etPdfhy ,e;jpah

INuhg;gpah;fspd; tUif
Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fs;

 th];Nfhlhfhkh : ,th; 1498 Nk 17y; fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia te;jile;jhh;.

mg;gFjp rhkhpd; vd;Dk; kd;duhy; Msg;gl;lJ. 1501y; xU
njhopw;rhiyia nfhr;rpapy; epWtpdhh;.
,e;jpahtpw;Ff; fly; top fhz;gjpy; ntw;wp ngw;w Kjy; INuhg;gpa ehL
Nghh;r;Rfy;.

 ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa MSeh; gpuhd;rp];Nfh my;nka;lh

Mthh;.
 ,e;J kfhrKj;jpuj;jpy; Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; Mjpfj;ij Nkk;gLj;j
gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;if “ePy ePh;f; nfhs;if” vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

 mtiuj; njhlh;e;J my;Nghd;]h B my;Gngh;f; 1509-y; MSeuhdhh;. ,th;

Nfhthit 1510y; gp[g;G+h; Ml;rpahshplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;. ,th;
rjpia xopj;jhh;. rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; gof;fj;ij
jLj;jikahy; rjp xopg;gpy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf
jpfo;e;jhh;.

 epNdh-lh-Fd;fh ,e;jpahtpd; Nghh;rR

; f;fPrpah;fs; jiyefiu
nfhr;rpapypUe;J Nfhthtpw;F 1530y; khw;wpdhh;. ,th; 1535y; ilA+ &
1559y; lhkid ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

 Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fs; 1631y; `Pg;spia \h[fhdpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ

,oe;jdh;.

 Nfhopf;NfhL> nfhr;rpd;> fz;zDhh; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;

gz;lf rhiyfs; epWtpdh;.

 1661y; Nghh;r;Rf;fr
P pa kd;dh; jdJ rNfhjhpapd; jpUkz tujl;rizahf
gk;ghia rhh;y]; II vd;Dk; Mq;fpNya kd;dUf;Ff; nfhLj;jhh;.

lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;:
  1602y; lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp njhlq;fpaJ.
 1605y; ,th;fs; jq;fsJ Kjy; njhopw;rhiyia k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpy;
(Me;jpuh) Jtq;fpdh;. kw;w njhopw;rhiyfis Gypfhl;> rpd;Ruh>
ghl;dh> ghy#h;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> nfhr;rp> #uj;> fhiuf;fhy;> fhrpk; g[hh;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mikj;jdh;.
 nrd;idf;F mUNf cs;s goNtw;fhL vd;Dkplj;jpy;
Kjy; tzpfj;jyk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
 lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; tzpfk;. ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fsJ muR
miktij tpUk;gtpy;iy.

mk;ghapdhg; gLnfhiy
 1623-y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu mk;ghapdh
vd;Dkplj;jpy; gLnfhiy nra;jdh;.

Mq;fpNyah;fs;:
 Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 1599y; cUthdJ. murpay; tpahghu
mq;fPfhuk; 1600-y; uhzp vypngj;jhy;; fpof;fpe;jpahtpy; tzpfk; nra;a
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 1613y; #uj;jpy; thzpg ikak; mikf;f rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh mDkjp
ngw;whh;. #uj;> Mf;uh> mfkjhghj;> GNuhr; efhpy; gz;lfrhiy
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1616y; fk;ngdp jdJ Kjy; njd; gFjp njhopw;rhiyia
k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpy; epWtpaJ. 1633y; fk;ngdp jdJ Kjy; fpof;Fg;
gFjp Miyia `hpfh;g+hpy; (xhp]h – ghy#hpy;) epWtpaJ.
 1639y; fk;ngdp nrd;idia xg;ge;jj;jpw;F vLj;J(rh;gpuhd;rp]; Nl vd;w
Mq;fpy tzpfh;) nrapd;l; [hh;[N; fhl;ilia mikj;jJ (1640).
 1668-y; Fj;jifahf Kk;igia ,uz;lhk; rhh;yrplkpUe;J ,yz;ld;
thzpf epWtdk; tUl Fj;jif 10 ngnsz;L nrYj;jp
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
 1668y; gk;gha; fk;ngdpapd; Kf;fpa Nkw;Fg; gFjp FbNaw;wkhdJ.
 fy;fj;jhtpy; gz;lf rhiy epWt1690-y; mTuq;frPg;gplk; ,irT
ngw;wdh;.
 1696-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;il tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 1717 [hd; rh;Nkd; Kfyha kd;dh; g&f;\pahhplkpUe;J fk;ngdpf;fhd
thzpgk; nra;Ak; muR Miziag;ngw;whh;. ,J ‘Nkf;d fhh;l;lh Mg;
fk;ngdp’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nldp\;fs;:
 Nldp\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 1616y; Jtf;fk;.
 ,th;fs; FbNaw;wq;fs; nruhk;G+h; (tq;fhsk;)> buhq;$gh; (juq;fk;ghb)
(jkpo;ehL). ,th;fs; rka gug;ghsh;fs;. jq;fs; FbNaw;wq;fis 1845y;
Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F tpw;W tpl;ldh;.
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;:
 gpuhd;]; ke;jphp fhy;gh;l;bd; MNyhridg;gb (14k; Yhap Ml;rpapd; NghJ)
1664 gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,th;fs; jq;fsJ Kjy; njhopw;rhiyia 1668y; #uj;jpYk;> 1669y;
k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpYk; mikj;jdh;.
 ghz;br;Nrhp 1674y; gpuhd;rp]; khh;l;bd; vd;gtuhy; gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplk;
GJr;Nrhp vd;w fpuhkk; ngwg;gl;lJ.
 1699-y; GJr;Nrhpia lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdh;. gpd;dh; hp];tpf;
cld;gbf;ifapd;gb gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; GJr;Nrhpia jpUk;gg; ngw;wdh;.
 1701-k; Mz;L ghz;br;Nrhp gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhdJ.
 1725-y; jQ;iria Mz;l kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fsplkpUe;J kyghh;
flw;fiuapy; cs;s kh`p gFjpiaAk; 1739-y; Nrho kz;ly flw;fiuapy;
fiuf;fhy; gFjpiaAk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;
ifg;gw;wpdh;.

tq;fhsj;ij gphpl;B\hh; ifg;gw;Wjy;:

 Kfyha MSeuhd Kh;\pj; #ypfhd; tq;fhsj;ij Rje;jpu murhf
khw;wpdhh;. (1717-1727 Kfyha Ml;rpapd; NghJ)
 mtiuj; njhlh;e;J mtuJ kfd; #[h-cj;-njsyh 12 tUlq;fs;
Mz;lhh;.
 mtiuj; njhlh;e;J mypth;jp fhd; 1756 tiu Mz;lhh;.
 ,k;%d;W Ml;rpahsh;fSk; mikjpahd kw;Wk; eph;thf jpwikAs;s
Ml;rpia mspj;jdh;.
 mth;fs; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia xLf;fpdh;. Mdhy; ntspNaw;wtpy;iy.
kw;nwhUGwk; fk;ngdp Coy; nra;Ak; mjpfhhpfs; %ykhf jq;fsJ
 mjpfhuj;ij tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

 mypth;;jpfhDf;F mLj;J Mz;l rpuh[;-cj;-njsyh 1757-y; ele;j gpshrpg;

Nghhpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. ethg;gpDila gil (kPh;[hgh; kw;Wk; uha;
Jh;yhghy; topelj;jg;gl;lit) rz;ilapltpy;iy. ethg; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L
gpd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
 gpshrpg;Nghh; Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij epiy
ehl;l Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,J “gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa Ml;rpapd;
Muk;g Gs;sp” vdg;gLfpwJ.
 kPh; [hgh; mLj;j ethg; Mdhh;. fk;ngdp jilaw;w tzpf mjpfhuj;ij
ngq;fhy;> gP`hh; kw;Wk; xhp];]htpy; ngw;wJ. mJ 24 gh;fhdhf;fspd;
[kPd;jhh;fis ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
 mLj;j te;j ethg; kPh; fhrpk;> ,th; gphpl;b\pw;F vjpuhf Gul;rpapy;
<Lgl;lhh;. Vnddpy; gphpl;b\; j];jf;]; vd;Dk; ,ytr Kiwia
jtwhf gad;gLj;jpaJ.
 1764y; gf;]hh; Nghh; gphpl;b\; gilfSf;Fk; (Nk[h;kd;Nwh jiyik
jhq;fpdhh;) ngq;fhy; ethg; kPh;fhrpk;> mNahj;jp ethg; #[h cj;njsyh
kw;Wk; Kfyha Nguurh; \h Myk; MfpNahUf;FkpilNa eilngw;wJ.
,g;Nghhpy; tq;fhs ethg; kl;Lky;y ,e;jpa NguurUk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 1765y; myfhghj; xg;ge;jj;ijj; njhlh;e;J Mq;fpNyah;fs; jpthdp vd;Dk;
thp t#ypf;Fk; chpikia tq;fhsj;jpy; ngw;wdh;. ,J Mq;fpNyahpd;
kpfg;nghpa ntw;wp MFk;. ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwapy; fk;ngdp
cz;ikahd mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. Mdhy; nghWg;G tq;fhs
ethg;gplkpUe;jJ.
 Kfyha Nguurh; myfhghj;jpy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 uhgh;l; fpist;: ,jpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpdhh;. ,th; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy
Ml;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lth; Mth;. mth; ,uz;L Kiw tq;fhs fth;duhf
(1758-60) ,Ue;jhh;. (gpd; 1765-67 tiu) ,th; tq;fhsj;ij ,ul;il Ml;rp
Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jpdhh;. gpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gpdhh;. 1774y; mq;F
jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dy; n[duy;fs;

thud; `h];bq;];(1772-5):
 ,th; tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy; Mthh;.
 tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rpia 1773 xOq;FKiw rl;lk; %yk; Kbj;J
itj;jhh;.
 [kPd;jhh;fspd; ePjp> tprhuiz mjpfhuq;fis ePf;fp rptpy; kw;Wk;
Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fis epWtpdhh;.
 Nfhg;Gfs; guhkhpg;gijf; fl;lhakhf;fpdhh;.
 fpof;fpe;jpa fy;tpapd; Mjuthsh;. ,th; tq;fhsj;jpy; Mrpa
nrhirl;bia tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; cld; ,ize;J1784y; njhlq;fpdhh;.
rhh;y]; tpy;fpd;]; vOjp fPijapd; Kjy; Mq;fpy nkhop ngah;g;gpw;F
Kd;Diu vOjpdhh;.
 yQ;rk; thq;fpajhf Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;Lg; gjtp ePf;fg;gl;lhh;. VO tUl
tprhuizf;Fg; gpwF Fw;wkw;wth; vd tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 1772y; (fy;fj;jh) Kh;\pghj;jpy; tUtha;j;Jiwia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

fhh;d;thyp]; gpuG (1786-1793):

 [kPd;jhhp Kiwia mikj;jhh;. rl;lq;fis thpirg;gLj;jpdhh;. mtw;iw

tUkhdk; kw;Wk; eph;thfk; vdg;gphpj;J ePjp eph;thfj;jpypUe;J
tpyf;fpdhh;.
 fhty; rPh;jpUj;jk;: fhty; fz;fhzpg;ghsh;fSf;F 400 r.iky; njhiyT
vy;iy xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rptpy; rh;tP]; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,th; ,e;jpa rptpy; rh;tP]pd; je;ij
vdg;gLfpwhh;.
 %d;whk; ik#h; Nghh; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

rh; [hd; N\hh; (1793-98) : -

nty;ny];yp gpuG (1798-1805):-
 ,e;jpa murh;fis gphpl;B\pd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf
Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
 ,j;jpl;lj;ij i`juhghj; ep[hk;> ik#h; murh;> jQ;rhT+h; uh[h>
Mthj; ethg; gpuhhpd; Ng\;th Nghd;];Ny uh[h. rpe;jpah>
N[hj;G+h; kw;Wk; n[a;g;G+hpd; uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; MfpNahh;fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;.
 tq;fg;Gyp vdTk; Mq;fpyf;fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; mf;gh; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
 1799y; ehd;fhk; ik#h; Nghh; eilngw;wJ.
 gj;jphpf;if jzpf;ifr; rl;lk; 1799y; nfhz;Lte;jhh;.
 1800y; tpy;ypak; Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhh;.

[hh;[; ghh;Nyh (1805-1807):-

 1806y; NtYhh; fyfk; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. mg;Nghija
nkl;uh]; fth;dh; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG Mthh;.

kpz;Nlh gpuG (1807-1813):-

 1809y; k`huh[h uQ;rpj;rpq;Fld; Vw;gl;l mkph;jru]; xg;ge;jj;ij
Kwpj;jhh;.
 1813y; xOq;FKiw rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mjpy; fy;tpf;nfd xU yl;rk;
&gha; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

`h];bq;]; gpuG (1813-1823):-

 gj;jphpf;ifj; jzpf;ifr; rl;lj;ij ePf;fpdhh;.
 jha;nkhopg; gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;> Kjy; tl;lhu
nkhopg; gj;jphpf;if rkhr;rhh; jh;gd; gj;jphpf;if MFk;.
 uaj;thhp Kiwiaf; nfhz;Lte;jhh;.
 `{zh;fs; kw;Wk; gpz;lhhpfs; xopf;fg;gl;ldh;.
mk;n`h;];l; gpuG (1823-1828):-
 ,th; filrp tq;fhs fth;dh; Mthh;.
,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duy;fs;:
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG (1828-35):-
 rjp xopg;G (1829)> nusbfspd; xopg;G (1830) Mfpa rKjha
rPh;jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;jhh;. rjp xopg;gpw;F uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
cWJizahf ,Ue;jhh;.
 cah;epiyf; fy;tpapy; Mq;fpyj;ij (1835) (nkf;fhNyapd; ghpe;Jiug;gb)
nfhz;L te;jhh;.
 ngz; rpRf;nfhiy> Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; Mfpatw;iw xopj;jhh;.
 1833y; xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhh;.

rhh;y]; nkl;fhy;/g;(1835-36):-
 gj;jphpf;if kPjhd midj;J jilfisAk; ePf;fpdhh;.(,th;
gj;jhpf;iffspd; kPl;gh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;)

Mf;yhe;J gpuG (1836-1842):-

 ,tuJ gjtpf; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpa epfo;T KjyhtJ Mg;fhdpa Nghh;. ,J
Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F Nghpog;ghf mike;jJ.

vy;yd;gNuh gpuG (1842-1844):-

 rpe;Jg; gFjpia ,izj;jhh;.

