1.

1 FUNCTION NOTATIONS
Notes:
(i) A function is usually represented using letters in its lower case : f , g , h …..
(ii) Given the function f : x  2 x  1 , we usually write it in the form f(x) = 2x + 1 before answering
any question.

1.2 FINDING THE VALUE OF FUNCTIONS [Mastery Exercise]

f (a) represent (a) the value of f(x) when x = a .
(b) the image of f when the object is a

EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. Given the function f : x  2 x 1 , 1. Given the function f : x  2 x  3 ,
find (i) f (3) (ii) f (-4) find (i) f (2) (ii) f (-1)
Answer : f(x) = 2 x + 1 Answer : f(x) = 2 x + 3
(i) f ( 3 ) = 2 (3 ) + 1 (i) f(3) = 2( ) + 3
= 6+1 =
= 7 =
(ii) f (-2 ) = 2 (-2) + 1 (ii) f(-1) = 2 ( ) + 3
= -4+1 =
= -3 =
2. Given the function g : x  x 2  3 , find 2. Given the function g : x  x 2  5 , find
(i) g(0) (ii) g(4) (i) g(0) (ii) g(2)

Answer : g (x) = x2 - 3 Answer : g (x) = x2 - 5

(i) g ( 0 ) = 02 - 3 (i) g ( 0 ) =
= 0 - 3 =
= -3 =

(ii) g (4) = 42 - 3 (ii) g (2) =

= 16 – 3 =
= 13 =
6 4 9 3
3. Given the function h : x  , x , 3. Given the function h : x  , x ,
3x  4 3 2x  3 2
find h (2). find h(3).
6
Jawapan : h ( x)  Jawapan: h ( x) 
3x  4
6 h(3) =
h(2) =
3(2)  4
6
=
2
= 3

Functions 2
1.2 FINDING THE VALUE OF FUNCTIONS [Reinforcement Exercises]
QUESTION ANSWER
1. Given the function f : x  3 x  1 , find
1. f ( x ) = 3x + 1

(a) f (0) (a) f ( 0 ) = 3 ( 0 ) + 1

=
(b) f (3)

(c) f(-2)

(d) f(4)

(e) f(-3)

2 . Given the function g : x  x 2  3x , find

2. g(x) = x2 - 3x

(a) g (0) (a) g (0) =

(b) g (2)

(c) g (4)

(d) g (-3)

(e) g (-1)

6
3. Given the function h : x  , find
3 4x

(a) h (0)

(b) h (1)

(c) h ( 1 )
2

(d) h(-3)

(e) h ( 1 )
4

Functions 3
1.3 PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONS INVOLVING SIMPLE EQUATIONS. [1]
Note : Questions on functions usually involve solving linear / quadratic equations.

EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. Given that f : x  2 x 1 , find the value of x 1. Given that f : x  4 x  3 , find the value of x if
if f(x) = 5. f(x) = 17.
Answer : f (x) = 2 x – 1 Answer : f (x) = 4 x – 3
2x–1 = 5 4 x – 3 = 17
2x = 6 4x =
 x = 3  x =

2. Given that f : x  5 x  3 , find the value of x 2. Given that f : x  3 x  7 , find the value of x if
if f(x) = -7. f(x) = 4.
Answer : f (x) = 5 x + 3 Answer :
5 x + 3 = -7
5x = - 10
 x = -2

3. Given that g : x  x  2 , find the value of y 3. Given that g : x  3 x  2 , find the value of y if
if g(y) = 2y - 3 g(y) = 2y + 4.
Answer : g(x) = x + 2 Answer :
g(y) = y + 2
y+2 = 2y–3
3+2 = 2y-y
y = 5

4. Given that f : x  7 x  3 , g : x  4 x  15 , 4. Given that f : x  2 x 10 , g : x  4 x  2 ,

find the value of p if f(p) = g(p). find the value of x if f(x) = g(x).

Answer : f(x) = 7x – 3, g(x) = 4x + 15

f(p) = 7p – 3, g(p) = 4p + 15
f(p) = g(p)
7p – 3 = 4p + 15
3p = 18
p = 6

Functions 4
PROBLEMS OF FUNCTIONS INVOLVING SIMPLE EQUATIONS. [2]

EXAMPLE QUESTION
5. Given that f : x  2 x 10 , g : x  x  7 , 5. Given f : x  3 x  9 , g : x  x  7 , find the
find the value of x if f(x) =  2 g(x) value of x if f(x) =  3 g(x).

A: f(x) = 2x - 10 , g(x) = x – 7
2x – 10 = - 2 (x – 7)
2x - 10 = - 2x + 14
4x = 24
x = 6

6. Given that f : x  3 x  4 , find the values 6. Given that f : x  2 x  8 , find the values of x if
of x if f (x) = x2. f (x) = x2.
A: f(x) = 3x + 4
x2 = 3x + 4
x2 - 3x – 4 = 0
(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
x = -1 or x = 4

7. Given that g : x  3 x 2  6 , find the values of 7. Given that g : x  2 x 2  5 , find the values of y if
y if g (y) = 6 . g (y) = 45 .
A: g(x) = 3x2 – 6
g(y) = 3y2 - 6
3y2 - 6 = 6
3y2 – 12 = 0
2
(÷3) : y –4 = 0
(y + 2) (y – 2) = 0
y = -2 or y = 2

8. Given that g : x  3 x 2  6 , find the values of 8. Given that g : x  2 x 2  3 , find the values of p if
g(p) = - 5p .
p if g (p) = 7p.
A: g(x) = 3x2 – 6
g(p) = 3p2 - 6
3p2 - 6 = 7p
3p2 – 7p - 6 = 0
(3p+2) (p – 3) = 0
2
p=  atau p=3 .
3

Functions 5
PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONS INVOLVING SIMPLE EQUATIONS [Reinforcement Exercises]

QUESTION ANSWER
1. Given the functions f : x  2 x  5 and 1. f(x) = 2x – 5 , g(x) = x + 2
g : x  x  2 , find (a) f(x) = 7
(a) the value of x if f(x) = 7 2x – 5 = 7
2x =
(b) the value of y if g(y) = 2y - 3 x =
(c) the value of p if f(p) = g(p)
(d) the value of x if f(x) = – g(x)

2. Given the functions f : x  3 x  4 and 2. f (x) = , g(x) =

g : x  2 x , find (a) f (p) = -5
(a) the value of p if f(p) = -5 3p + 4 = -5

(b) the value of k if g(k) = 3k - 4

(c) the value of x if 2 f(x) = g(x)
(d) the values of y jika f(y) = y2

3. Given the function f : x  3x 2  12 , 3. f (x) =

(a) f 2(-2) = f f(-2) f(-2) = 3(-2)2 – 12
(a) evaluate f 2 (-2). =
(b) solve the equation f(x) = 0. = f( )

(c) find the values of p if f(p) = 3p + 6. =

4. Given the functions f : x  x 2 and 4. f (x) = , g(x) =

g : x  12  4 x , find
(a) the image of 3 that is mapped by f .
(b) the values of x if f(x) = x,
(c) the values of y if f(y) = g(y).

