were reopened and the economy flourished. Under
different governors, Negros Oriental developed into what it is now. Industries have
increased, crops have been diversified. With the opening of the Geothermal Power
Plant in Puhagan Valencia, Negros Oriental has improved its industrial potential in
opening more plants and sugar mills.
One hundred years after its founding in 1890, Negros Oriental celebrated its
Centennial in 1990 with a bang. Yearlong activities commemorated this momentous
event. Tourism has increased and the province now moves towards a more energetic
future in terms of its economy with a 10-year development plan.
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C. The Province of Negros Occidental
Fig.2.1 Location Map of Negros Occidental
Location : NIR (unofficially Region XVIII)

Founded : 01 January, 1890
Capital : Bacolod City
Country : Philippines
Coordinates : 10°25′N, 123°00′E
Archipelago : Visayas
Area : 7,802.54 km2 (3,012.58 sq mi)
No. of Brgy. : 662
Population : 2,497,261
Density : 320/km2 (830/sq mi)
Density rank : 22nd out of 81
Zip Code : 6100–6132
Spoken languages : Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Filipino, English
Municipalities : 19
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City or municipality District Population ±% p.a. Area Density Brgy Coordinates
(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°40′34″N
Bacolod † lone — 561,875 511,820 1.79% 162.67 62.81 3,500 9,100 61 122°57′05″E
10.6762°N 122.9513°E
10°32′20″N
Bago ∗ 4th 6.8% 170,981 163,045 0.91% 401.20 154.90 430 1,100 24 122°50′12″E
10.5389°N 122.8366°E
10°11′48″N
Binalbagan 5th 2.7% 67,270 65,431 0.53% 189.96 73.34 350 910 16 122°51′56″E
10.1968°N 122.8656°E
10°57′16″N
Cadiz ∗ 2nd 6.2% 154,723 151,500 0.40% 524.57 202.54 290 750 22 123°18′21″E
10.9545°N 123.3058°E
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(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°35′38″N
Calatrava 1st 3.2% 80,624 79,009 0.39% 504.50 194.79 160 410 40 123°28′35″E
10.5940°N 123.4763°E
9°49′40″N 122°38′32″E
Candoni 6th 0.9% 21,789 21,336 0.40% 191.70 74.02 110 280 9
9.8278°N 122.6422°E
9°58′21″N 122°37′27″E
Cauayan 6th 4.1% 102,165 96,921 1.01% 520.00 200.77 200 520 25
9.9724°N 122.6242°E
10°52′37″N
Enrique B. Magalona
3rd 2.5% 62,921 59,434 1.09% 113.25 43.73 560 1,500 23 122°58′53″E
(Saravia)
10.8770°N 122.9814°E
10°50′28″N
Escalante ∗ 1st 3.8% 94,070 93,005 0.22% 192.76 74.43 490 1,300 21 123°29′57″E
10.8412°N 123.4992°E
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(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°06′00″N
Himamaylan ∗ 5th 4.3% 106,880 103,006 0.71% 367.04 141.71 290 750 19 122°52′12″E
10.1000°N 122.8700°E
10°16′27″N
Hinigaran 5th 3.4% 85,602 81,925 0.84% 154.92 59.81 550 1,400 24 122°51′07″E
10.2742°N 122.8519°E
9°36′05″N 122°28′10″E
Hinoba-an (Asia) 6th 2.3% 56,819 54,624 0.75% 414.50 160.04 140 360 13
9.6013°N 122.4694°E
10°01′26″N
Ilog 6th 2.3% 57,389 54,423 1.02% 281.70 108.76 200 520 15 122°46′05″E
10.0239°N 122.7681°E