`hh;bQ;r; gpuG (1844-1848):-

 ,th; fhyj;jpy; Kjy; rPf;fpag;Nghh; ele;jJ;

ly;`Trp gpuG (1848-1856):-

 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlh;tz;bia (uapy;Nt) 1853y; (gk;gha; Kjy; jhNd
tiu) Jtf;fpdhh;.
 nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; 1856y; nrd;id Kjy; muf;Nfhzk; tiuapy; uapy;
ghijia mikj;jhh;.
 1853y; je;jp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
(fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J Mf;uh tiu Kjypy; nray;gl;lJ)
 thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jp rjhuh (1848)> n[a;g;G+h;
rk;gy;G+h; (1849)> cja;g;G+h; (1852)> [hd;]p (1853) kw;Wk; ehf;G+h; (1854)
Mfpatw;iwf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
 Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l jghy; Kiwia ehnlq;fpYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
 nghJg; gzpj;Jiwia cUthf;fp gy Nkk;ghyq;fisAk;> fpuhz;l; NuhL
gzpiaAk; JiwKfq;fis Nkk;gLj;jpdhh;.
 &h;f;fpapy; nghwpapay; fy;Yhhpia Jtf;fpdhh;.
 mwptpay;> fhL tsh;g;G> tzpftpay;> Ruq;ftpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiw
Mfpa Jiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jhh;.
 1854y; cl;]; nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,J njhlf;fg;gs;sp
Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiuapyhd fy;tpia ,izj;jJ. ,e;j rhh;y];
cl;]; mwpf;if Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; kfhrhrdk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 <];tu re;jpu tpj;jpahrhfhpd; Kaw;rpahy; 1856y; tpjit kWkzj;ij
rl;l G+h;tkhf;fpdhh;.

1857-Mk; Mz;L khngUk; fpsh;r;rp(m)Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghh;

1857 ngUq;fyfk;

 1857 fpsh;r;rp “giltPuh;fs; fpsh;r;rp“ -Mq;fpy tuhyhw;W mwpQh;fs;;.

 1857 Gul;rp ,e;jpa tuyhw;W mwpQh;fs; -“Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghh;”
 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeh; fhdpq;
gpuG Mthh;.
 Gul;rp njhlf;fk; Nk-10 1857
 Gul;rp KbT #d; - 20 1858
Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
murpay; fhuzq;fs;
 Mq;fpNyah;fspd; ehL ,izg;G nfhs;if: ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
,e;jpa muRfs; rjhuh> ehf;g+h; kw;Wk; mNahj;jp
 nty;ny];]p gpuGtpd; Jizgilj; jpl;lk;
 ly;ncwsrp gpuGtpd; ehL ,izf;Fk; nfhs;if
 Kfyha tk;rj;jpd; filrpg; Nguurh; ,uz;lhk; gfJhh; \h mtuUf;F
gpwF mthpd; thhpRfs; guk;giu muz;kid kw;Wk; nrq;Nfhl;ilia
Mq;fpy murplk; xg;gilf;f tw;GWj;jgl;ldh;.
 kuhl;ba kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd; kuzj;jpw;F gpwF mthpd; tsh;g;G
kfd; ehdh rhfpg;gpw;F toq;fg;;gl;l Xa;T Cjpak; epWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J
kuhl;bah;fs; kj;jpapy; Mq;fpy murpd; kPJ mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 K];yPk;fs; Mq;fpy murpd; Nghf;fpy; mjpUg;jp nfhz;ldh;.
Mq;fpNyah;fs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij gwpj;jdh; vd fUjpdh;.

eph;thf fhuzq;fs;
 ghurPf nkhop khw;wk.; Mq;fpy nkhopia GFj;jpaJ (ePjpkd;wq;fspy;)
 Mq;fpy ePjp toq;FKiw mjpf nryT cilaJ ,ae;jpuj; jd;ik
cilaJ> fhy tpuak; nfhz;lJ.
 Mq;fpy eph;thfj;jpd; mjpfkhd ghjpg;gpid Vw;gL;j;jpaJ epythp
KiwahFk;. epygpuGf;fshy; Fbahdth;fs; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
 ,e;jpah;fSf;F murpay; ,uhZtj;jpy; cah;gjtp kWf;fg;gl;lJ.

nghUshjhu fhuzq;fs;
 nry;tk; Ruz;lg;gl;lJ. ifj;njhopy; mopT> nerTnjhopy; mopT
 ,e;jpa nghUs;fSf;F ,q;fpyhe;jpy; mjpf fhg;Gthp. ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpynghUl;fSf;F Fiwe;j ,wf;Fkjpthp
 ;Ntiyapy;yh jpz;lhl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ (nerTj;njhopypy;)
 ngz;;bq; gpuG fhyj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l tq;fhs epy Fj;jifr;
rl;lj;jpd;gb Fj;jif Rje;jpuk; nfhz;l epyq;fs; murpd; fl;Lghl;by;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljhy; gyh; tWikf;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldh;
 19-k; Ehw;whz;bd; Kjy;ghjpapy; njhlh;eJ
; Vw;gl;l 7-gQ;rq;fs;
nghUshjhu epiyia ghjpj;jJ.
r%f kw;Wk; rkaf; fhuzq;fs;
 ,e;jpag;giltPuh;fSf;F jq;fs; rkak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L tof;fg;gb
new;wpapy; jpyfkply;> jhbtsh;j;jy;> jiyg;ghif mzpjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F
jiltpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWjy; tof;fk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ ngz;rpRf;nfhiy
jLg;G> tpjit kWkzk; rl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ> ,e;Jf;fs; nrhj;Jhpik rl;lk;
khw;wk;> fpUj;Jth;fshf khwpath;fSf;F jq;fs; Kd;Ndhh;fsp;d; nrhj;jpy;
gq;FngWk; chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nfhapy; k#jpfSf;F nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspd; kPJ Mq;fpNyah; tpjpj;j
thp kf;fspd; rka czh;tpid nghpJk; ghjpj;jJ.
,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;
 ,uhZtj;jpy; ,e;jpag;gil tPuh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l kpf cah;e;j gjtp
RNgjhh; MFk;. ,e;j cah;e;j gjtpf;F msp;f;fg;gl;l Cjpak; Gjpjhf
Nrh;e;j Mq;fpy rpg;gha;fspd; Cjpaj;ijtplf; Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ.
 gjtp cah;T ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F ,y;iy. ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F
,opthfTk; jho;;thfTk; elj;jg;gl;ldh;.
 1856 Mk; Mz;L fhdpq; gpuGtpd; nghJ ,uhZtg;gilfs; rl;;lk; (The
general service enlistment act) - ,e;jpa rpg;ggha;fs; fly; fle;J nrd;W
Nghhpy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
 ,e;jpag;gil tPuh;fs; vz;zpf;if Mq;fpyg;gil tPuh;fistpl 5 klq;F
mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ.
 Nghh; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Kf;fpa ,lq;fshd nly;yp> myfhkhghj;
Mfpait ,e;jpa gil tPuh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jd. ,it
midj;Jk; ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fis Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf Gul;rpia
nra;;a Jhz;LNfhyhf mike;jJ.

cldbf; fhuzk;:
 ,uhZtj;jpy; mwpKfg;;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa vd;/gPy;L uf Jg;ghf;fpapy;
nfhOg;G jltpa Njhl;lhf;fs; (gRtpd; nfhOg;G> gd;wpapd; nfhOg;G)
 gR ,e;Jf;fspd; Gdpjk; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fspd; ntWg;Gf;Fhpa tpyq;F
gd;wp vd;gjhy;> Njhl;lhf;fs; cgNahfpg;gJ rpg;gha;fs; jq;fsJ rkaf;
Nfhl;ghl;bw;F vjpuhdJ vdf; fUjpdh;.
 1857 khh;r; 29 ,y; fy;fj;jh mUfpy; guhf;g+hpy; tq;fhsgil tPuh;
kq;fs;ghz;Nl (gpuhkz ,e;jpah;) Gjpa vd;gy P ;L Njhl;lh cgNahfpf;f
kWg;Gj; njuptpj;J> jdJ Nkyjpfhhpia Rl;Lf;nfhd;W vjph;g;ig
ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
 ifJ nra;ag;gl;L ePjp tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Jhf;fpyplg;gl;lhu;
 guhf;g+hpy; fhyhl;gil gphpT kPul;bw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;nra;jp gutp
,e;jpa giltPuh;fs; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; Gul;rpia njhlq;fpdh;.
Gul;rp guTjy; kw;Wk; mlf;fgLjy;:
 1857 ,y; tq;fhsj;jpy; guhf;g+hpy; jhd; Kjypy; Gul;rp ntbj;jJ.
,g;Gul;rp cldbahf mlf;fg;gl;L Gul;rpahsh;fs; jz;lidf;F
cl;gLj;;jg;gl;ldh;.
 1857 Nk khjk; kPul;bypUe;J giltPuh;fs; ntspg;gilahf Gul;rpapy;
<Lgl;ldh;. rpiwr;rhiyia jfh;j;J rfgiltPuh;fSk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
gpd;dh; nly;yp Nehf;fp nrd;W nly;;yp ifg;gw;wgl;lJ. mjthJ jq;fs;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L te;jdh;.
 rpg;gha; fyfk; (or) fytuk; gutpa ,lq;fs; jpy;yp> fhd;G+h;>yf;Ndh>gNuyp>
[hd;rp> gPfhh;>igrhghj;> tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg;> Mf;uh> gdhu];

Gul;rp ele;j gFjp Gul;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpath;fs;

fhd;g+h; - ehdrhfpg;
nly;yp - ,uz;lhk; gfJhh; \h
yf;Ndh - mNahj;jp ethg; kidtp
Ngfk; `];uj;k`hy;
kj;jpa ,e;jpah - jhe;jpahNjhg;
[hd;rp ,uhzp ,yl;rpkpgha;.
g;nua;yp - Nuhfpy;yh;fs;
gPfhh; - fd;th;rpq;> mkh;rpq;
igrhghj; - nksyhdhmfkj;Jy;yh
kJuh - Njtprpq;
kPul; - fjk;rpq;
Gul;rp xLf;fpath;fs;:-
 nly;yp – [hd; epf;fy;rd; kw;Wk; `l;rd;
 fhd;G+h; - Nfk;ngy;> N`t;yhf;
 yf;Ndh – N`t;yhf;> mTl;uk;> N[k;]; ePy; kw;Wk; Nfk;ngy;
 [hd;]p - `f; Nuh];
 gdhuh]; - N[k;]; ePy;

 kuhj;jpa Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd; jj;J Gjy;td; ehdhrhfpg;

fhd;g+hpy; Gul;rpahsh;fSld; ,ize;J Gul;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fp jd;id
Ng\;th vd mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
 ehdhrhfpg; gilf;F jhe;jpahNjhg; (“gilj;jsgjp”) jiyik
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
 ehdhrhfpg; Gul;rpapy; Njhw;W Neghsk; jg;gp nrd;W mq;F rpwpJ
fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF ,we;jhh;.
 1857 etk;ghpy; fhd;G+h; Mq;fpNyah; fl;Lghl;by; te;jJ.
 ehdhrhfpg; rh; fhypd; fhk;ngy;yhy; Njhw;fbf;fgl;lhh;.
 Gul;rpahsh;fsplkpUe;J nly;ypia kPl;l Mq;fpy ,uhZt mjpfhhpfs; rh;
Mh;r;Nly; tpy;rd; epf;fy;rd; kw;Wk; rh;[hd; yhud;];.
 nly;ypapy; Gul;rp Mq;fpNyah;fshy; mlf;fg;;gl;L ,uz;lhk; gfJhh; \h
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L uq;$Df;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;. mth; mq;F jdJ 87
tajpy; ,we;jhh;.
 1857 Gul;rpapd; ikakhf jpfo;e;j ,lk; yf;Ndh.
 jiyik Mizah;fshd rh;n`d;wp yhuhd;]; fh;dy; ePy; MfpNahh; 1857
Gul;rpapy; yf;Ndhtpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
 1857 Gul;rpapy; yf;Ndhit kPl;l Mq;fpNyah; rh; fhypd; Nfk;ngy;
 kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w Gul;rpf;F [hd;rp ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha;
fhd;g+hpy; ,Ue;J te;j jhe;jpahNjhg; MfpNahh; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.
 1857 Gul;rpapy; Fthypaiu ifg;gw;wpath; [hd;rp uhzp ,yl;Rkp gha;
 1857 Gul;rpapy; Mq;fpNyah;fshy; [hd;rp uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; 1858Mk;
Mz;L [Pd; khjk; eilngw;w Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. jg;gp nrd;w
jhj;jpah Njhg; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L nfhy;y ; g;gl;lhh;.
 gPfhhpy; cs;s [fjP\;G+hpd; epyg;gpuG (80 taJ) fd;th;rpq; 1858y; jhd;
,wf;Fk; tiu Nghhpl;lhh;.
 Nkw;F gPfhhpd; kpfr; rpwe;j uhZt jsgjp fd;th;rpq; mtUila rNfhjuh;
mkh;rpq; Gul;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhh;. Mdhy; Gul;rp tpiutpy;
Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ngUk;Gul;rpia mlf;f Mq;fpNyaUf;F cjtpnra;j gilg;gphpT - $h;f;fh
gpuG
1857 Gul;rp Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
 Gul;rpahsh;fspilNa xw;Wikapd;ik Kjy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa fhuzk;.
 Gul;rp ehL KOtJk; guttpy;iy (tl ,e;jpah kl;Lk;) njd;dpe;jpah>
gQ;rhg;> rpe;J kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd; ,g;Gul;rpapy; gq;F ngwtpy;iy.
 Fthypahpd; rpe;jpah> ,e;Jhhpd; N`hy;fh;> i`juhghj; ep[hk;> N[hj;G+h;
uh[h> Nghghy; ethg;> gl;bahyh kd;dh;>gQ;rhg;> rpe;J> Neghspd; uhdh
MfpNahh; Mq;fpNyaiu Mjhpj;jdh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; [kPd;jhh;fs;> nry;te;jh;fs;> kd;dh;fs; gq;F ngwtpy;iy.
 gbj;j ,e;jpah;fs; Mjhpf;ftpy;iy> jghy;> je;jp Mq;fpNyah;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ>
 etPd Nghh;f;fUtp Gul;rpahsh;fsplk; ,y;iy.
 ehdh> Njhg;> uhzp MfpNahh; Mq;fpy gilj;jsgjpfSf;F <lhdth;fs;
my;y.
 1857 Nk> 31k; ehs; jpl;lkpl;l Gul;rp Kd;djhf njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Njhy;tpf;F toptFj;jJ.
 Gul;rpahsh;fsplk; jpl;lkpl;l gapw;rp ,y;iy. jpahfk;> tPuk; kl;LNk
,Ue;jJ. jiyikNaw;wp ele;jp nry;Yjy; tPuh;fis fl;Lg;ghl;by;
itj;jy; ,y;iy.
 Gul;rpahsh;fsplk; xUkpj;j Fwpf;Nfhs; ,y;iy c.k; ,];yhkpah;fs;
Kfyha muir kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;j vz;zpdh;. ,e;Jfs; kuhj;jpa
nry;thf;if kPz;Lk; epWt Kaw;rpj;jdh;.
 Mq;fpNyah;fspd; gphpj;jhYk; R+o;r;rp.