Functions 6
1.4 FINDING THE VALUE OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS [Mastery Exercises]
Notes : To find the value of fg(a) given the functions f and g, we can first find fg(x) and then
substitute x = a.
We can also follow the EXAMPLES below.
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given that f : x  3 x  4 and g : x  2 x , Given that f : x  3  2 x and g : x  x 2 , find
find fg(3). gf(4).
Answer : f(x) = 3x - 4 , g(x) = 2x
g(3) = 2(3) Answer : f(x) = 3 – 2x , g(x) = x2.
= 6 f(4) = 3 – 2(4)
fg(3) = f [ g(3) ] = 3–8
= f ( 6) = -5
= 3 (6) - 4 gf(4) = g (-5)
= 14 = (-5)2
= 25

EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x  2 x  1 and g : x  3 x , 2. Given that f : x  2 x  9 and g : x  1  3 x ,
find f g(1) . find gf(3).

3. Given the functions f : x  x  3 and 4. Given the functions f : x  3 x  7 and

g : x  4 x  1 , find g : x  4  2 x , find
(a) f g(1) (b) gf(1) (a) f g(0) (b) gf(0)

Functions 7
FINDING THE VALUE OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS [Reinforcement Exercises]
1. Given that f : x  2 x  3 and g : x  4 x , 2. Given that f : x  2 x  5 and g : x  5 x , find
find fg(2) . gf(7) .

3. Given that f : x  x  4 and g : x  2 x  1 , 4. Given that f : x  3 x  4 and g : x  5  2 x ,

find find
(a) fg(1) (b) gf(1) (a) fg(0) (b) gf(0)

5 Given the functions f : x  3 x 2 1 and 6 Given that f : x  3 x and g : x  2  x 2 , find

g : x  2  x , find (a) fg(-2) (b) gf(-2)
(a) fg(-1) (b) gf(-1)

7. Given the functions f : x  x  2 and 8. Given the functions f : x  2  x and

g : x  2  3 x  x 2 , find g : x  1  4 x  3x 2 , find
(a) fg(1) (b) gf(1) (a) fg(-1) (b) gf(-1)

Functions 8
1.5 FINDING THE VALUE OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS f 2 , g 2

Notes : f 2(a) = ff (a) = f [ f (a) ]

EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given that f : x  3 x  2 , find f 2(2). Given that g : x  3  4 x , evaluate gg(1).
Answer : f(x) = 3x - 2 Answer : g(x) = 3 – 4x
f(2) = 3(2) – 2 = 4 g(1) = 3 – 4(1) = -1
f2(2) = f [ f(2) ] gg(1) = g [g(1)]
= f ( 4) = g ( -1)
= 3 (4) – 2 = 3 – 4 (-1)
= 10 = 3+4
= 7

EXERCISES

1. Given that f : x  2 x  3 , find f 2(2) . 2. Given that g : x  x  5 , evaluate gg(3) .

3. Given that g : x  2 x  1 , evaluate g 2(3). 4. Given that f : x  3 x  4 , find ff(0) .

5. Given that g : x  2  5 x , find g 2(1). 6. Given that f : x  3 x 2  1 , find ff(1) .

7. Given that g : x  4 x , evaluate gg(-2). 8. Diberi f : x  2 x 2  4 x  3 . Nilaikan f 2(0) .

Functions 9
1.6 BASIC EXERCISES BEFORE FINDING THE COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS [ 1 ]

EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given f : x  3x  1 , Given g : x  5  4x , .
f(x) = 3x + 1 g(x) = 5 – 4x
thus (a) f(2) = 3(2) + 1 thus (a) g(2) = 5 – 4(2) = 5 – 8 = -3
= 7 (b) g(a) = 5 – 4a
(b) f(a) = 3a+1 (c) g(p) = 5 – 4p
(c) f(p) = 3 p + 1 (d) g(3k) = 5 – 4(3k) = 5 – 12 k
(d) f(2k) = 3 (2k) + 1 = 6k + 1 (e) g(x2) = 5 – 4x2
(e) f(2x) = 3 (2x) + 1 = 6x + 1 (f) g (3+2x) = 5 – 4 (3+2x)
(f) f(x2) = 3 x2 + 1 = 5 – 12 – 8x
= - 7 – 8x

EXERCISES
1. Given f : x  2x  3 , 2 Given g : x  2  4x .
f(x) = 2x + 3 g(x) =

thus (a) f(2) = 2(2) + 3 = thus (a) g (2) =

(b) f(a) = (b) g(a) =

(c) f(p) = (c) g(s) =

(d) f(2k) = (d) g(3x) =

(e) f(x2) = (e) g(x2) =

(f) f(-x2 ) = (f) g (3+2x) =

(g) f( - 3x) = (g) g(2 – 4x) =

Functions 10
BASIC EXERCISES BEFORE FINDING THE COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS [ 2 ]

1. Given f : x  4  2x , 2 Given g : x   2x  1 .
f(x) = 4 – 2x g(x) =

thus (a) f(3) = 4 – 2 (3) = thus (a) g(-1) =

(b) f(-x) = (b) g(2x) =

(c) f(2+x) = (c) g(x-2) =

(d) f(3 -x) = (d) g(-3x) =

(e) f(x2) = (e) g(x2) =

(f) f(-x2 +2) = (f) g (1-2x) =

3. Given f : x  1 x , 4 Given g : x  2( x  2) , .
f(x) = g(x) =

thus (a) f(10) = thus (a) g(-1) =

(b) f(3x) = (b) g(2x) =

(c) f(2 - x) = (c) g(x-1) =

(d) f(4+x) = (d) g(-x) =

(e) f(2x- 3) = (e) g(x2) =

(f) f(x2) = (f) g (1+2x) =

Functions 11
1.7 FINDING COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given that f : x  3 x  4 and g : x  2 x , Given that f : x  3  2 x and g : x  x 2 , find the
find fg(x). composite function gf.
Answer : f(x) = 3x - 4 , g(x) = 2x
fg(x) = f [ g(x) ] Answer: f(x) = 3 – 2x , g(x) = x2.
= f ( 2x) gf(x) = g[f(x)]
= 3 (2x) - 4 = g (3 – 2x)
= 6x – 4 = (3- 2x)2
OR OR
fg(x) = f [ g(x) ] gf(x) = g[f(x)]
= 3 [g(x)] - 4 = [f(x)]2
= 3 (2x) – 4 = (3- 2x)2
= 6x-4 thus gf : x  (3  2 x) 2

EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x  2 x  3 and g : x  4 x , 2. Given that f : x  2 x  5 and g : x  5 x , find
find fg(x) . the composite function gf .

