Unit 2 -ELECTROMAGNETISM

• Coulombs law
• The two like poles repel and two unlike poles
attract each other.
• Practically it is proved by coulombs hence this is
called as coulombs law.
• The force exerted by one pole on other pole is
directly proportional to strength of pole and
inversely proportional to square of distance
between them
• i.e. F⍺
Where M1 &M2 are the pole strength
d is the distance between pole
• MAGNETIC FIELD-
• The region around a magnet within which the
influence/ power of the magnet can be
experienced is called magnetic field.
• MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE-
The magnetic field of magnet is represented by
imaginary lines around it is called as magnetic
lines of force.

N S
 MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE-PROPERTIES
• Line of force are always originating on a N-pole
and terminating on a S-pole external to the
magnet.
• Lines of force never intersect with each other.
• The lines of force are like stretched rubber bands
• The lines of force which are parallel and
travelling in same direction repel each other.
• The lines of force always refer a path offering
least opposition.
• Line of force are always originating on a S-pole
and terminating on a N-pole internal to the
magnet.
 MAGNETIC FLUX (Ф )
• The magnetic flux is defined as the total
number of lines of force in magnetic field .
• It is denoted by Ф
• It is measured in Weber (wb).
• 1 Weber= lines of force

• The direction of flux internal to the magnet is

from S-pole to N-pole.
• The direction of flux external to the magnet is
from N-pole to S-pole.
 MAGENTIC FLUX DENSITY (B)
• It can be defined as the flux per unit area(a) in
a plane at right angles to the flux is known as
flux density.

• It is measured in tesla or Weber/m2.

• It is given by;
 CONCEPT OF MMF
• The flow of electron is current is basically due to
electromotive force.(E.M.F.)
• Similarly the force due to which flux flows or due
to which flux produces in a magnetic circuit is
called as Magneto motive force (M.M.F)
• Mathematically it is given as;
M.M.F.= NI amp turns(AT)
Where;
N-number of turns of magnetizing coil
I- current through coil
 CONCEPT OF RELUCTANCE (S)
• It is similar to resistance.
• It is the property of material which opposes the
flow of flux.
• It is denoted by S.
• It is measured in amp per Weber(A/ Wb) or
amp-turn per Weber (AT/ wb).
• It is given by;

• I.e
 CONCEPT OF RELUCTANCE (S)
• In the magnetic circuit
 CONCEPT OF PERMEANCE
• It is defined as the reciprocal of reluctance.
• The permeance represents the property of a
magnetic material to allow the flux to pass
through it.
• Permeance=

• It is measured in Wb /Amp.
 COMPARISION OF ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT
SR. NO ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
1 Current- flow of electrons Flux- lines of force from N-pole to
through the conductor S-pole.

Measured in Amp. Measured in Weber.

2 EMF- due to which current flow MMF- Due to which flux will flow

Measured in volt. Measured in amp-turn.

3 Resistance –opposes to flow of Reluctance-opposition to flow of

current. flux.
Measured in ohm
Measured in At/Wb
 COMPARISION OF ELECTRICAL AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
SR. NO ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
4 Resistance is directly
proportional to length of
conductor
5 Resistance is inversely
proportional to cross
sectional area of conductor
6 Conductance is reciprocal of
resistance
7 Current=EMF/ RESISTANCE
8 Kirchhoff’s current and
voltage law are applicable
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
Reluctance is directly
proportional to length of
magnetic path
Reluctance is inversely
proportional to cross sectional
area of magnetic path
Permeance is reciprocal of
reluctance.
FLUX= MMF/ RELUCTANCE
Kirchhoff’s flux and MMf law
are applicable
 FORCE ON CURRENT CARRYNIG
CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
• This concept is very useful to explain the basic
principle of DC motor.
• Let us consider the two poles of permanent
magnets (i.e N & S). Due to it they produces
the magnetic field shown in fig.
• Now a current carrying conductor is placed in
that magnetic field.

N S
• The conductor also produces its own magnetic
field.
• Due to the presence of two magnetic filed the
interaction between them take place.
• The flux produced by the conductor and
magnet are opposite to each other at the top
hence they will cancel each other.
• Hence the number of lines at the top are less.
• At the bottom these fluxes are same direction
hence they are added together and become
more strong.
• The magnetic lines of force act as stretched
elastic band .
• Hence the mechanical force is exerted on
conductor.
FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE
 FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE
• Consider the first three fingers (index, middle,
thumb) of left hand which are perpendicular to
each other then index finger indicates the
direction of the magnetic field ,the middle finger
indicates the direction of current through the
conductor whereas thumb indicates the direction
force exerted on conductor
 FARADAY’s LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNENIC INDUCTION
• FARADAY’s FIRST LAW-
• When the number of magnetic lines of force linking
with a conductor , an EMF is induced in that
conductor.
 FARADAY’s LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNENIC INDUCTION
• FARADAY’s SECOND LAW-
• The magnitude of induced EMF in the
conductor is directly proportional to rate of
change of flux linkages or product of flux and
number of turns of coil.