1857 Gul;rpf;fhd tpisTfs;:

 tzpff;FO Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;]ngdpaplkpUe;J ,e;jpahit MSk; chpikia khw;wp gphpl;b];
kfhuhzpapd; Neub gpujpepjp %yk; ,e;jpahit MSk; chpikia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 1858 rpwg;G rl;lk; Board of control, Board of Directors fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
(fl;Lghl;LFO> ,af;Feh;FO) ,jw;F gjpy; eph;thf nghWg;ig ftdpf;f
,e;jpa nrayhsUk; mtUf;F cjtpahf 15 cWg;gpdh; FO
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa jiyik MSeh; it];uha; (muR gpujpepjp) vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
 ,e;jpa kd;dh;fSf;F jj;J vLf;Fk; chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ> ,e;jpa muR
,izf;Fk; nfhs;if iftplg;gl;lJ. ,uhZtk; khw;wpaikg;G.
 ,e;jpa gof;ftof;fk; kjpf;fg;gLjy; vd cWjpaspg;G jFjp> jpwik>
mbg;gilapy; muR gzp toq;Fjy;.
 ,uhZtj;jpy; Mq;fpNyah; vz;zpf;if mjpfg;gLj;Jjy; gPuq;fp gil
Mq;fpNyah; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;fhd tpij ,g;Gul;rpapy; tpijf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp Nguwpf;if 1858 etk;gh; 1 myfhghj;jpy;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. (kfhrhrdk;) chpik rhrdk;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; filrp jiyik MSeh;> Kjyhk; itrpuha; fhdpq;gpuG.
 Ml;rp trjpf;fhf ,e;jpah tq;fhsk;> gk;gha;> nkl;uh]; kfhzq;fshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. thhpR chpik kd;dh;fSf;F jpUk;g toq;fg;gl;lJ.
19k; E}w;whz;by; r%f kw;Wk; rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;:
 r%f rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fs;
vd miof;fg;gl;;ld.
i) gpuk;k rkh[k; 1828 ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; tq;fhsk;
ii) gpuhh;j;jdh rkh[k; 1867 lhf;lh;.Mj;kuhk;ghz;Luq; Kk;ig
 iii) gpuk;kQhdrig 1875 gpshtl;];fp(u\;ah) USA (epA+ahh;f;)
n`d;wp v]; My;fhl;
iv) Mhpa rkh[k; 1875 Rthkpjahde;j ru];tjp F[uhj;(%h;tp)
v) ,uhkfpU\;z 1897> Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; nfhy;fj;jh
,af;fk; Nk-1 (tq;fhsk;)
vi) rkur Rj;j 1865 ts;syhh; - ,uhkypq;f rpjk;guk;
rd;khh;f;f rq;fk; mbfshh; (kUJ}h;)
vii) mypfhh; ,af;fk; 1875 rh;iraJ mfkJfhd; (fhrpG+h; mypfhh;)
viii) jh;kghpghydNahfk; 1903 =ehuhazFU Nfush
ix) rj;jpa Nrhjf; 1873 N[hjpghG+Ny
rkh[;
 ,e;jpa rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kd;Ndhb - ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;.
 ,th; 1815y; Mj;kpa rghitj; njhlq;fpdhh;. Mj;kpah rgh gpd;dhspy;–
1828y; gpuk;krkh[khf khwpaJ.
 uh[huhk; fw;w nkhopfs; - muhgpf;> rk];fpUjk;> `Pg;U> ghurPfk;>
Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R> ,yj;jpd;> fpNuf;fk;
 uh[huhk; > tq;fhsk;> ,e;jp> ghurPfk;> rk];fpUjk;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa
nkhopfspy; E}y;fis vOjpdhu;.
 uh[huhk; vOjpa E}y;fs; - VR fpU];Jtpd; fl;lisfs;> (Precepts of
Jesus christ) mikjpf;Fk; kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; top (The guide to peace and
happiness)
 Kfyha kd;dh; mf;gh;II-f;F toq;fg;gl;L te;j Xa;T Cjpaj;ij cah;j;jp
ngw ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;whh;.
 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpy; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; gzpahw;wpa
fhyk;?
1805 Kjy; 1814 tiu
 1833y; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,we;j ,lk; - gphp];ly;
 ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;f;F ,uh[h vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpath; Kfyha
kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; mf;gh;
 etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tpbnts;sp vd miof;fg;gLgth; - ,uh[huhk;
Nkhfd;uha; (Herald of New Age of India)
 Mj;kpah rgh gpd;dhspy;– 1828y; gpuk;krkh[khf
 gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; nfhs;if vJ? xNu flTs;
 xNu flTs;> nghJ rkaj;jpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fspd; rig vJ?
 gpuk;k rkh[k;
 uh[huhkpd; gpuk;krkh[k; typAWj;jpaJ vJ?
 cUt topghL> Mlk;gu rlq;F> rkatpjp> rhjp NtWghL> jPz;lhik>
cld;fl;il Mfpaitfis td;ikahf vjph;g;gJ MFk;.
 rjp cld;fl;il VWk; gof;fk; jz;lidf;Fhpa rl;lkhf ,aw;wpath;
ahh;? ve;j Mz;L (my;yJ) rjp jpl;lj;ij nfhz;L te;jth; ahh;?
 Mq;fpy jiyik MSeh; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; 1829
 gyjhu kzk;> Foe;ij jpUkzk; vjph;g;G> tpjit kWkzk;> ngz;fy;tp>
fyg;G kzk;> ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; Mjhpj;jth; - uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
 ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;f;F gpwF mthpd; gpuk;krkh[j;jpd; rigia
topelj;jpath;fs; ahh;?
 Nfrg; re;jpuhnrd; kw;Wk; NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; (utPe;jpuehj; jh$hpd;
je;ij)
 jh$hpd; mikg;G jj;Jt Nghjid rig kw;Wk; Mjp gpuk;k rkh[k; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nfrg; - rq;fPj rig gpuhj;jid rkh[k; kw;Wk; gpuk;k rkh[k; (,e;jpah)
 Mde;j Nkhfd; Ngh]; - rhjhuz gpuk;k rkh[j;ijj; Jtf;fpdhu;
 gyjhu kzk;> Foe;ij jpUkzk; jil rl;lk; nfhz;L te;j Mz;L vJ?
 1872 (Nfrt; re;jpuhnrd; Kaw;rp) ,r;rl;lk; fyg;G kzk;> tpjit kzk;
Mfpait Mjhpj;jJ.
 rkge;jp czT> fyg;G kzk;> tpjit kzk;> ngz;fs; eyd;> gpd;jq;fpa
kf;fs; eyd;> gh;jh vjph;g;G> Foe;ijj; jpUkz vjph;g;G Mfpait
gpuhh;j;jdh rkh[j;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; MFk;.
 jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F mdhij ,y;yq;fs;> ,uT gs;spfs; ghJfhg;G
,y;yq;fis je;j rig – gpuhh;j;jdh rig.
 gpuhh;j;jdh rghtpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf jd; tho;ehs; KOtijAk;
mh;gg; zpj;jth; ahh;? kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j uhdNl
 Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp gpwe;j ,lk; - %h;tp
 Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpapd; ,aw;ngah; - %y; rq;fh;
 Rthkp tpuh[de;jhpd; rPlh; - Rthkp jahde;jh; ru];tjp
 Ntjq;fis gug;Gtjpy; jd; tho;f;ifia mh;gg ; zpj;jth; - Rthkp
jahde;j ru];tjp
 Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp mtu;fSila Fwpf;Nfhs; - Go back to the
vedas Ntjq;fis Nehf;fp nry;
 kf;fspd; Rakhpahij> jd;dk;gpf;if tsh;j;jy;> cUt topghL vjph;g;G>
tpyq;FgypapLjy;> %lg;gof;fk;> nrhh;f;fk;> euf Nfhl;ghL Mfpaitfspd;
vjph;gG; Mhpa rkh[k; MFk;.
 Rj;jp ,af;fk; njhlq;fpath; - Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp
 Ntjk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy topf; fy;tpia gapy D.A.V Mq;fpNyh Ntj
gs;spia njhlq;fpath; - Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp
 jahde;j ru];tjpapd; Kf;fpa rPlh;fs; ahh;? Mhpa rkh[f;nfhs;ifia
gug;gpath; ahh;? yhyhy[gjpuha;> yhyh `d;];uh[;> gz;bjFUjj;.
 Ntj gh\;a G+kpah; E}iyAk;> Ntj gh\;ahitAk; vOjpdhh;.
 Mhpa rkh[ jj;Jtk;> Nfhl;ghLfspd; Mh;tk; <LghL cilath;fs; ahh;?
 Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;.
 RNjrp> ,e;jpah ,e;jpaUf;Nf Kof;fq;fis Kjd;Kjypy; Koq;fpath;
Rthkp jahde;jh; ru];tjp
 ,e;J rkaj;jpd; khh;bd; Y}jh; - Rthkp jahde;jh; ru];tjp
 flTs; gf;jp kw;Wk; cz;ik mwpit ngWtjw;fhd rig - gpuk;kQhd
rig (jpNahNrhgpfs;)
 jpNah vd;why; flTs;> Nrhgh]; vd;why; mwpT vd nghUs;gLk;
 jpNahNrhgp vd;gJ flTs; gw;wpa mwpT
 jpNahNrhgp nfhs;iffs; ahJ? rNfhjuj;Jtk;> gz;ila rkak; gw;wpa
mwpT> jj;Jtk;> mwptpay; ,aw;if epajp> nja;tPf rf;jp Mfpatw;iw
tsh;g;gJ jpNahNrhgpfs; Nehf;fk;.
 jpNahNrhgpfs; nrhirl;bapy; 1893k; Mz;L jiytuhf nghWg;G Vw;wth;?
jpUkjp md;dpngrd;l;
 ,e;jpa fy;tp> ,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rpf;F jd;id mh;gg ; zpj;jth; -
md;dpngrd;l;
 fhrp gdhurpy; kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp Njhw;Wtpj;jth;?
jpUkjp md;dpngrd;l;
 kj;jpa ,e;J fy;Y}hp jw;NghJ gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofkhf tsh;r;rp
mile;Js;sJ

gpuk;kQhd rig
 ,e;jpa fyhr;ruhj;jpdhy; <h;f;fg;gl;l Nkw;fj;jpah;fshy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nklk; H.P. gpsthl;];fP - 1875 mnkhpf;fhtpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. gpd;
mnkhpf;f uhZtj;jpd; M.S. My;fhl; mtUld; ,ize;jhh;.
 1882y; ,J jkpo;ehl;bYs;s milahWf;F ,lk; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 md;dpngrd;l; 1907y; ,jd; jiytuhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; 1898y;
kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;. 1916y; gzhuh]; ,e;Jf;
fy;Y}hpahf khwpaJ.
 gpuk;kQhd rig gug;g md;dpngrd;l; elj;jpa nra;jp jhs; vJ?
epA+ ,e;jpah (New India)
 ,e;jpa murpapypy; ,e;jpah;fs; Rahl;rp ngw (Home Rule Movement)
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fpath;?
jpUkjp md;dpngrd;l;
 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; jiyik ,lk; vJ?
nrd;id milahh;.
 milahhpy; E}yfj;ij epWtp mjpy; rk];fpUj E}y;fis ghJfhj;J
te;jth;? jpUkjp md;dpngrd;l;
 ,e;jpah;fspd; kWkyh;r;rpf;fhf Xh; Kd;Ndhb ,af;fkhf nray;gl;l rig-
jpNahNrhgpfs; rig
 ,uhkfpU\;zklk; 1897y; nfhy;fj;jh mUfpy; cs;s NgY}hpy; Rthkp
tpNtfhde;jhuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 tpNtfhde;jh; 1893y; rpfhNfhtpy; eilnge;e cyf rka khehl;by;; ,U
ciufis epfo;j;jpdhh;: gpuGj ghuj; (Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; cj;Nghjdh
(tq;fnkhop).
 Jtf;ff;fy;tp> cah;fy;tp> fpuhkKd;Ndw;wk;> cly;eyk;> NguopT
epthuzk;> Mjpthrpfs; eyd;> fyhr;rhu Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpait
,uhkfpU\;zguk`k;r ,af;fj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;.
 flTs; xUtNu vd;w nfhs;ifAk;> kdpjDf;Fr; nra;Ak; gzp flTSf;F
nra;Ak; gzp vd $wpath; - ,uhkfpU\;zguk`k;rh;
 Jwj;jy; kw;Wk; Nrit ,uz;Lk; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;L nfhs;if vd
$wp ciuj;jth; - Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;.
 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Re;jutdgFjpapy; R+hpa xspia gad;gLj;jp
kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jpl;lk; (Photo voltaic (P.V) Lighting System)
Njhd;w Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;J te;j ,af;fk; ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk;.
 [f;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> mwptpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuf; FOtpd;
(UNESCO) jiyik ,af;Feh; nglhpf;Nfh Nkah; (Federico Mayor) 1993k;
Mz;by; nrhw;nghopT Mw;Wk; nghOJ 1897Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;l
,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; 1945y;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Ad];Nfhtpd; mikg;ig Nghd;Nw ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; kpfTk;
<h;f;fg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,isa tq;fhs ,af;fk;:-

1820 gpd;gFjp kw;Wk; 1830d; Kd;gFjpapy; gbg;gwpTs;s tq;fhs ,sk;
r%fj;jpdilNa kjtof;fq;fs; gpugykhapd. ,it ,isa tq;fhs
,af;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

 ,J n`d;wp Y}ap]; tptpypad; NlNu]pNahthy; (1830 – 31)

Njhw;wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,th; fy;fj;jh ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpapd; Mrphpauhthh;.
 ,th; n`];ngu];> fy;fj;jh ,yf;fpa nfrl; Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
mj;Jld; ,e;jpah nfrl; gj;jphpf;ifAld; njhlh;G itj;jpUe;jhh;.

