Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

and
 Integrating a Gender Dimension into Monitoring
& EvaIuation of Rural Development Projects
- -
1- m

T he World Bank aims to reduce gender dispa-

rities by enhancing women's participation in
economic development. It assists member
countries to "design gender-sensitive policies and
programs to ensure that overall developmental efforts are
directed to attain impacts that are equitably beneficial
for both men and women" (Operational Policy 4.20).
T h e Bank's rural development strategy (Rural Develop-
ment: From Vision to Action, 1997) recognizes the
importance of integrating gender into all aspects of rural
development as a crosscutting issue. This requires
developing an appropriate framework for assessing
progress in achieving broad-based and inclusive rural
development.

Researchfindings
suggest that improving
women's access to
resources, control over
income, and education,
while reducing their
time burden, will
generate both effi-
ciency and welfare

ctm projects, to monitw Increasing the eco-

nomic productivity of
the rural poor is largely about enabling women to
realize their socioeconomic potential more fully and
improve their own and their families' quality of life.

Why tntegrate a gender d i m d o n into

monitoring and evahmtion?
Warnen represent the majority of the rural poor (up
to 70%), especially where migration, marital
instability, maIe mortality and single parenthood
have Mt them as heads of household
Although many times it .goes unrecognized, women
Women have proved to be a driving force in achiev-
ing project effectiveness and reducing poverty
Gender-sensitive monitoring & evaluation reveals
the extent to which a project has addressed the
different needs of men and women, and has made an
impact on their lives and overall social and eco-
nomic well-being
It also improves project performance during imple-
mentation, allows for midterm corrections, and
makes it possible t o derive lessons for future
projects.

Monitortng is defined as "the continuous assessment of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules and
of the use of inputs, infrastructure, and services by project beneficiaries". (see endnote 2, page 7)
Evahtation is defined as "periodic assessment of the relevance, performance, efficiency, and impact (both expected
and unexpected) of the project in relation to stated objectives
"

Inn * 7n. paragraph 2 and 3' 'see endnote "age ''

H o w to Integrate Gender into Monitoring and EvaIuation
A n effective gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation + Develop/select the "best" data collection methods
system in rural development projects requires that the and decide on timing (Annex 2)
following key activities be undertaken at different points Organize reporting and feedback processes, clearly
of the project cycle: identifying who will collect and analyze information
and when, and who will receive it.
SXAGE I - UlENTLFlCATION L PREPARATLON
Ensure that the benchmark survey or baseline study
are gender-sensitive4
Undertake an initial gender study or analysis5to
identify the potential negative impacts of project
intervention on women as well as men
Identify gender-related goals and priorities based on
available information and consultation with stake-
holders
Conduct a gender-sensitive social assessment6 to
broadly cover social, cultural and economic aspects,
if possible
Assess the institutional capacity for integrating
gender into development activities.

SMGE U - DESIGN & APPRAlSAL

Ensure gender is integrated into goals and objectives
and set clear targets7
Plan for developing capacity to address gender issues
and to monitor and evaluate progress
Set up a monitoring and evaluation system
Adopt and "engender" the Lofical FramcworLP a
in the Project Summary of the PAD (Annm I )
+ ldentify and rrelect k e y gender-sensitive indicators

for input, o w t , w o m e and impact9

period &U c d d t t .adfiibd h r k barom
~

Assess impact of project interventions an men a d

women
Derive and share lessons that can feed into tht
overall Rural Development goals and objective:
(Annex 3).

THROUGHOUi THE PROJECTCYCLE,

PROMOTE PARTICIPATlONAND CONSULTATION y
AMONG S T A K E H O L D E ~
..... I . .
 I Key Issues To Consider
Design & Appraisal
institutionai framework to
promote gender equality in
development activities?
Are the project's goals and
objectives gender-sensitive: do
they adequately reflect women's
and men's needs?
What is the level of input from
men and women stakeholders,
local women's NGOs, commu-
nity-based organizations, etc., in
setting goals and objectives?
Is baseline information, against
which results can be measured,
being collected through gender
analysis and/or social assessment?
Data Collection Methods:
Particifiabry rural rtppr&al (PRA) comprises a
growing family of participatory approaches and methods
that emphasize local knowledge and enable local eople
to make their own appraisal, anal sis, and plans. h e
Y
purpose of PRA is to enable deve opment practitioners,
government officials, and local people to work together to
plan context-appropriate programs. PRA uses grou
K
animation and exercises to facilitate information s aring,
analysis, and action among stakeholders. Originally
developed for use in rural areas, PRA has been employed
Pa-ps:
4 IS the possibility of developing partnerships with local
I
uo tne acttvltles plannea reflect tne projecrs genaer-
sensitive goals and objectives?
Is there a credible implementation plan that links
courses of action and intermediate targets to expected
final outcomes which benefit both men and women?
Are targets being set in consultation with stakeholders?
Are gender-sensitive M&E indicators being identified in
consultation with stakeholders?Have the beneficiaries
identified performance indicators they would like to
monitor?
Do the planning and implementing agencies have the
capacity to identify and address gender issues? Has staff
received gender-sensitive training? If not, will they?
Is there an incentive structure (inciuding rewards and
sanctions) to encourage staff to address gender concerns?
Have guidelines for gender related activities been
developed and implemented?
Are funds being allocated far gender capacity building?
Is there a gender focai point or staff in charge of gender
concerns within the PMU and PIUs, and the concerned
Ministry of the borrowing country?
Do the tools and methods to collect deta reflect gender
outcomes and impacts?
Are there male and female data collectors, and have
they received gender sensitivity training?
Are standard data collection and analysis methods being
complemented with qualitative methods such are PRA,
focus groups, etc? Is gender analysis being integrated into
these?
is the possibility of conducting a stand-alone gender
study being considered?
Does the project design take into account the different
MGrE information needs in terms of how the informa-
rion will be used and by whom, and are these needs
being assessed in light of budgetary and time constraints?
women's NGOs, grassroots organizations, research
centers, etc., for data collection and analysis being
explored?
throughout the Project Cycle
Are gender-sensitive and sex-
disaggregated data being collected
to keep track of inputs and outputs,
and to measure outcomes?From
what sources?
Is the same information as the
baseline data being collected for
the indicators at one or several
times during the life of the project
in order to measure and evaluate
impact?
Is there thematic unity in all data
collection formats and reports?
Are the data fed back to project
personnel and beneficiaries on a
timely basis to allow for project
adjusttnents?
Are local women's organizations,
NGOs, research institutes, etc.,
involved in monitoring the progress
of the project's gender integration?
Are the resultslfindings being
disseminated and consulted? How?
When?
Are there specific and adequately
detailed references to gender in
progress/supervision reports?
I
Did both men and women
participate in the project? Did
both men and women receive the
benefits?
What were the preliminary
indications about emerging
outputs? How did they affect men
and women?
Did the project produce the
intended benefits for men and
women?How do the results
compare to the targets?What
factors account for variations in
impact?
How did the risk indicators/
critical assumptions about gender
interact with the project's inputs
in support or hindrance of project
progress?
How can gender impacts be
increased or stabilized?
How did project beneficiaries,
male and female, respond to the
interventions?
What are the realistic prospects
of sustaining the benefits stream
in the long term?
 Promoting participation in gender-sensitive M&E can
build consensus among stakeholders on the project's
gender goals, and on what gender outcomes to monitor
and what impacts to evaluate.
Participatory M&E makes it possible to identify
problems early in the project implementation stage, and
give communities and implementing agencies the ability
and flexibility to respond to changing scenarios that may
affect the project interventions.
It taps the perspectives and insights of all stakehold-
ers, beneficiaries as well as project implementers. All
stakeholders identify issues, conduct research, analyze wee
findings, make recommendations, and take responsibility
Are participatory processes among stakeholders, men and
for necessary action. Stakeholders who are involved in
women, being encouraged when:
the identification of problems and solutions will develop - -

