Basi

csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

PRACTI
CAL:
1 Dat
e:
ELECTRI
CALENGI
NEERI
NGSYMBOLS
AI
M:Tost
udydi
ff
erentt
ypesofsy
mbol
susedi
nel
ect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing.

Name Sy
mbol
Sr
.No.

1 Resi
stor

2 Var
iabl
eResi
stor

3 I
nduct
or

4 Var
iabl
eInduct
or

5 Capaci
tor

6 Var
iabl
eCapaci
tor

7 Cel
l

8 Bat
ter
y

9 A.
C.Vol
tageSour
ce

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

10 D.
C.Vol
tagesour
ce

11 D.
C.Vol
tmet
er

12 A.
C./
D.C.Vol
tmet
er

13 D.
C.Ammet
er

14 A.
C./D.
C.Ammet
er

15 Wat
tmet
er

16 PMMCTy
peMet
er

17 Mov
ingI
ronTy
peI
nst
rument

8 Si
nglePol
eSi
ngl
eThr
ow(
SPST)
Swi
tch

19 Si
nglePol
eDoubl
eThr
ow(
SPDT)
Swi
tch

20 Doubl
ePol
eSi
ngl
eThr
ow(
DPST)
Swit
ch

21 Doubl
ePol
eDoubl
eThr
ow(
DPDT)
Swit
ch

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

22 Tr
ipl
ePol
eSi
ngl
eThr
ow(
TPST)
Swit
ch

23 Tr
ipl
ePol
eDoubl
eThr
ow(
TPDT)
Swit
ch

24 Ear
thi
ng

25 Tr
ansf
ormer

26 Di
ode

27 ZenerDi
ode

28 SCR

29 NPNTr
ansi
stor

30 PNPTr
ansi
stor

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

PRACTI
CAL:
2 Dat
e:
Ver
if
icat
ionofOhm’
slaw
AI
M: Tost
udyandv
eri
fyOhm‟
slaw.
APPARATUS:

THEORY:
Theresi
stanceisdefinedasthepr opert
yofanel ementduetowhichi
topposesthe
fl
owofcur r
entthroughit.Theunitofresi
stanceisohm (Ω)
.Theresi
stanceof
fer
edby
theconductordependsont hefoll
owingfactors:
 Itvar
iesdirect
lyasitslength(L)
.
 I
tvar
iesi
nver
sel
yast
hecr
osssect
ional
areaoft
heconduct
or(
A).
 I
tdependsont
henat
ureoft
heel
ement
s.
 I
tdependsont
het
emper
atur
eoft
heel
ement
s.

So, R=ρL/ Awher eρ=r esi

sti
vi
tyort
hespecif
icr
esistanceoftheelement.
Thecur rentfl
owingthroughaconductori
sdi
rect
lyproporti
onalt
ot hepotenti
al
di
fferenceacr osstheendsoftheconduct
orandinv
erselyproport
ionalt
ot heresi
stance
offeredbyt heconductor.
CIRCUI TDIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1.Connectt
heci
rcui
taspert
heci
rcui
tdi
agr
am.
2.Keept
her
heost
atatsomef
ixedv
alueofr
esi
stance.
3.Var
ythesuppl
yvol
tageandnot
edownt
her
eadi
ngsofv
olt
met
erandammet
er.
4.Repeatt
hepr
ocedur
efordi
ff
erentv
aluesofv
olt
ageandnot
ether
eadi
ngs.
5.Nowkeept
hev
olt
ageatsomef
ixedv
alue.
6.Swi
tchof
fthesuppl
y.
7.Measur
eval
ueofr
esi
stanceofr
heost
atusi
ngdi
git
almul
ti
met
er.
8.Swi
tchont
hesuppl
yandnot
ereadi
ngsofv
olt
met
erandammet
er.
9.Swi
tchof
fthesuppl
yandv
aryt
her
esi
stanceofr
heost
at.