Ntjrkh[k;:
 njw;fpd; gpuk;krkh[k; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ ,jid =juY} ehAL
njhlq;fpdhh;.
 ,th; gpuk;k jh;kh vd;Dk; E}iy jkpo; kw;Wk; njYq;fpy;
nkhopngau;j;jhh;.
jh;k rig:-
 uhjhfhe;j; vd;gtuhy; nrg;lk;gu; 1830y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 rPh;jpUj;jq;fis vjph;f;fTk;> kjpg; gz;ghl;L Kiwfisf; fhg;ghw;wTk;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,J ngz;fSf;F Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tpia
mspg;gij Mjhpj;jJ.
Nyhffpjthb:-
 Nfhghy; `hp Nj];Kf; vd;gtuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkw;fj;jpaf; fy;tp
kw;Wk; gFj;jwpit typAWj;jpaJ. ,th; ngz;fy;tpia ( ngz;fspd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij) Mjhpj;jhh;.
 1876y; nly;yp jh;ghhpy; gq;F nfhz;lhh;. mjpy; ifapdhy; E}w;fg;gl;l
fjuhil mzpe;J nfhz;lhh;.
 ehl;bd; Ra rhh;gpid Mjhpj;jhh;.

,e;jpa r%fj;jpd; Nrth;fs; mikg;G:-

 NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNyahy; 1915y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,J twl;rp ghjpg;G epthuzk; kw;Wk; kiytho; kf;fspd; juj;jpid
cah;j;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpaJ.

,uhjhRthkp ,af;fk;:-
 ,J Mf;uhtpy; tq;fp elj;jpa Jsrpuhk; ( rpth jahs; rhfpg; my;yJ
Rthkp k`huh[;) vd;gtuhy; 1861y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,th;fs; xUtNu flTs; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. FU
Nkd;ikahdth; vdTk; rp\;ah;fs; (rj;rq;fpfs;) vspikahd tho;T
thoTk; Nghjpj;jhh;.

mypfhh; ,af;fk;:-
 mypfhh; ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; rh;iraJ mfkJfhd; (ePjpj;Jiw
mYtyh;)
 ,t;tpaf;fk; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpia K];yPk; rKjhaj;Jld; GFj;jp
mth;fs; mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s top nra;jJ.
 etPd fy;tp> r%f rPh;jpUj;jk;> gh;jh vjph;g;G> ngz; fy;tp> ,e;J K];yPk;
xw;Wik –mypfhh; ,af;f Nehf;fq;fs;.
 1875;y; mypfhh; gs;spia epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; 1877 y; ,g;gs;sp Kfkjpad;
Mq;fpNyh fpof;fpe;jpa fy;Y}hpahf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. gpd;dh; ,f;fy;Y}hp
mypfhh; K];yPk; gy;fiyf; fofkhf khwpaJ.
 Scientific Society mwptpay; fofk; ahuhy; vg;NghJ vq;F epWtg;gl;lJ?
rh;iraJ mfkJfhd;>1864y; fhrpg;g+h; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;l gs;sp
gpd;dh; Scientific Society MFk;.
 mwptpay; fofk; mwptpay; E}y;fis ve;j nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;J
ntspapl;lJ – cUJnkhop
 1875y; mypfhhpy; rh;iraJ mfkJfhdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fy;Y}hp vJ?
MAO Kfkjpad; Mq;fpNyh xhpaz;ly; fy;Yhhp
 rh;iraJ mfkJfhd; njhlq;fpa ,af;fk; vJ? mypfhh; ,af;fk;
 K];ypk;fspilNa jd;Dila rPu;jpUj;j nfhs;iffis gug;g rh; iraJ
mfkJ fhd; elj;jpa gj;jpupf;if – jhrpy; - cj; - mj;yf;
 Kfk;kjpah; ,yf;fpaf; fofj;ij ethg; mg;Jy; yj;jPg; Muk;gpj;jhh;.
 gz;ila ,e;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;w Gfo;kpf;f Nky;ehl;L mwpQh;fs;
khf;];Ky;yh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;];.
 ,e;Jf;fSk;> K];yPk;fSk; ,e;jpah vd;fpd;w mofpa gwitapd; ,U
fz;fs; vd $wpatu; - ru; iraJ mfkJfhd;
 1873y; rj;jpa Nrhjf; rkh[; (cz;ik NjLNthh; rq;fk;) mikg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpath; - N[hjp ghG+Ny.
 Nrhjf; rigapd; Nehf;fk; - gpuhkzh;gpbapy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; epiyia
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
 ,tuJ E}y;fshd “Fyhk;fphp” kw;Wk; “rh;ti[dpf; rjpajh;k Gj;jfk;”
Mfpait tof;fkhd G+i[KiwfisAk; kj ek;gp;f;iffisAk;
rhLfpd;wd.
 jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhhpd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;j jd; tPl;bd; mUfpy; Fsk;
mikj;J jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; ePh; vLj;J gad;gLj;j nra;jth; N[hjpghG+Ny.
 Nfusj;jpy; <ot kf;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F xh; ,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath; ahh;? ,af;fj;jpd; ngah;
vd;d? ve;j tUlk;? = ehuhaz FU – jh;k ghpghydNahfk; - 1903.
 tpyq;Ffis gyp nfhLj;jy;> rhjp NtWghL> jPz;lhik fz;bj;jth; -
ehuhaz FU
 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa khngUk; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfspy; xUth; -
<.nt.uhkrhkp
 r%f rka rPh;j;jpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; tpisT ahJ?
 r%f nfhLik (rjp jPz;lhik) xopa cjtpaJ
 ngz; Kd;Ndw;wk;
 Njrpa czh;T ngUfpaJ
 fyhr;rhuk; ngUikfs; njhpate;jJ.
 mwptpay;> Neh;ik topapy; gpur;ridf;F jPh;T fhz nra;jJ.

,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fk; - (fp.gp.1885 – 1947)

 kpjthjpfs; fhyk; : 1985-1905
 jPtputhjpfs; fhyk; : 1905–1919
 fhe;jpafhyk; : 1919-1947

,e;jpahtpy; tpLjiy ,af;fk; Njhw;wk;:

 ,e;jpah;fSf;F gy;NtW cah;gjtpfs; mspf;Fk; nghUl;L toq;fg;gl;l
rhrdq;fs;: rhrdk; 1833 kw;Wk; 1853
 rhrdk; 1833> 1853 epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy. ve;j ,e;jpaUf;Fk; cah;gjtp
toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
 I.rp.v];. NjHtpy; ntw;wpngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaH RNue;jpuehj; ghdH[p. 1876y;
fy;fj;jh ,e;jpar; rq;fk; epWtpdhH. 1877y; I.rp.v];. gjtpf;fhd taJ
tuk;G 21-y; 19Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. taJ tuk;G FiwT vjpHj;J yhy;
Nkhfd; Nfh]; vd;w tof;fwpQH ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W thjhbdhH.
 1878y; te;j MAj rl;lk;> gpuhe;jpa nkhop jilr; rl;lk; Njrpa
czh;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 1884-y; ,e;jpad; Nerdy; A+dpad; vd;Wk; ngah; cUthf;fg;gl;l
,t;tpaf;fk; gpd;dh; 1885 brk;gh; 28-y; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; vd ngah;
khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 1885y; Xa;T ngw;w Mq;fpy mjpfhhpahd Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `_A+k;
MNyhridapd; Nghpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tH
vOjpa E}y; Kjpathpd; ek;gpf;if.
 INC - d; Kjy; $l;lk; (,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];) ele;j ,lk; - Kk;ig -
NfhFy;jh]; Nj[;ghy; rk];fpUj fy;Y}hp
 INC – d; Kjy; $l;lj;jpy; jiyik tfpj;jth; W.C. ghdh;[p it];uhahf
,Ue;jth; lg;hpd; gpuG.
 INC – d; Kjy; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;l gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;if
vt;tsT – 72.
 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; vd;w ngaiu ghpe;Jiuj;jth; jhjhgha;nesNuh[p
Mthh;.
 1905-y; Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy jiytuhf INC(Indian National
Congress) gdhu]py; $baNghJ RNjrp Kof;fk; xypj;jJ.
 fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; K];yPk; jiyth; gf;&jpd; jpahg;[p.
 INC-d; Kjy; ngz; jiyth; md;dpngrd;l;
 INC-d; Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz; jiyth; rNuh[pdp ehAL
 INC-y; fhe;jp[p xNu xU Kiw kl;LNk jiyik nghWg;G tfpj;jhh; 1924
ngy;fk;.
 1947-y; INC-d; jiyth; Mr;rhh;a fpUghspdp
 INC – d; Kjy; $l;lj;jp;y; gpujpepjpfshf fye;J nfhz;l jiyth;fs;
ahh;?
 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah>
vk;.[p.uhdNl> ngNuhrhNkj;jh> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> [p.Rg;gpukzp
ma;ah;.
 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs;:
 rl;lkd;wq;fs; tphpthf;fk;> rl;lkd;wj;jpy; mjpfg;gbahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
toq;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nfhhpf;if
 fy;tpia gug;g eltbf;if Ntz;Lk;.
 gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lk;
 ,e;jpa eph;thf gzpfis (ICS) ,e;jpahtpy; elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,uhZt nryTfis Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 thpKiw vspikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 ,e;jpah;fSf;F cah;gjtp toq;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
 ,yz;ldpy; cs;s ,e;jpad; fTd;rpy; (rig) fiyf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

kpjthjpfs;
 Jtf;f fhyj;jpy; fhq;fpuir topelj;jpa jiyth;fs; kpjthjpfs;
vdg;gl;ldh;. jhjhgha;nesNuh[p> gpNuh]; \h Nkj;jh> RNue;jpuehj;
ghdh;[p> NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy MfpNahh; kpjthjpfs; Mth;.

 kpjthjpfspd; nray;ghLfs; gpuhh;j;jid> Nfhhpf;if> Nghuhl;lk; vd;w

%d;W jsq;fspy; ,aq;fpaJ.

 fhe;jp[papd; Njrpa FU NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy ,th; kpjthjpfspd;

jiyth;> ,th; 1905-y; ghuj; Nrth rq;fk; epWtpdhh;. k`huh\;buhtpy;
rhf;ul;B]; vd ghuhl;lg;gl;lth;. ,e;jpahtpd; ,uj;jpdk; vd jpyfuhy;
Gfog;gl;lhh;.

jPtputhjpfs;:
 jPtputhj mZF Kiwapy; ,g;gphptpd; gpujpepjpfshf tq;fhsj;J
uh[ehuhaz Ngh]; kw;wk; kfhuh\;buj;jpy; tp\;Zrh];jphp rpg;yq;fh;
Mth;.
 gpw;ghL ,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F cj;Ntf%l;bath; ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; Mthh;.
ghyfq;fhju jpyfH (jPtputhjpfspd; jiytH)> gpgpd; re;jpuNgh];>yhyh
y[gjp uha; >mugpe;NjhNfh\;.
 Gul;;rpfu vz;zq;fs; nfhz;l ,isQh;fs; njhlq;fpa ,af;fq;fs;
ehl;by; jPtputhj vz;zq;fs; MFk;. gk;ghapd; thRNjt;gy;tj; ghl;Nf
vd;gth;jhd; jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; Kjy; jiyth; Mth;.
 tpehaf; jhNkhjh; rthh;fh; GNdtpy; mgpetghujp vd;w mikg;ig
Muk;gpj;jhh;.
 tq;fhsj;jpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtHfs; gp.Nf. Nfh\;>
gp.vd;. jj;.
 yz;ldpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH v];.Nf. tHkh.
 ghhp;]py; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtH v];.MH. uhkh.

gaq;futhjpfs;:
 1924-y; fhd;G+hpy; ,e;jpa Gul;rpahsh;fs; xd;W $bdh;. ,ij njhlh;e;J
,e;J];jhd; Nrhrpayp];l; hp;gg;spf;fs; mNrhrpNahrd; (HSRA) vd;w
mikg;G Gjpjhf nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.