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(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°12′13″N
Isabela 5th 2.5% 62,146 59,523 0.82% 178.76 69.02 350 910 30 122°59′17″E
10.2036°N 122.9881°E
9°59′25″N 122°48′59″E
Kabankalan ∗ 6th 7.3% 181,977 167,666 1.57% 697.35 269.25 260 670 32
9.9904°N 122.8164°E
10°25′31″N
La Carlota ∗ 4th 2.6% 64,469 63,852 0.18% 137.29 53.01 470 1,200 14 122°55′21″E
10.4253°N 122.9224°E
10°19′23″N
La Castellana 5th 3.0% 74,855 71,013 1.01% 185.22 71.51 400 1,000 13 123°01′07″E
10.3230°N 123.0187°E
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(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°57′21″N
Manapla 2nd 2.2% 54,845 52,687 0.77% 112.86 43.58 490 1,300 12 123°07′26″E
10.9558°N 123.1239°E
10°16′13″N
Moises Padilla
5th 1.7% 41,386 39,257 1.01% 144.10 55.64 290 750 15 123°04′26″E
(Magallon)
10.2703°N 123.0740°E
10°36′24″N
Murcia 3rd 3.3% 81,286 75,207 1.49% 279.14 107.78 290 750 23 123°02′25″E
10.6066°N 123.0404°E
10°22′04″N
Pontevedra 4th 2.1% 51,866 47,945 1.51% 112.50 43.44 460 1,200 20 122°52′13″E
10.3678°N 122.8703°E
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(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°31′08″N
Pulupandan 4th 1.1% 27,735 25,350 1.73% 23.00 8.88 1,200 3,100 20 122°48′12″E
10.5188°N 122.8034°E
10°53′46″N
Sagay ∗ 2nd 5.9% 146,264 140,740 0.74% 330.34 127.54 440 1,100 25 123°24′55″E
10.8960°N 123.4154°E
10°34′38″N
Salvador Benedicto 1st 1.0% 25,662 23,624 1.59% 170.50 65.83 150 390 7 123°13′14″E
10.5772°N 123.2206°E
10°28′57″N
San Carlos ∗ 1st 5.3% 132,536 129,981 0.37% 451.50 174.33 290 750 18 123°25′06″E
10.4824°N 123.4183°E
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(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°24′44″N
San Enrique 4th 1.0% 23,907 23,189 0.58% 28.84 11.14 830 2,100 10 122°51′17″E
10.4121°N 122.8547°E
10°47′52″N
Silay ∗ 3rd 5.1% 126,930 120,999 0.92% 214.80 82.93 590 1,500 16 122°58′23″E
10.7977°N 122.9730°E
9°45′00″N 122°24′07″E
Sipalay ∗ 6th 2.8% 70,070 67,403 0.74% 379.78 146.63 180 470 17
9.7500°N 122.4019°E
10°44′14″N
Talisay ∗ 3rd 4.1% 102,214 97,571 0.89% 201.18 77.68 510 1,300 27 122°58′02″E
10.7372°N 122.9673°E
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(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
10°42′56″N
Toboso 1st 1.7% 42,114 41,658 0.21% 117.33 45.30 360 930 9 123°31′02″E
10.7155°N 123.5172°E
10°27′41″N
Valladolid 4th 1.5% 37,833 36,416 0.73% 48.03 18.54 790 2,000 16 122°49′27″E
10.4614°N 122.8241°E
10°53′46″N
Victorias ∗ 3rd 3.5% 87,933 88,299 −0.08% 133.92 51.71 660 1,700 26 123°04′21″E
10.8962°N 123.0726°E
Total 2,497,261 2,396,039 0.79% 7,802.54 3,012.58 320 830 662
Negros Occidental comprises 19 municipalities and 13 cities, further subdivided into 662 barangays. It has the most chartered cities among all the
provinces in the Philippines. Although Bacolod City serves as the capital, it is governed independently from the province as a highly urbanized city.
 † Provincial Capital and Highly Urbanized City

