Comp Notes 122 PDF

1 compiled by: Lec Muhammad wisal
What is computer
Ans: computer is a word derived from a Latin word “computare” which means “to
calculate” “ to count” “to sum up” so more precisely the word computer means
“Device that perform computations( calculation)”
Definition #1:
computer is an electronic device that converts data into information according to
the given instructions.
Definition #2:
A Computer is programmed device with a set of instructions to perform specific

tasks and generate results at a very high speed.
Definiton#3: A computer is an electronic device that can accept data and

instruction from the user process it and finally produce output.
Definition#4: A computer is an electronic device that perform 4 basic operation :

Input operation, storage operation , processing operation , output operation
-*These 4 basic operations are called information processing cycle
Definiton#4: A computer is an electronic device that can
 Accept data and instruction with the help of input unit

 Store the data with the help of storage unit
 Process the data with the help of processing unit and
 Finally produce output with the help of output unit.
For example if you want result of 2+2 by the computer, it will go through the
following steps;
That is
Input stage: 2+2 will enter into computer.
P. storage stage: 2+2 will store in primary storage unit
Processing stage: 2+2=4 the result will calculate.
Output stage: 4 will display on screen

Computer Generation
Generation in computer terminology means change in technology
Generation is a word use for the structured advancement of computer

technology. Where structure means step by step advancement in computer
technology. So on the basis of technology advancement, computer
development has classified into different generation called computer
generation.
There are five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics.
First Generation of Computers :
Time Period: (1945---1955)
Technology: The technology used in first generation of computer is vacuum

tube known as the grandfather of today’s computer components. Vacuum
tube is about the size and shape of fragile glass tube
 Used punch card and magnetic tape as a input devices
Characteristics:
 Fastest computer of their time

 Computation were done in millisecond
 Size : too bulky(size) in size and weight
 Not much reliable (Qabil e etemad), means these generation of
computers were not much consistent in performance for a long time ,
in short failure chances was too much.
 Heat problem( Due to thousands of vacuum tubes)
 Air condition was required for cooling
 Not portable: means these computers were fixed on their place
.Difficult to carry it from one place to another.
 These were based on machine language I.e 0s and 1s.
 Examples o f generation computers are:
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC
Second generation of computers:
Time period: (1955--- 1964)

Technology: The technologies that have used in the second generation
of computers were transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Transistor is
known as the father of today’s computer components .Transistor is a
tiny electrically operated switch that can alternate between on and off
many millions of time per second.
 Used punched card as input, magnetic tape was also used as a
input output storage.
Characteristics:
 Not too bulky I.e smaller in size because one transistor was 50
time smaller than vacuum tube
 Less heat generated because of consuming less electricity i.e
transistor almost need 2—12v while vacuum need 16000 v.
 More reliable as compare to first generation of computers that is
hardware failure chances was limited.
 Still air condition was required for cooling.
 Better portability than first generation of computers
 These computers were base on low level language and assembly
language (called mnemonic code )
 Some high languages like FORTRAN, COBOL and BASIC were
also used( Due to close resemblance to English called high level
language)
 Computation time reduced from millisecond to microsecond
Examples of second generation of computers are:
UNIVAC 11, UNIVAC 111, IBM 1400 series, IBM 1600 series
Third generation of computer
Time period :( 1965—1970)
Technology: The technology that have used in third generation of computers

is integrated circuit (ICs). So we can say that the development of integrated
circuit was the hallmark of third generation of computers. Integrated circuits
were consisting of large number of transistors fabricated on a single chip of
silicon. This chip was inside the computers.
Characteristics:
 Smaller in size as compare to previous generations because an

ordinary IC in these computers is almost of 1 inch and word equal to
800—1000 transistors
 Less heat generated because of consuming less electricity
 Reliability improved than previous generation, very minimum chance
of failures
 Better portability means mobility was very easy.
 Better speed and accuracy i.e could compute data in nanosecond,
1000 time faster than previous
 Need fan for discharge heat to prevent demage
 Less power required than previous
 It was cost effective i.e less expensive
 Small institutions also started to use them b/c of low price.
 Maintenance cost was low
 Secondary storage , printer, keyboard and monitor was used
 In this generation high level language was used I.e. PASCAL
EXAMPELES of third generation of computers are:
IBM360 series, IBM 370 series, UNIVAC 1106, UNIVAC 9000

Fourth generation of computers
Time period: (1970--1980)
Technology: The technology that have used in fourth generation of

computers is LSI (large scale integrations). In this generation instead of IC ,
LSI chip used , which was called microprocessor chip. Actually LSI is the
improved version of IC i.e thousand of electric components (mainly IC of
transistors) were fabricated on a single chip and called large scale
integration microprocessor
SSI technology means (10—20 components)
MSI technology means (up to 100 components)
VSI technology means (almost 30,000 components)
VLSI technology means (More than one million components)
The use of this technology inside the computers enabled the scientist to
design microcomputers for the first time. These microcomputers normally
known as PERSONALL COMPUTERS (PC)
Characteristics:
 Smallest in size than previous generation computers, because of high

components density.
 Heat generation margin was negligible.
 High reliable as compare to previous generations computers
 Portability became very easy due its small size
 Faster and accurate than before
 No air condition was required
 Very less power required as compare to previous
 Cheapest amongst all of the generation
 Maintenance cost was minimum too.
 High level language was used in them
 Keyboard and Monitor used as a primary input output
EXAMPLES of fourth generation of computers are:

Most popular Pentium computers, IBM 3033 series, IBM 4300 series,
IBM-PC, APPLE Macintosh
Fifth generation of computer:
Time period :( 1980--onward)
Technology: Computer of this generation is base on ARTIFICIAL INTILLEGNC

(AI). Machine with IQ (intelligence Quotient) is the best feature of this
generation and still in development phase. In other word we can say that
the purpose of this generation is to develop such a device that behaves like
human beings.
Branches of artificial intelligence in which work are under process.
EXPERT SYSTEM:
Expert is an artificial intelligence programs that has an expert level

knowledge about a particular domain and know how to use them. Like a
human expert I,e Doctor ,lawyer, teacher.
NLP (natural language processing)|:
 Written text processing:

E.g. translation
 Spoken text processing

E.g. speech recognition in ms word
Robotics:
Making a machine and its function just like a human being *( same
structure)
Types of Computer- On the basic of working Principal
On the basis of working Principle the computer can be classified

into:
1. Analog computer
2. Digital computer
3. Hybrid computer
Analog computers:
Computer that accept an analog input and provide analog output of

information are called analog computers or
The word analog means continues changing so, it became more clear that
It is a computer which deals with variables data (increase or decrease) that

are measured along a continuous scale and recorded to some predetermined
degree of accuracy.
 It works on continuous data and gives continuous output.