 yh$hpy; rjptof;fpd; %yk; gfj;rpq;> RfNjt; uh[;FU MfpNahh; 1931

khh;r; 3-y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
 rl;lfhq;fpy; gphpl;b]; MAj rhiy ifafg;gLj;jpa Nghuhsp #hpa nrd;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
 mypG+h; rjp tof;fpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L gpd; Md;kpfthjpahf khwpa
Gul;rpahsh; mutpe;j Nfh\; ghz;br;Nrhpapy; M];ukk; MNuhtpy;
epWtpdhh;.
 ,e;jpa %th;zf;nfhb cah;j;jg;gl;L eilngw;w Kjy; Njrpa khehL
n[h;kdpapy; ];Ltpfhh;l; efhpy; 1907-;y; eilngw;wJ. ,e;jpa Gul;rp
thjpah;fs; md;id vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Nklk; gpf;fh[p fhkhNt md;W
%th;zf; nfhb Vw;wpdhh;.
 fhq;fpu]; jPtuthjp jpyfh; elj;jpa ,uz;L gj;jphpf;iffs;
kuhj;jh(Mq;fpyk;)> Nfrhp (kuhj;jp).
 ,e;jpa Fog;gq;fspd; je;ij jpyfh; (Father) of Indian Unrest) vd
$wpath; Mq;fpy vOj;jhsh; ]h; thyd;ild; Mthh;.
 Nyhfkhd;ah; vd ,e;jpah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lth; jpyfh;.
 jpyfh; rpiwthrj;jpd;NghJ (gh;kh khz;Nlyhtpy; vOjpa E}y; fPjh
ufrpak;.
 Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik mij mile;Nj jPUNtd; vd;W Koq;fpath;
- jpyfh;.
 fzgjp kw;Wk; rpth[p gz;biffs; %yk; Njrpa czh;it J}z;bath; -
jpyfh;.
 INC–d; jiyik gjtp tfpf;fhj xNu ,e;jpa jiyth; jpyfh; Mthh;.
 1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16-k; ehs; tq;fhsg; gphptpid eilKiwf;F te;jJ
gphptpidapd;NghJ ,utPej ; puehj; jh$h; ,aw;wpa ghly; mkh Nrhdhh;
gq;fhs (1971-y; gphptpidf;F gpd; tq;fhsj;jpd; Njrpa ghlyhf Njh;T
nra;ag;gl;lJ).
 tq;f gphptpidf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;fpath;
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p Mthh;. gphptpid fhuzkhf ,e;jpa nghUl;fshy;
gad;gLj;jp tq;fhsj;jpy; gphpl;b]; nghUl;fs; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ld.
 gphpl;brhupd; gphpj;jhSk; je;jpuj;jpd; fhuzkhf 1906-y; mfpy ,e;jpa
K];yPk; yPf; cUthdJ. ,jd; Kjy; khehL 1906 brk;gh; 30-y; ethg;
ryPKy;yh jiyikapy; lhf;fhtpy; eilngw;wJ.
 1907-y; #uj;jpy; eilngw;w INC $l;lj;jpy; lhf;lh; uh\;gpfhhp Ngh];
jiyikapy; $baNghJ fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ. fl;rpapd; eph;thfk;
kpjthjpfspd; gpbapy; nrd;wJ.
 n[duy; lah; ,uhZt fkhz;lh; jiyikapy; $l;lj;jpy; Jg;ghf;fp #L
elj;jp kf;fs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;. (,ij epahag;gLj;jpa
 Kd;dhs; nyg;bdd;l; fth;dh; rh; ikf;Nfy; lah; 21 tUlq;fSf;F gpwF
1940-y; yz;ldpy; cj;jk;rpq; Jg;ghf;fpapy; Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;)

 1911-y; brk;ghpy; jpy;ypapy; eilngw;w uh[h jh;ghhpy; gphpl;ld; kd;dh; 5-k;

[hh;[; tq;fhs gphptpidia uj;J nra;tjhf mwptpj;jhh;. mg;Nghija
itrpuha; `hh;bQ;r; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefiu fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J
by;ypf;F khw;Wk; mwptpg;ig ntspapl;lhh;.
 1915-16-y; ,uz;L N`hk;&y; mzpfs; njhlq;fpd.
 ghyfq;fhjh; jiyikapy; GNdtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 2.md;dpngrd;l; kw;Wk; Rg;gpukzp ma;ah; jiyik nrd;idapy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
tq;f gphptpid (1905)
 tq;f gphptpidia nfhz;L te;jth; fh;rd; gpuG Mz;L – mf;Nlhgh; -
16 1905
 fhuzk;;: eph;thf trjp> Ml;rp vspik
 [Piy 20> 1905-y; ,e;jpa it];uha; fh;rd; gpuG tq;fhsj;ij ,uz;lhf
gphpj;jhh;. fpof;F tq;fhsk;, mrhk; K];yPk; ngUk;ghd;ik (%d;W Nfhb
kf;fs;) Nkw;F tq;fhsk; (5.5 Nfhb kf;fs;) ,e;J ngUk;ghd;ik. ,jd;gb
fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpd; jiyefH lhf;fh vd;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd;
jiyefH nfhy;fj;jh vd;Wk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fh;rd; gpuGit gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; xsuq;frPg; vd;W th;zpj;jth;
NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy Mthh;.
 fpof;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; mrhk; - xU khfhzk;. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
gPfhu; kw;nwhU khfhzk;
 eph;thf trjpf;fhf my;y. ,e;J K];yPk;fis gphpg;gNj tq;f gphptpid
 tq;fg;gphptpid nghUshjhu Gwf;fzpg;G vDk; “RNjrp ,af;fk;” Njhd;w
fhuzkhapw;W.
 RNjrp vd;gjd; nghUs; nrhe;j ehL;. may;ehl;L nghUs; Gwf;fzpg;G>
nrhe;j ehl;by; njhopy; Nkk;ghL - RNjrp ,af;fk;
K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk;:
 brk;gh; 30 1906y; ethg; rypKy;yh fhd;>; ethg; nkh]pd;-cy;-Ky;f;
jiyikapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 epue;ju jiyth; Mfhfhd;
 K];yPk;fspd; chpik ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rYiffis ngWjy; Mfpait
K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Nehf;fk;.
R+uj; gpsT :- 1907
 uh\;gPfhhp Nfh\; jiyikapy; eilngw;w #uj; khehl;by; fhq;fpu]py;
kpjthjpfs; jPtputhjpfSf;F ,ilNa gphpT Vw;gl;lJ.
 uh\;gpfhhp Nfhi\ jiytuhfj; Njh;njLj;jjpy; gpur;rid cUthdJ.
jPtputhjpfs; jiytuhf yhyh y[gjpuha; Njh;njLf;ff; Nfhhpdhh;.
 jpyfh;>mutpe;j Nfh\; - jPtputhjpfs; NfhfNy, uh\; gpfhhp Nfh\;
kpjthjpfs;

kpz;Nlh – khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk; fp.gp.1909:

 K];yPk;fis jpUg;jpgLj;j nfhz;L te;j rl;lk; 1909k; Mz;L kpd;Nlh
khh;yp rl;lk; ,J K];yPk;fSf;F jdpnjhFjp toq;fpaJ.
 kpd;Nlh khu;yp rPuj
; pUj;jj;ij fhq;fpu]; vjph;j;jJ.
1911 – jiyefH khw;wk;
 1911 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 12 Mk; Njjp ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuhf jpy;yp
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1912 Mk; Mz;L brk;gH 1 Mk; Njjp jpy;ypapy; eilngw;w fhuNd\d;
jHghhpy; (Coronation Durbar) Ie;jhk; [hH[; kd;dUk; mtuJ kidtpahd
,uhzp NkhpahUk; fye;J nfhz;ldH.

fjh; fl;rp (1913):-

 yhyh `h;jahs;> jhuf;ehj; jh];> Nrhfd;rpq; gf;dh MfpNahuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; ngah; fjh; vd;Dk; gj;jphpf;ifapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1913
etk;gh; 1y; 1857 fyfj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fj; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; jiyikafk; rhd;gpuhd;]p];Nfh MFk;.
 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; fhuzkhf fjh; fl;rp cWg;gpdh;fs; ,e;jpahit
tpLtpf;f (murplkpUe;J) gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; fpilj;jd.
 ,th;fs; gy;NtW tq;fhs Gul;rpf;fhuh;fs; xj;Jiog;Gld; ,e;jpah
jpUk;gpdhh;. ,th;fsJ jpl;lk; filrp fzj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfj;jhy;
Njhy;tpAw;wJ.
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; fp.gp.1916
 G+dh 1916 - ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;.
 nrd;id 1916 - md;dpngrd;l; (mah;yhe;J) kw;Wk; v];. Rg;gpukzpa
Iau;
 md;dpngrd;l; elj;jpa gj;jphpf;ifahd epA+ ,e;jpahit Mq;fpy muR
jilnra;jJ.
 Nkhjpyhy; NeU> rp.Mh;.jh];> jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpw;F jq;fs; KO
Mjuit je;jdh;.
yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; fp.gp.1916

 INC khehL (,yl;RkzGhp) 1916 – yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;w NghJ

ele;j ,uz;L Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs;.
 1.kpjthjpfs; jPtputhjpfs; xd;Wgl;ldh;. mk;gpfh ruz;k[Pk;jhh;
jiyikNaw;whh;.
 2.fhq;fpu];> K];yPk; yPf; Ra Ml;rp ngWtjpy; xg;ge;jk; - 1916
brk;gH 29k; Njjp. xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; Agreed to separate
electorates for the Muslims. NkYk; K];yPk;fspd; xNu gpujpepjpahf
K];yPk; yPf; vd fhq;fpu]; Vw;W K];yPk; yPf; fl;rpia murpay;
fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpj;jJ.
 yf;Ndh khehl;by; (1916) jhd; [t`h;yhy; NeU fhe;jp[pia Kjd;
Kjypy; re;jpj;jhh;.
 ,r;rkak; K];yPk; yPf; mjd; rk;Nksdj;ij yf;Ndhtpy; elj;jpaJ.

Mf];l; mwpf;if Mf];l; 20 - 1917

 eph;thfj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fs; mjpfk; gq;Fngw tha;g;G.
 ,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; “ ,e;jpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig eph;thfj;jpd; xt;nthU
JiwapYk; mjpfhpg;gJ> ,e;jpa murpid Nkk;gLj;jp mJ gphpl;b\;
Nguurpd; cl;gFjp vd czuitg;gJ”
 ,e;jpahtpw;F gbg;gbahf jd;dhl;rp toq;f cWjpaspj;jJ

khz;NlF – nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk; fp.gp.1919

 Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; ,e;jpah;fs; MjuT je;jjhy; Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp
ngw;wdh;. ,jdhy; (ifkhwhf) 1919 Mk; Mz;L khz;NlF –
nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;j rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

1919-Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd;gb

 kj;jpa khfhz rl;l kd;wq;fs; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;ld
 khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs;> rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; fpUj;Jth;fSf;F
,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb jdpj;jdp njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
 1919-Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; fhq;fpu]; epuhfhpj;jJ.
 1919-Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ Mq;fpNyahpd; ngUe;jd;ikaw;w
nray; vdTk; mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ,e;jpaUf;F kjpg;GilajhfhJ
vd $wpath;- md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh;.
 Ra Ml;rpia Nehf;fp vLj;j itf;fg;gl;l Kjy; gb khz;NlF
nrk;];Nghu;L rl;lk; MFk;.
nusyl; rl;lk; fp.gp.1919
 cj;jutpd;wp vtiuAk; ifJ nra;aTk; tprhuizapd;wp mjpfgl;rk;
,uz;L tUlk; tiu rpiwitg;gJ vd Mq;fpy muRf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 kf;fspd; N`gpa]; fhh;g]; chpikia uj;J nra;jJ. ,t;Thpikjhd;
,q;fpyhe;J kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilr; rl;lk; MFk;.
 ,e;jpa kf;fs; ,jid fUg;Gr; rl;lk; vd mioj;jdH
 nusyl; rl;lk; vjph;g;G 1919 Vg;uy; 9 ehL KOtJk; filailg;G>
kwpay; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk; (Hartals)
 ,jid kj;jpa rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; vjpHj;jdH. KfkJ myp [pd;dh>
kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah kw;Wk; krhH-cy;-`H Mfpa 3 cWg;gpdHfs;
gjtp tpyfpdH.
 fhe;jpabfs; ,r;rl;lj;ij vjpHj;J rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;lhH.
 mtH rj;jpahfpuf rghtpid Jtf;fpdhH.
 mjd;gb ,e;jpah KOtJk; 1919-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 6-k; Njjp rj;jpahfpuf
ehs; (National day) eilngw;wJ.
 fhe;jpabfs; jkf;F mspf;fg;gl;l NfrH-,-`pe;j; vd;w gl;lj;ij jpUg;gp
mspj;jhH.
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy fp.gp.1919
 1919 Vg;uy; 13y; gQ;rhgpd; Kf;fpa jiyth;fs; lhf;lh;.rj;jpaghy; kw;Wk;
lhf;lh;.rha;GjPd; fpr;Y MfpNahu; nusyl; rl;lj;jpd;gb ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lij vjph;j;J gj;jhapuk; kf;fs; mkph;jru]py; cs;s [hypad;
thyghf; G+q;fhtpy; mikjpahf $bapUe;jdh;.
 ,uhZtj; jsgjp n[duy; lah; vt;tpj Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp jdJ
gilfSld; Jg;ghf;fp R+L elj;jpdhh;.
 [hypad;thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;F vjph;g;G njhptpj;J ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h;
jdJ iel;`_l; (Knighthood) gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh;.
 ,jid tprhhpf;f `z;lh; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1940-k; Mz;L cj;jk; rpq; vd;gtH ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhd n[duy;
laiu ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whH.

fpyhgj; ,af;fk; fp.gp.1919

  Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; n[h;kd; mjd; el;G ehlhd JUf;fp Njhy;tp
mile;jJ. ,jpy; JUf;fp NguuR Jz;lhf;fg;gl;L gphpl;ld;> gpuhd;]; gq;F
Nghl;L nfhz;ldh;.
 Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; tpisthf cyf K];yPk;fspd; rka jiytuhd
fhyPg; mtkjpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,J K];yPk;fspd; ngUj;j mtkhdkhf
fUjg;gl;ljhy; Mq;fpNyahplk; ,e;jpa K];yPk;fSf;F vjph;g;G
cz;lhapw;W.
 Nkw;$wpa fhuzq;fshy; Mq;fpy muRf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpahtpy; KfkJ
myp> rTfj; myp vd;w myp rNfhjuh;fshy; > nksyhdh M]hj;>
`f;fpk; m[;ky;fhd; kw;Wk; `];uj; nkh`hdp MfpNahUld; ,ize;J
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 fpyhgj; ,af;fk; K];yPk; yPf;> fhq;fpu]; neUq;fp tu ey;y re;jh;g;gk;
vd vz;zp fhe;jp KO kdJld; ,t;tpaf;fj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;.
 1920 khh;r; -10,y; fpyhgj; gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd nray;jpl;lj;ij fhe;jp
ntspapl;lhh;.
khg;sh fyfk; - 1921
 fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthf Nfushtpd; kyghh; gFjpapy; cUthfpaJ.
kyghh; gFjp> gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,e;J [kPd;jhh;fs; khg;sh
K];yPk; tptrhapfis Ruz;Ltjw;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;lJ. 1921y; ele;jJ.
RUf;fk; fp.gp.1858 – fp.gp.1919

 fp.gp.1885 – ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk;

 fp.gp.1885 – 1905 – kpjthjpfs; jPtputhjpfs;
 fp.gp.1905 – tq;f gphptpid
 fp.gp.1906 – K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk;
 fp.gp.1907 – R+uj; gpsT (kpjthjp – jPtputhjp)
 fp.gp.1909 – kpd;Nlh khh;yp rPhj
; pUj;jk;
 fp.gp.1914 – 1918 Kjy; cyfg;Nghh;
 fp.gp.1916 – Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; njhlf;fk;
 fp.gp.1916 – jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
 fp.gp.1916 – yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;
 fp.gp.1917 – Mf];l; mwpf;if
 fp.gp.1919 – khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;
 fp.gp.1919 – nusyl; rl;lk;
,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fk; - II ( fp.gp.1920 – fp.gp.1947)
 fhe;jpa rfhg;jk;