the all-important ownership and commitment to any Setting goals?

corrective actions adopted. Selecting the best d lection methods?
Setting targets?
The first steps for integrating gender into the partici-
Collecting and matyzing data?
pation process include:
Identifying
. - r
acthities and indicators?
1. Identifying the key stakeholders and ensuring they Monitorin and evaluating?
4-
I
will all be invited to participate during consultations Planning: implementing and maintaining projects?
2. Assessing the current scope, level and quality of Reporting and disseminating resulrs?
participation. (To what extent are organizations
.representing both women and men involved, and
what are the factors limiting their fuller participa- How miny women and men, people from different
@tion?) ethnic groups, members of different castes, and
Identifying and setting measures to strengthen the daereht economic classes are participating among
capacity of weak and vulnerable groups, including the stakeholders?
hat is the level of input of women and men at

ers, women and men, in key activities? (e.g., numb?

m
a.. - -
-ww-:
afioa-a
---
0.1
-

Endnotes (to pqes f and 2)
Rural dwelopmeot is a strategy to alleviate poverty through
sustained increases in the productivity and income of the rural
poor. Rural development projects strive to promote overall
productivity and improve cost-effectiveness by: (i) directly
benefiting large numbers of rural poor, (ii) having a sufficiently
low cost per beneficiary so that they may be extended or replicated
over broader areas, and (iii) capturing the production potential of
rural women and men-farmers, livestock managers, entrepreneurs,
etc.
* Successhrl m o n i t o ~ (I)
t provtdes feedback durlng the
process of implementation; (11) requtres collection of readlly
available ~nformatlonand mlnlmal processing and analysls of ~ t ,
(111)focuses on the current status of lndlcators; (iv) places
appropriate emphasls o n project outputs and Impacts as well as
Inputs.
An evaluation system lnvolves the development of a serles
ofd q p over a tlme span starting before the project 1s implemented
& continu- beyond the implementation ~erlod.Unlike
nuhitoring, a n e v a l u a t i o ~ q u ~ r ae slonger tlme span before even
p t a t i v e concIusions can beadrawn.
C%je&es of walnationr ( i ) Qeterm~neswhether the
p@ject objectives set in terms of expqted outputs, outcomes and
w a c t are bang, or will be, met; ( i ~esPab11shes
) causal~tyand
I
tional issues; (iii) definition of a participation framework; and (iv)
establishment of mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation.
Where adverse impacts are identified, a social assessment also will
determine how to avoid, minimize, or substantially mitigace them,
and develop the capacity to enable participation, resolve conflict,
permit service delivery, and carry out mitigation measures in ways
that are socially sound.
T h e tarset should be a clear value against which actual project
results can be measured. Targets should be realistic and quantifiable
statements of expected outcomes. They represent what the project
wants to achieve in concrete terms.
"Engenderhg"the Lo@amo requires thac the process of
planning a project as well as each component of the Logframe
matrlx be done through a "gender lens". Preparation of an
"engendered" Logframe lnvolves project planners, stakeholders,
and beneficlarres In analyzing gender relations and addresstng
quest~onsat each level of the framework. This analysis takes place
throughout the course of monttorlng and evaluatlon, keeping In
mind that the Logframe 1s both adjustable and applicable to long-
term project management.
The Logical Framework (Logframe) 1s the model for the Project
Summary Destgn (Annex 1) of the Project Appratsal Document
(PAD).
9 Gender-sensitive indi+zstors,as they measure gender-
related changes in soclety over tlme, polnt out how far and In what
ways development programs and projects have met t h e ~ gender
r

to measure whether gender equlty 1s belng ach~eved.Ind~catorscan

nput m o n i m pr*t*ciflc -64 &

prov~dedfor each project item; usually used at& cfeto the
measure output for each project or

partlclpatlon Issues, which includes m batamtat md Mnrtion of

soclal Impacts, (11) evaluatlon of institutional and socia1 organiza-
 Gender I n t e e in a Typical Raral Devetapment w e &
Marrativa Summary
I.Seefor-related CAS
Owl:
Revitalization of rural
economy and poverty
reduction through increased
agricultural production and
productivity
production through
improved packages and
better management
adoption of sustainable
Project J k s + Smnmary
(ANNEX 1 oE'PAD)
I Pe~rformtml l d l ~ t o n
(~emder-mnsiiiue) Monitoring and Evaluation:
Data Sources
lncrease in productivity of crops grown by male and Rural household survey Growth in
female farmers 8 National statistical data agricultural
lncrease in income of men and women farmers Impact Evaluation production will
Increase in per capita food availability in MHHs and FHHs contribute to
Reduction in the percentage of population below poverty poverty reduction
line and food security
in male-and
female-headed
households
Gender study report in the project
lncrease in the number of men and women farmers
receiving training in improved agricultural practices
Commitment of
made/tried in fkld
 (gender-sensitive) Monitoring and Evaluation:
I oaa sources
IV. Project ComponeIIb/ Policy recommendations initiated Project implementation plan Extension policy
Sub-Components w Amount of budget allocated for strengthening institutional Supervision reports will emphasize
Policy iovrl: capacity Financial monitoring reports equal participa-
Agricultural policy review Amount of funds disbursed Disbursement reports tion of men and
and reforms women farmers
in extension