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

10.
Repeatst
eps8and9.
11.
Repeatt
hepr
ocedur
efordi
ff
erentr
esi
stancev
aluesf
orr
heost
at.
OBSERVATI
ONTABLE:

(
a)Obser
vat
ionswi
thf
ixedv
alueofr
esi
stance

Sr
.No. Vol
tmeterReadi
ng AmmeterReadi
ng Resi
stance
‘
V’vol
ts ‘
I’
amperes R=V/ Iohms
1
2
3
4

(
b)Obser
vat
ionswi
thf
ixedv
alueofv
olt
age

Sr
.No. Volt
met er Ammet er Resi
stance
Reading Readi
ng ‘
R’ohms
‘
V’volts ‘
I’amperes
1
2
3
4

CONCLUSI
ON:

QUESTI
ONS:
1.Stat
eOhm’
sLaw

2.Ammet
eri
sinwhi
chconnect
ionwi
thr
esi
ster
?

3.Vol
tmet
eri
sinwhi
chconnect
ionwi
thr
esi
ster
?

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

PRACTI
CAL:
3 Dat
e:

Ser
iesandpar
all
elconnect
ionofr
esi
stance
AIM: Tostudyandver
if
ySeriesandParal
lel
connect
ionofr
esi
stance.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Seri
esCircui
t:
Resist
ancesR1andR2ar esaidtobeconnectedi
nseri
eswhenthesamecur
rentf
lows
thr
ougheachoft her
esist
ance.

Voltageacr ossR1=V1=R1.I
Voltageacr ossR2=V2=R2.I
Thet otalvolt
ageappli
edshoul dbebal ancedbyt hesum ofvol
tagedropsaroundthe
ci
rcuit.
V=V1+V2
=R1.I+R2.I
=( R1+R2).I
=RT.I whereRT=R1+R2
Hence, whenanumberofr esistancesar econnectedi
nseries,
theequival
entresi
stance
i
sthesum ofal lthei
ndi
v i
dualresistance.
ParallelCi
rcuit
:
ResistancesR1andR2ar esaidt obeconnect edinparal
l
el whenthepotenti
al
di
fferenceacr osseachresi
stancei ssame.

I
1=V/R1
I
2=V/R2
Si
nce,
I=I1+I
2
=V/R1+V/R2
=V(1/R1+1/
R2)

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

I=V/ RT where1/RT=(1/R1+1/ R2)

Hence,whenanumberofresi
stancesareconnect
edinparal
lel
,thereci
procal
oft
he
t
otalresi
stancei
sequal
tothesum ofreci
procal
sofi
ndivi
dualresi
stance.

PROCEDURE:
Ser
iesCir
cuit
:
1.Connectt hecircuitasshowni nfi
gure.
2.Sett hesupplyv ol
taget osomef ixedv alue.
3.Varyt heresi
stancessucht hatcurrentshouldnotincr
easether
angeof
r
heostatscurrentlimit.
4.Not edownt her eadingsofV, V1,V2andV3.
5.Repeatt heprocedur efordiff
erentposi ti
onsofrheost
ats.
Par
all
elCir
cuit
:
1.Connectt hecircuitasshowni nfi
gure.
2.Sett hesupplyv ol
taget osomef ixedv alue.
3.Varyt heresi
stancessucht hatcurrentshouldnotincr
easether
angeof
r
heostatscurrentlimit.
4.Not edownt her eadingsofI,I1,I
2andI 3.
5.Repeatt heprocedur efordiff
erentposi ti
onsofrheost
ats.
OBSERVATIONTABLE:

Ser
iesCi
rcui
t:

Sr
.No. Supply Suppl
y V1 V2 V3 V1+V2
Volt
age Curr
ent (
V) (V) (V) +V3
V(volt
s I
(Amp) (V)
)
1
2
3
4

Par
all
elCi
rcui
t:

Sr
.No. Supply Supply I1 I
2 I
3 I
1+I2+
Volt
age Current (
A) (
A) (
A) I
3
V(volt
s) I
(Amp) (
A)
1
2
3
4

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

CONCLUSI
ON:

QUESTI
ONS

1.Resi
stances6ohm,
10ohm,
12ohm ar
econnect
edi
npar
all
elandt
hent
oa
bat
ter
yof20V,
Findoutt
otal
resi
stanceandt
otal
cur
rentpassi
ngt
hroughi
t.