• Flux linkages=flux x number of turns of coil

 FLEMINGS RIGHT HAND RULE
• Consider the first three fingers (index,
middle, thumb) of right hand which are
perpendicular to each other then index
finger indicates the direction of the magnetic
flux/field ,the middle finger indicates the
direction of induced EMF/current in the
conductor whereas thumb indicates the
direction of conductor movement.
 Expression of induced EMF
• Consider the coil having N number of turns.
• Initially flux linking with conductor is Ф1
Initial flux linkages=NФ1
After some time flux linking with conductor is
changes from Ф1 to Ф2
final flux linkages=NФ2
The rate of change of flux linkages= NФ1 - NФ2/dt
According to the second law;
e NФ1 - NФ2/dt
hence; e =KN(Ф1 - Ф2)/dt
• Where is k is constant assume K=1 then,

• e =- volts
• Al ready we know that N is also constant
hence induced emf is defined as the rate of
change flux with respect to time.
 Nature of induced EMF
• Nature of induced EMF

Dynamically Statically
induced EMF induced EMF
 Dynamically induced EMF
• When an EMF is induced in the conductor due to
physical movement of either conductor or
movement of flux then such EMF is called as
dynamically induced EMF.
• The dynamically induced EMF is zero when
conductor moves parallel to the flux.
• Where as the dynamically induced EMF is
maximum when conductor moves perpendicular
to the flux.
• Concept is on black board
 Dynamically induced EMF
• Expression for magnitude;
• Induced EMF=B X l X v x SIN Ѳ volts
• Where;
• B- magnetic flux density in Wb/m2
• l- length of conductor in meter.
• V- velocity of conductor in m/s
 Statically induced EMF
• This is another technique in which EMF is
generated in the conductor where, neither
conductor nor magnetic field are physically
moved.
• In order to produce statically EMF ;The
electromagnets are required. Also it should be
supplied with alternating current (AC).
• The flux linkage takes place with the conductor is
changed by changing magnitude of current that
produces the magnetic field.
 Statically induced EMF
• Due to change in the current , the flux
produced by it also alternating.
• It means that flux changes with respect to
time (dФ/dt)
• Due to this dФ/dt an EMF is induced in the
conductor called as statically induced EMF.
• It has two different types namely;
1. Self induced EMF
2. Mutually induced EMF
 Self induced EMF
• Fig on the black board
• Consider the coil having the N number of turns
wound on it.
• A battery and variable resistor are used to adjust
the current flows through the coil.
• When the switch is closed current I starts flowing
through the coil due it the magnetic flux are
induced around the coil and complete the path.
• Therefore the flux linkages with the coil=NФ1
• If we change the resistor (R) then current I also
changes. hence flux Ф will change. Finally flux
linkages will also change i.e NФ 2
 Self induced EMF
• Fig on the black board
• Due to change in the flux linkages with coil an
EMF is induced in the coil as per the faradays
law of electromagnetic induction.
• This emf is called as Self induced EMF.
• Such type of concept is used in the choke of
fluorescent tube.
• Self inductance is defined as the ratio of flux
linkages to the current flows through the coil.
• Inductance (L)=NФ/I
• This inductance is measured in Henry
 Self induced EMF
• Magnitude of self induced EMF ;
• As per the faradays law of electromagnetic
induction the magnitude is given by

• e=-
• The negative sign indicates self induced EMF
opposes the change in current through the
coil,
 Co-efficient of self inductance (L)
• L=NФ/I Henry
• But Ф=MMF/reluctance
• =NI/S

• L=
•
• =
• BUT RELUCTANCE S =
 Co-efficient of self inductance (L)

• L
• Where;
• l :length of magnetic circuit
• a: cross sectional area of magnetic field.
• N: no of turns of coil
• : relative permeability
• : absolute permeability
 Mutually induced EMF
• In order to understand the concept of
mutually induced EMF, consider two coils C1
and C2 placed near each other. Shown in fig.
 Mutually induced EMF
• The coil C1 has N1 number of turns where as C2 has
N2 number of turns.
• A switch , battery, variable resistor are connected to
the coil C1.
• Where as the galvanometer is connected to the coil
C2. which is used to sense the current induced in that
coil.
• When the switch is closed , due to the battery the
current I1 starts flowing through the coil C1.
• This current will be changed by varying the resistor.
 Mutually induced EMF
❖ due to the current I1through the coil flux is produced
which is denoted by Ф1.
❖ A part of this flux will complete the its path through
the coil C2. This flux is denoted by Ф2 and this flux is
called as mutual flux.
❖ If we change the current I1 flowing through the coil C1
by varying the variable resistor. Therefore Ф1 will
change due to it Ф2 will also change.
❖ Finally according to the faradays law of
electromagnetic induction an EMF /Current is induced
in the coil and it is sensed by galvanometer.
❖ This EMF is called as mutually induced EMF
Expression for Mutual inductance (M)
• The mutual inductance m is given as
• M=N2Ф2/I1
• But Ф2 is the flux which is the part of Ф1
• Hence, Ф2 = K1 Ф1
where, K1 is the fraction having the value less
than 1
M=
But,
• Hence,
• M