I
Institutional Number of men and women extension agents in the Midterm reviewlevaluation activities to
strengthening: districts Financial monitoring reports improve
Human resource Number of female extension agents recruited Disbursement reports agricultural
development Infrastructure improvement for extension agents Gender study production
Gender balance among Number of gender training programs plannedlfunded for Social and
extension staff male and female extension agents cultural norms
+ Training of extension staff Amount of funds allocated for research on gender will encourage
Research agenda to include sensitive issues in agriculture women's effective
technology development for participation
women
Private sector and NGO Partnership with private sector and NGOs in gender Field interviews
nvolvement in reseafch and capacity development established Case studies

Farmers'
mln-T' capaci -- * -. Proper gender balance in the beneficiary profile; improved
; Progress and supervision reports
development
tmpmvementh thez2
of women farmers to
h?ccess of women to project incentives
Nr k r of training courses plannedlorganized tor male
anck8male farmers
Field interviews
Case studies I

pmductfveresources a Number Bfarrners' field demonstrations , FFSs planned

Training of men and women for WOn~en '

umber of m v d women palcipating in farmers'
farmers in imprwed
aoricuflural practices group activities

I yestions to ~ s k k-~ 4%gemdming9*

~ ew en the w e d LW'.
- -
~ummrmq
v
I I l h b
- ?l
-L ' - Means of

Pmjeel Obiedlves Does the project have What measures can verify achievementof the
gender- responsive gender responsive objedive(s)'l Are da$ for mmg me
objec2ive(s)? goal, Objectives,Omuts
and activitiessex-
disaggregatedand
Is the d i s t r i i n d What measurescan v e w that project beneRb andVLed in Lm-tsof
amue to women as well as meo, and to gender? factors are necessaryfor

I
accwnt gender roles and
rehtions? ',
What gender analys~
will be apnmnriatn'? I (espemi@beneftt~ ti
achieving project benefits

I ~
i i
II Is
contribute to hheW
the contribuUona( women as w&w men 1
IIfactors are necessaryfc
achieving the activities and
especially ensuring contin~lm

I
involvement of men and
women participants in the
pmjecfl - .
Smtrce: H e h Hambly-Odame. 2000. "Eneendmng the Logframe."ISNAR. .
4 . ._*'-. .
<
• a * . . ..*... I . . . . . . . . . . . .
 ANNEX 2
Sugpted Data Collection and Analysis Methods for Rural Development Projects

Method I Application ( Ease and cost of data colleclion and analysis

Quanlltative methods - _ -
Household surveys
1_ - - -- - --- -
Household information on size, labor force participation,
income and expenditure levels, ownership of assets.
I
--
Sex-disaggregatedquestions can be included at no cost. Howeve~
applying sub-modules to individual household members increases
interview time, and often requires a second visit.
...3y be included on household survey but requires some additional
prioritization of needs and projects. time to administer.--
- - - - - - - -- -- -- -

I
- I _
allocation when new crops or techniques are introduced.

atlng the time women and men spend collecting

It requires 1-2 days.

Questionscan be included in surveys, but where possible this should

and fuel, traveling to work, unpaid and paid be combined with focus groups or direct observation. Household
diaries can also be used.

a relatively smai, ,
the consultation and participation process
election, preparation, implementationand

at interviews but often with a

ts, but where possible these should be

1
for delivering services.
lricultural calendars Qualitative picture of activities for all enterprises and basis, identify by sex, family position, and wage status,
operations. the person(s) responsible for farm and non-farm tasks, It requires 1-
2 days.
ap l o c a t m a i n agro-ecological zones, farmi-. Separate walks with men and women can be idomnative. It requlres a
ms, social groups, and infrastructure; Main problems team and residents for half a day to 1 day.
f community and key informants for various issues.

I
1
onducted by interdisciplinary team of rural dweller sand
tists, with rural dwellers/residents taking the t a d and
ing out major features and problems.
lear visual picture of participants, beneficiaries, and It requires a a ay o

!A.

'Semistructuredintewiews, usually taped, and conducted separately with

teiiews
I processes, social networks, values, and beliefs.
Quick. inexoensive overview of conditions and oractlces
across viltages. Open-ended questioning of
women and men. It can take 1-2 hours/group (of up to 20 people).
It requires 1-2 hours/vilbge.

representingmore than one household.

- -
ommunity pom&$ ' Comparison and contrast between beliefs and practices
across villages. Porlraits of a variety of project villages
It requires 1-2 hourshillage. I
I
I
with women and men.
 ANNEX 9
Rural Score Card: Assessing Rmal WkU-being through a Gender Lens
The Rural Score Card is a composite set of indicators that can be used to measure progress in achieving overall
rural well-being in a given country. The Score Card is useful in policy dialogues with client countries in focusing
attention to areas of need.
The Rural Score Card uses poverty reduction goals to set the indicators of rural well-being and takes into account
the expanded connotation of poverty that includes lack of basic needs, services and capacities. It also recognizes
vulnerability, powerlessness, and inequality as key aspects in poverty which are intricately associated with gender
issues in rural development.
The framework for the Rural Score Card identifies five specific outcomes of poverty reduction initiatives in rural
areas. The corresponding gender-related issues and indicators are useful in assessing how the poverty reduction
initiatives address the needs of both men and women.