2.Fi
ndequi
val
entr
esi
stancebet
weenpoi
ntA&B.

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

Pr
act
ical
:
4 Dat
e:
Ver
if
icat
ionofKCL&KVL
AIM: Tostudyandv eri
fyKirchoff‟
scurrentlawandKi r
chof f
‟sv ol
tagelaw.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
Theselawsf ormthebasisofal lnetworkanalysi
sandar eapplicabletoanynetwork
whethertheelementsoft henetwor kar
elinear,non-l
inearort i
mev aryi
ng.
Kir
chhoff’
sCur r
entLaw: Thealgebraicsum ofal l
thecur rent
st erminati
ngatapointi
s
zer
oatanyi nstantofti
me.=0
Wherendenot esthenumberofbr anchesmeet i
ngatapoi nt
.
Analgebrai
csum i soneinwhi chthesignoft hequant i
tyistakeni ntoaccount
.Ift
he
curr
entsenteri
ngapoi ntareassignedpositive(+)sign,thenthecur r
entsl
eavi
ngthe
poi
ntwi l
lbeassignednegat i
ve(-)signandv i
ce-versa.

Consi dersomepor tionofanet wor kasshowni nf i

g.Cur r
ent sI2andI 4ar eent eringthe
point.Hence, theyar eassi gned( +)sign.Curr
ent sI1, I
3andI 5ar eleavingt hepoi nt.
Hencet heyar eassi gned( -)sign.Appl yi
ngKCLatt hepoi nt,
(-I
1)+( I2)+( -I3)+( I4)+(-I5)=0
orI2+I 4=I 1+I 3+I 5
orSum ofi ncomi ngcur r
ent s=Sum ofout goingcur rents.
Theabov eKCLl awcanal sobest atedas:Thesum ofcur r
ent sfl
owingt owar dsany
pointinanel ectriccircui
tisequal tothesum ofcur rentsflowingawayf rom t hatpointat
anyi nstant
oft i
me.Thi sl awi saconsequenceofconser v ationofchar ge.Thus, Ki
rchhof f ‟
sCur rent
Lawi sar estat ementoft hepr incipl
eofconser vati
onofchar ge.
Kirchhof f
’sVol tageLaw: Atanyi nstantofti
me, theal gebraicsum ofal lbranchv olt
ages
aroundanycl osedl oopofanel ectr
icnetworki szero.Inot herwords, t
heal gebraicsum
ofe.m. fsaroundacl osedl oopequal stheal
gebr ai
csum ofohmi corI Rdr opsar ound
theloop.
=0

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

Wher eVj isthev olt

ageint hejt
hel ementclosedloophav i
ngnbr anches.
Infig.batteryofEv oltsi
ssuppl yi
ngenergyt othreeresi
stancesconnect edinseri
es.
Supposet hecur r
entinthenet workisIamper e,i
tmeanst hattherateoff l
owofcharge
i
nt henet wor kisonecoul ombpersecond.Thecur rentf
lowsi nthedirecti
onshown.As
electronsflowi ntheresistanceelements,t
heycol l
idewithotheratomsandener gyis
dissipatedint heform ofheat.
Byl awofconser vati
onofener gy,W =W1+W2+W3, whereW denot estheenergy
suppl i
edbyt hebat ter
yincer t
aininter
valofti
meandW1, W2andW3denot etheenergy
dissipatedinr esi
storsR1, R2andR3r espectivel
yinthesamei ntervalofti
me.