 ∗ Component City
 Municipality
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II. TOPOGRAPHY
The province is characterized by low but serrated mountain ranges, most parts are close to
the shoreline. The highest mountain is Canlaon Volcano at a peak of 2,465 meters. It is an active
volcano that marks the northern boundary of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental.
Negros Occidental is located in the western side of Negros Island, the fourth largest island in
the Philippines with a total land area of 792,607 hectares or 7,926.06 sq. kms. The province is
approximately 375 kilometers long from north to south.
It is bounded by the Visayan Sea in the north, Panay Gulf on the west, Tanon Strait and
Negros Oriental province on the east and Sulu Sea on the south. Negros is basically volcanic,
making its soil ideal for agriculture. Eighty percent of all arable land is cultivated.
III. WEATHER CONDITIONS
Negros Occidental's climate is generally pleasant with a dry season from December to May
and rainy season from June to November.
The warmest months are April and May and the coolest are from December to February. The
average temperature is 26 degrees C/80 degrees F.
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A)
Fig. 3.1 Average Temperatures And Precipitation
B)
Fig. 3.2 Cloudy, Sunny, and Precipitation Day
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C)
Fig. 3.3 Wind Speed
IV. TRANSMITTER SITE LOCATIONS

Transmitter Sites
A. Main Transmitter
Latitude 10° 52' 45.53"N
Longitude 123° 23' 52.94"E
Sagay, officially the City of Sagay, is a 2nd class city in the Philippines, in
the province of Negros Occidental, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
146,264 people.
Sagay can be identified in the map of Negros Occidental because of its "ice-cream cone"
shape sliced from the northern tip of Negros. It is bounded in the north by Asuncion Pass and
the Visayan Sea; the City of Talisay and Municipality of Calatrava in the south; cities
of Cadiz and Silay in the west and the City of Escalante and Municipality of Toboso in the east.
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The name of the city comes from the semi-spherical shell called "sigay", which can be found
in the area.
Fig. 4.1 Main Transmitter Site
B. Secondary Transmitter
Latitude 09° 44' 14.30"N

Longitude 122° 40' 21.55"E
Candoni, officially the Municipality of Candoni, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Negros
Occidental, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 21,789 people.
In 2007, Candoni was the least populated municipality in Negros Occidental with 0.9% share in the
total population of the province. The town is about 131 kilometres (81 mi) south-south-west of the Provincial
Capitol, Bacolod City.
Fig. 4.2 Main Transmitter Site
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
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I. ROUTE AND SITE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
 Must have completed preliminary facility planning

 Operational requirements
 Traffic studies (system’s capacity)
 Potential expansion
 Reliability requirements
 Cost studies
 Google Map & aerial photographs are sources of preliminary studies
 Final site selections are made base on field
II. SITE CONSIDERATIONS
 A full description of each site by geographical coordinates, political

subdivision, access roads and physical objects with which it can be
identified.
 Unusual weather conditions.
- Max wind velocity and range of temperature
- Rain and Fog
 Physical characteristics
- Leveling required, removal of rocks, trees or other structures.
 Check if site is a potential obstruction to air traffic.
 Full description for an access road from the nearest improved road.
 Nearest location of commercial electric power.
 Security
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III. FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS
 The frequency allocation is based on the channel plan

given by National Telecommunication Commission.
IV. EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
 Tower considerations
- The size and weight of the antenna and the transmission line
system.
- The height of the tower must be enough in order to avoid
obstructions.
- The anticipated wind loading was identified under
harsh condition and additional loading.
- The required antenna beam stability.
- Soil bearing capacity. The amount of land and type of
soil for the erection of the tower must also be considered
for any ground movement to prevent the tower from
swaying.
- Configuration of tower.
 ANTENNA CONSIDERATIONS
- Operating frequency is applicable for 653.143MHZ
- Capacity of antenna to resist wind pressure.
- Antenna diameter.
V. LIGHTNING CONSIDERATIONS
 All equipment susceptible to high current will be

sufficiently grounded and bonded
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 All ground support system will contain the appropriate
conductive paths for lightning currents.
 All cable harnesses will have an over-shield, which is ground at both
ends.
VI. POWER CONSIDERATIONS
 Stand-by power equipment should be provided at

microwave terminals or active repeater locations to maintain
system operation in the event of a commercial power failure.
 The stand-by power source may be batteries, engine-
generator or in some cases thermoelectric generator, fuel
cell or solar energy.
VII. STUDIO CONSIDERATIONS

 Sound Isolation
- Should be considering the internal and external noise
sources, which can be greatly affecting the noise levels
in building.
 Site Selection
- The required internal and external noise climate in
broadcasting studio set up depends a lot on the site
location.
- All the perceived noise levels in a chosen site depend
on the intensity of the noise source and should be
measured to a certain range of the background sound
levels.
 Site Planning
- There should be proper orientation of the building to
reduce noise exposure of occupied and critical spaces.
29
- The noise sensitive spaces such as studios should be
placed as far away as possible from external and
internal noise sources.
 General Purpose and theatre Type Studios
Size
- Has a large volume up to for participants, furniture and
apparatus.
- A maximum clear height over the working part of the
studio of 26ft must be provided to elaborate the
lighting grid and the cyclorama scenery gear.
Control Room
- Each Studio must be provided with four control rooms
for vision, sound, lighting and camera controls. An
apparatus room is also provided.
- Have other room such as make up rooms, changing
room and property room.
Lighting
- The studio set up must be flexible enough to provide
room for the lighting grid.
Ventilation
- Has adequate ventilation to reduce dissipated heat to
the studio.
- Has conditioning system to lower down the
temperatures to comfortable levels.
30
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN
COMPUTATIONS
31
I. LINE LOSS CALCULATION
Transmission Line Loss (TLL)

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑑𝐵
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (1.41 )𝑥(160𝑚)
100𝑚
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝒅𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
Antenna Input Power
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 400 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 − 237.936 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑨𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
Effective Radiated Power
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (167.064 𝑊)𝑋(20.18)
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕𝟏 𝑲𝑾
Power Lost in Line