3. Given the functions f : x  x  4 and 4. Given that f : x  3 x  4 and g : x  5  2 x ,

g : x  2 x  1 , find find
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (b) f g (b) gf

Functions 12
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES FOR FINDING COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

1. Given the functions f : x  3x  2 and 2. Given that f : x  3 x and g : x  2  x 2 , find

g : x  2  2 x , find the composite functions
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (a) fg (b) gf

3. Given the functions f : x  x  4 and 4. Given that f : x  3  x and g : x   4 x  3 ,

g : x  1  3 x , find find the composite functions
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (a) f g (b) gf

5. Given the functions f : x  x  2 and 6. Given that f : x  2  5 x and g : x  1  x 2 ,

g : x  5  2 x , find find the composite function gubahan
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (a) fg (b) gf

Functions 13
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES FOR FINDING COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS [ f2 and g2 ]

1. Given that f : x  3x  2 , find f 2(x). 2. Given that f : x  3 x , find the function f 2.

f(x) = 3x + 2
f2(x) = f [f(x)]
= f (3x + 2) or 3f(x) + 2
= 3(3x+2) + 2
=

3. Given that g : x  1  3 x , find gg(x) 4. Given that g : x   4 x  3 , find the function

g 2.

5. Given that f : x  x  2 , find ff(x) . 6. Given that f : x  2  5 x , find the function f 2.

7. Given that f : x  3  4 x , find f 2(x). 8. Given that f : x  5 x , find the function f 2.

1 2
9. Given that g : x  x , find g 2(x). 10. Given that h : x  , find the function f 2.
2 x2

Functions 14
1.8 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Notes : 1. Students must be skillful in changing the subject of a formula !

2. If f (x) = y, then x = f –1(y) OR if f –1(x) = y, then x = f(y)

EXAMPLE 1. Given that f(x) = 2x – 3 , find f –1(x).

METHOD 1 METHOD 2
Given f(x) = 2x – 3 , Given f(x) = 2x – 3
then f –1( 2x – 3 ) = x. then f(y) = 2y – 3
f –1 ( y ) = x when y = 2x – 3 f –1 ( 2y – 3 ) = y
y + 3 = 2x f –1 ( x ) = y when x = 2y – 3
y3 x + 3 = 2y
x =
2 x3
y =
y3 2
f –1(y) =
2 x3
 f –1 (x) =
x3 2
 f –1(x) =
2

Students are advised to master only one of the methods !

DRILLING PRACTICES ON CHANGING SUBJECT OF A FORMULA [ 1 ]

1. If y = 3x – 2 , then x = 2. If y = 4x – 2 , then x =

3x – 2 = y 4x – 2 = y
3x = y+2 4x =
y2 x =
x =
3

3. If y = 3 – 6x , then x = 4. If y = 4 – 5x , then x =

5. If y = 3 + 5x , then x = 6. If y = 10x – 4 , then x =

Functions 15
DRILLING PRACTICES ON CHANGING SUBJECT OF A FORMULA [ 2 ]

2x  5 3x  2
1. If y = , then x = 2. If y = , then x =
4 5

2x  5
= y
4
2x – 5 = 4y
2x =
x =
3. If y = 5 + 6x , then x = 1
4. If y = 4 – x , then x =
2

3 6. If y = 6x – 9 , then x =
5. If y = 6 + x , then x =
2

1 2
7. If y = , then x = 8. If y = , then x =
3x  2 4 x

x 1 2x
9. If y = , then x = 10. If y = , then x =
4x  2 3 x

Functions 16
DETERMINING THE INVERSE FUNCTION FROM A FUNCTION OF THE TYPE
ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE
EXAMPLE 1 : 2x  1
EXAMPLE 2 : Given that f : x  , x  2,
Given that f(x) = 4x – 6 , find f (x). –1 2 x
find f –1(x).
Answer : 2x  1
Given f(x) =
Given f(x) = 4x – 6 2 x
so f (y) = 4y – 6 2y 1
so f(y) =
2 y
then f –1( 4y – 6 ) = y.
2y 1
f –1( x ) = y when x = 4y – 6 then f –1( ) = y
2 y
x + 6 = 4y
2y 1
x6 f –1( x ) = y when x =
y= 2 y
4
x(2 - y) = 2y + 1
x6
 f –1(x) =
4 2x – xy = 2y + 1
2x – 1 = 2y + xy
2x – 1 = y(2 + x)
2x  1
y =
2 x
2x 1
 f –1( x ) = , x  -2.
x2

EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x  4 + 8x , find f –1. 2. Given that g : x  10 – 2x , find g–1.

3. Given that f : x  4 – 3x , find f –1. 4. Given that g : x  15 + 6x , find g –1 .

Functions 17
MASTERY EXERCISES ON FINDING THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

1. Given that f : x  10 – 8x , find f –1 . 1

2. Given that g : x  3 – x , find g–1 .
2

3. Given that f : x  5 + 2x , find f –1 . 4. Given that g : x  3 – x , find g–1 .

2x  5 3x  2
5. Given that f(x) = , find f –1 (x). 6. Given that g(x) = , find g–1 (x).
4 6

7. Given that f : x  6x - 15 , find f –1 . 3

8. Given that g : x  3 – x , find g –1 .
4

x2 2x
9. Given that f(x) = , find f –1(x). 10. Given that g(x) = , find g–1 (x).
4x  2 4 x

Functions 18
FINDING THE VALUE OF f–1 (a) WHEN GIVEN f(x)

Example : Given that f : x  2x + 1, find the value of f –1(7).

METHOD 1 METHOD 2
[ Finding f –1 first ] [ Without finding f –1(x) ]
f(x) = 2x + 1 f(x) = 2x + 1
f(y) = 2y + 1 Let f –1(7) = k
f –1(2y + 1) = y
f(k) = 7
f –1(x) = y when x = 2y + 1
x – 1 = 2y 2k + 1 = 7
x 1 2k = 6
y =
2 k = 3
–1 x 1
f (x) =
2  f –1(7) = 3
7 1
f –1(7) =
2
= 3
( If you are not asked to find f –1( x ) but only want to have the value of f –1( a ), then use Method 2 )

EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x  x + 2, find the value of 2. Given that g : x  7 – x , find the value of
f –1(3). g–1(2).

3. Given that f : x  7 – 3x , find the value of 4. Given that g : x  5 + 2x , find the value of
f –1(-5). g–1 (5).

5. Given that f : x  3x -2, find the value of 6. Given that g : x  7 – x , find the value of
f –1 (10). g–1(2).

7. Given that f : x  4 + 6x , find the value of 1

8. Given that g : x  – x , find the value of
f –1(-2). 2
g–1(4).

4 3
9. Given that f : x  , find the value of 10. Diberi g : x  , cari nilai g-1(-1).
x 3 2 x
f –1 ( -1 ).