 Measures continues changes in physical quantities e.g speed meter of
a car measures speed in term of km/h or m/h
The change of temperature is measured by a thermometer in Degrees
The weight machine measure different items in term of kg or gram
 Data is directly feed into these computer without any conversion
 It works on real time no storage capacity to store data
 Faster but not much accurate and precise as compare to Digital
computers
 They are special purpose computer used to perform a task for which
they are design
 Output is generally in the form reading on a series dial or a graph on
strip chart
 Analog data or signals are continues in nature like
Example:
Clocks with a needle, gives time
Speed meter for measuring speed of a car
Volt meter for measuring voltage
Use in special area like in health, military, industries etc
Digital computer:
Digital computers work under the principle of counting
Computer that have the ability to store and process digital
data are called digital computer.
These computers provide digital output from an input of information
represented in digital form and process information which is base on
the presence or absence of of an electrical charge OR binary one or
binary zero
 It is based on the digits 0 and 1 I.e Data feeds to such a

computer , is first converted into the form of 0s and 1s then it
is processed E.g.
If write “A” on common computer will understand it after

conversion into binary form like 00000001 (8bits=1byte)
 Digital computers represents data in numbers

 These computers have storage capabilities to store information
which is not in analog computers
 It is highly accurate and reliable than an analog system .
 .They are general purpose use to perform a variety of task
 It works on the discontinuous or discrete data.

Examples of digital computers are:
o Calculators
o Personal computers
o Digital watches
o Digital volt meter
o Use in different areas like Homes , offices, shops, banks and
educations organization etc
Hybrid computers:
 “A computer that processes both analog and digital data”.

 “Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals,
converts them to digital and processes them in digital form”
 A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It
accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a
set of discrete values for digital processing.
Hybrid computers have the characteristics of both , the digital computers

and analog computers. This means that it is a computer which can
measure both in term of physical as well as digital quantities. It combines

the best features of both analog and digital computers i.e. they have the
speed of analog and accuracy of digital computers
 It works on both discrete and continuous value.

 They are special purpose computers. That is use mainly in special
applications where both kind of information need to be processed
 In this computer, some calculations are done in the analog portion of
the computer and some are done in the digital portion of it
Example:
o Monitoring of patients in ICU

o Air defense system
o Petrol pump
o Research institutes
In a hospital, for example, analog devices may measure patient's heart

function, temperature and other vital signs. These measurements may
then be converted into numbers and supplied to a digital component in
the system. This component is used to monitor the patient's vital signs
and to send an immediate signal to the nurse's station if any abnormal
readings are detected.
Analog Computers Digital Computers
Analog Computers Work on Digital computers Work on

1 continuous values. discrete values.
Analog Computers have Digital computers have a

2 negligible memory. very large memory
Analog computers are less Digital computers are more

3 reliable. reliable.
Analog computers used in

Digital computers are used in
engineering and science and
4 all fields of life.
medical fields.
Digital computers are used to

calculate mathematical and
Analog computers are used
logical operations. It can
to calculate / measure analog
solve addition, subtraction,
5 quantities like speed and
division, multiplication and
temperature.
other mathematical and
statistical operations.
Analog computers provide Digital computers provide

6 less accurate results. 100% accurate results.
Normally Analog Computers Digital Computers are

7
are specific purpose general purpose
Analog computers are Digital computers are easy to

8
difficult to use use
Examples of Analog Examples of digital

computers are: computers are:
9
thermometer, analog clock, Personal Computer, laptops,
speedometer etc. smart phones etc.
Types of computer on the basis of size (physical appearance), cost, speed
Digital computers have classified into into the following four categories on
the basis of their physical size ,cost and speed.
(a). Super computer

(b). Mainframe computer
(c). Mini computer
(d). Micro computer
Super computers:
In the present era the most powerful, fastest, expensive and largest
computer name is Super Computer. The speed of processing data in it is
more than mainframe computer. They are able to process huge amount of
data with a very high speed i.e. able to calculate 400 millions numbers every
second and are accurate up to 14 decimal places.
 These machine mostly design for scientist and engineers to perform

scientific problems
 As they are able to solve scientific problem and calculating numbers
hence called “numbers crunchers”
 Price is from $5millions ---$120millions
Use
 For scientific research

 Industrial research for complex and crucial task in product design
 For simulation of nuclear weapons
Examples:
Cray-1, cray-11
Mainframe computers:
Mainframe computer is powerful
 Large in size
 Large in memory
 Expensive computers, but not more than supercomputers
 It consist of multiple processors
 It can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users
Terminal attached to mainframe computers may be dumb terminal or
intelligent terminals
 It usually fills a large room because of many types of peripherals
devices attached with it.
 It have the ability to store large amount of data, and process data at a
speed of over 100 millions arithmetic operation per second
 Not user-friendly, need qualified and trained operator to operate it
 It is mainly use for networking purpose
Use:
Due to expensive large organization use it. E.g bank, hospitals, and business
institutions etc
Example: IBM 370 series, IBM4381, ICL 2900,

Mini computers:
 Introduced in1960
Mini computers as compare to mainframe computers are
 Small in size and more compact

 Small memory
 Less expensive
 Less speed
But not less and small from minicomputers
 Generally consist of two or more processors
 It can handle large numbers of users depends on the amount of
memory
 It usually fill a small room, include limited range of peripherals
equipments attached to it. Its structure just like cupboard
 It can also have the ability to store large amount of data and process
data at a speed of 5 millions instruction per second (MIPS)
 Price is almost $5000 850,000
Use:
Such kind of computers are more suitable for midrange organizations like
universities, business organization etc
Example: IBM A400, MV 1500, PRIME 9755, IBM system 36

Micro computers:
 Introduced in 1970
 As it is use by a single individual person for personal use , therefore it is
also called personal computer(PC)
Micro computer as compare to previous are