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐿𝑜𝑔−1 ( 10 )
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
400
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
2.256 𝑑𝐵
𝐿𝑜𝑔−1 ( 10 )
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
32
Line Efficiency
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
167.064 𝑊
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100%
400 𝑊
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐%
LINE LOSS COMPUTATIONS
Transmission Line Loss (TLL) 2.256 dB or 237.96 W

Antenna Input Power 167.064 W
Effective Radiated Power 3.371 KW
Power Lost in Line 237.96
Line Efficiency 42%
Fig. 4.1 Summary of Line Loss Computations
II. REVERBERATION TIME

A measure if the acoustic properties of a room, equal to the time taken for
a sound to fall in intensity by 60 dB. It is usually measured in seconds. Tendency
for the sound to persist over definite period of time after it has been produced
originally and stopped the source.
𝑉
RT60 = Where: RT60 = Reverberation Time
20𝐴
V = Volume of the space
A = Total absorption of space surface
ISO 3382-2:2008 specifies methods for the measurement of reverberation time in ordinary
rooms. It describes the measurement procedure, the apparatus needed, the required number of
measurement positions, and the method for evaluating the data and presenting the test report.
The measurement results can be used for correction of other acoustic measurements, e.g. sound
pressure level from sound sources or measurements of sound insulation, and for comparison with
requirements for reverberation time in rooms.
33
STUDIO 1
125 Hz
Nature of Area (sq. Absorption Sound
Material
Surface ft.) Coefficient Absorption
Floor, wood,
Floor 656.27 0.15 98.4405
varnished, uncovered
Ceiling tile, USG
Ceiling 656.27 0.55 360.9485
Nubby
Wood, hardwood,
Wall 1 698.79 0.58 405.2982
1/4" plywood paneling
Wood, hardwood,
Wall2 466.39 0.58 270.5062
Wood, hardwood,
Wall 3 742.17 0.58 430.4586
Wood, hardwood,
Wall 4 466.39 0.58 270.5062
Glass, double
Door 1 43.38 0.35 15.183
strength pane
Fabric seat, per
Audience 164.07 2.5 410.175
person
Total 2261.5162
Fig. 4.2.1 Summary of Calculations for 125 Hz
250 Hz
Material
Floor, wood,
Floor 656.27 0.11 72.1897
varnished, uncovered
Ceiling tile, USG
Ceiling 656.27 0.89 584.0803
Nubby
Wood, hardwood, 1/4"
Wall 1 698.79 0.22 153.7338
plywood paneling
Wall2 466.39 0.22 102.6058
plywood paneling
Wall 3 742.17 0.22 163.2774
plywood paneling
Wall 4 466.39 0.22 102.6058
plywood paneling
Glass, double
Door 1 43.38 0.25 10.845
strength pane
Fabric seat, per
Audience 164.07 3.5 574.245
person
Total 1763.5828
34
500 Hz
Material
Floor Floor, wood, varnished,
656.27 0.1 65.627
uncovered
Ceiling Ceiling tile, USG Nubby 656.27 0.73 479.0771
Wall 1 Wood, hardwood, 1/4"
698.79 0.07 48.9153
plywood paneling
466.39 0.07 32.6473
plywood paneling
742.17 0.07 51.9519
plywood paneling
466.39 0.07 32.6473
plywood paneling
Door 1 Glass, double strength
43.38 0.18 7.8084
pane
Audience Fabric seat, per person 164.07 4.2 689.094
Total 1407.7683
1000 Hz
Nature of Absorption Sound
Material Area (sq. ft.)
Surface Coefficient Absorption
Floor, wood, varnished,
Floor 656.27 0.07 45.9389
uncovered
Wall 1 698.79 0.04 27.9516
plywood paneling
Wall 2 466.39 0.04 18.6556
plywood paneling
Wall 3 742.17 0.04 29.6868
plywood paneling
Wall 4 466.39 0.04 18.6556
plywood paneling
Glass, double strength
Door 1 43.38 0.12 5.2056
pane
Total 1576.7742
35
2000 Hz
Material

Floor 656.27 0.06 39.3762
uncovered
Wall 1 698.79 0.03 20.9637
plywood paneling
Wall 2 466.39 0.03 13.9917
plywood paneling
Wall 3 742.17 0.03 22.2651
plywood paneling
Wall 4 466.39 0.03 13.9917
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.07 3.0366
pane
Audience Fabric seat, per person 164.07 5 820.35
Total 1662.4347
4000 Hz
Material

Floor 656.27 0.07 45.9389
uncovered
Wall 1 698.79 0.07 48.9153
plywood paneling
Wall2 466.39 0.07 32.6473
plywood paneling
Wall 3 742.17 0.07 51.9519
plywood paneling
Wall 4 466.39 0.07 32.6473
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.04 1.7352
pane
Total 1736.3948
36
Computation of Reverberation Time.
@ 125 Hz
𝑉 15,071.97 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.333
20𝐴 20(2261.516 𝑓𝑡)
sec
@ 250 Hz
sec
𝑉 15,071.97 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.427
20𝐴 20(1763.583 𝑓𝑡)
sec
@ 500 Hz
𝑉 15,071.97 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.535
20𝐴 20(1407.768 𝑓𝑡) sec
@ 1000 Hz
𝑉 15,071.97 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.478 sec
20𝐴 20(1576.774 𝑓𝑡)
@ 2000 Hz
𝑉 15,071.97 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.453 sec
20𝐴 20(1662.435 𝑓𝑡)
@ 4000 Hz
𝑉 15,071.97 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.434
20𝐴 20(1763.39 𝑓𝑡)
sec
37
Fig. 4.2.7 Reverberation Time Graph for Studio 1
125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000Hz

0.333 0.427 0.434 0.453 0.478 0.535
Fig. 4.2.8 Table of Summary
38
STUDIO 2
125 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
Surface Coefficien Absorption
t
Floor 15,413.27 0.15 2311.9905
uncovered
Ceiling Ceiling tile, USG Nubby 15,413.27 0.55 8477.2985
Wall 1 2,948.68 0.58 1710.2344
plywood paneling
Wall 2 2,717.04 0.58 1575.8832
plywood paneling
Wall 3 2,992.06 0.58 1735.3948
plywood paneling
Wall 4 2,717.04 0.58 1575.8832
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.35 15.183
pane
Total 22111.0676
250 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 15,413.27 0.11 1695.4597
uncovered
Wall 1 2,948.68 0.22 648.7096
plywood paneling
Wall 2 2,717.04 0.22 597.7488
plywood paneling
Wall 3 2,992.06 0.22 658.2532
plywood paneling
Wall 4 2,717.04 0.22 597.7488
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.25 10.845
pane
Total 24519.4554
39
500 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 15,413.27 0.16 2466.1232
uncovered
Wall 1 2,948.68 0.17 501.2756
plywood paneling
Wall 2 2,717.04 0.17 461.8968
plywood paneling
Wall 3 2,992.06 0.17 508.6502
plywood paneling
Wall 4 2,717.04 0.17 461.8968
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.05 2.169
pane
Total 23014.247
1000 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 15,413.27 0.07 1078.9289
uncovered
Wall 1 2,948.68 0.04 117.9472
plywood paneling
Wall 2 2,717.04 0.04 108.6816
plywood paneling
Wall 3 2,992.06 0.04 119.6824
plywood paneling
Wall 4 2,717.04 0.04 108.6816
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.12 5.2056
pane
Total 26079.7234
40
2000 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 15,413.27 0.06 924.7962
uncovered
Wall 1 2,948.68 0.03 88.4604
plywood paneling
Wall 2 2,717.04 0.03 81.5112
plywood paneling
Wall 3 2,992.06 0.03 89.7618
plywood paneling
Wall 4 2,717.04 0.03 81.5112
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.07 3.0366
pane
Total 27796.2071
4000 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 15,413.27 0.07 1078.9289
uncovered
Wall 1 2,948.68 0.07 206.4076
plywood paneling
Wall 2 2,717.04 0.07 190.1928
plywood paneling
Wall 3 2,992.06 0.07 209.4442
plywood paneling
Wall 4 2,717.04 0.07 190.1928
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.04 1.7352
pane
Total 27787.5004
41
@ 125 Hz
𝑉 353,981.22 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.800 sec
20𝐴 20(22111.068 𝑓𝑡)
@ 250 Hz
𝑉 353,981.22 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.722 sec
20𝐴 20(24519.455 𝑓𝑡)
@ 500 Hz
𝑉 353,981.22 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.769 sec
20𝐴 20(23014.247 𝑓𝑡)
@ 1000 Hz
𝑉 353,981.22 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.679 sec
20𝐴 20(26079.723 𝑓𝑡)
@ 2000 Hz
𝑉 353,981.22 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.635 sec
20𝐴 20(27796.207 𝑓𝑡)
@ 4000 Hz
𝑉 353,981.22 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.637 sec
20𝐴 20(27787.50 𝑓𝑡)
125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000Hz

0.800 0.722 0.769 0.679 0.637 0.635
42
STUDIO 3
125 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 1,630.21 0.15 244.5315
uncovered
Wall 1 936.14 0.58 542.9612
plywood paneling
Wall 2 877.81 0.58 509.1298
plywood paneling
Wall 3 979.52 0.58 568.1216
plywood paneling
Wall 4 877.81 0.58 509.1298
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.35 15.183
pane
Total 4304.5524
250 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 1,630.21 0.11 179.3231
uncovered
Wall 1 936.14 0.22 205.9508
plywood paneling
Wall 2 877.81 0.22 193.1182
plywood paneling
Wall 3 979.52 0.22 215.4944
plywood paneling
Wall 4 877.81 0.22 193.1182
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.25 10.845
pane
Total 2448.7366
43
500 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 1,630.21 0.16 260.8336
uncovered
Wall 1 936.14 0.17 159.1438
plywood paneling
Wall 2 877.81 0.17 149.2277
plywood paneling
Wall 3 979.52 0.17 166.5184
plywood paneling
Wall 4 877.81 0.17 149.2277
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.25 10.845
pane
Total 3038.9969
1000 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 1,630.21 0.07 114.1147
uncovered
Wall 1 936.14 0.04 37.4456
plywood paneling
Wall 2 877.81 0.04 35.1124
plywood paneling
Wall 3 979.52 0.04 39.1808
plywood paneling
Wall 4 877.81 0.04 35.1124
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.12 5.2056
pane
Total 3820.027
44
2000 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t
Floor 1,630.21 0.06 97.8126
uncovered
Wall 1 936.14 0.03 28.0842
plywood paneling
Wall 2 877.81 0.03 26.3343
plywood paneling
Wall 3 979.52 0.03 29.3856
plywood paneling
Wall 4 877.81 0.03 26.3343
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.07 3.0366
pane
Total 4058.2807
4000 Hz
Absorptio
Nature of n Sound
t

Floor 1,630.21 0.07 114.1147
uncovered
Wall 1 936.14 0.07 65.5298
plywood paneling
Wall 2 877.81 0.07 61.4467
plywood paneling
Wall 4 877.81 0.03 26.3343
plywood paneling
Door 1 43.38 0.07 3.0366
pane
Total 4154.9242
45
@ 125 Hz
𝑉 37,439.323 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.435
20𝐴 20(4304.552 𝑓𝑡)
sec
@ 250 Hz
𝑉 37,439.323 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.764 sec
20𝐴 20(2448.737 𝑓𝑡)
@ 500 Hz
𝑉 37,439.323 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.616 sec
20𝐴 20(3038.997 𝑓𝑡)
@ 1000 Hz
𝑉 37,439.323 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.490 sec
20𝐴 20(3820.027 𝑓𝑡)
@ 2000 Hz
𝑉 37,439.323 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.461 sec
20𝐴 20(4058.281 𝑓𝑡)
@ 4000 Hz
𝑉 37,439.323 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
RT60 = = = 0.451 sec
20𝐴 20(4154.924 𝑓𝑡)
125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000Hz

0.435 0.451 0.616 0.490 0.461 0.451
46
CHAPTER 5
TABLE, GRAPHS
and FIGURES
47
I. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Fig. 5.1 Network Architecture
The Audio and Video signals are converted to SDI (Serial Digital Interface) signal. This
SDI signal is coded and compressed in MPEG-4 becoming a Transport Stream(TS). The TS
packet has 188 Bytes made up of the HEADER and PAYLOAD. This TS packet will be fed to
a remultiplexer. The input MPEG-4 Streams will be processed and transformed into either
another MPEG-4 Stream Format or a proprietary vendor-specific stream format. Then it will be
fed on a DVB Scrambler. This is done to enable accurate timing recovery on receiver
equipment without resorting to redundant line coding. It facilitates the work of a timing recovery
circuit, an automatic gain control and other adaptive circuits of the receiver (eliminating long
sequences consisting of '0' or '1' only). And that is where the Headend Part stops. Then for the
transmission, the signal from the DBV scrambler will be fed to the DTTV modulator/exciter and
then to an RF Amplifier. After amplifying the signals, it will be fed to a Directional Coupler to
combine the signals, usually a 4-way channel combiner is use. The signal will then be fed to
the RF Band Pass Filter then to the Transmitter then ready for transmission. The signal will be
transmitted through air and will be receive by the antennas of the receiving costumers. Signal
will pass the Costumer’s Set Top Box for turning the source signal into content in a form that
then be displayed on the television screen.
48
II. COVERAGE AREA
The coverage area was determined by using an online software called Nautel RF
Tool that was recommended by our instructor. The areas with white spots inside the
coverage areas still have signals.
Fig. 5.2 Coverage Area in Negros Occidental
49
III. NAUTEL RF TOOL
A. Main Transmitter (Along AE Maraňo St., Sagay City)
Fig. 5.3.1 Main Transmitter Specification
50
Fig. 5.3.2 Coverage Are of Main Transmitter
51
B. Second Transmitter Site (Brgy. Agboy, Candoni City)
Fig. 5.3.3 Second Transmitter Specification
52
Fig. 5.3.2 Coverage Are of Second Transmitter
53
IV. REVERBERATION TIME GRAPH
Reverberation Time Graph

0.9
0.8 0.8
0.764 0.769
0.7 0.722
0.679
0.616 0.635 0.637
Reverberation Time
0.6
0.535
0.5 0.49
0.478
0.435 0.461
0.453 0.451
0.434
0.4 0.427
0.333
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz
STUDIO 1 STUDIO 2 STUDIO 3
Fig. 5.4 Reverberation Time Graph
This graph shows that studio 1 has the set of lower values of reverberation
times while Studio 3 has set of higher values than Studio 1. This graph also shows that
Studio 2 has higher set of values among the three studios. The greater the volume of a
studio, the higher the reverberation time. Volume and area affects the value of
reverberation time and volume affects the absorption coefficient of a certain material.
54
V. PROGRAMME SCHEDULE
WEEKDAYS WEEKENDS
Time Slot Programme Time Slot Programme
Philippine National 5:00 – 5:03 Philippine National Anthem
4:00 – 4:03
Anthem 5:03 – 5:10 Signing On
4:03 – 4:10 Signing On 5:10 – 5:15 Station I.D
4:10 – 4:15 Station I.D 5:15 – 6:00 James Muri Documentary
4:15 – 5:00 James Muri Documentary 6:00 – 7:00 Salamat Mambubulong
5:00 – 8:00 Mayong Aga Katropa! 7:00 – 7:30 Angelie Wings
8:00 – 9:00 Liezl’s Tik-Talk 7:30 – 8:00 The Adventures of Papeng
9:00 – 11:30 Sine Katropa! 8:00 – 8:30 True-Ru--Ruth
11:30 – 12:30 Sana Dalawa Ang Baga 8:30 – 10:30 Damu Matun-an
12:30 – 15:00 It’s Negros Oksi Time! 10:30 – 12:00 Sine Katropa!
15:00 – 16:00 Ka-Tanda
12:00 – 15:00 Dinagyang Ta
16:00 – 17:00 Hadto Diin
15:00 – 16:00 Ipaglaban Sa-aton
17:00 – 18:00 The ECE Sisters
16:00 – 17:00 Saging Split
18:00 – 19:30 Negros Patrol
17:00 – 18:00 Negros Patrol
19:30 – 20:15 Ang Negrense
20:15 – 21:00 Amoy Mandirigma 18:00 – 19:30 Wansapantasya
Mabuot nga Bata nga 19:30 – 20:30 Negrense Got Talent
21:00 – 21:45 20:30 – 21:30 Mahandum Mo Pako
Lalaki
21:45 – 22:30 Itum 21:30 – 22:15
Nakikit-an Ko Ang Imo
Ini nga Gab-I Upod si Tingog
22:30 – 23:00 22:15 – 22:45 Mayong Gab-I Negros Oksi
Erwin, Katropa Usap Ta!
23:00 – 23:30 Bandila 22:45 – 0:30 Inday Shopping Ta!
23:30 – 00:30 Inday Shpping Ta! 0:30 – 4:00 Signing Off for Monday
00:30 – 4:00 Signing Off 0:30 – 5:00 Signing Off for Saturday
Fig. 5.1 REALM DTV Programme Schedule
55
VI. ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
Absorption coefficient (Þ) in sabins, per square foot surface area

1000 2000 4000
Surface Material 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz
Hz Hz Hz
Air, per 1000 cuft @ 50%

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 2.30 7.20
relative humidity
Audience, hard seats, per
0.10 0.19 0.24 0.39 0.38 0.30
person
Audience, theatre fabric
2.50 3.50 4.20 4.60 5.00 5.00
seats, per person
Brick, unglazed, bare 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07
Brick, unglazed, painted 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03
Carpet, 1/8" pile, on slab 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Carpet, 1/4" pile, on slab 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.30 0.50 0.55
Carpet, 3/8" pile, on foam
0.10 0.24 0.57 0.69 0.71 0.80
pad
Ceiling tile, standard 0.10 0.28 0.66 0.91 0.82 0.69
Ceiling tile, Sonex Vision
0.08 0.24 0.73 0.96 0.98 0.99
melamine foam
Ceiling tile, USG
0.52 0.50 0.67 0.95 0.94 0.99
Acoustone
Ceiling tile, USG Nubby 0.55 0.89 0.73 1.03 1.11 1.07
CMU, bare 0.45 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.40
CMU, painted 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08
CMU, 4" Soundblox type
0.18 0.64 1.02 0.72 0.80 0.58
RSC, painted
0.48 0.99 0.98 0.58 0.70 0.64
RSC, painted
0.57 0.76 1.09 0.94 0.54 0.59
RSC, painted
CMU, 12" RPG
0.76 0.51 0.57 0.34 0.24 0.26
Diffusorblox, painted
Fabric, light velour, 10
oz/sqyd, hung straight in 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.35
contact with wall
Fabric, medium velour, 14
oz/sqyd, pleated to half 0.07 0.31 0.49 0.75 0.70 0.60
coverage
56
Fabric, heavy velour, 18
oz/sqyd, pleated to half 0.14 0.35 0.55 0.72 0.70 0.65
coverage
Floor, concrete, bare 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02
Floor, resilient tile / vinyl /
0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
rubber, on concrete
0.15 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07
uncovered
Floor, wood parquet, on
0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07
concrete
0.35 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.07 0.04
pane
Glass, 1/4" plate 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
Glass, 1/4" laminated 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02
Gypsum board, 1/2" on 2x4
0.10 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03
@ 16" oc, painted
Gypsum plaster, rough
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03
finish on lath
Gypsum plaster, smooth
0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03
finish on lath
Sonex, 2" thick foam
0.08 0.25 0.61 0.92 0.95 0.92
wedges
0.14 0.43 0.98 1.03 1.00 1.00
wedges
0.20 0.70 0.98 1.06 1.01 1.00
wedges
Tectum III, 3.5"x48"x96"
0.16 0.23 0.49 0.78 0.88 0.88
structural roof panel
Tile, glazed, also marble
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
wall facing
Wood, oak door 0.58 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.07
0.58 0.22 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.07
plywood paneling
0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.11
plywood paneling
Wood, cedar, T&G roof
0.24 0.19 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.10
decking
Water, pool surface 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03
57

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CHAPTER 1

III. OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN

IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The main relevance of this study is to introduce the fundamental principles

The design is subjected to the following scopes and delimitations.

VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS

B) Brief History of Negros Occidental

On May 26, 1942 the Japanese landed in a deserted Dumaguete whose

Fig.2.1 Location Map of Negros Occidental

Location : NIR (unofficially Region XVIII)

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

(2015) (2010) km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Total 2,497,261 2,396,039 0.79% 7,802.54 3,012.58 320 830 662

 † Provincial Capital and Highly Urbanized City

III. WEATHER CONDITIONS

Fig. 3.1 Average Temperatures And Precipitation

Fig. 3.2 Cloudy, Sunny, and Precipitation Day

Fig. 3.3 Wind Speed

IV. TRANSMITTER SITE LOCATIONS

Latitude 10° 52' 45.53"N

Longitude 123° 23' 52.94"E

Fig. 4.1 Main Transmitter Site

Latitude 09° 44' 14.30"N

Fig. 4.2 Main Transmitter Site

 Must have completed preliminary facility planning

II. SITE CONSIDERATIONS

 A full description of each site by geographical coordinates, political

 The frequency allocation is based on the channel plan

IV. EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS

 All equipment susceptible to high current will be

VI. POWER CONSIDERATIONS

 Stand-by power equipment should be provided at

VII. STUDIO CONSIDERATIONS

Transmission Line Loss (TLL)

𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝒅𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Antenna Input Power

𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 400 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 − 237.936 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑨𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒂 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟎𝟔𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Effective Radiated Power

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛

Power Lost in Line

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

LINE LOSS COMPUTATIONS

Transmission Line Loss (TLL) 2.256 dB or 237.96 W

II. REVERBERATION TIME

A = Total absorption of space surface

Floor, wood, varnished,

Floor, wood, varnished,

125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000Hz

Fig. 4.2.15 Reverberation Time Graph for Studio 2

125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000Hz

Floor, wood, varnished,

Fig. 4.2.23 Reverberation Time Graph for Studio 3

125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000Hz

Fig. 5.1 Network Architecture

Fig. 5.2 Coverage Area in Negros Occidental