Human development Is fostered

Net primly enrollment rabo, males and fernales'~rnaUonaDevelopment Goal)
Changes in men-women ratio in literacy (15-24 years old) (hternational Development Goal)
1
Men'6 and women'saccess to different types of training
Women3 accessto information
I

Equity is fostered Men's and women's access to productiverghtme6

-
Women's legd position in n
rh m gand aqdfbg geader ~ ~ (Pnd {% of~ W
farms in 1ndividuaJownership owned by womerl)'
Women's access to credlt; average slze of hmu to rmnah and men
Men's and waman's time-use cn household and f m m g dvUies
M e h and women's access to technoloqy sod r~tvbbsb agriculture
Men's end women's capacity to adopt mrnpmab Whnology
Women's rote in deckion making in famlly and lamring ac€ivM
Women's-roles in cooperatives, ~nlocal planning wrb decmbn maklng
Women In leadership positions a village/commnity level
Women's control over income and othr llovsehokl resourc;es Y "1
Employment ip &$rlou!turejatio of females as a of femele labor fmto males as a % of male labor force
--

-
Food security is enhanced

Availabil~tyof anrmal proteln ~nd~et

:This infannation can be obtained born several sources including household surveys, poverty assesrmous, Ministry of Education,Ministry of Health, and

I
other relevant Ministries, women's o r g a ~legal ~ associations,
, disnict dm,focus group, and special s t u b combiniw quanutan've and qualitative merhods. ,

m... . . . . . . ............
Bamberger, Michael. 1999. Developing G& Sensitive
~Monirorfng and Evduadon Systems for Rum1 Trm!and
Transport Projects and Progrm-Draft. The Wortd
Bank, Washingtan, D.C.
Bainbergcr, Michael, Mark Bkckden, Vialeta
Manoukian and Lucia Fart. 2000. Gendcr Chapter,
PRSP Sourcebook. The World Bank, Washington,
D.C.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).
1997. A Project Level Hadbook: The Why and How of
Gender-Sensitive lndiultors . Canada.
Canadian incernationat Development Agency (QDA).
1997. Guide to G&+Sensitioe I n c l i m . Canada.
Fong, Monica S. and Anjana Bushan. 19%. Toolkit on
Gender in AgricuItu~e:Gender Toolkit Series N o . I. The
World Bank. Washington, D.C.
H a m b t y - O h e , Helen. 2000. Engendering the b9frume.
ISNAR.
Okidegbe, Nwerue. 2000. Monitoring Rurd Webbeing: a
Rural Score Cmd. Rural Development, The World
Bank, Washington, D.C
World Bank. G e d r in AgricUltUre: A WOT[d Bank
Leanaing Module.URL: h t t p : / l w . w h k . mg/
g&/madule/Index. hnn
World Bmk. 1994. Rural Women in the Sahel and their
Access to Agnculturd Extension: Ovaview of Five
Country Studies. Washingtan, D.C.

Particular thanks are due to the World

Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program
for its financial support towards the
preparation of the Toolkit. We also
thank our colleagues in the Rural
Development Sector for their input and
collaboration.
Fwparu?aby:
Lucia Fort
Beatriz Leilani Martinez
Madhuchhanda Mukhopadhyay
b
- c with*
Gender and Development Group,
Poverty Reduction and Economic
Management,
http://www.worldbank.orglgender
Gender and Rural Development The-
matic Group, Rural Development,
http://wb 1no018.worldbank.orglessd/
essd.nsf/rural+deveioprnent/po~l

The World Bank

Washington, DC
U381
amtm~nts m tkt fa~mlngHI-. Oedes diffwmuj
krpwldgri and Infommtiar, a d suppat servtcer in a p i c u l d

G e n d o m and Bisrsedmatiom
N k ~ ~ ~ d b d
lvbagement l%Q#m

design. However, the Staff Appraisal Report Included a

component on gender-related stud~esand technical assistance

activities. INTA also received support for gender work from

~ntemanonalorganlzatlons like NORAD, FINNIDA, the Dutch
Service for Development Cooperation, and the SWISS Govem-
ment.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i o
INTA has made good progress in lnst~tutionalizinggender in esp&&& dtfaEtafcpdddd hawhob
all its operattons. It has taken steps to:
undertake participatory d~agnosisto identify institutional
bottlenecks in integrating gender m agricultural research
Integrate gender analysts In extension manuals
provide tralnlng for technical staff, clients and management
~fftt&W~zfistd&evariedac.tivith
of~uoa;rw*dcalb~&*~add
L.) incorporate a gender In INTrzS annual operational plans and
undertake systematic monitoring of the action plan ~ ~ \ I W r n t b r ~ ~ ~ B g t i ~ ~ ~
providtdbp,mlrnd*d
analysis in agr~cultural * ~ g ~ ~ ~ b
ra~~rn~rnditl~4gldrnIa.
~ ~ ~ ~ v ~ g w q d c o h ebes u e c e ~
&.~in&iklt~of~services1lrbe

* Ekt-hg, m u k i s e c b d in~ Development .

* VfD a m b ~ mw- db that gdrw she

~5 ~ i m
n c ~ h P a r d U ~ d p p 6 h
~ o f ~ ~ ~ t a t a i s e ~ e r a ~
cnipbizc g a t t d in~h~it Wtk

J Males and femates among
extension staff
J Rcillties for advanced education
in agriculture for women
J Fundingfor research on specilic J Research programs focusing on J Technologies to address gender
technology needs of men and gmdwspecific needs needs in place-better use of
women farmers J Technolopies made simple and saved tlme
J Funding for research on minor non input-intensive for easy J Increase in productivitythrough
crops and vegetabte adoption adoption of improved packages
J Emphasis on farming systems' by all categories of farmers
researchwith a gender focus
J Funding for staff training, in J Gmder training provided to andl J Research and extension system
gender awareness raising, and or phned for research and more sensitive to gender-based
gender tools and methods extension stafl needs
J Project supporlfor gender specific J Research end extension staff J Increase in number of women
activities in research and trained for Increasedfocus on agricultural graduates in rural
extension gender in support services areas
J StrengtheningfacilAles for women J Curriculum developed to meat J Improvemenl In quality of
in agricultural education, inclusion gender-based needs services in extension
of women in the faculty I