I
fthet
otal
chargewhichmov edi
nthecircui
tduri
ngt
histi
meisQ,t
hen
W/Q=W1/ Q+W2/ Q+W3/ Q.
Si
ncet
heenergyperunitchar
gei
sv ol
tage,abov
eequati
oncanbewri
tt
enas
E=V1+V2+V3
CI
RCUITDIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1.Connectthecircuitasshowninf i
gure.
2.Setthesupplyv ol
tagetosomef ixedvalue.
3.Varytheresi
stancest ogetdesir
edv alueofcur
rent
s.
4.Notedownt her eadingsofI
,I1andI 2.
5.Notedownt her eadingsofV,V1andV2.
6.Repeattheprocedur efordi
ff
erentvaluesofcurr
entsdr
awnf
rom t
he
supply.

OBSERVATI
ONTABLE:

Sr
.No. Supply Suppl
y I
1 I
2 I
1+I2 V1 V2 V1+
Volt
ag Curr
en (
A) (
A) (
A) (V) (V) V2
e t (V)
‘
V’ ‘
I’A

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

v
olt
s

CONCLUSI
ON:

QUESTIONS:
1.Def i
ne:
a.Node

b.Br
anch

c.Loop

d.Mesh

2.Whati
sKi
rchhof
f’
scur
rentLaw?

3.Whati
sKi
rchhof
f’
sVol
tageLaw?

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

PRACTI
CAL:
5 Dat
e:
Ver
if
icat
ionofThev
eni
n’
stheor
em
AI
M :
ToVer
if
yThev
eni
n’
sTheor
em.

APPARATUS:

1)Exper
iment
alt
rai
ningki
t

2)Connect
ingwi
res

3)DCVol
tmet
er(
0-20Vdc)

4)Ohm-
met
er

CI
RCUI
TDI
AGRAM:

THEORY:

Theveni
n’st heorem is usefulwhen voltage across onl
ysingl
er esist
ance /
i
mpedance currentf l
owing through onl
y singler esist
ance /impedance ist o be
cal
cul
atedortobemeasur ed.
Foralinearnetwor kvolt
ageacr ossanyr esist
ance/i mpedanceofcurrentf l
owing
thr
oughthatresi
st ance/i mpedancei sequaltot hev olt
ageacrosssamer esi
stance/
i
mpedanceorcur rentf l
owingthroughthatresi
stance/i mpedancewhenitisconnected

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

toThev eni
n’sequi v
alentvoltagesour ce.
Anyl inearnet workcanber epresentedbyact ualv ol
tagesource,i.
e.v ol
tage
sour ceVTH andser iesconnect edr esistanceRTH /impedanceZTH.
Forsol vinganynet wor kbyThev enin’stheor em fol
lowthest epsasgi
venbel ow
1) Measur eorcal culat
et heopenci rcuitvolt
agebet weent wogivenpoi nt
s“ A&B”
belowwher et heloadi stobeconnect ed.Thi svol
tageis knownas ci r
cuitThevenin’
s
equiv al
entv oltageVTH orVOC.
2) Measur eorcal cul
atet heequi val
enti mpedancebet weent wogivenpoints “ A&
B”,bymaki ng source is zer o.Thi si mpedance i s known as Thev eni’
s equival
ent
i
mpedanceRTH orZTH.
Here,wehav eused“ Bri
dgeT”net workofhav ingallresistor
sof3.3Ωeachandl oad
resistanceRLof10KΩ.
RTH={ (
R1∥ R3)+R2}∥R4

PROCEDURE:

1)Maket
heconnect
ionsasshowni
nfi
gur
e1.

2)Swi
tchont
het
rai
ner
.

3)Setvari
abl
e DC v
olt
age VS t
o 10Vdc and Measur
e open ci
rcui
tThev
eni
n’
s
equi
val
entv
olt
agebet
weenpoi
nts“
A&B”
,itknownasVTH orVoc.

4)Nowconnectt
hel
oadr
esi
storRLof10KΩbet
weenpoi
nts“
A
&B”andmeasur
ethel
oadv
olt
ageVL.Cal
cul
atet
hel
oadcur
rent
.