 Small in size
 Small in memory
 Least expensive
Micro computers are easily accommodate able on a table and
thus has the name of Desktop computers.
 There is another kind of micro computer that can easily be placed
on a lap and hence called laptop, and is easy to carry like a
briefcase form one place to another,
 These are highly flexible
 The base of microcomputer is on the microprocessor of silicon
chip containing necessary circuitry to perform arithmetic logic
operation and to control input/output operations
Use:
Microcomputer have become the need of all homes, schools labs, colleges labs,
shops, banks etc
Example: IBM computers, Apple computers, Compaq, Pentium series, and

current latest computers are also comes in a category of micro computers
A simple computer consist of the following three components
1. Input unit
2. Output unit
3. Central processing unit (CPU)
1.Input Unit: consist of input devices
The component of the computer by which the information is provided to the

computer is called input unit.
This information can be provided by different sources, From these sources, The
Keyboard is the most usable device, we can easily provide data or instruction to the
computer by it. In old computers, the keyboard was attached internally in the
computer. But nowadays it is separate one. Keyboard of computer is just like a type
writer. Functional keys are also present on it for specific purposes.
Following are some important input devices,

i. Keyboard ii. Mouse iii. Scanner
iv. Digital Camera
2.Output Unit: consist of input devices
This unit gets the information from the computer memory and displays according
our need (Desire).
In this component the important part is of visual display. Usually the usual display
is called Monitor. It is the most useful output unit. Monitor is just like a TV screen.
On it the results in the shape of words, the figures, and the pictures are seen.
Besides this, Printer and plotters are also important output units.
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Usually it is only called CPU. Central processing unit is the

brain of computer. It accomplishes (pura kerna) all the mathematical and
logical functions of the computer.
It works according to the provided information of computer. And by
processing on data, gets the result and is provided into the Output.
Functions of CPU:
Central processing unit performs the following functions.
1. Gets the data and instructions from input unit

2. To save these instruction and data in memory
3. Give the commands to the related units according to instructions
4. Accomplishes the mathematical and logical function
5. To control all other units and create a relation between them
6. Display the output on the monitor etc
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CPU
CPU is the collection of different parts. Usually, if we want to put any type of
additional part, then it is also fitted in the CPU. For example if we want to use
internet, then the fax modem should be attached in it which it is fitted in its any
empty slot on the main board in the CPU.
CPU (system unit or chase) consists of the following parts:
(i) Main board (ii) Processor
(iii) Ram (iv) Hard disk
(v) Floppy disk (vi) CD Rom
(vii) Casing (viii) Power supply
Besides these parts, if any additional part is required. Then it is fitted in the
main board separately. These parts are as follows.
(i) Sound card (ii) Fax Modem
(iii) CD Writer (iv) Zip driver

(v) TV Card
Main Board:
Backbone of the Computer .it integrates all Hardware components into one system.
It is an important part of the computer. All internal parts of CPU are fitted on the
main board.
By which it socket, link between all parts of the computer. In it, for the
processor’s base ram slot, hard disk, floppy disk, zip drive etc. socket are present
and extra cards (Sound Card, Fax Modem, and TV Card) are fitted.
Processor:
Processor converts the data and instructions, given to the computer, in the
form of different processes and provides related results.
How much fast the results (Output) of the instructions, which are given to the
Computer, are provided depends on the speed of processor. Usually, only the
processors show the classification of the computer.
For example: P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4 etc.
RAM:
Stand for: RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

It is fitted on main board which is of flat form. We will read about RAM in detail in
the next chapters.
HARD DISK:
It is a storage device. In it data and programs are stored permanently. It is fitted in

the hard disk drive. About its more detail you will read in next chapter.
Floppy Disk:
It is also storage device. Floppy disk of size, 1.44MB and 1.2MB are available. It
consists of a plastic disk packed in hard plastic covering. About its more detail you
will read in next chapter.
CD ROM:
CD is abbreviated from compact disk. We can get its stored data and programs
from it. They have large capacity. Data is only read from CD ROM. If the CD writer
is attached in the computer then we can also save the data on CD with the help of
CD writer. About its detail you will read in next chapter.
CASING:
CPU which you see is actually a casing in which all parts of the computer are fitted
in a sequence. So that the computer parts locate on one place and to make them
correctly usable.
Its manufacturing is of such type that we can fit a number of parts in order in very
less space. Casing protects the internal parts.
Power Supply:
Electric (Power) supply is needed to activate the computer parts. A power

supply port is fixed in computer casing for this purpose. This gives the output of 5v-
12v by getting 220-240volts. Which are in the form of different volt intensity for
each part of the computer.
Sound Card:
We can listen the sounds of different programs of the computer by the

sound card. Sound cards are needed for video, audio etc. We get the output from
speaker with it.
Fax Modem:
Usually, the fax modems are of two types. Internal fax modem and external fax
modem. We can receive fax on computer by the fax modem. And we can send fax
on the computer or fax machine, by the computer. Besides this, the fax modem is
also required for using internet. Without fax modem internet does not work.
After fixing the fax modem in the computer, the cable of telephone line is fitted
in the port of “line in” in the fax modem. From the CD. Disk of software provided
with the fax modem, we can install the driver of fax modem and make it useable.
Main Components of C.P.U.
CPU has the following three main components:
(i) Control Unit

(ii) Arithmetic and logic Unit
(iii) Memory Unit
1)Control Unit:
Control unit work just like a traffic police inspector

It controls all the units of computer and creates link between them. It controls
input, output and memory units to perform different tasks. It performs the role of
supervisor.
It gets the data and instructions from input unit and save on the memory unit on
proper place and then according to these instructions displays the information after
getting from memory, on the output unit.
2)ALU:
Stand for: Arithmetic Logic Unit

This component performs different Arithmetical (+,-,*,/) and Logical function
(>,<,=,<=,>=) e.g. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division & Comparison
etc, by using numeric data in binary system according to the instruction of control
unit, and transfers the results to control unit.
ALU accomplishes all mathematical functions e.g. Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Division etc. In the past CPU could only add and the process of
subtraction was done by taking the compliment of the reducing digit and by adding
it in the other digit. The process of division was done by continuous subtraction and
shift. Now days the speed of performing these tasks is very fast than the old
generation CPU. This unit also perform different logical function e.g. comparison
etc.
3)Memory Unit:
Memory unit store/ holds all the instructions enter by the users.
This unit saves the instruction, needed. CPU has the access to this unit. Control unit
controls all its function places. It gets the data and instructions from input unit.
Then interchanges the instructions from the other parts of the CPU and provides
them instructions.
The data which is currently used by CPU, that data and other instruction and data is
also saved, which is to be processed in future.
Its capacity can be measured in bytes, characters or in bits. Bit is the smallest unit
of memory. Eight bits make one byte on which one character can be stored. Data is
stored in it in the form of “0” or “1”. In which “1” means the electronic signal is ON
and “0” means the electronic signal is OFF.
Computer peripherals
Different devices are attached with the computer to use it .which are called
computer peripherals. This are classified as,
(1) INPUT DEVICES