J Extenshw programs, if arty, to
meet gender-specific needs
J Appropriateness of extension
messages to male and female
Wmrs d diirent categories
J Aocess to technology and
exhnnsion services by women
farmers
J PatUciition of women in field
demonstrations, FFSs
J Gsndsrsensitivity in m a r c h and J hhtives to promote g8nder
extension policy-prioii on
addressing gender needs
J Differenthlallocation, access to
resou~cesby men and women
J SttWgies to encoufage female
students from rural areas
J Project support for dissemination
and adoption of advanced
technology
J Strengtheningof ASSto inchrde
women
J Extension messages and train'mg
made relevant to the needs d
men and wamen in farming
J Private sector and ffiO
involvement in technology testing,
dissemination and training
equality in research exiensittn
P~CY
J Extension slategy to integrate
gender consideretionin planning
and irnplemsntation; incentives to
staff for gender mainstreaming
J lncentlves and reservationfor
female students in agricukuml
I 1
J Taming and contacts among
female farmers
J In farrrrer led extension-
women's parficipatloo in tniniog,
and field demonstrations
J Technology adoption made easy
and economical
-
J Emphasis on gender in research
and extension
J Adoption rates of advanced
technologies by women and
under- privileged
J Women's mrollment in
agrlculttlral comes
J Wide adoption of technology by
men and women farmers of all
J increasein men and women
farmers' income through
impreved access to technology
and extension services.
J Improvement in employment
opponunlties in rota1areas for
trained graduates

/ Assess technology and extension
needs of men and women
tamers, and identlfy thegaps in
support services
J Asseds mate and female farmers'
needs and constraints
J Develop a gender core group
within the system lo ensure
aender intaration.
J Emphasize pariicipationin IJ Measure genUer integration IJ Evaluate Impact in both qualitative
identification, planning and against targets set for researC11 and auantitativeterms.
implementation of activities and extension activltis.
J Provide options to women
farmers ~ D choosing
T activities.

Suggested Gender-Rnl3ted Indicators for AKIS Projects

. .....,.,.,. .,.,,., .,.dnder

specific research, extension
capacity building and twining
4 Number of women and men in
community participation including
research and extension planning 4 Curricula~evisedto suit needs of 4 Number of staff trained
4 Amount of funding for improved
facilities for agricultural education
+ Number of research- extension
sub-projects plannedlinitiated to
address gender needs.
4 Number of gender trainirlg 4 Gender oriented research-extension
programs organized for staff activities completed
4 Level ~f NGO and private sector 4 Improvement in quality of support services
involvement in extensionservices for women farmers- more contact, need-
and farmers training b m d advice, etc.
women. 4 Gender balance among extension staff
4 Number of women farmers trained-
' women in field triils(%)
4 Number and quality of gender-focus
I extension messages produced
I 4 Increase in women's enrollment. 'i
Agro-Enterprise Development
 Identification I Design
and Preparation I and Agpraisal I and Suueruision I ~omoletlon I

I
s to J Strengthening market informa- J Assess and improve participa- J Better knowledge about high
tion systems for male and female tion of women in trade and value added products and
agro- SMEs producers organizations marketing among women and
J Strengthening roles of women in J Improve facilities for women in men entrepreneurs
trade and policy and participa- markets J Increased income from products
raccess by sex to t o y planning
%...-.-.nd services
omen's ~articioationin trade
and prodtk.ers iganizations

J Men's and women's roles in
agro-processing and trade
J Opportunities and barriers for
women's entry in agro-
processing and trade
J New trends replacing women's
home-based enterprises and
trade
J Technological and management
support to small and medium
entrepreneurs, men and women
J Support to womenlsmall
enterprises in moving from
informal to formal status,
assistance in licensing and
tendering
J Identify and target women
entrepreneurs in agro-
processing activities and trade
J Assess and improve technical
and managerial skills among
men and women entrepreneurs
J Improve access of women
entrepreneurs to producers and
trade organizations
J Increase in income of men and
I
women from agro-enterprises.
J Improvement in efficiency and
level of women's participation in
agro-enterprise

J Opportunities and constraints
for women's employment in
agro-enterprises
J Barriers to women's participa-
tion in farm-business linkages
J Proiect support to improve
women's skill levels in
processing and trade
J Provide access to information
on fair wages, protective
legislation, etc
J Increase number of male and J lncrease in efficiency and
female skilled workers productivity of labor especially
J Improve women's level of of women workers
employment in agro-enterprises J Equal treatment Iwages by sex

J Given the importance of agro-
enterprises for women, assess
opportunities for women at the
outset of the project.
J Design activities at various
levels to close the gap between
men and women in opportuni-
ties (or access), efficiency, and
productivity in agro-enterprises.
J Analyze the changes in the role J Increased role of women in
of women in agro-enterprise agro-enterprises and market
activities. linkages should be assessed.

Suggested Gender-Related Indicators

for Agro-Enterprise Dewelupment Projects

+ Amount of funding allocated to provide
assistance to men and women in agro-
enterprise
+ Amount of funding for market infrastructure
development and improved access to
markets
+ Strenglhening of producers and trade
organizations.
+ Effective participation of women in agro- + Improvement in women's income
enterprise and trade activities + Overall improvement
t Improvement in women's employment
levels-reduction in wage differentials and
skills gaps
t Increase in women's participation and
A
leadership in producers and trade organiza-
tions.
The Forestry sector includes the brbad range of activities pertaining to natural 1
rehabilitation of previously forested areas for production, protection, conservatic

Etatiode forlntcpthg Gender into Forestry Operati-

The relationship between local men and women and forests plays an important role in forestry
improve their livelihood. Men and women have different roles and needs in the use and manage
the importance of these activities for subsistence and income generation, forestry operations should
account to improve the effectiveness of forestry projects.

bmo- Tk@qin hint &rest
Mawement (JFiuo h h d h
The JFM w s initiated to involve village committees and ~ ( 3 0 ~
in the regeneration, management and of degraded .
forests. In order to improve the gender balance m the JFMs, - draw up village plans
some states have reserved at least one third of the managing
.
committee places for women. Changes in the policy h e w o r k
have encouraged more women to participate m the JFMprocess.
In Pradesh' the program access to and conml
over resources and involve women in resource management in a
major way The VSSs, community organizations at the village
levels, protect a demarcated area of forest land and in mum
enjoy usufruct rights. Each village household is represented by a
man and a woman in the VSSs and no less than 30% of the
VSS executive committee members are women . Cambridge, UK.
Some NGOs and State Forest deparaents have started
experimenting with various strategies to enhance women's
. Hotdi% separate meetings for women to better understand
their needs and priorities
Undertaking separate participatory appraisals with men
and women and then facilirating joint negotiarions to
. Promoting women's groups to improve self conf~denceand
empowerment, and mobilize influence on governments;
and
:. Motivating local progressive leaders to advocate wo
- equal rights and participation throughgrassroots POUPS.
Sources: Our Forests Our Future, Report ofthe World
. Conference on Forest and Sustainable Deuelopmr. Emil
. and A d a Ullstein, Co-Chairman, Cambridge Univ.,
: "Involvement of Women in Joint Forest Management in
Andhra Pradesh State." Grmooa Concerns. D. Surya