Functions 19
Finding the Other Related Component Function when given a Composite Function
and One of its Component Function
TYPE 1 ( Easier Type ) TYPE 2 ( More Challenging Type )
Given the functions f and fg, find the function g. Given the functions f and gf , find the function g .
OR OR
Given the functions g and gf, find the function f. Given the functions g and fg , find the function f .
EXAMPLE :
1. Given the functions f : x  2 x  3 and 2. Given the functions f : x  2 x  5 and
fg : x  6 x  1 , find the function g . g f : x  10 x  25 , find the function g .
Answer : f(x) = 2x + 3 Answer : f(x) = 2x – 5
fg(x) = 6x – 1 gf(x) = 10x – 25
Find g(x) from fg(x) = 6x – 1 Find g(x) from gf(x) = 10x – 25
f [g(x)] = 6x – 1 g [ f(x) ] = 10x – 25
2 g(x) + 3 = 6x – 1 g ( 2x – 5) = 10x – 25
2 g(x) = 6x – 4 g ( 2y – 5) = 10y – 25
 g(x) = 3x - 2 g(x) = 10y – 25 when x = 2y – 5
x + 5 = 2y
x5
y=
2
x5
So : g(x) = 10 ( ) – 25
2
= 5x + 25 – 25
 g(x) = 5x

EXERCISES
1. Given the functions f : x  2 x  2 and 2. Given the functions f : x  2 x  2 and
fg : x  4  6 x , find the function g . g f : x   5  6 x , find the function g .
Answer : Answer :

Functions 20
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES on finding Component Function from Composite Function
( TYPE 1 )

1. Given the functions f : x  2x – 3 and 2. Given the functions g: x  x + 3 and

fg : x 2x + 3, find the function g . gf : x  2x , find the function f .
Answer : Answer :

3. Given the functions f : x  3x + 4 and 4. Given the functions g : x  2x - 1 and

fg : x 6x + 1, find the function g . gf : x 6x + 7 , find the function f .
Answer : Answer :

5. Given the functions f : x  2 – x and 6. Given the functions p : x  2x and

fg : x 2 – 2x , find the function g,. pq : x 4 – 2x , find the function q.
Answer : Answer :

7. Given the functions g : x  2 + 4x and 8. Given the functions f : x  2x + 7 and

gf : x  6 + 4x2, find the function f . fg : x  7 – 4x , find the function g .
Answer : Answer :

9. Given the functions h : x  1 – x and 10. Given the functions h : x  3x + 1 and

hg : x  1 – 3x2, find the function g. hf : x 7 – 9x2 , find the function f .
Answer : Answer :

Functions 21
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES on finding Component Function from Composite Function
( TYPE 2 )

1. Given the functions f : x  2x - 3 and 2. Given the functions g: x  x + 3 and

gf: x 2x , find the function g,. fg : x  2x + 3 , find the function f.
Answer : Answer :

3. Given the functions f : x  3x + 4 and 4. Given the functions g : x  2x - 1 and

gf : x  6x + 7, find the function g,. fg : x  6x + 1 , find the function f.
Answer : Answer :

5. Given the functions f : x  2 – x and 6. Given the functions g : x  2x and

gf : x 4 – 2x , find the function g,. fg : x 2 – 2x , find the function f.
Answer : Answer :

7. Given the functions f : x  3x and 8. Given the functions f : x  2 + 4x and

gf : x  1 - 3x , find the function g,. gf : x 5 + 16x + 16x2, find the function g,.
Answer : Answer :

Functions 22
 1 3 8. Given that f : x  2 x  1 , g : x  4 x and
7. Given that f : x  4 x  m and f : x  nx  ,
4 fg : x  ax  b , find the values of a and b .
find the values of m and n.

1 [ a = 8 ; b = –1 ]
[ m = –3 ; n = 4
]
9. Given that f : x  x  3 , g : x  a  bx 2 and 10. Given that g : x  m  3 x and g 1 : x  2kx 
4
,
gf : x  6 x 2  36 x  56 , find the values of a and b . 3
find the values of m and k.

[a=2;b=6] [ k = 16 ; m = 4 ]
11. Given that g(x) = mx + n and g2 (x) = 16x – 25 , 2x  3
find the values of m and n. 12. Given the inverse function f 1 ( x)  , find
2
(a) the value of f(4),
(b) the value of k if f –1 (2k) = –k – 3 .

25
[ m = 4 , n = –5 ; m = –4 , n = 3
] [ (a) 11
; (b) k =  1
]
2 2

Functions 24
2.2 The ROOTs of a quadratic Equation (Q.E.)
Note : “ROOT” refers to a specific value which satisfies the Q.E.

Example : Given Q.E. x2 + 2x – 3 = 0

By substitution, it is found that :

x = 1 , 12 + 2(1) – 3 = 0
Hence 1 is a root of the quadratic equation x2 + 2x – 3 = 0.
But if x = 2, 22 + 2(2) – 3 ≠ 0,
We say that 2 is NOT a root of the given quadratic Equation.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Determine if -2 is a root of the equation L1. Determine if 3 is a root of the equation
2
3x + 2x -7 = 0. 2x2 – x – 15 = 0.

x = -2, 3(-2)2 + 2(-2) – 7 = 12 – 4 – 7

≠ 0
Hence - 2 is NOT a root of the given equation.

L2. L1. Determine if 3 is a root of the equation L3. Determine if ½ is a root of the
x2 – 2x + 3 = 0. equation 4x2 + 2x – 2 = 0.

C2. If -2 is a root of the quadratic equation L4. If 3 is a root of the equation

x2– kx – 10 = 0, find k. x2– 2kx + 12 = 0 , find k.

x = -2, (-2)2 – k(-2) – 10 = 0

-4 + 2k – 10 = 0
2k = 14
k = 7

L5. If -2 and p are roots of the quadratic equation L6. If -1 are roots of the quadratic
2x2 + 3x + k = 0, find the value of k and p. equation px2 – 4x + 3p – 8 = 0, find p.

2 Quadratic Equations 2
2.3.1 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0
I. By Factorisation
- This method can only be used if the quadratic expression can be factorised completely.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0. 2
L1. Solve x – 4x – 5 = 0.
Answer: x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 Jawapan:
(x + 2) (x + 3) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = -2 or x = -3
Ans : – 1 , 5

C2. Solve the quadratic equation 2x (x – 1) = 6. L2. Solve x ( 1 + x) = 6.

Ans: 2x (x – 1) = 6
2x2 – x – 6 = 0
(2x + 3) (x – 2) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
3
x=  or x= 2
2
Ans : – 3 , 2

L3. Solve (x – 3)2 = 1. L4. Solve 1 + 2x2 = 5x + 4.

Ans : 2, 4 Ans : 1, 3/2

2
L3. Solve (2x – 1) = 2x – 1 . L4. Solve 5x2 – 45 = 0.

Ans : ½ , 1 Ans : – 3 , 3
L5. Selesaikan (x – 3)(x + 3) = 16. L6. Selesaikan 3 + x – 4x2 = 0.

Ans : – 5 , 5 Ans : – ¾ , 1
L7. Solve x( x + 2) = 24. L8. Solve 2(x2 – 9) = 5x.