(2) OUT PUT DEVICES
1.INPUT DEVICES:
INPUT DEVICES PRESENT with THE COMPUTER ARE USED TO ENTER DATA
INTO THE COMPUTER.
In old period, card readers & paper tape etc were some input devices that were
used. Which were expensive and of slow speed. Now days, instead of these
Key board, mouse, joystick , scanner and light pen are used as input devices.
There explanation is as follows.
Key board:
Keyboard is the mostly used input devices of the computer, use to
enter data into computer. Key board is just like as ordinary used type writer, except
of some keys while remaining keys and their sequence is just like typewriter .some
special keys are only present in the keyboard of the computer.
Keyboard is attached to the computer port with the help of cable. In which signals
are entered in the computer with the help of cable. When any key of the key board
is pressed, then that type of signal is generated which is stored in the internal
storage. Similarly different signals are generated with all buttons (key)
Keys of the keyboard can be divided into the following groups.
1, Alpha numeric keys
2, Numeric keys
3, Function keys
4, Screen Navigation & Editing keys
1.Alpha numeric keys:

In this part of keyboard alphabetic keys from A to Z are present. Be sides this
numeric keys from 0 to 9 are also present some symbols and signs for example \,
/,>, <,!, @ Etc. can also be entered with the help of this keys. Beside “caps lock”
button is used to write capital lattes or small latter.
In this group” Enter” key is very important whose objective is also start required
action after completing the words or command. In this group, the sequence of the
keys is just like a typewriter. Due to which, alphanumeric is easy to feed or type in
the computer.
2. NUMERIC KEYS: Numeric keypad Keys

Numeric data can be entered in the computer with the help of these keys
Usually, these keys are used in the preparation of bills etc, where mostly the
numeric characters are required to be entered or saved. To make the speed better
for using them, exercise of their specific lessons must be done
3. Function keys:
Keys from F1 to F12 on the keyboard are called function keys. These are
used for different purposes. In each program (software) their function is different,
e.g. in M.S WORD, spelling is checked with F7.and file is saved with F12.While in
basic language these keys are used to display different worlds on the screen.
4. Screen navigation and editing keys:

With the help of four “cursor control keys” cursor can be moved in the direction of
arrow sign. Besides this, these keys are used to play games. In ordinary keyboard
usually, the numbers of keys are 101. Some special keys and their function are as
follows.
KEYS Function
ESC To exit from the program.
Tab To give space in beginning of paragraph.
Ctrl+shift both of them perform function together with keys.
Back space To remove previous character.
Print screen To print the screen text present on screen
Caps lock To display the capital or small letters of English.
Delete To delete the character.
Home To move the cursor on the start of the line.
End To move the cursor on the end of the line.
Page up To move up in the document, page by page.
b. Mouse:
Mouse is an input pointing device control the pointer or cursor on the screen
With the help of mouse different options can be operated speedily. It is an input
device. Usually, two buttons are present on the mouse. One is used for left click
and second is used for right click.
A heavy ball is present under the mouse. This moves on specific pad by which the
mouse pointer moves on the screen. With the help of mouse different figures and
pointer moves on the screen. With the help of mouse different figures and designs
can be made in the graphic software.
(C) JOY STICK:

It is also an input device; joy stick is usually used to play games on the screen. It
has a few buttons and a perpendicular lever. Buttons is also present on the lever.
The cursor moves on the screen by moving the lever with hand.
d) Scanners:( Hard copy ---soft copy)
A scanner is an input device that scans documents such as photographs and pages
of text. When a document is scanned, it is converted into a digital format. This
creates an electronic version of the document that can be viewed and edited on a
computer. Or
Scanner stores the printed image in the memory, in computer in the electronic
form. After that this
Image can be stored by sending it in any program. With the help of graphic
programs proper changes can be made with the help of “optical character
reorganization software “. Text image can be changed into written from again. Like
the photo copier machine the scanner falls the light and changed the matter into
electronic image with the help of reflected light
To make changes in scanned graphic, adobe photo shop is the best

program. In it, designs can also be changed other then the colors.
e)Track ball:
A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or
other electronic devices. It serves the same purpose as a mouse, but is designed
with a moveable ball on the top, which can be rolled in any direction. Instead of
moving the whole device, you simply roll the moveable ball on top of the trackball
unit with your hand to generate motion input.
Trackballs designed for computers generally serve as mouse replacements and are
primarily used to move the cursor on the screen. Like mice, computer trackball
devices also include buttons, which can serve as left-click and right-click buttons,
and may also be used to enter other commands. While trackballs are most
commonly used with computers or
Track ball works like mouse. It is mostly used in the laptop computer due to
occupying, less space.
Track ball is just like the mouse ball. If mouse is turned over, it becomes like
track ball. By moving the track ball with the help of fingers, mouse pointer moves
on the screen. With the help of track ball, options can be selected by means of its
buttons.
(F) Light pen:
It is an input device. It structure is just like a pen. It gets the position of the
point with photo cell present in this pen. Designs can be made by placing pen on
the screen. By bringing it near the screen, with the help of light which is released
from the light pen; photocell present in it brings the changes on the screen by after
sending the signals in the computer by finding the point due to electric reaction. As
soon as the pen brings nearer to screen, a light by detecting of the screen, sends
the signals back to computer with the help of photocell present in it. Any sketch can
be drawn like the movement of this pen.
(G) Digital camera: (input device)

A digital camera or digicam is a camera that captures photographs in digital
memory.
Digital camera displays the reflection of picture in the computer. Its function is
just like a common camera. But only the difference is that a common camera
specifies the reflection in the film, while the digital camera store the digitized
reflection in the computer with the help of charged coupled device. We can also
take the print of the picture present in the digital camera.
(1) Track pad;
It has no moveable part. Finger is moved by placing the finger on it. Cursor is
moved on the screen according to the movement of finger.
(2) Out Put Devices;
Devices that display the results obtained from the computer are called output
devices. Output Devices are many, from them following are most important.
A) Printer B) Monitor C) Plotter