.' women should be involved. The socio-economicsurvey

m e n and women in the project area. A thorough study of
The project used a forestry extension system to implement a
reforesmtion program and develop microenterprises. Emphasis
was put on self-help groups and participatory processes, in which
gender was given special importance as 40% of the smallholder
farmers were women. Women's groups were idendied as project
beneficiaries for delivering project inputs as they are incmingly
takutg up men's &. Disaggregation of project components by
sex was felt necessary to ensure that inputs reach both men and
women. ldencificationof female headed households is critical in
this exercise.
identified aver 224 different end-use combinations used by
local traditions, customary land rights, and farmers' knowl-
edge also helped identify activities, and revealed the followi
gender differences:
Men decide where trees should be planted on the farm,
and carry out silvicultural practices where they reside.
Women look after on-farm m e nurseries
Trees often belong to men, women do not fell trees. Trees
are rarely harvested
Women weed trees as well as agricultural crops, and
handle men's responsibilities when men are away in off-
farm activities.

Emerging Gender Lrsues and Activities: I&I

Women walk considerable distances for fuelwood; Fuel effiiient stoves
backload of 25-30 kgs lasts 3-4 days
Water scarcity is a problem -women often walk for an Water for project nurseries
hour or more daily for fetching water
Neither men or women have experience managing small Skills development for forestry micro-enterprises
businesses and accessing credia
Women's farming responsibilitiesincrease as most men Technical Assistance for both men and women
go for off-farm activities; women also tend animals
Men make decisions about marketing of trees and tree Women will prefer fruit tree plantations.
products, and use of proceeds; Women market fruits.
I NGOs for providing tralnin~

Suggested Gender-Re- Endfators for Forestry Projects / I

I

products for men and women

u
1 Livestock DeveIopment
Ine 11Ve.StOCKsua-sector cornpr~segactivlties
contrlDuung to sugralnaDle 11vescock&r#1R to ~duce
popmp~,
support widely shared growth, and increase food security. Sustainability in livest d t S &
provision of technology, information, supporting services, and enabling policies
the efficiency of renewable resource use.

Rationale for Integrating Gender into Liwestock Projects

Male and female produceas have somewhatdiffc~nrneeds for technology and support smrices, due to ,l
and ~esponaibititiesin livestock activities. Women generally raise small stock and are involved in
are responsible for large animals and m an ke
w produce. Livestock projects should take these
increase project effectivenessand swtabbility.

Mid-course Changes Benefit Rural

Wmen: NatiomI SmallLivestock
Project in Tug0
Inhiorc$inthcesrlp1980stn~wi&USAIDd
~,rheBenttawatcsdoheN~SmalILi@~
i n T e p w h t c h ~ t o ~ ~ ~ ~ d
smallLi~saasm~&$Imattp~~b
I d n C d v i * d b t a l b f ~ ~ i a
I
~ T h e ~ ~ ~ i n l t E n l ~ ~ o ,n ~ w m a ~ a
danimalbIhandd~4bpmen I
I d w w g & t n d -
fadwe, ~ , d ~ i c d r e s t a r c h l n d w d ~ .
t m q m d b n e f h r s ' o ~ w ~ ~ . h

J Men's and women's access to
, gender-based needs
Suggested Gender-Related Indicators for L-ivstocIr DeveZopment Projects
- - -
* 9/0 d women among livestock
producers by animals
(, Contribution of livestock to
women's/rnen's income and
subsistence
+ Amount of milk and animal
protein consumed by the family.
and extension staff
+ Men's and women's level of
participation in village Level
planning
+ Existing policy initiatives to
address gender issues in access
to resources in livestock sector
+ Funds allocatedldisbursed for
capacity building-training on
gender for research & extension
staff
+ Women's level of participation in
producers' cooperatives; women's
group for cotkction and
marketing
+ Fund allocation for improvement
in animal healthcare facilities,
accessibility, affordabillty.
J Improvement in returns from
livestock for all categories of
J Improvement in men's and
+ Gender balance among extension staff; No. 4 Changes in income and
of staff trained on gender subsistence-equitable share of
+ Number of extension messages producedl income among men and women
disseminated on gender issues in + Changes in nutritional status -
production avaifabillty of milk and animal
e Number of women receiving help, availing protein for the family.
health care services
+ Number of women healthcare providers
+ Number of women in producers' coopera-
tives
+ Changes in marketing network and
infrastructure for livestock produce -
proximity, milk routes, transport.
- - - . A . 5-, 'k'
Rural tinance comprises a l l types of tntancial services for housenolas ana
enterprises in rural areas. Specifically, rural finance includes providing credit,
ments and other financial services to farm households or off-farmbusinesses. The
fat some interest or fee for loaning and safeguarding funds.

There ir evidence that women use credit a &wtivclg as men, when u is avdablc, and that theit r
higher than men. Further, savings are an e
' ' ' ' . I . I. . , I .

Yet women have mom Umited a m s r to fo.-.-. .-. . .-.. ~ .- -- --

savings, credit md creditefinanced inpun is essential for impraving their capacity to taise productivity in ~ r d;
d