Ans : – 6 , 4 Ans : – 2 , 9/2

2 Quadratic Equations 4
2.3.2 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0
II. By ‘Completing the Square’
- To express ax2 + bx + c in the form a(x + p)2 + q
Simple Case : When a = 1
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2 2
C1. Solve x + 4x – 5 = 0 by method of L1. Solve x + 4x + 3 = 0 by method of
‘completing the square’. ‘completing the square’.

x2 + 4x – 5 = 0
2 2
4 4
x 4x        5 = 0
2

2 2
2
(x + 2) - 4 – 5 = 0
( x + 2 )2 – 9 = 0
( x + 2)2 = 9
x+2 =  3
x = -2  3
x = -5 or x = 1
(Ans : – 1 , – 3 )
C2. Solve x2 – 6x + 3 = 0 by method of L2. Solve x2 - 8x + 5 = 0 , give your
‘completing the square’. Give your answer answers correct to 4 significant figures.
correct to 3 decimal places.

x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
2 2
6 6
x  6x  
2
   3 = 0
 2   2 
(x – 3 )2 - 9 + 3 = 0
2
(x-2) – 6 = 0
( x + 2)2 = 6
x+2 =  6
x = -2  6
x = - or x =
Ans : 7.317, 0.6834

L3. Solve x2 – 2x – 9 = 0 by completing the L4. Solve x2 + 10x + 5 = 0 , give your

square, give your answers correct to 4 answers correct to 4 significant figures.
significant figures.

Ans : – 2.212 , 4.162 Ans : – 0.5279, – 9.472

2 Quadratic Equations 5
2.3.3 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0
II. Method of completing the square
- by expressing ax2 + bx + c in the form a(x + p)2 + q
[a = 1, but involving fractions when completing the square]
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2 2
C3. Solve x – 3x – 2 = 0 by method of L5. Solve x + 5x – 4 = 0. Give your
‘completing the square’. Give your answer answer correct to 4 significant figures.
correct to 4 significant figures.

x2 – 3x – 3 = 0
2 2
  3   3
x  3x  
2
   2 = 0
 2   2 
2
 3 9
x     2= 0
 2 4
2
 3 17
x   =
 2 4
3 17
x  
2 4
3 17
x =
2 2
(Ans : 0.7016, -5.702)
x = - 0.5616 atau x = 3.562
L6. Solve x2 + x – 8 = 0. Give your answer L7. Solve x2 + 7x + 1 = 0 , Give your
correct to 4 significant figures. answer correct to 4 significant figures.

(Ans : 2.372, -3.372) (Ans : -0.1459, -6.8541)

L8. Solve x( x + 5) = 5. Give your answer L9. Solve x(2 + x) = 10 Give your answer
correct to 4 significant figures. correct to 4 significant figures.

(Ans : 0.8541, -5.854) (Ans : 2.317 , -4.317 )

2 Quadratic Equations 6
2.3.4 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0
II. Method of completing the square
- To express ax2 + bx + c in the form a(x + p)2 + q
If a ≠ 1 : Divide both sides by a first before you proceed with the process of
‘completing the square’.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2 2
C4. Solve 2x – 8x + 7 = 0 by completing the L10. Solve 2x - 12x + 5 = 0 correct to
square. two decimal places.

2x2 – 8x + 7 = 0
7
x2 – 4x + = 0 [  2 first ]
2
2 2
4 4 7
x 4 x  
2
    0
 2   2  2
7
( x - 2 )2 – 4 + = 0
2
( x – 2 )2 = ½
1
x–2 = 
2
1
x = 2 
2
= 2.707 atau 1.293
(Ans : 5.55 , 0.45 )

C5. Solve - x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 by completing the L11. Solve -2x2 + 10x + 9 = 0 correct to

square. two decimal places.
- x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 [divide by (-1)]
x2 + 4x – 1 = 0

(Ans : 0.2361, -4.236 )

(Ans : -0.78 , 5.78 )
L12. Solve - x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 by completing the L13. Solve x(3 – 2x) = -6 correct to two
square. decimal places.

(Ans : -7.405, 0.4051)

(Ans : -1.14 , 2.64)

2 Quadratic Equations 7
2.3.5 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0
III. Using Formula b  b 2  4 ac
x 
2a
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Solve 2x2 – 8x + 7 = 0 by using formul. Give L1. By using formula, solve 2x2 - 12x +
your answer correct to 4 significant figures. 5 = 0. Give your answer correct to 4
a = 2, b = -8 , c = 7 significant figures.
 (8)  (8) 2  4(2)(7)
x
2(2)
8  8

4

= 2.707 atau 1.293

(Ans : 5.550, 0.4505)

C2. Solve 2x(2 – 3x) = -5 by using formula, qive L2. By using formula, solve
your answer correct to two decimal places. 3 – x2 = - 3(4x – 3) correct to two decimal
places.
2x(2 – 3x) = -5
4x – 6x2 = -5
6x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
a= ,b= , c=

x =

(Ans: 0.52 , 11.48 )

(Ans : 1.31 , -0.64)
L3. Solve x(2x –1) = 2 by using formula, give
your answer correct to two decimal places.
L4. Solve the quadratic equation
2x(x – 4) = (1-x) (x+2). Give your answer
correct to 4 significant figures.
(SPM 2003)

(Ans : 1.28, -0.78) (Ans : 2.591 , - 0.2573 )

L5.
Solve x2 – 4x = 2 by using formula. Give
your answer correct to 4 significant figures.
L6. Solve the quadratic equation
x(x – 4) = (3 – x )(x + 3). Give your
answer correct to two decimal places.

(Ans : 4.449 , -0.4495)

(Ans : 3.35 , -1.35 )

2 Quadratic Equations 8
2.5.2 Aplication (Relationship between “b2 – 4ac” and the type of roots)
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1 (SPM 2000) L1. The roots of the quadratic equation
The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px + q = 0 are 2 and -3.
2x2 + px + q = 0 are - 6 and 3. Find
Find (a) p and q,
(a) p and q, (b) the range of values of k such that
(b) range of values of k such that 2x2 + px + 2x2 + px + q = k does not have real roots.
q = k does not have real roots.
Answer :
(a) x = -6 , x = 3
(x + 6) (x – 3) = 0
x2 + 3x - 18 = 0
2x2 + 6x – 36 = 0
Comparing : p = 6 , q = - 36.

(b) 2x2 + 6x – 36 = k
2x2 + 6x – 36 – k = 0
a = 2, b = 6, c = -36 - k
b2 – 4ac < 0
62 – 4(2)(-36 – k) < 0
324 + 8 k < 0
k < – 40.5
L2 Find the range of k if the quadratic equation L3. The quadratic equation 9 + 4x2 = px has
2x2 – x = k has real and distinct roots. equal roots. Find the possible values of p.

( Ans : k > - 1/8 )

( Ans : p = -12 atau 12)
L4 Find the range of p if the quadratic L5. Find the range of p if the quadratic
equation 2x2 + 4x + 5 + p = 0 has real roots. equation x2 + px = 2p does not have real roots.

(Ans : p ≤ - 3 )
( Ans : -8 < p < 0 )

L6 The roots of the quadratic equation L7. Find the range of values of k if the
2x2 + 8 = (k – 3)x are real and different. quadratic equation x2 + 2kx + k + 6 = 0 has
Determine the range of values of k. equal roots.