 1915 [dthp 9-k; ehs; fhe;jp[p jdJ 49-Mk; tajpy; ,e;jpah te;jhh;
(jdJ murpay; Nrhjidf; $lk; vd Fwpg;gpl;l
njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J) ,e;ehs; ntspehL tho; ,e;jpau; jpdkhf
(gputhrp ghujPa jpdkhf) filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fhe;jp[p 1916-,y; mfkjhghj;jpd; rgh;kjp M];ukj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.
fhe;jpapd; ,af;fq;fs; :
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (fp.gp.1920 – 1922)
 khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;> nusyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyhghf;
gLnfhiy Mfpatw;iw vjph;j;J Nkw;nfhz;l ,af;fk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; MFk;.
 ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; fhe;jp[p elj;jpa Kjy; Nghuhl;lk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; MFk;.
 ,jd; Nehf;fk; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1919-d;gb elf;f ,Uf;Fk; NjHjiy
Gwf;fzpg;Nghk;.
 Xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; %d;W epiyfs;:

 murplk; ngw;w gl;lk;> gjtp> tpUJfis Jwj;jy;

 Ntiy epWj;jk;> rl;lkd;wk;> muR mYtyfq;fs;> gs;spfs;>
fy;Y}hpfs; Gwf;fzpg;G (boycott), muR gzpfis Jwj;jy;>
 filrp $l;lk; thpnfhlh ,af;fk;

 Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; nghJg;gzpapypUe;J gjtptpyfpdhh;. rp.Mh;.jh];

kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU - tof;fwpQh; gl;lj;ijj; Jwe;jdh;.
 1920-y; ehfGhpapy; eilngw;w khehl;by; Nryk; rp. tp[auhfthr;rhhpahH
jiyikapy; eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy; fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 1921-y; nu];tlhtpy; eilngw;w khehl;by; xu Nfhb egHfis
cWg;gpduhf NrHj;J jpyfH Rauh[;[pa epjpahf 1 Nfhb &gha;
jpul;lg;gl;L ifuhl;ilfs; Nghd;wit thq;fpj; jug;gl;lJ.
 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gbg;gbahf thpnfhlh ,af;fk;> fprhd;
(tptrhapfs;) ,af;fk;> mfhyp ,af;fk; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fshf gphpe;J
cr;r fl;lj;ij mile;jJ.
 1921 – Mk; Mz;L mfkjhghj;jpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;
muR jq;fsJ Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; tiu kf;fs; muRf;F thp
nrYj;jf; $lhJ vd;w jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
 17-11-1921-y; gk;gha; te;J ,wq;fpa Nty;]; ,sturUf;F fz;ldk;
njhptpj;J KO milg;G kw;Wk; fUg;Gf; nfhb fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
nrshp nrsuh fp.gp.1922
 (xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ) 1922 rdthp 5k; ehs;
cj;jugpuNjrj;jpy; nrshp nrsuh (Nfhuhf;G+h;) vd;Dkplj;jpy; tptrha
Nguzpapy; NghyPrhh; Jg;ghf;fp R+L elj;jpdh;. mjw;F vjpuhf tptrhapfs;
fhty; epiyaj;ij jhf;fp jPapl;L nfhSj;jpdh;. ,jpy; 22 fhtyh;fs;
caphpoe;jdh;.
 nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk; fhuzkhf fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ij gpg;uthp 12-,y; cldbahf epWj;jpdhh;. fhe;jpabfs; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp (fp.gp.1923 – 1925)
 1923 -,y; rp.Mh;.jh]; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU xd;W Nrh;e;J Rauh[;[paf;
fl;rpia Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.
 Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp Njhd;wpa ,lk; - mypg;G+h; rpiw
 ,f;fl;rp fhe;jp ifJf;F gpwF Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;ij jiyikNaw;W
elj;jpaJ.
 rl;lkd;wq;fis Gwf;fzpg;gij jtph;j;J Mq;fpy muir rl;l
kd;wq;fspNyNa vjph;gg ; J vd;W Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp jiyth;fs;
tpUk;gpdh;.
 rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUthhpahd ,lq;fis ngw;W ty;ygha; gl;Nliy
rl;lkd;w jiytH Mf;fpdhHfs;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpah;fspd; (Dominion) jd;dhl;rp Vw;gLj;jTk;> tl;l Nkir
khehLfs; %yk; Nfhhpf;iffs; ghprPypf;f ,f;fl;rp jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wpaJ.
 ,f;fl;rp epWtdh; rp.Mh;.jh]; kiwe;jjhy; ,f;fl;rp 1925-y;
fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kbkd; FO
 rH mnyf;rhz;lH Kbkd; jiyikapy; xU FO 1919-k; Mz;L ,e;jpar;
rl;lk; vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij Muha ,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk;
1924y; (Muddiman Committee) mDg;gpaJ.

irkd; FO fp.gp.1927 – 1928

 1927–etk;ghpy; gphpl;B]; muR Indian Statutory Commission cUthf;fpaJ.
,f;fkp\Df;F rH. [hd; irkd; jiyik Vw;wjhy; - irkd; fkprd;.
 1919 Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpid MuhaTk>; ,e;jpa eph;thfj;ij
Nkk;gLj;jTk; rh;[hd;irkd; jiyikapy; 7 Ngh; nfhz;l xU FO
 FOtpy; midtUk; Mq;fpNyah;fs.; xUth; $l ,e;jpah; ,y;iy.
 1928-y; irkd; FO ,e;jpah te;j nghOJ vd fLk; vjph;gG ; njuptpj;J
irkNd jpUk;gp nry; (Simon Go back) vd;W Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdu;
 ePjpf;fl;rp vdg;gLk; [];b]; ghHl;b kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; a+dpadp];l; Mfpa
,uz;Lk; vjpHf;ftpy;iy.
 irkd; FO vjph;g;gpy; fye;J nfhz;l > gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; yhyh y[gjpuha;
fhtyh;fs; jbabahy; jhf;fg;glL; mf;Nlhgh; 30> 1928y; caphpoe;jhh;.
 gfj; rpq;> re;jpuNrfh; Mrhj;> uh[FU – fhty; mjpfhhp rhz;lh;];
Rl;Lf;nfhiy
 gfj; rpq;> gp.Nf.jj; - kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ntb Fz;L tPrpdhu;fs;.
 1928-y; thpnfhlh ,af;fj;jpw;F Mjuthf F[uhj;jpd; gh;Njhypapy; ele;j
rj;jpahfpufj;jpw;F jiyik tFj;jth; ty;ygha;gl;Nly;. ,ij ghuhl;Lk;
tpjkhf fhe;jp[p mtUf;F rh;jhh; vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;.
 irkd fkp\Df;F gjpyhf ,e;jpah;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l murpay;
kWrPuikg;Ng NeU mwpf;if vdg;gLk;. 1928-,y; Nkhjpyhy; NeU
jiyikapy; ,e;j mwpf;iff;F ,Wjp tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

yh$h; khehL fp.gp.1929

 1929 yh$hpy; fhq;fpu]; khehL NeU jiyik
 G+uz Rje;jpuk; jPh;khdk;
 brk;gh; 31 – 1929 – k; Mz;L es;sputpy; te;Nj khjuk; vd;w
ghlYf;fpilNa uhtp ejpf;fiuapy; ,e;jpa %th;z nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ.
 [dthp 26> 1930y; ehL KOtJk; tpLjiy ehshf nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
 1950 Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ G+uz tpLjiy ehs; epidthf FbauR jpdk;.
 fhe;jpabfs; gphpl;b\; Ml;rpia A Crime Against the man and the God
vd;W $wpdhH.
 epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij kPz;Lk; njhlu KbT
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd; nghWg;G fhe;jp[paplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; (m) cg;G rj;jpah fpufk; fp.gp.1930

 1930 khh;r; 12y; Mq;fpy murpd; cg;G thp vjph;j;J njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 “nuhl;b Ntz;Lnkd;W Koe;jhspl;L Nfl;ljw;F fy;Ny fpilj;jJ” vd
fhe;jpabfspd; cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;fpdhH.
 fhe;jpabfs; rNuh[pdp ehAL cl;gl 78 njhz;lh;fSld; rgh;kjp
Mrpukj;jpypUe;J jz;b tiu 400 fp.kP gazk;;.
 jz;bapy; Vg;uy; -6y; fly;ePhpy; cg;G fha;r;rp fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
vuthlh rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;. NeU – iedplhy rpiw
 jkpofj;jpy; uh[h[p jiyikapy;; jpUr;rp – Ntjhuz;ak; (jQ;ir)
 b.gpufhrk;> ehNf];tuuht; - nkhpdh flw;fiu
 fHehlfk; - rhdpf;fl;lh vd;w ,lj;jpy; cg;G kz;b jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nfushtpy; - Nfsg;gd; - fs;spf;Nfhl;il
 tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzj;jpy; - fhd; mg;Jy; fghH fhd; rptg;Gr;
rl;il ,af;fj;ijj; Jtq;fpdhu; (Kudaikhidmatgars)
tl;lNkir khehL mwptpg;G - mf;NlhgH khjj;jpy;
mwptpf;fg;gl;ljhy; jPghtsp mwptpg;G
tl;lNkir khehL-I et 1930 - Id. 1931:
 rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;- Mq;fpy murhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,jdhy;
gpur;ridf;F jPh;T fhz tl;l Nkir khehLfs; $l;baJ.
 1930 Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL yz;ld;. ,jpy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp fye;J
nfhs;stpy;iy. khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
 1931y; ,h;tpd; gpuG ,e;jpah te;J fhe;jpaplk; rl;l kWg;ig iftpLkhW
$wp xg;ge;jk; (nly;yp xg;ge;jk;) khhr.15 nra;jhh;.
 Storm in a Tea cup - ,Htpd;

,h;tpd; xg;ge;j Nehf;fk; - ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; xg;Gjy;

 rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; iftply;.
 ,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;tnjd
xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy;
,h;tpd; xg;ge;j Nehf;fk; - gphpl;b\; xg;Gjy;
 Mq;fpy muR Nghul;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l midtiuAk; tpLjiy nra;tJ.
 cg;G tupr; rl;lq;fis jpUk;gg; ngWtJ.
tl;lNkir khehL-II (nrg;-br) 1931:
 nrg;.7-1931y; ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nkir khehl;by; fhe;jp fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
KO Rje;jpuk;> tFg;G gpur;rid Fwpj;J ve;j jPh;Tk; Vw;gltpy;iy. ehL
jpUk;gpa fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
 #uj; khtl;lj;jpy; epythp t#y; nra;tjpy; Vw;gl;l gpur;ridfis
tprhuiz nra;a Gyhgha; Njrha; kw;Wk; ty;ygha; gNly; nrd;wdH.
 thp nfhlh ,af;fk; fhuzkhf [tfHyhy; NeU> GUN\hj;jk; jh];
jhz;ld; MfpNahH ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH.
 kPz;Lk; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

fp.gp.1932 – G+dh xg;ge;jk; tFg;G thj mwpf;if :

 ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nkir khehl;by; ,Wjpapy; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; uhk;Nr
nkf;nlhdhy;L tFg;G thj mwpf;if Mf.17-1932y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 rpWghd;ikapdh;(K];ypk;> rPf;fpah;)> jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F jdp ,l xJf;fPL
 tFg;G thj mwpf;if Vw;f kWj;j fhe;jpabfs; rhFk;tiu
cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
 1932y; mk;Ngj;fhh; - fhe;jpfpilNa G+dh xg;ge;jk;.
 cz;zhtpujj;ij fhe;jp iftpl;lhh;.
 jdpj;njhFjp xJf;fPL iftplg;gl rl;l rigapy; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F
mjpf vz;zpf;if ,lq;fs; toq;f xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 %d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL et.– br.1932y; yz;ldpy; eilngw;wJ.
fhq;fpu]; ,jpy; gq;F ngwtpy;iy. Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.

%d;W tl;lNkir khehLfspy; gq;F nfhz;ltHfs;

 gp.MH. mk;Ngj;fhH> n[afH

1935-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;:

 %d;W tl;l Nkir khehL KbTfs; kw;Wk; irkd; FO mwpf;if
KbTfs; mbg;gilapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk; 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR
rl;lk; MFk;.
 khfhzq;fspy; jd;dhl;rp (Dominion) mwpKfk;
 khfhzq;fsp;y; nray;gl;L te;j ,ul;il Ml;rp xopg;G
 kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp (Federation) Vw;gLj;Jjy;
 khepyq;fspy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fis jPh;f;f $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; epWTjy;
 $l;lhl;rp hprh;t; tq;fp epWtg;gLjy;

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 1939 – 1945:

 1935 rl;lj;jpd;gb 1937y; khepyq;fspy; nghJ Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ.
nkhj;jKs;s 11 khepyq;fspy; 7ypy; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp> rpe;Jtpy; K];yk
P ;
yPf;> Ml;rp m];]hkpy; K];yk P ; yPf;.
 1937y; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp ngw;W 1939 tiu mikr;ruit nray;gl;lJ.
 1939y; fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruit uh[pdhkh fhuzk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy;;
fye;J nfhs;s kWg;G (9 khepyk; uh[pdhkh).
 fhq;fpu]; uh[pdhkh nra;jij K];yPk; yPf; fl;rp jiyth; KfkJ myp
[pd;dh tuNtw;W nfhz;lhbdhh;. me;ehis 1939 nrg;lk;gh; 22 tpLjiy
ehshf nfhz;lhbdhh;. ,U ehL Njit Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;dpWj;jpdhh;
[pd;dh.

ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;if fp.gp.1940

 KfkJ myp [pd;dh 1940 - Mk; Mz;L yh$hpy; eilngw;w K];yPk; yPf;
khehl;by; jdJ jdp ehL Nfhhpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
 ghfp];jhd; vd;w nrhy;iy cUthf;fpath; - ufkj; myp
 1943 brk;gh;> K];yPk;yPf; fuhr;rp khehl;by; mJ “gphpj;J nfhLj;J tpL>
ntspNaW” vd;Dk; thh;j;ijia vOg;gpaJ.

Mf];l; gpufldk; (Mf];l; 8> 1940):-

 1940 Mf];l; ed;nfhil ypd;ypj;Nfh Mq;fpy muR gpujpepjp mwptpj;jhh;.
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy; ,e;jpah;fis ypj;Njh <LgLj;jpdhh;> fhq;fpu];
vjph;j;jJ.
 Mf];l; ed;nfhil vd;gJ ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig mikf;f xU
FO epakpf;fg;gLk;> muR gpujpepjp Nghh; MNyhrid FOtpy; ,e;jpah;
,lk;ngWth; vd;gNj MFk;.
 Mf];l; ed;nfhilia fhq;fpu]; epuhfhpj;jJ.

fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO fp.gp.1942

 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy; [g;ghd; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F vjpuhf <Lgl;lJ.
 1942 khh;r; khjk; rh;];lh/Nghh;L fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO ,e;jpah te;jJ.
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpwF nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy;>
murpay; mikg;gpid tiua Gjpa jpl;lk; vd mwptpg;G. Mdhy; KO
Rje;jpuk; gw;wp $wtpy;iy.
 jpthyhfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tq;fpapd; gpd; Njjpapl;l fhNrhiy vd
fphpg;]; FOit fhe;jp $wpdhh;.
 fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; fp.gp.1942

 1942 Mf];l; 8y; Kk;ig khehl;by; fhe;jp[p $wpa Kof;fk; “KO
Rje;jpuk; milNthk”;> ; “nra; (m) nrj;J kb”
 fhe;jp> Mrhj;> NeU> mGy;fyhk; MfpNahu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
 fhe;jp[p G+dh Mfhfhd; muz;kidapy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 ,uz;lhk; cyfNghh; 1945y; KbT ngw;wJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fpskz;l;
ml;yp jiyikapy; njhopy;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rp mikj;jJ.
 ml;yp ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;. mth; gpur;rid jPh;f;f
FO mikj;jhh;. mf;FO Rje;jpuk; toq;f ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.

Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; - INA ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; fp.gp.1942

 Nejh[p 1927y; fhq;fpurpy; ,ize;jhh;. 1938y; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhdhh;>
1939y; Kw;Nghf;F fl;rpia njhlq;fpdhh;.
 1943 rpq;fg;G+h; nrd;W mq;F ,e;jpa tpLjiy fofj;jpd; jiyik
nghWg;ig Vw;whh;.
 rpq;fg;G+hpy; ,e;jpa tpLjiy fof nghWg;ig xg;gilj;jth; ,uh\;gpfhhp
Nfh\;.
 me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghiu [g;ghd; cjtpAld; ifg;gw;wp “\hfpj;” kw;Wk;
“Rtuh[;” vd;W ngah; khw;wpdhh;
 Mrhj; `pe;j; /gT[; (,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;).
 ,e;jpa Njrpag;gil tprhuiz nly;yp nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; ele;jJ. gp.Nf.
nrfhy;> \hehth]; (,e;jpa ghh;kh vy;iyapy; Eioe;j gl;lhypadpd;
jsgjpfs;) kw;Wk; Fh;gf; rpq; jpy;yhd; Mq;fpNyauhy; tprhhpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
fhq;fpu]; jq;fis Gyhgha; Njrha;> Nj[;gfJ}h; rg;U> [t`h;yhy; NeU>
Nf.vd;. fhl;[_ kw;Wk; M]hg; myp MfpNahhpd; thjj;jhy; jw;fhj;Jf;
nfhz;lJ.
 ,e;jpa INS ngz;fs; gphpT [hd;rp uhzp vd;w ngahpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
,jd; jiyth; jkpo;ehl;il Nrh;e;j yl;Rkp.
 n[a; `pe;j;> nly;ypia Nehf;fp nry.; (nly;yp rNyh)
Ntty; jpl;lk; ([_d;- [_iy 1945):-
 Ntty; gpuGthy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; gb itrpuhapd;
cah;kl;lf;FO cWg;gpdh;fs;> fth;dh; n[duy; kw;Wk; gilj;jsgjp jtpu
midtUk; ,e;jpah;fs; (gy;NtW fl;rpfspypUe;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;fs;.)
rpk;yh khehL ,jid epiwNtw;w elj;jg;gl;lJ.
mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO fp.gp.1946
 ngjpf; yhud;]>; V.tp.mnyf;]hz;lh; kw;Wk; rh; ];lh Nghh;L fphpg;]; %th;
mlq;fpa FO Nfgpdl; FO (gphpl;b]; mikr;ruit cWg;gpdh;fs;)
 Nfgpdl; FO $l;lhl;rp muR mika ghpe;Jiuj;jy; murpayikg;G rl;lk;
vOj Ntz;Lnkd;W $Wjy;. mr;rl;lk; jahuhFk; tiu midj;J fl;rp
gpujpepjpfis nfhz;;l ,ilf;fhy muR kj;jpapy; mika ghpj;Jiuj;jJ.
 ,ilf;fhy murpd; gpujkh; [tfh;yhy; NeU. ,ilf;fhy muR epWtg;gl;l
Mz;L 1946
 NeU ,ilfhy muR mika [pd;dh cjtp ehbdhh;. [pd;dh
kWj;Jtpl;lhh;.
[pd;dhtpd; Neub nray; jPh;khdk; (Mf];l; 16> 1946):-
 Njh;jy; KbTfSf;Fg; gpd; K];yPk; yPf;fpd; epiyfz;L KfkJ myp
[pd;dh “Neub nray;” jPh;khdj;ij Mf];l; 16> 1946y; ntspapl;lhh;.
 [pd;dh 1947 khh;r; 27ia ghfp];jhd; jpdkhff; nfhz;lhbdhh;.
DICKY BIRD PLAN OR JUNE 3RD PLAN

 1947y; Mq;fpy muR gpujpepjp kTz;lN; gl;ld;. mth; filrp muR gpujpepjp.
 1947 [Pd; 3 kTz;lN
; gl;ld; jpl;lk; mwptpg;G. ,J [Pd; 3 jpl;lk; vdTk;
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 mJ ,e;jpa A+dpad;> ghfp];jhd; A+dpad; ,U ehL gphpT MFk;.

1947 [Piy khjk; ,e;jpa tpLjiy rl;lk;

 kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;jpd;gb gphpl;B]; ghuhSkd;wk; 1947 [Piy 4-k;

Njjp
 ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lj;ij (,e;jpad; ,d;bngd;ld;l; Mf;l;)
epiwNtw;wpaJ
 rpe;J> gYrp];jhd;> tlNkw;F vy;iy khfhzk;> Nkw;F gQ;rhg;> fpof;F
tq;fhsk;> mrhkpy; rpy;`l; khtl;lk; Mfpad cs;slf;fpait
ghfp];jhd; vdg;gl;lJ. vQ;rpa gFjp ,e;jpa A+dpad; vdg;gl;lJ. rh;
rphpy; uhl; fpsp/g; vd;gth; ,U ehl;L vy;iyia tiuaWj;jth;.
 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik MSeh; kTz;lN ; gl;ld;> Kjy;
gpujkh; [tfh;yhy; NeU.
 Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,e;jpa jiyik MSeh;
rp.,uh[Nfhghyr;rhhpahh;.
 1948 rdthp 30 fhe;jp Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,jid [tfh;yhy;NeU ek;
tho;tpy; xsp kiwe;J vq;Fk; ,Us; R+o;e;Jtpl;lJ vd;whh;.
 565 RNjrp muR.; 562 ,e;jpa A+dpaDld; ,ize;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f;> ,Uk;G kdpjh; - gNly;.
 1954-y; gpnuQ;R gFjp fhiuf;fhy;> ghz;bNrhp> kh`p re;jpueh$h; ,e;jpa
A+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1961y; Nghh;RfPrpa gFjpfshd> Nfhth> ilA> lhkd; ,e;jpa
A+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
 murpay; eph;za rigia Vw;gLj;jp ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 murpayikg;G eph;zarig jiyth; lhf;lh;.,uhNre;jpu gpurhj;.
 rl;l tiuT FO jiyth; mk;Ngj;fhh;.
 1950 rdthp 26 ,e;jpah FbauR ehlhf mwptpg;G md;W Kjy;
murpayikg;G rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
  lhf;lh;. ,uhNre;jpugpurhj; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; FbauRj;
jiytuhdhh;.

RUf;fk;:
fp.gp
 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; - 1920
 nrshpnrsuh rk;gtk; - 1922
 Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp cjak; - 1923
 Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp (1923 -25)
 irkd; J}J FO - 1927 - 1928
 yh$h; khehL G+uz Rauh[;ak; - 1929
 rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; - 1930
 cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; - 1930
 tl;lNkir khehLfs; - Kjy; - 1930
,uz;lhk; - 1931
%d;whk; - 1932
 fhe;jpapd; ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; - 1931
 tFg;G thj (k) G+dh xg;ge;jk; - 1932
 ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; - 1935
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; - 1939 – 45
 Mf];l; ed;nfhil - 1940
 ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;if - 1940
 fphpg;]; J}JFO - 1942
 nts;isaNd ntspNaW - 1942
 INA Njhw;wk; - 1942
 Nfgpdl; FO - 1946
 ,ilf;fhy muR - 1946
 kTz;lN ; gl;ld; jpl;lk; - 1947
 ,e;jpa tpLjiy rl;lk; - 1947
 gpnuQ;R gFjp ,izg;G - 1954
 Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa gFjp ,izg;G - 1961

*******
 Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpah (1947-2000) r%f Kd;Ndw;wk; :

1. G+kpjhd ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1951 (Mr;rhhpah tpNdhghNt)

2. tujl;rid jLg;Gr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L – 1961
3. jkpo;ehl;by; ngz;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;gpy; ,l xJf;fPl;bd; gb msT
30%
4. Mrphpah; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; ehs; - nrg;lk;gh; 5
5. Nfhj;jhhpf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1964
6. lhf;lh; V. yl;Rkz Kjypahh; - fy;tpf;FO jiyth;
7. Nfhj;jhhp – Njrpaf; fy;tpFO
8. lhf;lh; uhjhfpU\;zd; - Mrphpah; jpdk;
9. kj;jpa r%f ey thhpak; - 1961
10. ngz; rpRtij jLg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1961
11. Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if – 1986
12. ,e;J jpUkzr; rl;lk; - 1955
13. G+kpjhd ,af;fk; rkj;Jt rKjha mikg;ig cUthf;FtjhFk;
14. 1971-y; kUj;Jt hPjpahd fUf;fiyg;G rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
15. Rt-rf;jp jpl;lk; 15 Kjy; 20 ngz;fisf; nfhz;l Ra cjtpf;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
16. rh;Nthjah ,af;fj;jpid njhlq;fpath; - Mr;rhhpah tpNdhghNt
17. ,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; xU jhu kzj;ij rl;lg;G+h;tkhf;fpaJ
18. ngz;fs; rk Cjpak; ngw tif nra;Ak; rl;lk; - 1976-Mk; Mz;L rk
Cjpar; rl;lk;
19. njhopw;rhiyfspy; rpWth;fis Ntiyf;fkh;j;Jtij jLf;Fk; rl;lk; -
1948 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk;.
20. jPz;lhik Fw;wr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L – 1955
21. lhf;lh; V.yl;Rkzrhkp Kjypahh; FO epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1953
22. ,e;jpa muR 1953-Mk; Mz;L kj;jpa r%f ey thhpaj;ij mikj;jJ
23. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Nkhrkhd gytPdkhf tpsq;fpaJ – vOj;jwptpd;ik
24. jpUj;jg;gl;l tujl;rid jLg;Gr;rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Mz;L – 1984
25. ,e;jpa nraw;if cly; cWg;Gfs; cw;gj;jp epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,lk; - fhd;G+h;
26. Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizak; - 31.01.1992
27. ,uh\;bhpa kfps Nfh\; - 30.03.1993
28. ghypfh rk;hpjp Nah[dh – 02.10.1997
29. Rt rf;jp jpl;lk; - 16.10.1998
30. G+kpjhd ,af;fk; epy cr;rtuk;gpidf; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
31. 1956-Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thhpR chpikr;rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
32. kfg;NgW rYiffs; rl;lk; - 1961-Mk; Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
33. 1954 jpUkzr; rl;lk; - fyg;Gj; jpUkzk; Mz;fs; jpUkz taJ – 21
ngz;zpd; jpUkz taJ – 18.