• IF K1=1 then above equation becomes

M= ---------- 1

But reluctance (S1)=

Put this value in equ. 1

M=
 Coefficient of coupling (K)
• There are two expression of mutual
inductance;
M ------------1

M -------------- 2

Multiplying equation 1 and 2

NEXT PART IS ON BLACK BOARD
 Coefficient of coupling (K)
• The coupling between two coil is said to be a
tight coupling when K=1
• The coupling between two coil is said to be a
loose coupling when K is less than 1.
• Coefficient of coupling is also called as
magnetic coupling coefficient.
Magnetic effect of electric current
• When an electrical current (AC/DC) flows
through the conductor then magnetic field is
produced around it.
• If the electric current is DC then magnetic field
around the conductor is steady. it means that
it does not vary with time.
Magnetic field
conductor
current
 Dot and cross convention
• cross convention
• If the current flowing through the conductor is
moving away from the observer and goes in to
the plane of paper then this current direction
is denoted by cross (x).

• Dot convention
• If the current flowing through the conductor is
moving towards the observer and goes out of
the plane of paper then this current direction
is denoted by dot ( ).
• Conclusion
• The dot indicates current coming out of the
plane of paper
• While cross indicates current entering into the
plane of paper
Rules to decide direction of magnetic field
• In order to decide the direction of magnetic field
associated with current flowing through the
conductor. We have two different rules
• 1 Right hand thumb rule
• 2 Cork screw rule.
• Right hand thumb rule:
• If the straight current carrying conductor is held in
the right hand such that the stretched thumb
indicates the direction of current and other
fingers curled around the conductor indicates the
direction of magnetic field.
 Cork screw rule.
• Consider the wooden screw.
• When this screw is inserted in to wooden
board, it should be rotated in clockwise
direction. If the direction of advancement
/development of the screw indicates the
direction of current then the circular motion
of the screw indicates the direction of the
magnetic field.
 Magnetic field strength (H)
• The magnetic field strength at a point in the
magnetic field is defined as force experienced by a
North pole placed at that point in the magnetic
field
• It is measured in Newton per Weber.
• It is also called as magnetic field intensity.
• It is denoted by H
• It is given by
• Plz see concept on board
Plplz see black black board
 Permeability
• It is the important property of materials.
• It is defined as the ability of a material to carry
flux lines.
• When the material allows to pass the flux lines
easily then it is said to have the high permeability.
• All the magnetic material has high permeability.
• On other hand When the material does not allow
to pass the flux lines easily then it is said to have
the low permeability.
 Types of Permeability
• There are two types of permeability
1. Absolute permeability
2. Relative permeability
Absolute permeability:
It is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux density (B) in
a particular medium to the magnetic field strength
(H)
µ = B/H Henry per meter

It is denoted by µ
It is measured in Henry/meter
Permeability of free space or vacuum
• If the magnet is kept in air or vacuum then the
ratio of flux density (B) to magnetic flux
strength (H) is called as permeability of free
space or vacuum.
• It is given as

• It is measured in Henry/meter.
 Relative Permeability ( )
• It is defined as ratio of flux density in a
particular medium produced by a magnet to
the flux density in air or vacuum by the same
magnet under the operating condition.
• It s given as;

• It has no unit.
• Relative permeability of vacuum is one (1)
 Magnetic field associated with a
straight conductor
• When the current flows through the straight
conductor then magnetic field is produced
around it.
• When the current flows in to the plane of paper
then direction of magnetic field is shown in fig.

CONDUCTOR

x
INDICATES THE
DIRECTION OF
CURRENT
 Magnetic field associated with a
straight conductor
• When the current flows out of the plane of
paper then direction of magnetic field is shown
in fig.

CONDUCTOR

o
INDICATES THE
DIRECTION OF
CURRENT
 Magnetic field associated with a
straight conductor
• COCLUSION-
• The direction of magnetic flux around the
straight conductor when current flows in to
the plane of paper is clockwise.
• The direction of magnetic flux around the
straight conductor when current flows out of
the plane of paper is anticlockwise.
 Magnetic field associated with a
Solenoid
• A solenoid is a coil having larger number of
turns around the iron core.
• The solenoid can be iron core or air core type.
• When the current flows through the solenoid
then the magnetic field is produced around it.
• Shown in the fig on the black board.
• The magnetic field is produced outside as well
as inside the solenoid.
• Its direction can be reversed by changing the
polarity of the battery.
ALL THE BEST
DEAR