T 1# ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 S a
hnya Wemen F ITrust (KWFT), a~ affiliateof Women's
8orkiBanting,hosbeea~~wradswmgrhwing
womcn's@rtidpedanhrhk~cmsrinsneam.FoEuaad~ar.
woMn who hare Ude access to formal credit it provids
rcqumirc tmining to help women enacpreneutd KWFT d
in opemians in + I%& witk sevuai &onas prwidbg
grants. A h a mmetutingin 19908KWFT h s e d on a graup
Ldaedit stmtcgy that iGprwedirs perdbmcc immemly.
~hassinceeamneBasaoeliab&wurced&&cditto
providing aclditionalsaurces c$ Income. It has atro 4h e ,
~bondsamongrhcdn,whidhasulhtdbutBdt~
KWFPs ~ s a a t c g yis to keep dmfnisaarive castsdown and
tinE the gronth in l & i to tbc availabilityd fuuds. Ths s t r w t u r r and
~ i l l c g i s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r i v e i n *~ ce or l e nt mc ~m y ~ a n d ~ w ~ f o r
Fnding to matq d i ~and, mainraining a high repaymentzatol.
$ 4 of ~the impmam initiadva an:
,
'
The BbharaSchemc, a gtwp b a d m d e l of interm&-
r.ton,similat t~ the Chineen Bank mdel fn ihglwhh,
which was adopted by the Kenya Rural hterprIse Progtam
The UamMfa Scherne, which & to whole& a unit lm
m existinggroup whicb then retail l o w to dmir mrmbers.
Tbisreduce~thoexpenscsqngrou~fonaatiQIld~
ddnbmtion,and sxmgthm the KWET a u d
The Small Enterprise PmWional S m k c Orgmbrion
(SEPSO),developed m c o b r e t i o n with the Kc*
Management Asmciadon Pmlgam (KMAP), ro v i d e
traiaingto bqjger clienrs
The %st practice h
m g and marlrec linkages" program u,
supparc SUCWS€UI women pltnprmew~act as mentorsfor
other wahen.
h a :Kmya Women Finwce TM: C m SwBj ofa Micro-
%mace Sdme.FIndings, AM& Reglion. No. 70. Sept 19%.
s t
Womenk k + t Initiatives Rajscc (WDIP) is
d s enhancing skdk ptod~ftiatyand inume of a ~ m e n
whu bear the burdenafponrty in Ethiopb. It is &@ed to
mrddrrsseartht~cingdofpoorwonrcnwhowrll13at
ahemk haveacfess ta hmtitutional finance, .wd improve
k h o l d , social and e m m i c welfare in selected poor districts.
Graots dl bt rued to enwurage women to form and remain in
grwps oganiwd around productive activities.The prajeet has
bmef~tedfrom lesscrrrs from mher exprimma such
Conmumay~~limeondresourcrsdtrrwrhe
1 needfbr copady h d h g . The WDIP divided into a
number of mi~pmjects,and 9 m I2 m m h s wen allowed
for capacity dcveI-t after d i t &ctivenw.. The
have been Lept simple
~ e n s e d ~ m u n t d ~ y o f p m j t cWomen's ts.
groups will be arlwd to provide savings ofabout 10% o f h e
dagbarnce (5% in Irlnd)
TmdilioRaIcmd*-nsutre(e.g. k a m d
mdio)drobel~l~effectivcinfea~~mmd~m~1of
pwr hmdokii. Map* and promatiao measures will
ensue that romenfsi n m a d participation is seen s9 a
howhokl decision rather their own concern
Ctrprzciy W n g ir needed both at the central and regional
g m m n m m t ~ t o c f f e ~ ~ t h e ~
k p rog e c t
Bastd on h a urperiem, the project campma aim to
a d d m women's needs thou&
1. ~~Fd (GIFI ,E financingwindow, will be
GCWTOOQ
demaad-dri~cnro pmvide mpport to women's grwps so that
they can and h i d e on which productive a&ties
they will invet
2. I m w -YLS includingcapacity building for
hermediaries and W l i m t m in group ~ i z a t i o np, j e c t
design, appraisnl, monitoring and evaluation,and technical
sqpon provided mcanuact b d s depend'i on the needs.
The mformation, education, and cmnmunkriofl components
will improve awarcaerrs among women communities on logal
issua, health,nuuitlon, environment and natural rc-mme
mmt
3. Monitor& m$ e d a t h that rill assess rhe overall eificiency
~f pmieuimplementation on the baais of i d d d indicators
I
 d Reduction in dependence on
informal money lenders

-
among the beneficiaries

income and decision making 1 productive activities 1 I I

between men and women I 1 - -

4 Wable farmers' groups - men'!
women's and mixed and their
activities
NGOs and other support grour
providing technical assistance
and gassrwts management
training to the communities
Hssess poololcy lever. regal, arw
procedural constraints to
women's access to credlt
Resewatlon among the poor
about Institutional finance and
services-access to adequate
information
Capacity within the financiai
institutions to handle small
loans
Sustamability of M f l s serving
the poor
Men's and women's repaymen'
records
Project assistance to NGOs and
other grassroots organizetions to
train women's groups
Provision f w leadership training / Increase in micro-enterprises
for women on business and
financial management
/ Skills development for men and
women in micro-enterprises - . r:
J Policy initiatives to i ~ r o v e
access to credit, simphfy
procedures for poor and
illiterate
/ Design and deliver special lint
of credit for small loans - rais
awareness
J TNcapacity-builw for MFls,
linked lo performance and
outreach
1d Community participation and
, contribution to ensure
sustai~bilityand commitment
rwinlng for men and women in
managing finances and
enterprise development
run by men end women
. -
?Collect sex disaggregated data
on volume and frequency of
credit, savings, and repayment
/ Improve repayment rales-
poitfolio at risk teduced
/ Increase W l s efficiency
'
/ Increase in women's access and
control over financial resources
d lmprovement m women's
capacity to generate income
/ Improvement in fi~ancia~
institutions' services for rural
poor
4 Better access to credit for men
and women
IF More MFLs largetlng women In
p o r communities

and collect sex disaggregated stage: the extent of control over and women needs to be
da4a on credit and savings I credi and savings societies
Gather information on social to be formed around activitlsa, lo quantitative aspects.

based &fferences in hmdling

finances and decision-makina, I building in financial s l j ~ s -
and manaoement

I lnuut lndicalors I Process indicators 1 Output Indicators 1 Impact Indicators

) % of funds disbursed by
component, and %of women
among beneficiaries
Number of women's groups

+ Average size of loans for

indlviduat women beneficiaries
 Sustainable Agriculture and

&*
Natural Resources Management
- - - - - - - ----

Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management activities seek to in

through adoption of practices that maintain the long term ecological and biolo
Activities in this sub-sector cut across the rural, social, end environmental issues of
I
Q
to sustain significant increases in farm productivity through the efficient use of land
is to provide better economic returns to individuals and contribute to the quality of d
ment.
l

:(i
Q0
Strategies for surtainable sgtlcolhlre d ~ ~ ~ mand e NRMn t s u e s participation and cmpowermnt of harmers and
rornmunitier, as wcU as pamrcnhip development among all stakeholders. Gendm relations at the community and family
levels plry a crucial role in the succesa of their d f o r t ~to harmonuc agricultural intendicatim with enviranmenrd
integrity and promote social equiry whik nrrlnrahing economic and praduction objcctlves.

