48

4.1: CONSTRUCT THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4.1.1: Identify Type Of Differential Equations

- Order → The number of the highest derivative in a differential equation. A

differential equation of order 1 is called first order; order 2
second order, etc.
Example:

i.
2
1
1
y
x
dx
dy
+
+
= → first order differential equation

ii. x y
dx
dy
x sin
2
+ → first order differential equation

iii.
2
2
2
2 4 x y
dx
dy
dx
y d
= ÷ + → second order differential equation

- Degree→ The power of the highest order derivative in

the equation. A differential equation of degree is called first degree, second
degree, etc.
Example:

i. x xy
dx
dy
xy
2
= ÷ → first order differential equation with first degree.
ii.
2
2
1 |
.
|

\
|
= +
dx
dy
x y → first order differential equation with second degree.

iii. x y
dx
dy
dx
y d
2 cos 10 2
2
2
2
= ÷ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
→ second order differential equation with second degree.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Try this!
Determine order and degree for below equations:
a)
3
2
4

x
x
dx
dy +
= |
.
|

\
|

b) 0 sin
2
= + t
dt
ds
t
c) 0 2 4
2
2
= + + xy
dx
dy
dx
y d
x
d) 0 2 3
2
2
2
= + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
dx
dy
dx
y d

49

First order differential equation

4.1.2: Construct The Differential Equation

- Example (a):
Construct the differential equation for y = A sin 2x

Solution:

Step 1: Write down the question as the 1

st
equation

y = A sin 2x

Step 2: Differentiate

for the 1
st
equation (make it as 2
nd
equation)

y = A sin 2x

= 2A cos 2x

Step 3: For the 3

rd
equation, properly arrange the constant.

= 2A cos 2x

Step 4: Substitute 3
rd
equation into 1
st
equation and simplify the final calculation.

y = A sin 2x

)
(

)
(

- Example (b):
Construct the differential equation for y = Cx
3
+ x
4

Solution:

Step 1: y = Cx
3
+ x
4

Step 2:

= 3Cx
2
+ 4x
3

Step 3:

⁄
1
2
3
1
2
3

50

First order
differential equation
Step 4: y = Cx
3
+ x
4

)
- Example (c):
Construct the differential equation for y = Ax
2
– Bx + x

Solution:

Step 1: Write down the question as the 1

st
equation

y = Ax
2
– Bx + x

Step 2: Differentiate

for the 1
st
equation (make it as 2
nd
equation).

y = Ax
2
– Bx + x

= 2Ax – B + 1

Step 3: If the differentiation still have 2 constants, do the second order

differentiation (make it as 3
rd
equation).

Step 4: For the 3

rd
equation, properly arrange the constant (make it as 4
th
 equation).

Step 4: Substitute 4
th
equation into 2
nd
equation.

= 2Ax – B + 1

*(

) (

)+

) (

Step 5: Arrange the second constant properly (make it as 5

th
equation).
(

) (

1
2
4
3
5

51

Second order differential equation

Step 6: Substitute both 4
th
and 5
th
equation into 1
st
equation.
y = Ax
2
– Bx + x
*

)+

*(
)

+
=

) (

) (

) () (

) (

) () (

) () (
)

4.2: FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

- There are 4 types of first order differential equations:

o Direct integration
o Separable variables
o Homogenous equation
o Linear equation (integrating factors)

4.2.1: Direct Integration

- Form of

()
- Example (d):
Solve below differential equation

Solution:

Step 1: Solve using direct integration

 ∫ ∫(

Try this!
Construct the differential equation for:
a) y = A cos x + B sin x
b) y = Ax
2
+ 3
c) y
2
= 5Ax
d) y = Dx
2
+ Ex

52

4.2.2: Separable Variables

- Form of

()()

()
()

- Example (e):
Solve below differential equation

Solution:
Step 1: Separate two variables with ‘x’ on the right and ‘y’ on the left.

Step 2: Solve the integral

tan y = tan x + c

4.2.3: Homogenous Equation

- Form of substitution
- Example (f):
Solve below differential equation
(

Solution:

Step 1: Separate the equation

Step 2: Substitution

Step 3: Substitute 3
rd
equation into 1
st
equation
(

1
2
3

53

Step 4: Replace 2
nd
equation into Step 3
(

)
()()

()

()
 (

Step 5: Separate the variables with ‘x’ and ‘v’ on different sides

Step 6: Solve the integral

∫
 ∫

Step 7: Replace

)+
54

4.2.4: Linear Equation (Integrating Factors)

- Form of

- Example (g):
Solve below differential equation
( )

( )

Solution:

Step 1: Simplify

) (

)
()

) ( )
 (

) ( )

Step 2: Identify P and Q

( )

Step 3: Integrating factor of P

()

()

()

-ln x = ln x
-1

e
-ln (x-2)
= e
(x-2)-1

e
ln F
= F
= (x-2)
-1

FP =

∫
∫

55

Step 4: Substitute into equation

∫( )

∫( )

Step 5: Solve the integral

∫( )

Step 6: Simplify ‘y’

 ( )

( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )
 ∫
Try this!
Solve below differential equation:
a) (

) (

b) ( ) (

) ( )

c) (

d) (