(A) Printers;
Printer are used to store the output data in permanent from printer have the
following two basic types.
1_ Impact printer 2_ Non impact printer
1_ Impact printer:
An impact printer makes contact with a paper. It usually form the print image by
pressing an ink ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins
This printer gives the output like typewriter which uses small hammer to strike the
ribbon, but its speed is better. it has more three types.
a) Dot matrix printer

b) Daisy wheel printer
c) Line printer
A) Dot matrix printer;
Dot matrix printers print the letters in the series of the small dotted serial.
In this, 9 pin or 24 pin printers give the most standard print. Usually a
normal printer speed 50-60 letter per second. These type of printer are available in
two types of width 80 columns and 132 columns .There for the printer of 80
columns width. Prints 80 characters per line and the printer of 132 columns width.
Prints 132 character per line
OR A type of printer that produces characters and illustrations by striking pins against an
ink ribbon to print closely spaced dots in the appropriate shape. The ink transfer to the paper as,
shape dots that form each character .the more pins the better the print quality,24 pin dot matrix
printer can print better quality
How Daisy Wheel Printers Work

Daisy wheel printers got their name from the round disk featuring "petals" all
around with characters on the edges. When a character needs to be printed, the
disc rotates until the character faces the paper. A hammer operated by a solenoid
then strikes the character into an ink ribbon, which imprints the character onto
the paper in ink. Both the hammer and the daisy wheel are mounted on a sliding
carriage that allows the rotation of the wheel to imprint characters onto paper. If
the user wanted to change fonts, they would change out the daisy wheel for one
with characters in the desired font
line printer:
A machine that prints output from a computer a line at a time rather than character by
character. These prints in a v high speed. Their speed is from 1000 to 3000 lines per
minutes . These are of two types 1) Drum printer 2) chip printer
NON impact printers:

A non impact printer prints character and graphic on a piece of paper without striking
the paper .some of these printers use spray ink, while other use heat and pressure to
create image . The quality of these type of printers is better than any other printer and
give good result.
Laser printer:
This type of printer prints with the help of laser rays . It also called jet printer.
These printers are used for writing and composing etc, it is also called page printer, b/c
this printer prints one complete page at a time and each page comes from the computer
memory on the printer. Their speed is higher than line printer, in it 5000 lines can print in
one minutes.
b) Monitor:
It is also called video display unit. it is just like television screen. It is used for
seeing answer or information on the screen that consists of many rows and
columns. These rows and columns are shown in dots. These dots are called pixels.
Pictures and words are displayed buy “ON” and “OF” position of these pixels
monitor are also colored and black and white. There different type of are as follows.
The terms VGA, SVGA, XGA, SXGA, UXGA etc., all relate to the resolution a monitor
supports. In all cases they use the same HD15 connector.
1) Mono Chrome:
These monitors are black and white. Now days these monitors are in used.
2) C.G.A:
It is the abbreviation of color graphic adopter. Its screen has 200x320 pixels. It is
colored monitor. You can see the word and pictures four colors on this monitor.
3) E.G.A
It is the abbreviation of enhances graphic adaptor. Its screen has 350x340 pixels.
You can see data on its screen in 16 colors.
4) V.G.A
It is the abbreviation of video graphic array. Its screen has 480x640pixels. Data
can also be seen on it in 16 colors.
5) S.V.G.A
It is the abbreviation of super video graphic array it screens has 600x800 pixels.
Data can be seen on its in shades of 256 colors.
Most High End Monitor Manufacturers don't mention VGA, SVGA etc at all, they
typically refer to Monitors as CRT's, LCD's or Plasma Displays and list the maximum
resolution that they support
The relationship is as follows:
*Legacy Resolutions no longer supported (included only for reference)
Description Code Resolution

*(Color Graphics Adapter) CGA 320 x 200
*(Enhanced Graphics Adapter) EGA 640 x 350
(Video Graphics Array) VGA 640 x 480

(Super Video Graphics Array) SVGA 800 x 600
(High Definition Television
HDTV 1280 x 720
720i/p)
(Extended Graphics Array) XGA 1024 x 768
(Wide Extended Graphics
WXGA 1366 x 768
Array)
(Super Extended Graphics
SXGA 1280 x 1024
Array)
(Super Extended Graphics
SXGA+ 1400 x 1050
Array+)
(Wide Super Extended
WSXGA 1600 x 1024
Graphics Array)
(Wide Super Extended
WSXGA+ 1680 x 1050
Graphics Array+)
(High Definition Television
HDTV 1920 x 1080
1080i/p)
(Ultra Extended Graphics
UXGA 1600 x 1200
Array)
(Wide Ultra Extended Graphics
WUXGA 1920 x 1200
Array)
(Quad Extended Graphics
QXGA 2048 x 1536
Array)
(Quad Super Extended
QSXGA 2560 x 2048
Graphics Array)
(Wide Quad Super Extended
WQSXGA 3200 x 2048
Graphics Array)
(Quad Ultra Extended
QUXGA 3200 x 2400
Graphics Array)
(Wide Quad Ultra Extended

WQUXGA 3840 x 2400
Graphics Array)
(Hex Super Extended
HSXGA 5120 x 4096
Graphics Array)
(Wide Hex Super Extended
WHSXGA 6400 x 4096
Graphics Array)
(Hex Ultra Extended Graphics
HUXGA 6400 x 4800
Array)
(Wide Hex Ultra Extended
WHUXGA 7680 x 4800
Graphics Array)
C) Plotters:
Usually, these are used to get the prints of maps and graphs. Pens of different
colors are used on it. And these are available in different sizes and colors. Plotters
are of 2 types.
1) Pin plotters : They have high speed

2) Electrostatic plotter: They have slow speed
A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for
printing vector graphics. Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil, marker, or
another writing tool to draw multiple, continuous lines onto paper rather than a
series of dots like a traditional printer. Though once widely used for computer-aided
design, these devices have more or less been phased out by wide-format printers.
Plotters are used to produce a hard copy of schematics and other similar
applications.
Advantages of plotters
 Plotters can work on very large sheets of paper while maintaining high
resolution.
 They can print on a wide variety of flat materials including plywood,
aluminum, sheet steel, cardboard, and plastic.
 Plotters allow the same pattern to be drawn thousands of times without any
image degradation.
Disadvantages of plotters
 Plotters are quite large when compared to a traditional printer.