5)FormeasurementofTheveni
n’
sequi
val
enti
mpedanceRTH orZTH maket
he
connect
ionsasshowni
nfi
gur
e2.

6)Measuret
her
esi
stancebet
weenpoi
nts“
A&B”byOhm-
met
er.

7)Cal
cul
atet
heTheor
eti
cal
val
ueofThev
eni
n’
sequi
val
enti
mpedanceRTHorZTH.

8)To veri
fyt
he l
oad v
olt
age VL by Theveni
n’
st heor
em.Set t he vari
able
pot
ent
iometerohmicv
alueisequaltoRTH andvol
tagesour
ceVS t
oi sequalVTH
orVoc.connectt
heci
rcui
tasshownf i
gure3.

9)Measuret
hel
oadv
olt
ageVL andcompar
ewi
thmeasur
edv
olt
ageasperst
ep
no.
3.Youwi
l
lgetsamer
eadi
ng.

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

10) Repeatt
heal
labov
estepsfordi
ff
erentval
ueofVSi
.e.
15Vdcor5Vdcorso
andv
erif
ytheloadv
olt
agebyThev
enin’
stheorem.

11) Al
sosol vethegi
vennet
worktheor
eti
calandmat
cht
het
heor
eti
calr
esul
t
wi
tht
hepract
icalormeasur
edr
esul
t.

OBSERVATI
ONTABLE :

Pr
act
ical
Readi
ngs:

Suppl
y Loadvolt
age Openci
rcui
t Theveni
n Loadvoltageby
Vol
tage“VS” “ VL”(
Volt
) v
olt
age“VTH” Resist
ance“RTH Thevenin’
s
(Volt
) (Vol
t) “ ( KΩ) net
work“ VL”(
Vol
t)

Theor
eti
cal
Readi
ngs:

Suppl
y Loadvolt
age Openci
rcui
t Theveni
n Loadvoltageby
Vol
tage“VS” “ VL”(
Volt
) v
olt
age“VTH” Resist
ance“RTH Thevenin’
s
(Volt
) (Vol
t) “ ( KΩ) net
work“ VL”(
Vol
t)

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

CALCULATI
ONS:

CONCLUSI
ON:

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

QUESTI
ONS:
1.Stat
eThev
eni
n’
sTheor
em.

2.Dr
awt
heequi
val
entci
rcui
tofThev
eni
n’
sTheor
em.

3.Howt
odet
ermi
neVThi
nThev
eni
n’
sTheor
em?

4.Howt
odet
ermi
neRThi
nThev
eni
n’
sTheor
em?

PRACTI
CAL:
6 Dat
e:
Ver
if
icat
ionofNor
ton’
stheor
em
AI
M :
ToVer
if
yNORTON’
STheor
em.

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

APPARATUS:
1)Exper
iment
alt
rai
ningki
t 4)Connect
ingwi
res

2)DCv
olt
met
er(
0-20Vdc) 5)Ohm –met
er

3)DCmil
li
met
er(
0-20Adc)
CI
RCUI
TDIAGRAM :

THEORY :

Norton’
stheor
em i
susef ulwhenvol
tageacr
ossonlysi
ngl
er esi
stance/
i
mpedancecur r
entfl
owi
ngt hr
oughonlysi
ngler
esi
stance/i
mpedanceist obe
cal
culat
edortobemeasured.

Foral inearnetworkv olt

ageacr ossanyresist
ance/i mpedanceofcurr
ent
f
lowingt hr
ought hatresi
stance/i mpedanceisequaltothev ol
tageacr
osssame
r
esistance/i mpedanceorcur rentf
lowingthroughthatresi
stance/impedance
wheni ti
sconnect edtoNor ton’
sequivalentv
oltagesour
ce.

Anyl
inearnet
workcanber epr
esentedbyact ualcur
rentsource,i
.e.cur
rent
sour
ceIscandparall
elconnect
edresi
stanceRTH /impedanceZTH .