( Ans : k < -5 , k > 11 )

( Ans : k -2 , 3 )

2 Quadratic Equations 11
Reinforcement Exercises (SPM Format Questions)
EXERCISE EXERCISE
L1 (a) The equation x2 – 6x + 7 = h(2x – 3) has L2. One of the roots of the equation
roots which are equal. Find the values of h. 2x2 + 6x = 2k – 1 is twice the other. Find
[4] the value of k and the roots of the equation.
(b) Given that α and β are roots of the equation [1999]
x2 – 2x + k = 0 , while 2α and 2β are the roots of
the equation x2 + mx + 9 = 0. Determine the
possible values of k and m. [SPM 1999]
[6]

( x = -1 , x = -2 ; k =  3 )
( h = -1 , -2 ; k = 9 2
4
L2. (SPM 2003 , P1, S3). Solve the quadratic L3. (SPM 2003, P1, S4) The quadratic
equation 2x(x – 4) = (1 – x)(x + 2). Give your equation x (x+1) = px – 4 has two distinct
answer correct to 4 significant sigures. [3] roots.. Find the range of values of p. [3]

( x = 2.591, - 0.2573) ( p , -3 , p > 5)

L4 (SPM 2002) Find the range of k if the Q.E. L5. (≈ SPM 2001) Show that the straight line
x2 + 3 = k (x – 1), k constant, has two distinct y = 2 – x does not meet the curve
roots. [3] 2x2 – y2 + k = 0 if k > 8. [3]

( k < -2 , k > 6)

2 Quadratic Equations 12
 EXERCISE EXERCISE
L6 p q L7. (SPM 2001) Given 2 and m are roots of
(SPM 2002) Given and are roots of the the equation (2x – 1)(x + 3) = k (x – 1), with
2 2
equation kx(x – 1) = m – 4x. If p + q = 4 and k as a constant, find k and m.
pq = - 5, find the values of k and m [5] [4]

( k = -4 , m = -5 ) P.S. quite challenging! ( k = 15 , m = 3 )

L8. (SPM 2000) Find the range of x if the straight L9. (SPM 2000) The quadratic equation
line y = 2x + k does not intersect the curve 2x2 + px + q = 0 has roots -2 and 3. Find the
x2 + y2 – 6 = 0. [5] value of p anf q so that
2x2 + px + q = k has real roots.

(k < -5.477 atau k > 5.477) ( p = -2 , q = -12 ; k  - 12.5 )

L10. (SPM 1995)
(c) Given ½ and -5 are roots of a quadratic (c) Prove that the roots of the equation
Equation.Write down the quadratic (1 – p)x2 + x + p = 0 are real and negative IF
equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0. 0 < p < 1. [5]
[2]
(b) Find the range of values of x for which the
equation x2 + kx + 2k – 3 = 0 has no real roots.
[3]

( 2x2 + 9x – 5 = 0 ; 2 < k < 6 )

Untuk renungan : Gred MT anda adalah berkadar songsang dengan latihan yang anda buat !

2 Quadratic Equations 13
 2
3.3.1 To express Quadratic Functions f(x) = ax + bx + c in the form
a(x+ p)2 + q : Method of COMPLETING THE SQUARE
SIMPLE TYPE (a = 1)
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2 2
1. f(x) = x + 4x + 5 f(x) = x + 4x + 3
2 2
4 4
= x  4x        5
2

2 2
= (x + 2)2 - 4 + 5
= ( x + 2 )2 + 1
(x + 2)2 - 1
2. g(x) = x2 - 6x + 8 g(x) = x2 - 6x - 7

6 6
2 2

= x2  6 x      8
 2   2 
= (x - 3)2 - 9 + 8
= ( x - 3 )2 - 1
(x – 3)2 - 16
3. h(x) = x2 - 4x h(x) = x2 + 2x

 4  4
2 2

= x  4x  
2
  
 2   2 
= (x - 2)2 - 4
= ( x - 2 )2 - 4
(x + 1) - 1
4. y = x2 - 4x + 5 y = x2 + x - 6
2 2
4 4
= x 4x        5
2

2 2
= (x - 2)2 - 4 + 5
= ( x - 2 )2 + 1
(x + ½ )2 - 25/4
5. f(x) = x2 + 5x + 6 f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2
2 2
5 5
= x2  5 x        6
2 2
2
 5  25
= x     6
 2  4
2
 5  1
= x   
 2  4 (x + 3/2)2 - ¼

3 Quadratic Functions 12
 2
3.3.2 To express Q.F. f(x) = ax + bx + c in the form
a(x+ p)2 + q : Method of COMPLETING THE SQUARE
When a > 0 , a ≠ 1.
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2 2
1. f(x) = 2x + 4x + 6 f(x) = 2x + 8x + 4

= 
2 x  2x  3
2
 = 
2 x2 
 2 2
2
2
2

= 2 x  2 x        3
 2 2 


= 2 ( x  1) 2 1  3

= 2 ( x  1)  2
2

= 2 (x+1)2 + 4
2 (x+2)2 - 4
2. g(x) = 2x2 + 6x - 5 g(x) = 2x2 - 6x + 3

 5
2 x 2  3x  
 2
=

 2 3
2
3
2
5
= 2 x  3x        
 2 2 2

 3 9 5
= 2  ( x  )2  
 2 4 2 

 3 19 
= 2  (x  ) 
2

 2 4 
2(x – 3/2)2 - 3/2
=
3. h(x) = 3x2 + 6x - 12 g(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 10

= 
3 x2  
=
=
=

3(x + 1)2 – 15 3(x – 2)2 - 2

3 Quadratic Functions 13
3.4 Quadratic Inequalities
(Students must be able to solve simple linear inequlities first)

3.4.1 To Solve Simple Linear Inequalities (Back to Basic)

No. EXAMPLE EXERCISE 1 EXERCISE 2 EXERCISE 3

1. 2x – 3 > 5 (a) 3x – 2 > 10 (b) 3 + 4x < 21 (c) 10 + 3x < 1
2x > 8
x > 4

2. - 2x > 6 (a) -3x > 6 (b) - 4x < - 20 1

(c) - x > 2
6 2
x <
2
x < -3

3. 3 – 4x > 9 (a) 3x – 2 > 10 (b) 3 + 4x < 21 (c) 10 + 3x < 1

- 4x > 6
6
x < 
4
3
x < 
2

4. 1  2x 2x 3  4x 2  5x
 1 (a)  2 (b)  3  4
3 4 5 3
1 - 2x < 3
- 2x < 2
2
x >
2
x > -1

5. x 3 x 5x  3 x
(a)  > 1 (b)  < 4 (c)  2 (d)  1  2x
4 2 4 3

3 Quadratic Functions 17
3.4.2 To Solve linear inequlities which involve two variables
No EXAMPLE EXERCISE 1 EXERCISE 2
1. Given 2x + 3y = 10. (a) Given 2x - 3y = 12. Find (b) Given 4x - 3y = 15.
Find the range of x if y > 4. the range of x if y > 2. Find the range of x if y < -3.
2x + 3y = 10
3y = 10 - 2x
10  2 x
y =
3
10  2 x
> 4
3
10 - 2x > 12
- 2x > 2
x < -1 x > 9 x < 3/2
2. 3 y 5 y 10  3 y
Given x = . (a) Given x = . (b) Given x = .
3 3 2
Find the range of x if y > 6. Find the range of x if y > 14. Find the range of x if y ≤ -2.

3 y
x =
3
3x = 3 - y
y = 3 - 3x
 3 – 3x > 6
- 3x > 3
x < -1 x < -3 x ≥ 8

3. (a) Find the range of x if (b) Find the range of x if (c) Find the range of x if
2y – 1 = 3x and 4y > 12 + x 6y – 1 = 3x and 3y > 2 + x. 2 – 3y = 4x and y ≤ 4.

x > 2 x > 3 x ≥ - 5/2

4 (a) Find the range of x if (b) Find the range of x if (c) Find the range of x if
3 + 2x > 5 and 7 – 2x > 1 5 + 2x > 3 and 9 – 2x > 1 4 – 3x < 7 and -2x + 10 > 0.

1 <x < 3 -1 < x < 4 -1 < x < 5

3 Quadratic Functions 18
3.4.6 : Aplication (Relationship between “b2 – 4ac” position of graph y = f(x)
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1 (SPM 2000) L1. Show that the function 4x – 2x2 – 5 is
Show that the function 2x – 3 – x2 is always always negative for all values of x.
negative for all values of x.

Ans : Let f(x) = 2x – 3 – x2

= - x2 + 2x - 3
a = -1, b = 2, c = -3
b2 – 4ac = 22 – 4(-1)(-3)
= 4 - 12
< 0
2
Since a < 0 dan b – 4ac < 0,
the graph y = f(x) always lies above
the x-axis
 f(x) is always negative bagi semua x.

Note: The method of completing the squareshall be

done later.

L2 Show that the function 2x2 – 3x + 2 x2 is L3. Show that the curve
always positive for all values of x. y = 9 + 4x2 – 12x touches the x-axis.

C2 Find the range of p if the graph of the L4. Find the range of p if the graph of
quadratic function f(x) = 2x2 + x + 5 + p cuts quarritic function f(x) = x2 + px – 2p cuts the
the x-axis at TWO different points. x-axis at TWO different points.

Jawapan : f(x) = 2x2 + 6x + 5 + p

a = 2, b = 1, c = 5 - p
b2 – 4ac > 0
62 – 4(2)(5 + p) > 0
36 – 40 – 8p > 0
– 8p > 4
p < -½
p < -8 , p > 0
L5 The graph of the function L6. Find the values of k if the grapf of the
f(x) = 2x2 + (3 – k)x + 8 does not touch the x- quadratic function y = x2 + 2kx + k + 6 touches
axis. Determine the range of k. the x-axis.

-5 < k < 11 k = -3 , k = 2

3 Quadratic Functions 23
4. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
IMPORTANT NOTES:
*** Usually asked in PAPER 2, Question 1.
(i) Characteristics of simultaneous equations:
(a) Involves TWO variables, usually in x and y.
(b) Involves TWO equations : one linear and the other non- linear.
(ii) “ Solving simultaneous equations” means finding the values of x and corresponding y which satisfy BOTH the equations.
(iii) Methods of solving ::
(a) Starting from the LINEAR equation, express y in terms of x (or x in terms of y).
(b) Substitute y (or x) into the second equation (which is non-linear) to obtain a quadratic equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.

 b  b 2  4ac
(c) Solve the quadratic equation by factorisation or by using the FORMULA .
2a
(iv) If the quadratic equation CANNOT be factorised, candidates will be asked to “give your answer correct to 4 significant figures”
or “give your answer correct to three decima lplaces”.

Back to BASIC
2
(I) Expansion of (ax+b)
Test yourself :
0. (x + a)2 = x2 + 2 ax + a2 1. (x + 3)2 = 2. (x + 4)2 =

3. (x + 1)2 = 4. (x – 3 )2 = 5. (x – 2)2 =

6. (2x + 1)2 = 7. (x + 5)2 = 8. (3x + 2)2 =

9. (4x - 5)2 = 10. (x – 6)2 = 11. (2x – 3)2 =

12. (2 + x)2 = 13. (3 – 2x)2 = 14. (1 – 3x)2 =

15.  x  2
2
16. 4  x
2
17.  5  3x 
2

        
 2   2   3 

18.  3  2x 
2
19.  1  2x 
2
20.  3x  4 
2

        
 2   3   2 

(II) Expansion of (ax + b)(cx + d)

Test yourself:
0. (x + 2)(x – 3) = x2 – 3x + 2x – 6 1. (x + 4)(x – 1) = 2. (x + 3)(x + 5) =
2
= x –x–6
3. (x + 1)(2x – 3) = 4. (x – 3 )(2x + 1) = 5. (3x – 2)(x + 3) =

6. (2x + 1)(x – 2) = 7. (2x + 5)(x – 2) = 8. (x + 2)(5x – 3) =

9. (2x – 3 )(2x + 3) = 10. (3x – 2)2 = 11. (2x – 3)(2 – x) =

12. (x - 3 )(x + 3) = 13. (2x – 1)(x + 2) = 14. (2x + 3)(2 + x) =

15. (2x – 3 )(2x + 4) = 16. (3x – 2)(x – 5) = 17. (x – 3)(2 – 3x) =

18. (x – 4 )(2x) = 19. 2(3x + 2)(x – 1) = 20. 3x(– 3 – 2x)) =

4 Simultaneous Equations 1
Back to BASIC
(III) To express y in terms of x
(c)

Test yourself:
Eg.. 2x + y = 4 1. 3x + y = 6 2. x+y= 3
y = 4 – 2x y= y=

Eg.. 3x – y = 6 3. 2x – y = 3 4. x–y=6
3x = 6+y
3x – 6 = y
y= 3x - 6

Eg.. x + 2y = 2 5. x + 3y = 9 6. 3x + 4y = 6
2y = 2 – x
y= 2x
2

Eg.. 3x – 2y = 4 7. 2x – 3y = 2 8. x – 4y = 1
3x = 4 + 2y
3x – 4 = 2y
y= 3 x  4
2

9. 3y – x = 5 10. x – 2y = 5 11. 4x + 3y = 6

(III) (b) Express x in terms of y

Eg.. x + 3y = 2 1. 2y + x = 5 2. x+y = 1
x = 2 – 3y x= x =

Eg.. 4y – x = 3 3. y–x = 3 4. x–y=4

4y = 3+x
4y – 3 = x
x = 4y - 3
Eg.. 3x + 2y = 4 5. 4x + 3y = 2 6. 2x + 4y = 3
3x = 4 – 2y
x = 4  2y
3
Eg.. 3y – 2x = 1 7. 2x – 3y = 2 8. 3x – 4y = 6
3y = 1 + 2x
3y – 1 = 2x

x = 3y  1
2
9. 3y – 6x = 2 10. ½x–y= 2 11. – 2x + y = 4

12. 5x + 2y – 3 = 0 , y = ? 13. 3y – 2x – 6 = 0 , x = ? 14. – 3x – 4 y = 2 , y = ??