 Plotters are also much more expensive than a traditional printer.
When was the first plotter invented?
The first plotter was invented in 1953 by Remington-Rand. It was used in

conjunction with the UNIVAC computer to created technical drawings
Random access memory is > volatile it cannot store data permanently to

store the files and large programs permanently some other devices are use .
these devices are called external storage devices. They are also called
secondary storage devices
Types of External storage Devices:
There are many external storage devices use to store data permanently
. Some important types are as follow:
 Magnetic tape
 Magnetic Disk
 Hard Disk (fixed in the CPU of computer)
 Compact Disk
 U.S.B . Flash Drive
Hard Disk is fixed in the CPU of computer (can taken out according to their
need and is usually remain fixed in the CPU)
while other are fixed in their own devices and can be removable ,that is can
take out from their drive after use
Magnetic tape:
Magnetic is sequential access storage medium/device used for data

collection, backup and archiving. In the history of computer it is the
first device, which is use to store data.
 It consist of a flexible plastic ribbon, a layer of magnetic
material (such as iron oxide , ferric oxide) is coated on this
ribbon. On which magnetism can produced.
 This ribbon is available in several standard widths, in which half
inch is the most common ribbon and almost 2400 feet long and
is rolled on a spool.
 To write and read data on it, magnetic tape drive is use.
 Data can be save on magnetic tape serial wise and can read in
sequence e.g. to read the 10th record you will from the first and
go to 10th.
Advantages:
 Data in magnetic tape can be erased and reused this magnetic

tape repeatedly.
 Use to store large amount of data I.e. up to terabyte
 It is inexpensive.
 It is durable
Disadvantages:
 It provide only sequential (serial) data access unlike magnetic

and optical disk
 Time consuming because of serial wise access to data. You will
required a lot of time to reach on required data e.g suppose to
read the 10th record.
 Transfer data slower than hard drive.
Magnetic Disk|:
These are the most common type of secondary storage devices.
 These are circular shape plates made of either flexible materials

(floppy Disk) or rigid metal (Hard Disk)
 These are most usable disk to move the data from one place to
another because it is made up of elastic matter
 Magnetic Disks are coated with a magnetic substance
 Each surface of the magnetic disk is divided into Tracks and sectors
 There is a head use to read and write/store data on disk surface
 Data stores in it the form of tracks and sectors
 So Disks with a more tracks have a greater storage capacity
Most common Examples of magnetic disks are:
 Hard Disks
 Floppy Disks
 Zip Disks
Floppy Disk:
Floppy disks were used and most popular during 1980 and early of 1990s as
a portable storage device. Portable means floppy is removable device ,that
can be carry from one place one another desire place.
 Floppy is a circular disk made of flexible plastic sheet coated, a layer

of magnetic material (iron oxide) is coated on both side of the disk
 Floppy disk is enclosed in another plastic cover called jacket.
 Floppy disk surface is divided into a number of circles called track,
these tracks are further divided into sectors. Data stored in floppy disk
in the form of these tracks and sectors.
 In different floppy disks the number of tracks and sectors are different
 In 3.5’’ inch floppy disk 16 sectors and 80 tracks are present.
 Due to their limited storage size these disks have obsolete now a days
 Maximum storage capacity of floppy disk was 1.44 MB
Zip Disks:
Zip disks are also old type of removable devices. A zip is like a
floppy disk only size and capacity are different. A zip disk can store
100MB to 250MB data. But both are obsolete because other storage
devices like flash drive and CDs have replaced these disks.
Hard disk:
Hard disk is a secondary storage device
It is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard

disk drive," those stores and provides relatively quick access to large
amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of
surfaces. Today's computers typically come with a hard disk that has a
capacity to store several billion bytes (gigabytes) of data.
It has been most popular storage device since 1960
Structure: hard disk contains more than one disc called platters. They
are attached together from center with a spindle. Disks rotate with the
help of this spindle. Its speed is thousand rotations per minute (RPM).
Nowadays platters in a hard disk are revolving at a speed from 4200
rpm to 7200 rpm (revolution per minute) depending on a disk quality
and performance.
There is an actuator arm that moves the head across the platters as
they revolves, as a result the head is able to read or writes data on
platters.
Each hard disk have minimum three are more platters, every platter
has two surfaces and there is a head each surface.
Each surface of the disk is divided into tracks and sectors before
storing data on it i.e Disk is first divided into tracks in the form of
circles..Then it is divided into sectors in the form pie.
Characteristics:
 It is Direct access storage device or random access storage

device I.e. data can be access /read from any part of the hard
disk
 So it has very fast access to data as compare to magnetic tape
 Cheap as compare to primary memory i.e. RAM
 Store large amount of data as compare to primary memory
HDD, hard drive, fixed drive, fixed disk, fixed disk drive.
Internal part of hard disk:
CD-ROM: or CD:
Stand for: Compact Disk Read Only Memory
A CD ROM is a CD that can be read by a computer with an optical drive or

CD ROM Drive. The ROM part of the term means the data stored on the disc
can be “read only” or cannot be altered or erased.
Structure:
It is a thin, circular disc of plastic about 4.7 inches in diameter. This is an

optical storage medium with digital data recorded on it. The digital data can
be in the form of audio, video or any computer information (docs, software
etc). it can stores about 750 MB of data .
 When CD play, it revolves / rotates around and a laser beam is use to

read the data stored on it.
 When the laser in the drive falls on the rotating disk, reflects and
comes under the head and get signal 1.in this way it reads the data in
the form of 0s and 1s.
 Inexpensive
 Small and portable
 Most computer can read CD
 Fast in access to data than magnetic tape
 Use to store software’s, documents, videos, audios etc
70minuts80minuts
DVD
Stand for: Digital versatile disc or Digital Video Disc
It is also comes in a category of optical disc. DVD has same physical shape
and structure as of CD, but the main changes which exist between CD and
DVD is storage capacity.
 DVD has the capacity of storing data up to 4.7 GB while CD has the
capacity up to 750 MB.
 They are commonly used as a medium for digital movies and other
multimedia presentations that combine sound with graphics.
 DVD drives is use to play DVD. One of the best features of DVD drives
that they can play old CDs as well as DVD.
Blue-Ray Disc (BD)

The main memory is of two types their name are:
 RAM ( Random access memory)

 Rom (Read only memory)
USB Flash Drive:

A USB flash drive, also variously known as a thumb drive, pen drive, jump
drive, disk key, disk on key, flash-drive, memory stick or USB memory, is
a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.
It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc
It is available in different storage capacities i.e 128MB ,256MB,512MB, 1GB ,4GB,