Forsol
vi
nganynet
wor
kbyNor
ton’
stheor
em f
oll
owt
hest
epsasgi
venbel
ow.

1)Measur
eorcalculatet
heshortci
rcui
tcurr
entbet
weentwo gi
venpoi
nts
“
A&B”wherethel oadi
stobeconnected.Thi
scurr
enti
sknownasci
rcui
t
Nor
ton’
sequi
valentcur
rentI
sc.

2)Measur
eorcal
culat
etheequi val
entimpedancebet
weentwogi
venpoi
nts
“A&B”,bymaki
ngsourcei szero.Thi
simpedancei
sknownasThev
eni
n’s
equi
val
enti
mpedanceRTH /ZTH.

Her
e,wehav eused“Br
idgeT”net
wor
kofhav
ingal
lresi
stor
sof3.
3Ωeachand
l
oadresi
stanceRLof4.
7kΩ.

RTH=(
R1/
R3+ R2)∥R4

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

PROCEDURE :
1)Maket
heconnect
ionsasshowni
nfi
gur
e1.

2)Swi
tchont
het
rai
ner
.

3)Setvari
abl
eDCv
olt
aget
o10VdcandMeasur
eshor
tci
rcui
tNor
ton’
sequi
val
ent
cur
rentf
oll
owi
ngt
hroughpoi
nts“
A&B”
,itknownasI
sc.

4)Nowconnectt
hel
oadr
esi
storRLof4.
7kΩbet
weenpoi
nts“
A&B”andmeasur
e
t
hel
oadcur
rentI
LCal
cul
atet
hel
oadcur
rent
.

5)FormeasurementofNort
on’
sequi
val
enti
mpedanceRTHorZTHmaket
he
connect
ionsasshowni
nfi
gur
e2.

6)Measuret
her
esi
stancebet
weenpoi
nts“
A&B”byOhm-
met
er.

7)Cal
cul
atet
heTheor
eti
cal
val
ueofThev
eni
n’
sequi
val
enti
mpedanceRTH orZTH.

Her
eiti
s1.
98kΩ.

8)Toveri
fyt
hel
oadv
olt
ageI
LbyNor
ton’
stheor
em.Sett
hev
ari
abl
epot
ent
iomet
er
ohmicval
ueisequalt
oRTH andcur
rentsour
ceIi
sequal
tobeI
sc.Connectt
he
ci
rcui
tasshownfigur
e3.

9)Measuret
hel
oadcur
rentI
Landcompar
ewi
thmeasur
edv
olt
ageasperst
ep
no.
3.Youwi
l
lgetsamer
eadi
ng.

10) Repeatt
heal
labov
estepsf
ordiff
erentval
ueofVS i
.e.
15Vdcor5Vdcso
andv
erif
ytheloadv
olt
agebyNort
oin’
stheorem.

11) Al
sosolvethegi
vennetworktheor
eti
cal
andmat
cht
het
heor
eti
cal
resul
t
wi
tht
hepract
ical
ormeasuredresul
t.

OBSERVATI
ONTABLE :

Pr
act
ical
Readi
ngs:

Measur
edRTH = kΩ ,
VS= Vdc.

VS(
Vdc) Shor
tci
rcuitCur
rent Loadcur
rent Loadcurr
entby
“ISC” Nor
ton’
s
(
Vol
ts) “
IL”
(
Amp) “
IL”

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

(
Amp) (
Amp)

Theor
eti
cal
Readi
ngs:

RTH =

Loadcurr
entby
Shor
tci
rcuitCur
rent Loadcur
rent
VS(
Vdc) Nor
ton’
s
“ISC”
“
IL”
(
Vol
ts) “
IL”
(
Amp) (
Amp)
(
Amp)

THEORATI
CALCALCULATI
ONS:

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

CONCLUSI
ON :

QUESTI
ONS:

1.St
ateNor
ton’
sTheor
em.