4 Simultaneous Equations 2
Back to BASIC
(IV) To express in the form of a general Quadratic Equation : ax2+bx + c = 0

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. x (3 – x) = – 18 L1. x (5 – 2x ) = 2
3x – x2 = – 18
0 = x2 – 3x – 18
2
x – 3x – 18 = 0

L2. (x+2) (x – 2) = 21 L3. (x – 1)2 = 9

L4. (3x+2) (3x – 2) = 32 L5. (x – 2)x + (x – 2)2 = 3

L6. (x – 2)2 - (x – 2) = 6 L7. x(x – 1) + (x – 1)2 = 5

L8. x(2x+1) + x - 4 = 0 L9. (4 – y)2 – 2y2 = 2y (4 – y)

L10. 2x(3 – x) + (3 – x)2 = 1 L11. x2 – 2(3 – x) – (3 – x)2 + 2 = 0

L12. 2 2 1
 1  3x   1  3x    2
3   4x  x  6 L13.
2

 2   2  3x 3  3x

L14. 2
x 5 x 5 x
 ( 2 x  1)  3 L15. 3x     x  
2x 1  2   2 

4 Simultaneous Equations 3
Back to BASIC
(V) Solving Quadratic Equations ax2+bx + c = 0 by factorisation
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. x (3 – x) = – 10 L1. x (5 – x ) = 4

3x – x2 = – 10
0 = x2 – 3x – 10
x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
(x + 2)(x – 5) = 0
x = -2, x = 5
Ans: x = 1, 4
L2. x (8 – 2x) = – 10 L3. x + (x – 1)2 = 3

Ans: x = -1, 5 Ans: x = -1, 2

L4. y(2y+1) + y = 4 L5. (4 – y)2 + y2 – (4 – y)y = 31

Ans: y = -2, 1 Ans: y = -1, 5

L6. 2x2 + (2 – x)2 = 8 L7. x2 - 2(8 – x) + (8 – x)2 = 24

Ans: x = - 2/3 , 2 Ans: x = 3, 4

L8. (3 – x)2 + x2 = 29 L9. 5 x 5 x
x   2x  
2  2 

Ans: x = - 2 , 5 Ans: x = -½ , 5

4 Simultaneous Equations 4
To solve Quadratic Equations ax2 + bx + c = 0
I. By factorisation
- Can only be used for quadratic expression which can be facrorised.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0. 2
L1. Solve x – 4x – 5 = 0.
Ans: : x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
(x + 2) (x + 3) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = -2 or x = -3
Ans : – 1 , 5

C2. Solve the quadratic equation 2x (x – 1) = 6. L2. Solve x ( 1 + x) = 6.

Ans : 2x (x – 1) = 6
2x2 – x – 6 = 0
(2x + 3) (x – 2) = 0
2x + 3 = 0 atau x – 2 = 0
3
x=  atau x = 2
2
Ans : – 3 , 2

L3. Solve (x – 3)2 = 1. L4. Solve 1 + 2x2 = 5x + 4.

Ans : 2, 4 Ans : 1, 3/2

L3. Solve (2x – 1)2 = 2x – 1 . L4. Solve 5x2 – 45 = 0.

Ans : ½ , 1 Ans : – 3 , 3
L5. Solve (x – 3)(x + 3) = 16. L6. Solve 3 + x – 4x2 = 0.

Ans : – 5 , 5 Ans : – ¾ , 1
L7. Solve x( x + 2) = 24. L8. Solve 2(x2 – 9) = 5x.

Ans : – 6 , 4 Ans : – 2 , 9/2

4 Simultaneous Equations 5
To Solve Quadratic Equations ax2 + bx + c = 0

III. By using formula b  b 2  4 ac

x 
2a
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
2
C1. Solve 2x – 8x + 7 = 0 using formula, give tour L1. By using the formula, solve 2x2 - 12x
answer correct to 4 significant figures. + 5 = 0 correct to 4 s.f.
a = 2, b = -8 , c = 7
 (8)  (8) 2  4(2)(7)
x
2(2)
8  8

4

= 2.707 or 1.293 (Ans : 5.550, 0.4505)

C2. Solve 2x(2 – 3x) = -5 using the formula, give L2. By using the formula, solve
your answer correct to 2 decimal places 3 – x2 = - 3(4x – 3) correct to 2
2x(2 – 3x) = -5 decimalplaces
4x – 6x2 = -5
6x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
a= ,b= , c=

x =

(Ans : 1.31 , -0.64)

(Ans: 0.52 , 11.48 )
L3. Solve x(2x –1) = 2 by using formula give your L4. Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x – 4)
answer correct to 2 decimal places. = (1-x) (x+2). Write your answer correct to
four significany figures.
(SPM 2003)

(Ans : 1.28, -0.78)

(Ans : 2.591 , - 0.2573 )
2
L5. Solve x – 4x = 2 using formula, give your L6. Solve the quadratic equation
answer correct to 4 s.f. x(x – 4) = (3 – x )(x + 3). Write your
answer correst to two decimal places.

(Ans : 4.449 , -0.4495) (Ans : 3.35 , -1.35 )

4 Simultaneous Equations 6
Solving Simultaneous Equations (SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS)
C1. Solve x + y = 3, xy = – 10 . 1. Solve x + y = 5, xy = 4 .

x+y = 3 ........ (1)

xy = – 10 ........ (2)

Fromi (1), y = 3 – x ......... (3)

Substitute (3) into (2),
x (3 – x) = – 10
3x – x2 = – 10
x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
(x + 2) (x – 5) = 0
x = – 2 atau x = 5
From (3), when x = – 2 , y = 3 – (-2) = 5
x = 5, y = – 2

Answers: x = – 2, y = 5 ; x = 5 , y = – 2 .

(Ans : x = 1, y = 4 ; x = 4, y = 1)
L2. Solve x + y = – 2 , xy = – 8 . L3. Solve 2x + y = 6, xy = – 20 .

(Ans : x = – 4 , y = 2 ; x = 2, y = – 4 ) (Ans : x = – 2 , y = 10 ; x = 5, y = – 4 )
L4. Solve the simultaneous equations (SPM 2000) L5. Solve the simultaneous equations : (SPM 2002)

3x – 5 = 2y x+y–3 = 0
y(x + y) = x(x + y) – 5 x2 + y2 – xy = 21

(Ans : x = 3 , y = 2 ) (Ans : x = – 1, y = 4 ; x = 4, y = – 1 )
4 Simultaneous Equations 7
6. Solve the simultaneous equations : (SPM 2003) 7. Solve the simultaneous equations p – m = 2 and
4x + y = – 8 p2 + 2m = 8. Give your answers correct to three
x2 + x – y = 2 decimal places . (SPM 2004)

(Ans : m = 0.606, p = 2.606 ; m = – 6.606 , p = – 4.606 )

(Ans : x = – 2 , y = 0 ; x = – 3 , y = 4 )
8. Solve the simultaneous equations (SPM 2005) 9. Solve the simultaneous equations 2x + y = 1 and
1 2x2 + y2 + xy = 5. Give your answers correct to three
x y  1 and y2 – 10 = 2x decimal places . (SPM 2006)
2

(Ans : x = – 4 , y = 3 ; x = – ½ , y = 3 ) (Ans : x = 1.618, y = – 2.236 , x = 0.618, y = – 0.236)

4 Simultaneous Equations 8