8GB, 16 GB, 32GB, 64GB etc . it is small in size so it is also known as data
traveler
Use: USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy
disks or CDs were once used; i.e. for storage, data back-up and transfer of
computer files from one computer to another
RAM:
Stand for: random access memory.
This is the normal type of memory associated with the home computer
system. Program and data are always load into this memory
 The data in this part of the memory can be read, write, and change or
erased completely and thus referred to as read/ write memory
 Ram is known to be random access memory because any storage
location can be access directly or randomly instead of sequence
 Ram is also known as volatile memory or temporary memory because
Information stored in it can be accessed as long as power is on of a
computer, when computer switched off , everything stored in a RAM
will lost .
 This memory is also called red and white b/c the computer can white
the data on any address on any selected area in it. And from there it
can also make it red again.
 Usually the Ram is measured in Kilo Byte(KB) or Mega Byte (MB)
 Data access time is fast I,e from micro to nanosecond.
 Small in physical size and data it can hold
 Address is use to get data from a specific memory location
 Location: plug into slots on motherboard.
Ram is example is just like Work Table
Types of RAM :
 Static RAM
 Dynamic RAM
Static RAM:
As the name indicates
Static ram is a type of primary memory that does need to be refreshed

in order to holds data.
 The processor does need to wait to access data from RAM during
processing.
 It is expensive but faster than DRAM
 Consumes less power
Dynamic RAM (D RAM)
It can be abbreviated as DRAM
As the name indicates it is the type of primary memory that need to be

refreshed frequently many time a seconds to retains its data
 Use in most personal computer

 Lose the data when it is not refreshing
 The processor cannot access the data when it is being refreshed that
is why DRAM is slow as compare to Static RAM.
 Cheap than SRAM
 Store data bit by bit in a separate charge capacitor
DRAM types:
 SDRAM
 DDR SDRAM

ROM:
Stand for: read only memory.
A type of memory in which instructions have pre-recorded and these

instructions in ROM prepare the computer for use. In which information is
stored permanently.
 The information in ROM is store by the manufacturer

 Once data writes on a ROM chip, it can’t be changed or deleted but
can only be read.
 ROM is known as nonvolatile memory or permanent memory because
the data and instruction stored in it are not lost even if the computer
switch off
 Used to store firmware, routines, and language interpreters,
manufacturer supplied programs for immediate access by the users
etc.
 BIOS (Basic input output) is a type of ROM present on motherboard.
In this chip different option of input, output and storage devices are
save, these option are adjusted once. As the computer is switched on,
it automatically link with a BIOS and work according to these option
Types of ROM:
 PROM
 EPROM
 EEPROM
PROM:
Stand for: programmable Read Only Memory
It is a type of ROM which can be program once and then can never be
change. But can be only with a special progaram
 PROM in the beginning is empty chips, which have nothing on it, just
empty chip.
 The data is recorded on it with special equipment, which then
becomes a permanent on it like a ROM.
EPROM: Stand for: Erasable programmable Read Only Memory
PROM that can be erasing and re-program are called EPROM. EPROM is also
empty chip like PROM. The data is also recorded on it with special
equipment, but the difference is that, the data can be erased and
reprogrammed whenever it is required.
 The data can be erased with Ultra Violet rays (UV)

EEPROM
Stand for: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory e.g USB
Units of computer memory:
The basic memory units are as follow
Bit : means Binary Digit
The smallest unit of computer memory is called bit which always in the form
of group. Only one digit 0 or 1 can be stored in bit, which can not represent
one character
Byte: A group of eight bit is called byte. When 8 bits combine, it makes one
byte , one character can be stored in a byte. Therefore it is a standard unit.
Measuring units of computer memory :
The unit used to measure the computer’s memory is called byte. Its other
bigger unit is as follow.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Objective: after studying this chapter, the students will able to.
 Enlist the common types of softwares.

 Explain the use of system and application softwares.
 Explain processors and its types.
Introduction:
For using compuers, some programmes are loaded. These programmes are called “Software”.
Without software computers cannot perform any task. Softwares are basically of two types. First type
is called
 “ System Software”
whereas the second type is called
 “Application Software”
The software of first type creates links between different parts of computer and prepares the
computer to do any type of task. Operating system and translation software are included in it.
While the second type of software i.e. application software program for solving our own problems
according to our need, are present
Software:
Programs of computer are called “Software”. Software links computers with users, consists of set of
instructions. With the help of which we tell the computer, what to do?. Operating system is also
included in it, Which links the users of computer with the hardware of computer
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Computer software is divided into following two parts.
1- System Software
2- Application Software
1- System Software:
System software consists of programs that control the operations of the computers and its
devices. OR
To control the function of computer hardware, some programs are designed which perform
these functions are called system softwares. Without them computer cannot be controlled.
This software links the different parts of computer. It has the following two types.
i). Operating System :

operating system is the most important programs that runs on computer hardware
Operating system is such software which is used to control the computer hardware. After
loading them application programs can be loaded/install. Application programs cannot control
the computer hardware.
For example if we want to “Print” in MS-Word then Word gets access to printer through
operating system. The mostly used operating systems are:
DOS, UNIX, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, etc.
Ii). Translation Software: (source-machine code)
Translation softwares are also called languages processors. With their help, computer
understands the instructions and then performs on it. Computer can only understand Machine
Language easily therefore, program is written in other programming languages and then is translated
into Machine Language. To convert the program written in any language to the machine language,
language processors are used. Language processors are of three types.
a) Assemblers
b) Interpreter
c) Compiler
(a) Assemblers:
Such system software which converts the assembly language to machine language is called
assembler. Assembly language is one step higher than machine language. While machine
languages consist of binary codes. In binary only two digits are used i.e 0 or 1. In this 0 means
“Off” and 1 means “On”.
(b) Interpreter:
Interpreter is also language translator used to convert program written in high level language
into machine language/codes. But the difference is that it converts the instruction written in the
program, separately into Machine Language. It means that first it translates the first instruction, then
second instruction then third instruction and so on. In this way it does not translate all the
instructions together. Whereas the compiler translate the whole program at a time into machine
language.
Source Program -- » Interpreter -- » Machine Code --» CPU Processing-- » Output.
(c) Compiler:
Compiler converts the program written in high level language into machine language. The
program written in other languages other than machine language is called “Source Program”. Each
language has separate compiler.
E.g Compiler of FORTRAN will only translate the source program of FORTRAN.
2- Application Software:
Application refers to programs that perform specific tasks for users
With the help of these software our own problems are solved. They are also called “Packages”. This
software is used for different purposes, which are made by software making companies.
Some examples of these softwares are Ms Word, MS Excel, Internet Explorer, Fox Pro, Outlook
Express, Auto CAD, MS Access, Photoshop, AutoCAD, Corel drew etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES

The computer languages are mainly of three types:
1. Machine Language (low level languages)

2. Assembly Language.
3. High Level Language.
1.Machine Language or Low Level Language:
Low level language or machine language is machine understandable language and not human
understand able
Every computer has its own machine language and it is the only language that is understood
by the computer (system). Machine language instructions are represented by binary number, i.e.
sequencing consisting of zeros and ones. The programs written in machine language are very detailed
instructions that control the computer.
The reasons for not vastly using these languages are.
1. It is difficult to write a program in machine language as compared to the high level language.
2. Since each computer has its own set of instructions or machine language, therefore, a
program written in machine language for a particular computer cannot be executed as
another computer without significant alteration.
2. Assembly Language
Since programming in machine language was difficult to learn and use, therefore, a new
language called assembly language was developed. In this language, symbolic codes (i.e. English
abbreviations) were used to denote the instructions. For example, ADD, SUB, MULT, and DIV were
used to denote the operations such as addition, subtractions, multiplication and division respectively.
A statement written in assembly language generally results in only one statement when translated
into the machine language. The machine language instructions given above might be written in
assembly language as:
LOAD X
ADD Y
STORE Z
The assembly language is also a low level language and is machine-dependant, i.e. it is
generally different for different machines.
3. High Level Language

High level language is the only language that is understandable by humans
The high level languages are more compatible with human languages so it is easy to write a
program in high level language. Following are the most commonly used high level languages.
1. BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instructions Cod).

2. COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language).
3. FORTRON (FORmula TRANSlation).
4. PL/I (Programming Language I).
5. PRG (Report Program Generator)
6. C++
7. ORACLE
8. JAVA
The program written in high level languages can generally be executed on another computer
with a few alterations. A program written in high level language must however, be translated into
machine language before it can be executed. This is known as interpretation or compilation. The
process of converting the high level language into low level language is done by compiler.
PROCESSORS
The performance of any computer rests/depends on the performance of its CPU, and the
performance of CPU depends on the processor used in it. The work of CPU is actually to control the
performance of different parts of computer. In it millions of transistors work together. A processor is
made of semi conductor, Which consists of many integrated circuits.
TYPES OF PROCESSORS
Intel processors came into existence in 1980. Its first model was 8088. It was a square shaped
IC whose pins were 40. Its speed was 4.
77 MHz. and in it 29000 transistors were used.
Extended Technology (Xt):
The technologies of processor of that time were called XT. Two models of extended technology (XT)
were famous which were 8088 and 8086. The speed of 8086 was 2MHz. To 6 MHz which was greater
than 8088.
Advanced Technology (AT):
In 1985, 80286 models were introduced in which 250,000 transistors were attached. Whose speed was
20 MHz to 32 MHz. within this time period next model 80386 was introduced it has two types DX and
SX. In which DX was better in performance.
In 1989, intel introduced a model 486 DX, in which in 1.25 million transistors were present. Its
speed was from 33 MHz to 66 MHz. After them in 486 100 MHz processor took its place, after 486
Inlets company model 586 was also available in the market. Whose speed was 133 MHz. which did not
remind present in the market for long time. Its basic reason was that Inlets company new model were
introduced in the form of Pentium.
Pentium and Pentium Pro:
In 1993, intel introduced a Pentium processor. In which 3.1 million transistors were attached.
Whose speed was from 100 MHz to 200 MHz. these processors were heated up very quickly. To cool
down, heat sink was used with them. This model of Pentium was called PI. Its next models are PII, PIII,
and PIV. The speed of PIV is very high which is up to 3.2GHz. The RAM capacity and speed of these
processors are as under:
Type of Computer RAM Capacity Processor Speed.

(Minimum)
P1 32 MB 100 – 200 MHz
P2 64 MB 233 – 450 MHz
P3 128 MB 500 – 850 MHz
P4 256 MB >1 GHz

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“Device that perform computations( calculation)”

A Computer is programmed device with a set of instructions to perform specific

Definiton#3: A computer is an electronic device that can accept data and

Definition#4: A computer is an electronic device that perform 4 basic operation :

Definiton#4: A computer is an electronic device that can

 Accept data and instruction with the help of input unit

Input stage: 2+2 will enter into computer.

P. storage stage: 2+2 will store in primary storage unit

Processing stage: 2+2=4 the result will calculate.

Output stage: 4 will display on screen

Generation is a word use for the structured advancement of computer

First Generation of Computers :

Time Period: (1945---1955)

Technology: The technology used in first generation of computer is vacuum

 Used punch card and magnetic tape as a input devices

 Fastest computer of their time

Second generation of computers:

Time period: (1955--- 1964)

Examples of second generation of computers are:

Third generation of computer

Time period :( 1965—1970)

Technology: The technology that have used in third generation of computers

 Smaller in size as compare to previous generations because an

EXAMPELES of third generation of computers are:

IBM360 series, IBM 370 series, UNIVAC 1106, UNIVAC 9000

Fourth generation of computers

Time period: (1970--1980)

Technology: The technology that have used in fourth generation of

SSI technology means (10—20 components)

MSI technology means (up to 100 components)

VSI technology means (almost 30,000 components)

VLSI technology means (More than one million components)

 Smallest in size than previous generation computers, because of high

EXAMPLES of fourth generation of computers are:

IBM-PC, APPLE Macintosh

Fifth generation of computer:

Time period :( 1980--onward)

Technology: Computer of this generation is base on ARTIFICIAL INTILLEGNC

Branches of artificial intelligence in which work are under process.

Expert is an artificial intelligence programs that has an expert level

NLP (natural language processing)|:

 Written text processing:

 Spoken text processing

Types of Computer- On the basic of working Principal

On the basis of working Principle the computer can be classified

Computer that accept an analog input and provide analog output of

It is a computer which deals with variables data (increase or decrease) that

 It works on continuous data and gives continuous output.

 It is based on the digits 0 and 1 I.e Data feeds to such a

If write “A” on common computer will understand it after

 Digital computers represents data in numbers

Examples of digital computers are:

 “A computer that processes both analog and digital data”.

Hybrid computers have the characteristics of both , the digital computers

measure both in term of physical as well as digital quantities. It combines

 It works on both discrete and continuous value.

o Monitoring of patients in ICU

In a hospital, for example, analog devices may measure patient's heart

Analog Computers Digital Computers

Analog Computers Work on Digital computers Work on

Analog Computers have Digital computers have a