*
-- 9

4. u t r i m P r ~ & ~ ~ a r r d ~ ~ b
Pq&In&-mdia
The project sought to reverse thc etrad in productivity d d m

jfi in vast saetchcc dmdk lands through a land damstian

pmm. Ir also shed to makc the processamahable by
prevsming further inc- in sadiciry dvough &e adFectivc
managemem of programs with strang cmmmity participation prceductbnsystems. Udng6tnnerfi:ld-echoolmcthodokq, die
and NC;O euppart. Not only hss dw project u d cbe lateQE
t a c b d o g d methods, but a b it hss e m p W s d asp~ts
p*ect trained farmem and ~-~ end b d t aWaLtncss
about the health and eiwhmental fiarardPof mntinucd use d
8 to a ~ l r cs t a h h o b commitmenti
tomanage the sodii lands.
wtaining the activirks pesticfdEs in rice pducdon.
Pmjw ou- had a far-rehiq impact on rice
The project is ahad oE its target th& to the morivatian productionsystems in the camtry:At the implunuuation
and parrtcipattcat ofmale and female farmers. Some of the completion in 1999, a mtalof900,OOO fannm and 23,000
higMghta m: brier-uainea, afwhich 160,000wee m e n , had been aaina
45@0 h e e m of bidhave ban mlaimed and brought
/I &ruldnulo.
cropping iatendtyhasgoneup
in IPM. Crop yield ww maintained ddmolgh pesticide we wan
reduced and the project improved the e n v i m m t and farmen'

? I .58,000 landless laborembaw been a k c a d land and ike

-
n e e i r n ~ ~ ~ ~ e r n ~ t ~ a s ~ ~ ~
I r wmn's gmup have been formad which have bacamc
1t lmpoaantcentersd eammic activity IPh4, and leadership developed among womm her-minets.
* rccss to imtimtid d t has i q d bg& m w Women h e very active in port fldd&l actlviries and in
1

,5.
amnd credits m women for related activitiessuch as b u d neonwks and associations. The f a l b h g gcndmnlattt
activities Isd to the suocrta~in integradng women in project
I dairgw8~w~maaQdtading aaivitics all m n d dK cou~uy:
the dsocial and amomic w e b e q in rhe villages has
1 impd A naaod cargt 430% participation of women Canners in
, IPMfieldschools
Gender analpis by h e m dunng planning and selection of
pddpmts fortarmco'Geld-& 03%). Guidelines were
,
1
0 Comet sequencingofprnject activith first, esdM isaued alao n,march the petcentalp ofwomtn farmer-cdners
wich the percentage of female pardclpanfs ih the FFSs
I

propaty ngfioand land titling, then crew groups and

~and~p,btingtnthctechnicdsolu~ AM& geuder Jtudics on women's participadon and
dizsMCc% leaderahip in the Narional 1PM program

a Emomagingcqud puticipationaf men and women in

@Icm mlving;aMt
Dkvelopmg Idcapacify amoag loul people ford e a n d -
Monitoring and evaluadon ofwomen's participation in
individuJW-schools
W a m b participationas IPM alumni and Icaders in past.

I $-.")b
zed management dd& lards. field abools'activities played a big mle in networking among
t p - s e n h a r l d inthcirrfarrmlspmdofIPM.
d a $ in anew legishon in I d titling requiringpint
m g b a r h in the names ofborh husband and wife for
~tionofd@medtand.
 Checklist of
bntrol over resources at
household level
J Men and women farmers'
understandingand capacity to
adopt sustainable practices
J Prevailing system in land tenure J
securlty and womenk land
rights
J Exfstingcapacity of instiluliov
to provide support to farming
needs of men and women
J Farmers' knowledge af
sustainable farming and lVRM
J Gender specific technology
needs to improve productivity
MRM to identify pendar issues.
Suggested Gender-Related Indicators for A@cu1tme and
Natural Resource Management Projects
+
Sub-sector lndicalors
Changes in the roh of men and
women In agriculture m project I
area
0 Increasein number of female
headed househdds, women as 1
land-owners, etc.
0 lncrease in awareness about
conservation- oriented practices
aq9ng men and w0m.n.
J Gwfoer ~ m c m v eproject
activities geared tpwards
meeting spsclfic needs uf men I 4 Quality of particrpationof
and women
J lnterventiom to improve
women's access to prodqtlve
resources within existing social
and cultural context
/ Community mobilization in
adoplion of sustainable practices
and NAM
Project initiatives to adhess
gender differences in tand rights J Training of staff trained in
J Capacity building in extsnsion
and ather sewices to address
gander
I
f Technologicat support id
consewatlon approaches by
community, women's groups
/ Focus on women and the less
prlviieged-productivity
increase in degraded lands and
post harvest technology
/ A pretiminaq gender study or
an engenderedPRA is advisable
to help identify specific areas of
emphasis in the project.
I
Input Indicators
lworporation d women
farmers1 landless laborers in
1 project activities
Women's tevel of participation in + % d men and women adopting
extension programs' plannlng
1 and implementation
Mass media materials on
technology and practices
availnble
4 Support for technology adoption
-research, training, inputs
't Amount d funding for gender
specific activities.
I J women's farm pro&cTivity and / women's roe IR agrtcurture aM
their role in decision maklng NRM strengthened
/ lmprovement In women and
1 women in agriculture and NRM men farmers' mwme and
I / Awareness among men and overall social wellbeing
women about sustainabitrty in
farming practices
J Women farmers' access to land / Gender equity in access and
managemen! 04 Imd resoums
gender,
J Gender balance among staff
J Genda focus in extension
1 activities
/ lriformati~ndissemination on 4 Improved management and
farmer orlented sustainable sustainabilily of tand resouces
practices in agriculture and J lmease in productivity and
NRM ferllllty d degraded land
J Women's participation in field
demonstrations and technology
adoption
/ Emphasis should be given to
assessing Improvement in the
quality of women5 participation. I
/ trnpact of women's participatior
should be seen in overafl come:
- social, economic, environmn
Output Indicators
a Improvement in access to
Impact Indicators
I-
resources by men and women
farmers
sustainable practices
*
1 Increase in number d women I ment in women's 1
I
1
participating in field training anc ome
farmers' grovps activities women's empowerment and
+
Increase in productivity of overall well belng -nutrition and
degraded lands. health.