2.Dr
awt
heequi
val
entci
rcui
tofNor
ton’
sTheor
em.

3.Howt
odet
ermi
neI
sci
nNor
ton’
sTheor
em?

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

4.Howt
odet
ermi
neReqi
nThev
eni
n’
sTheor
em?

PRACTI
CAL:
7 Dat
e:
Ver
if
icat
ionofmaxi
mum powert
ransf
ert
heor
em
AI
M :
Tov
eri
fymaxi
mum powert
ransf
ert
heor
em.

APPARATUS:
1)Exper
iment
alt
rai
ningki
t

2)Connect
ingwi
res

3)DCVol
tmet
er(
0-20Vdc)

4)DCmil
l
imet
er(
0-20Vdc)
CI
RCUI
TDIAGRAM:

THEORY :

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

I
tisv eryimpor t
antt odet ermi net hev al
ueofl oadi mpedancewhi chwi l
lallow
the maxi mum powert o be t ransf er r
ed t ot he l or
df orm gener ati
ng source.Thi s
maximum powert ransfert heor em i spar ti
cularlyusefulf oranal yzi
ngcommuni cati
on
networ kswher et hegoali st ransf erofmaxi mum powerf rom sour cetoloadandnott he
effi
ciency .
Anynet workcan be r epl aced bya si nglev oltage sour ce in ser
ies witha
resi
stance/ impedance . i
.e.any l inearnet wor k can be r epresented by Thev enin’
s
equivalentcircuit(vol
tagesour ceVTH andser iesconnect edresistanceRTH /impedance
ZTH).
Asshowni nfigure1, VSist hev oltagesour ceThev enin’
sequi val
entvoltageand
nowcal culat
et heloadr esi stanceRLi nt ermsofRS sot hatpowerdel i
veredtothel oad
resi
stanceRL, i
smaxi mum.
Theloadcur rentIL=V S/ (RS+RL)
2 2 2
Powert r
ansfer r
edP=I L R L=V SR L/ (RS+RL) .
Formaxi mum powert obet ransf er, thenecessar ycondi ti
oni sdp/dRL=0
dp VS2
=
dRL (RS+RL) 4{ (RS+RL) 2-RL2 ( RS+RL) } =0
∴RL=RS
VS2
∴Pmax =
4RS
PROCEDURE :
1)Maket
heconnect
ionasshowni
nfi
gur
e1.

2)Swi
tchont
het
rai
ner.

3)Sett
heser
iesr
esi
stanceRSt
o0.
5kΩ

4)Nowvaryt
hel
oadr
esi
stanceRLf
rom t
heo.
5kΩ.
Ever
yti
memeasur
evi
andLi
Cal
cul
atepower“P=VLI
L”consumedbyt
hel
oadr
esi
stanceRL.

5)Seet
hatmaxi
mum powert
ransf
erpl
acewhenRL=RS.

6)Repeatt
heal
labov
est
epsf
ordi
ff
erentv
alueofser
iesr
esi
stanceRS

7)Al
socal
cul
atet
het
heor
eti
cal
maxi
mum powert
ransf
erandcompar
ewi
th
VS2
Pmax = t
hepr
act
ical
ormeasur
edr
esul
t.
4RS

OBSERVATI
ONTABLE :

Ser
iesResi
stance Rs= kΩ,
VS= Vdc

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

LoadResi
stance
LoadVol
tage LoadCur
rent Powertransferto
“
RL”(
kΩ) load“P=VLI L”
“
VL”(
Vol
t) “
IL”(
Amp) (Wat t
)

0.
5

1.
0

1.
5

2.
0

2.
5

Theor
eti
cal
maxi
mum power
VS2
Pmax = = W
4RS

Measur
edmaxi
mum powerf
rom t
heobser
vat
iont
abl
ePmax = w

THEORATI
CALCALCULATI
ONS:

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

CONCLUSI
ON:

QUESTI
ONS:

1.St
atemaxi
mum powert
ransf
ert
heor
em.