,e;jpahtpd; it];uha;fs;
fhdpq; gpuG (1856-62):-
 filrp fth;dh; n[duy; kw;Wk; Kjy; it];uha;
 rpg;gha; fyfk; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; jhd; ele;jJ.
 etk;gh; 1858y; gphpl;b\; Neubahf Ml;rp nra;jJ.
 thhprpy;yhf; nfhs;if tpyf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1857y; fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; kw;Wk; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 nrd;id> fy;fj;jh> gk;ghapy; 1962y; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
 ,e;epaf; fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 1861y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

vy;fpd; gpuG (1862-63)

yhud;]; gpuG (1864-69)
 je;jpj; njhlh;G (INuhg;ghTld;) Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ghrdf; fhy;tha; kw;Wk; uapy;Nt gzpfs; tphpthf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,e;jpa tdj;Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

NkNah gpuG (1869-72):-

 epjp xUGwkhff; Ftptijj; jLj;J gutyhf cyhtu Af;jp Kiwia
Muk;gpj;jhh;.
 ,e;jpa murh;fSf;Fg; gbg;gjw;fhf fj;jpathhpy; uh[;Nfhl; fy;Y}hp>
m[;kPhpy; - NkNah fy;Y}hp Mfpatw;iwj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
 1872y; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpNyNa Kjd;Kiwahf kf;fl;njhiff;
fzf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa Gs;spapay; fzf;nfLg;ig cUthf;fpdhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l xNu it];uha;> ,th;jhd; Fw;wthsp
xUtuhy; 1872y; me;jkhdpy; itj;Jf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
ypl;ld; gpuG (1876-80):-
 jiyfPpo; vz;zKila it];uha; ( Viceroy of reverse charactors)
vdg;gLfpwhh;.
 ,q;fpyhe;J uhzp tpf;NlhhpahtpwF “nfa;rh;-,-`pe;j”; vd;Dk; gl;lk;
toq;Ftjw;fhf 1877y; nly;yp jh;ghiu elj;jpdhh;.
 ,e;jpah;fs; MAjq;fs; itj;jpUf;f thq;f my;yJ tpw;fNtz;Lnkdpy;
murpd; mDkjp ngwNtz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jpa rl;lk; 1878d; ,e;jpa
MAjr; rl;lkhFk;.
 ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffs; ypl;ld; gpuGtpd; eltbf;iffisAk; Mq;fpy
Ml;rpiaAk; vjpHj;J vOjpd.ypl;ld; gpuG ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffspd;
Rje;jpuj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j ntspaplg;gl;l tl;lhu nkhopg; gj;jphpf;ifr;
rl;lk; (1878) y; epiwNtw;wpdhh;.
Hpg;gd; gpuG (1880-84):-
 tl;lhu nkhopg; gj;jphpf;ifj; jilr; rl;lj;ij (1882) ePf;fdhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G Kiwia mwpKfk- hpg;gd; gpuG
1881
 jyRaMl;rp (gQ;rhaj;J Kiw) rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhh; (1882).
 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;shl;rp muR epWtg;gl> 1883-84Mk; Mz;Lfspy;
thpirahf gy rl;lq;fs ,aw;wp; ,e;jpah KOtJk; khtl;l thhpaq;fs
mikf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,t;tikg;Gfspy; ,e;jpaHfs; jq;fs; tptfhuq;fis jhq;fNs epHtfpj;Jf;
nfhs;sg; gapw;rpaspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; epakd Kiwf;Fg; gjpy; NjHjy;
Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. hpg;gd; gpuG ‘cs;shl;rp murpd; je;ij’.
 1882 hpg;gd; gpuGtpd; fy;tpf;FO jiytuhf rh;.w.w `d;lh; vd;gth;
nray;gl;lhh;.
 FO njhlf;ff;fy;tp kw;Wk; ,ilepiyf;fy;tp Mfpatw;wpd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;fpaJ.
 xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; khjphpg;gs;spfs; epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ. ngz;fy;tpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mf;FO muRf;F ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
 Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fisj; jLf;f Kjy; njhopw;rhiyr; rl;lj;ij 1881.
12 taJf;F cl;gl;l rpWth;fspd; Ntiy Neuj;ij eph;zapj;jJ.
 rp.gp. ,y;gHl;> hpg;gd; murpay; rl;l cWg;gpduhf jpfo;e;jhh;. ,y;gHl;
kNrhjh-d; gb ,e;jpa ePjpgjpfs; Mq;fpyf; Fw;wthspfisAk; tprhuiz
nra;Ak; chpik ngw;wdH. ,e;jpahtpypUe;j INuhg;gpar; r%fj;jpdH
mr;rl;lj;ijf; fLikahf vjpHj;jdH. jpUj;jg;gl;l kNrhjhtpd;gb
 ‘Fiwe;jgl;rk; ghjp INuhg;gpa cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l’ ePjpf;FONt
Mq;fpyf; Fw;wthspfis tprhhpf;f KbAk; vd;W khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Hpg;gd; gpuG gQ;rhg;gpy; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtpdhh;.
 cg;G kPjhd thpiaf; Fiwj;J epythp Kiwia hpg;gd; gpuG rhp nra;jhh;

lg;hpd; gpuG (1884-1888):-

 ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

yhd;];nlsd; gpuG (1888-1894):-

 ,uz;lhtJ njhopw;rl;;lk; (1891) nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jpy; thu tpLKiw>
Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;fhd Ntiy Neuk; Mfpatw;iw
mwpKfg;gL;j;jpdhh;. Mdhy; Mz;fSf;fhd Ntiy Neuk; gw;wp vJTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
 kj;jpa Njh;Tg; gzpia muRj;Jiw> khfhzk; kw;Wk; fPo;g;gzp vdg;
gphpj;jJ.
 1892y; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Mg;fhd; ,ilNa vy;iyia eph;zapf;f Jue;j;
FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; vy;[pd; gpuG (1894-99):-
 kpfg;ngUk; gQ;rk; (1896-97) Vw;gl;lJ. iyay;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

fh;rd; gpuG (1899-1905):-

 ,e;jpag;gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; rl;lk; (1904)
 tq;fhsg;gphptpid – mf;Nlhgh; 16>1905
 Xt;nthU gpuNjr fhty; eph;thfj;ijAk; tprhhpf;f rh; Md;l;& ngNuh\h;
jiyikapy; fhty; Mizaj;ij mikj;jhh;.
 Guhjhdr; rpd;dg; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (1904) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
mfo;thuha;r;rpj; JiwAk; cUthf;fg;gl;L> ,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhuk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.
 $l;LwT rq;fq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; - fh;rd; gpuG
 ,e;jpa ehzak; kw;Wk; &gha; rl;lj;ij 1899y; ,aw;wpdhu;
 fh;rd; gpuG gQ;r epthuzf;FO xd;W mikj;J epthuzg; gzpfSf;F
ngUe;njhif xJf;fpdhh;.
 tptrhaMuha;rr ; p ikak; - G+rh
kpz;Nlh (1905-1910):-
 murpay; mikjpaw;w epiy ,e;jpahtpy; epytpaJ. Gul;rpfis xLf;f gy
rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. jPtputhjpfshd yhyh y[gjpuha; kw;Wk; m[pj;
rpq; (1907 Nk) kw;Wk; ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; (1908 [_iy) MfpNahiu gh;kh
Nkz;lNy rpiwf;F mDg;gpdhh;.
 1909 ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; (m) kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
`hh;bQ;r; gpuG (1910-16):-
 kd;dh; Ie;jhk; [hh;[pd; kFlk; #l;L tpohtpw;F 1911> brk;ghpy; jh;ghiu
elj;jpdhh;.
 tq;fg; gphptpid (1911y;) jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;lJ. jiyefiu
fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J nly;ypf;F khw;wpdhh; (1911).
 jiyefh; khw;w tpohtpy; ,th; kPJ ntbFz;L tPrg;gl;lJ.
mjp\;ltrkhf jg;gptpl;lhh; (brk;gh; 23> 1912)
 fhe;jp njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J ,e;jpah te;jhh; (1915)
 md;dpngrd;l; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jhh;.

nrk;];Nghh;l; gpuG (1916-21):-

 Mf];l; gpufldk; 1917d; %yk; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
gbg;gbahf ,e;jpa kf;fs; trk; xg;gilf;fg;gLnkd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; 1919 ( khz;NlF n[k;]; Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ).
 nusyl; rl;lk; 1919> [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy (Vg;uy; 13>1919.
 tq;fhs fth;dh; n[duyf rh;.v];.gp. rpd;`h epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 Gjpa fy;tpKiwiaf; nfhz;L tu 1917y; rhl;yh; FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; G+dhtpy; ngz;fs; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; 1916y;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 1920y; eilngw;wJ.

hPbq; gpuG (1921-1926):-

 gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;L nusyl; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ
 xj;Jioahik ,af;fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;fpdhh;.
 Nty;]; ,sturh; et. 1921 ,e;jpah te;jhh;.
 Nty;]; ,sturh; 1922y; jkpo;ehl;bw;F tUif Ghpe;jhh;.
 Nfsuhtpy; khg;sh fyfk; (1921) ele;jJ.
 m`kjhghj; khehL 1921y; ele;jJ.
 Rauh[;af; fl;rp Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 1922y; tp\;tghujp gy;fiyf;fofk; Jtq;fg;gl;L nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.
 fhf;Nfhhp uapy; nfhs;is Mf];l; 9> 1925 y; eilngw;wJ.
 ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp vk;.vd; uhahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ (1923).
 Ky;jhd;> mkph;jru];> nly;yp Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; tFg;Gthjf; fytuk;
ele;jJ (1923-25).
 tFg;Gthjf; fytuj;jpy; Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; Rthkp rhujhde;j;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
,h;tpd; gpuG (1926-31):-
 1928y; irkd;FO ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jJ.
 fhq;fpu]; ,e;jpa kNrhjhit 1929y; epiwNtw;wpaJ.
 jz;b gazk; (khh;r; 12> 1930)
 rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; (1930)
 KjyhtJ tl;lNki[ khehL – 1930 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; $baJ.
 fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; ( khh;r; 5> 1931)y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L rl;lkWg;G
,af;fj;ij tpyf;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 rpiwapy; 64 ehs; cz;zhtpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; Ibd;jh];; ,we;jhh; (1929).
ntypq;ld; gpuG (1931-36):-
 ,uz;lhk; tl;lNki[ khehL – 1931y; yz;ldpy; ele;jJ.
 fhe;jpapd; tUifapd;NghJ mth; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
 rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; jpUk;gTk; [dthp 1932y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jt tpUJ – Mf];l; 16>1932y; ehl;by;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jid vjph;j;J fhe;jp rhFk; tiu
cz;zhtpujkpUe;jhh;.
 %d;whk; tl;lNki[ khehL 1932y; eilg;ngw;wJ.
 G+dh xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ 1932.
 ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; 1935 epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. mjpy; khfhzj;jpy; ,ul;il
Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl;L kj;jpapy; ,ul;il Ml;rp nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG (1936-44):-

 ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk; khfhzq;fspy; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fhq;fpu]; ke;jphp
rig 11y; 8 khfhzq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; mf;Nlhgh;
1939tiu ,uz;L tUlk; gjtpapypUe;jdh;. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy;
,e;jpah <LgLj;jg;gl;bUe;ijf; fz;bj;J uh[pdhkh nra;jdh;. K];yPk;
yPf; ,jid tpNkhrd jpdkhf (brk;gh; 22) nfhz;lhbaJ.
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 1939y; Muk;gpj;jJ.
 fphpg;;]; FO 1942y; ,e;jpah te;jJ.
 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; Mf];l; 8> 1942y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
 rr;rpy; gpujkuhdhh; (Nk 1940) fhydp ehLfspd; tpLjiy ,e;jpahTf;Fg;
nghUe;jhJ vd mwptpj;jhh;.
Ntty; gpuG (1944-47):-
 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk; yPf;Fld; rpk;yh khehL elj;j
Maj;jk; nra;jhh;. ([{d; 25 1945) mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
 Nfgpdl; FO jpl;lk; (Nk> 16> 1946) nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 rl;lrigj; njhFjpfSf;F Njh;jy; elj;jg;gl;L ,ilf;fhy muR NeU
jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G rigapd; Kjy; $l;lk; brk;gh; 9> 1946y;
ele;jJ.
kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuG ( khh;r; 1947 – Mf];l; 1947):-
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; filrp it];uha; kw;Wk; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy;.
 ,e;jpag; gphptpidj; jpl;lk; [{d; 3y; cUthdJ.
 ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk; gphpl;b\; ghuSkd;wj;jpy; [{iy 4> 1947y;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; ,e;jpah Mf];l; 15> 1947
Rje;jpukile;jJ.
 ,th; [{d; 1948y; xa;T ngw;whh;. gpd; rp.,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp gjtp Vw;whh;.
( ,th; jhd; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtp;d; Kjy; kw;Wk; filrp ,e;jpa fth;dh;
n[duy; Mthh;).
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehL eilngw;w ,lk;> tUlk; kw;Wk;
jiyth;fs; gl;bay;
1885>1892 gk;gha;> lgps;A+. rp. ghdh;[p
myfhghj;
1886 fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
1893 yh$h; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
1906 fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
1887 nkl;uh]; gf;&jpd; jpahg;[p (Kjy; K];yPk; jiyth;)
1888 myfhghj; [hh;[; A+y; (Kjy; Mq;fpyj; jiyth;)
1889 gk;gha; rh; tpy;ypak; ntl;lh; gh;d;
1890 fy;fj;jh rh; ngNuh\; \h Nkj;jh
1895>1902 G+dh> v];. vd;. ghdh;[p
m`kjhghj;
1905 gdhu]; [p.Nf.NfhfNy
1907>1908 #uj;> nkl;uh]; uh];gp`hhp Nfh\;
1909 yh$h; vk;. vk;. khy;tpah
1916 yf;Ndh V.rp. k[_k;jhh; (fhq;fpu]; kW ,izg;G)
1917 fy;fj;jh md;dpngrd;l; (Kjy; ngz; jiyth;)
1919 mkph;jru]; Nkhjpyhy; NeU
1920 fy;fj;jh Yhyh y[gjpuha; rpwg;G khehL – ehf;G+h;
tp[auhfthr;rhhp
1921>1922 m`kjhghj;> fah rp.Mh;. jh];
1923 nly;yp (rpwg;G mGy;fyhk; Mrhj; (kpf ,isa jiyth;)
khehL)
1924 ngy;fhk; vk;.Nf. fhe;jp
1925 fhd;G+h; rNuh[pdp ehAL (Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz;
jiyth;)
1928 fy;fj;jh Nkhjpyhy; NeU ( midj;J ,e;jpa
,isQh; fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ)
1929 yh$h; N[.vy;.NeU (G+uz Rauh[;[pa jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wk;)
1931 fuhr;rp ty;ygha; gNly; (mbg;gil chpikfs;
kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhu jpl;l jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ)
1932>1933 nly;yp> fy;fj;jh khehL jil nra;ag;gl;lJ
1934 gk;gha; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
1936 yf;Ndh [t`h;yhy; NeU
1937 ig];G+h; [t`h;yhy; NeU (fpuhkj;jpy; ele;j Kjy;
khehL)
1938 `hpGuh Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ( Njrpa jpl;lf;FO
[t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ)
1939 jphpGuh Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; jpUk;gTk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. mth; fhe;jp
vjph;j;jjhy; uh[pdhkh nra;jhh;.
(fhe;jp – lhf;lh; gl;lhgp rPj;juhikahit
Mjhpj;jhh;)
uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1940 uhk;fh; mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;
1946 kPul; Mr;rhh;ah N[.gp. fpUghspdp
1948 n[a;g;G+h; lhf;lh; gl;lhgp rPj;juhikah