2.Dr
awt
heequi
val
entci
rcui
tofmaxi
mum powert
ransf
ert
heor
em.

3.Whenmaxi
mum poweri
str
ansf
err
edt
othel
oad?

4.St
ater
eci
proci
tyt
heor
em andt
heequi
val
entci
rcui
tfori
t

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

PRACTI
CAL:
8 Dat
e:
Ver
if
icat
ionofsuper
posi
ti
ont
heor
em
AI
M : Tover
if
ySuper
positi
ontheor
em.
APPARATUS:
1)Experi
menttr
ainerki
t
2)Multi
meter
3)Connecti
ngwires.
CI
RCUITDIAGRAM :

THEORY :
Statement:Ifnet work cont
ains two ormor ethan two sources,then principl
e of
superposit
iont heor em i
susedt osimpl if
ynetworkcalcul
ations.Itmaybest atedas
fol
lows.Inabi l
at eralnet
workiftwoormor ethantwoenergysour cesarepresent ,t
hen
thecurrentwhichf l
owsatanypoi nti
st hev ect
orsum ofallcurrent
swhichwoul dflow
atthatpointifeachsour cewasconsider edseparat
elyandallothersour
cesr eplacedat
thetimebyi mpedanceequal t
otheiri
nternalimpedances.

PROCEDURE:
1)ConnectD.C.powersuppl yacrosstermi nal s1- 1landappl yvoltageofsay
l
V1=10v olt
sandsi mi l
ar l
yacr ossterminal s2- 2appl yvoltageofsayV2=15
volts.
2)Measur ecur r
entf l
owi ngt hroughallbranches, sayt hesecur r
entsareI1,I
2,
andI 3.
3)Now connectonl yV1=10v ol
tsacrosst ermi nal s1- 1 landshor tci
rcuit
ter
mi nals2-2lthatisV2=0v olts.
4)Measur ecur r
entsf lowingt hroughallbr anchesf orV1=10v oltsV2=0v ol
ts
usingamul t
imet er
, sayt hesecur r
entsar eI 1’,
I2‛,I3‛
.
5)Si mi l
ar l
yconnectonl yV2=15v olt
sacr osst ermi nal s2-2landshor tci
rcuit
l
ter
mi nals1-1t hatisV1=0v olts.
6)Measur ecur rentflowi ngt hroughallbr anchesf orV1=0v olt
sandV2=15
voltsusi ngamul ti
met er, sayt hesecurrent sar eI 1”, I2”,I
3”.
7)Forv er i
fyi
ngsuper posi ti
ont heorem I1=I1‛+I 1”
,I2=I 2‛+I2‛
, I
3=I3‛
+I3”.
8)Cal cul atet heoretical v al ues of cur r ents,t hese v alues should be
appr oximatelyequal tomeasur edvaluesofcur rent s.

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

OBSERVATI
ONTABLE :
V1= V1= V1=0v
olt
s

V2= V2=0v
olt
s V2=
’ ”
I
1= I
1= I
1=

’ ”
I
2= I
2= I
2=

’ ”
I
3= I
3= I
3=

THEORATI
CALCALCULATI
ONS:

CONCLUSI
ON :

QUESTI
ONS:

1.St
atedi
ff
erentt
ypesoft
heci
rcui
tel
ement
.

2.St
ateSuper
posi
ti
onTheor
em.

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

3.Dr
awt
heequi
val
entci
rcui
tofSuper
posi
ti
onTheor
em.

PRACTI
CAL:
9 Dat
e:
Handsonexper
iment
AI
M :
APPARATUS:

CI
RCUI
TDI
AGRAM:

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

PRACTI
CAL:
10 Dat
e:
Handsonexper
iment
AI
M :

APPARATUS:

CI
RCUI
TDI
AGRAM:

UTU/
DPPageNo.:
Basi
csofEl
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neer
ingSemest
er&Br 2nd(
anch: Dipl
omaEE/
CO/
IT)

UTU/
DPPageNo.: