Ecological Indicators 88 (2018) 305–321

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Ecological Indicators
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolind

Original Articles

Comprehensive evaluation of global clean energy development index based T

on the improved entropy method
⁎
Y.X. He , Z. Jiao, J. Yang
School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Zhu Xin Zhuang, Bei Nong Lu No.2, Changping District, Beijing, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In order to achieve global energy supply security, environment-friendly, coordinated configuration and efficient
Clean energy use, the development of clean energy is imperative. In this paper, a clean energy development index evaluation
Development index index system with four grades is established from the two aspects of clean energy installed capacity and clean
Improved entropy method energy generation. Based on the improved entropy method of the sub-section and sub-dimension comprehensive
Comprehensive evaluation
evaluation model and the clean energy installed capacity and clean energy power generation of the year of 2013
Spearman correlation
and 2014, the absolute, the relative and the incremental development index of various categories of clean energy
in different countries is obtained, and then the overall clean energy absolute, the relative and the incremental
development index of every country is calculated. Ultimately, the clean energy composite development index is
obtained. According to the descriptive statistics analysis method and combined with the characteristics of clean
energy development in studied countries, 231 countries are divided into four categories: A++, A+, A, A−. By
changing the weight determination method, the efficiency coefficient entropy method is used to verify the level
of clean energy development, and the Spearman correlation of the exponential results calculated by different
methods is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that the top 10 countries in the clean energy development index in
2014 are the United States, China, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, Canada and New
Zealand. In fully developed countries, the absolute, the relative and the comprehensive development index of
clean energy are relatively high. In emerging countries, the incremental development indexes of clean energy are
relatively high, and the emerging countries of the clean energy market have great potential for development.

1. Introduction
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, climate change,
energy shortage and air pollution have become three major problems
faced by human beings, and the implementation of energy conservation
and emission reduction strategies is imperative. Clean energy, or green
energy, refers to energy that does not emit pollutants, including nuclear
energy and renewable energy. Renewable energy refers to renewable
energy sources, such as hydropower, wind power, solar energy, bioe-
nergy and tidal energy. In 2016, at 8% of the installed growth rate, the
global clean energy installed capacity increased by 138 GW. The in-
vestment in renewable energy generation is about twice that of fossil
energy. And the proportion of renewable energy power, excluding large
hydropower stations, rose from 10.3% to 11.3%, resulting in a reduc-
tion of 1700 Mt of carbon dioxide emissions.
Cheap and clean energy was identified as one of the United Nations
goals for sustainable development in September 2015 (United Nations
General Assembly, 2015). The current research on clean energy
development is mainly focused on three aspects: the clean energy policy
and influencing factors study, clean energy technology research and the
importance of clean energy in low carbon energy system. First, policy
factors are an important factor in promoting the development of clean
energy market. Clean energy policy research mainly includes clean
energy subsidy policy and clean development mechanism incentive
policy (Ming et al., 2008). Second, as an important factor in the de-
velopment of clean energy, economic factors also have an important
impact on the development of clean energy, such as the impact of
foreign direct investment inflows and stock market development on the
use of clean energy (Sudharshan et al., 2016), and the impact of clean
energy investment on clean energy development efficiency and clean
technology development (Nevenka et al., 2016) and so on. Clean energy
technologies that cost more than fossil fuel technologies require support
through Research and Development (R&D). In setting research policy,
governments should consider the greater benefits of cost reductions
brought about by transformational rather than incremental change
(Soheil et al., 2017). In the study of the importance of clean energy in

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: heyongxiu@ncepu.edu.cn (Y.X. He).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.013
Received 14 May 2017; Received in revised form 8 September 2017; Accepted 3 December 2017
1470-160X/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y.X. He et al.
low-carbon energy systems, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition
(EEMD), a competitive multi-scale analysis tool, is used to capture the
meaningful aspects of the clean energy market Characteristics, and
based on fuzzy entropy method to analyse the overall and internal
characteristics of energy systems, and then study the complexity of the
clean energy market (Ling et al., 2017). And through the study of other
energy price fluctuations, to a certain extent, predict the development
of clean energy changes (Anupam, 2017). As well as the establishment
of low-carbon economic development model can be a strong impetus to
the development of clean energy (Lan, 2014).
The evaluation of the energy system development has long been
related research by domestic and foreign experts, and the typical
models include the LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning
system) model, the MARKAL (Market Allocation) energy model, and the
3E (Energy, Economy and Environment) model. The LEAP (Long-range
Energy Alternatives Planning system) model is a bottom-up energy-
environment model tool based on scenario analysis developed jointly by
the Stockholm Environment Association and the University of Boston. It
can be used to do the energy needs and its corresponding environ-
mental impact analysis and cost-benefit analysis. In the environmental
impact analysis, the greenhouse gas emissions of non-energy sector can
also be joined to do comprehensive environmental impact analysis
(Zheng et al., 2016a). MARKAL (Market Allocation) energy model is an
energy system analysis tool based on linear programming. At present,
the model is widely used in OECD countries and several other devel-
oped countries. It can be used to analyse the impact of technological
progress on energy demand and energy conversion, interchange me-
chanisms among energy sources, energy investment and system costs,
and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on energy systems and the
economy (Stanislav and van den Bergh, 2016; Aleksandar et al., 2016).
3E (Energy, Economy and Environment) model is a combination of
energy, economy and environment to meet the sustainable develop-
ment needs of the national economy. It is mainly used to support the
country's decision-making on sustainable development strategies. It is
often used for energy forecasting, assessment and the determination of
energy development strategy (Mo et al., 2014; Vijendra Babu and
Alamelu, 2010; Zhe and Wei, 2014).
Currently, a variety of energy categories of evaluation indicators
have been studied in the world, such as the Climatescope index (UKaid
from the British people et al., 2016), also known as the National Clean
Energy Competitiveness Index, which is targeted at 58 emerging mar-
kets in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, and evaluated
by four classification indexes, including the Energy Market Framework
Index (0.4), Clean Energy Economy and Investment indicators (0.3),
low-carbon enterprises and clean energy value chain index (0.15), and
the greenhouse gas index (0.15). The Climatescope index assesses the
ability of emerging countries to attract clean energy investments and
provide investment basis for investors. The index is designed to quan-
tify the ability of the target to attract clean energy investments and
provide investors with a basis for investment. EAPI (Global Energy
Architecture Performance Index, 2017) is a comprehensive index de-
veloped by the World Economic Forum in cooperation with Accenture
to directly reflect the level of development of the country’s energy
system (The World Economic Forum, 2017). Its research objects include
127 countries; the core is the index system of the 18 indicators that are
defined in the “energy triangle” on three sides, namely economic
growth and development, environmental sustainability, and energy
access and security. The Energy Development Index (EDI) reflects the
extent to which a country or region is changing to modern energy and
its maturity in terms of energy end use, including per capita commercial
energy consumption, the proportion of commercial energy in the total
terminal energy consumption and the proportion of people with an
electricity supply (International Energy Agency, 2016). The Wind En-
ergy Development Index (WEDI) provides a reference for the develop-
ment of wind energy resources such as offshore wind power generation
and seawater desalination. It can reduce the energy and environmental
306
Ecological Indicators 88 (2018) 305–321
crisis and promote the sustainable development of human society by
accelerating the industrialization and utilization of wind energy (Zheng
et al., 2016b).
From the point of view of methodology, as one of the objective
evaluation methods, the entropy method is a comprehensive evaluation
method which excludes the influence of subjective factors and de-
termines the corresponding weight based on the data provided by the
indicators. The comprehensive evaluation model of entropy method
includes the following: (1) Entropy Method-Fuzzy Comprehensive
Evaluation Model. It is a comprehensive evaluation method combining
subjective and objective (Ya and Cai, 2014). According to the mem-
bership degree theory of fuzzy mathematics, fuzzy comprehensive
evaluation method converts the comprehensive evaluation of qualita-
tive indicators into quantitative evaluation (Bai and Wang, 2012). (2)
Entropy Method-Factor Analysis Method Comprehensive Evaluation
Model. It is a comprehensive evaluation method which combines the
method of dimensionality reduction in principal component analysis
and the empowerment strategy of the entropy method. It can solve the
problem of subjective bias and the subjective deviation (Wang et al.,
2015). (3) Entropy Method –Gray Method Comprehensive Evaluation
Model. The gray relational analysis method is used to find the degree of
correlation between the evaluation value and the standard value. Based
on the mathematical relation between the standard values of the eva-
luation index, the weight of the evaluation index is calculated by the
entropy method. Eventually, the rank of the object being studied is
determined (Ren et al., 2013).
In summary, the innovation of clean energy development research is
generally focused on the study of influencing factors, and the experts
are less from comprehensive evaluation of clean energy development
level point of view to explore the development of clean energy issues.
One of the innovations of this paper is to build a comprehensive eva-
luation model of clean energy development index from two aspects of
clean energy capacity and power generation, and to evaluate the dif-
ferent development situation of clean energy in different countries and
regions, and to guide the formulation of economy's clean energy de-
velopment strategy and the development of overseas investment
strategy.
At present, the relevant international literatures mainly focus on the
energy development index study. However, there is relatively little
research on the development index analysis for the clean energy sector.
For the comprehensive evaluation model, at present, the determination
of the comprehensive evaluation weight of energy development index
at home and abroad is mainly subjective, and objective weight de-
termination method has not been introduced. Based on the background
of global clean energy investment growth, this paper constructs the
comprehensive evaluation model of clean energy development index,
and deeply studies the absolute, relative and incremental development
index of different types of clean energy in different countries by ap-
plying objective analysis method such as entropy method and finally
calculates the comprehensive development index. The research method
and research angle of this paper are innovated in the related field at
home and abroad, which makes up the gap in this field.
“Clean energy” is the fundamental global energy interconnection
and the core of future energy transformation. In the context of China's "
One Belt One Road” program, the overseas business of China's electric
power enterprises has been increasing, and the export of clean energy
equipment has become an important part of overseas business. At the
same time, clean energy export business is also facing a complex market
environment and fierce market competition, and the determination of
the target market has become one of the important plans for the en-
terprises to implement the Go-out Policy. The research results of this
paper meet the demand of clean energy overseas investment planning
of electric power enterprises. At the same time, the research results of
this paper can let each country have a clearer understanding of the
development situation and stage of its own clean energy, and plays an
important role in promoting the policy formulation of clean energy in
Y.X. He et al.
some countries.
The second part of the article constructs the sub-section and sub-
dimension clean energy development level index system from the two
aspects of clean energy installed capacity and power generation based
on the development goals and development characteristics of clean
energy. And this part introduces the objective weight determination
method of the improved entropy method to determine the weight of
each index, and then constructs the comprehensive evaluation model.
The third part of the article takes 231 countries in the world as the
research object, combines with the comprehensive evaluation model to
calculate the absolute, relative, incremental comprehensive develop-
ment index. In this paper, the statistical analysis of the calculation re-
sults and the analysis of the development efficiency are carried out, and
the results of the above-mentioned exponential calculation are verified
by the entropy method. The correctness of the clean energy develop-
ment index based on the improved entropy method is verified by ana-
lysing the Spearman correlation between the comprehensive evaluation
results obtained by using two different weight calculation methods.
Part 4 presents the corresponding conclusions and recommendations.
2. Comprehensive evaluation model of global clean energy
development index research
In order to reflect the development of clean energy around the
world visually, analyse the problems and obstacles in the development,
and properly direct the planning and development of global clean en-
ergy, it is critical to quantitatively assess the level of clean energy de-
velopment for countries around the world as well as different regions.
In this paper, a sub-section and sub-dimension comprehensive evalua-
tion model based on the improved entropy method is adopted, as spe-
cifically shown in Fig. 1. The paper performs a specific study on the
clean energy development index from the three aspects of index system
construction, weight calculation and comprehensive evaluation.
2.1. The construction of the global clean energy development index
comprehensive evaluation index system
Based on scientific principles, representative principles, operability
principles, adaptive principles and sustainable principles, a clean en-
ergy development level evaluation index system is established, as
shown in Fig. 2.
The first grade indexes are the Clean Energy Development Index,
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Ecological Indicators 88 (2018) 305–321
which comprehensively represent the overall level of clean energy de-
velopment, the overall operational situation and the overall effective-
ness of the strategic implementation of clean energy development in
countries or regions.
The second grade indexes analyse and evaluate the absolute scale,
the relative level and the growth trend of the clean energy development
of the country or region from the three different dimensions of the
absolute quantity, the relative quantity and the increment. The second
grade indexes themselves can be used as a separate development index
for an area of a certain level of clean energy development.
The third grade indexes assess the absolute, relative and incre-
mental development level of the five different forms of energy, in-
cluding hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, photovoltaics and
other energy.
The fourth grade indexes include two types of indicators of clean
energy installed capacity, clean energy power generation. Fourth grade
indexes can be measured, compared, and acquired.
2.2. The construction global clean energy development index comprehensive
evaluation model construction
2.2.1. Weight calculation of global clean energy development index
comprehensive evaluation
In this paper, the improved entropy method is used to determine the
weight of the clean energy development level index system. In in-
formation theory, “entropy” is a measure of the degree of disorder in a
system, which can be used to measure the amount of information and
the weight of the known data, and is widely used in comprehensive
evaluation. According to the characteristics of entropy, we can calculate
the entropy to determine the randomness of an event and degree of
disorder, and also use the entropy to determine the degree of dispersion
of an indicator. The entropy method is an objective weight determi-
nation method.
When the entropy method is used to calculate the index weight, the
data should be standardized. Data standardization mainly includes two
aspects: data consistency processing and dimensionless processing. In
this paper, clean energy power generation, installed capacity indicators
are maximum indicators. So it is not necessary to carry out data con-
sistency processing. We select the standardized translation method to
perform data dimensionless processing.
(1) Xij represents the value of the jth indicator of the ith object (i = 1,
Fig. 1. Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Clean
Energy Development Index.
Y.X. He et al. Ecological Indicators 88 (2018) 305–321

Fig. 2. Clean Energy Development Index Evaluation Index System.

n
2…, n; j = 1,2,…, m).
ej = -k ∑ pij × ln pij
(2) Data processing with the standard translation method (4)
i=1
1
In order to ensure the integrity of the data and reduce the influence where the constant k generally takes k= ln n
, which guarantees
of the extreme data on the evaluation results, it is necessary to use the 0 < ej < 1.
standardized method to deal with the index data, which is a completely (3) Calculate information entropy redundancy
objective weighting method and helpful in reducing the influence of 1 − ej
extreme values on the comprehensive evaluation. The formula is as dj =
∑ ej (5)
follows:
where dj represents the difference coefficient, indicating the degree of
−
x ′ ij = (x ij − x j )/ sj (1) inconsistency of the contribution of each project about the jth index.
(4) Calculate the weights of each indicator
−
where x j represents the average value of the item j, and sj represents the dj
standard deviation of the value of item j. In order to eliminate the ne- wj = m
gative value of x'ij, we can add an appropriate positive number a to Σ dj
j=1 (6)
translate the coordinates.
where wj represents the normalized weight coefficient.
z ij = a + x ′ ij (2)
2.2.2. Global clean energy development index comprehensive evaluation
where a represents an appropriate positive number, and x'ij represents model
the normalized data. In the sub-section and sub-dimension clean energy development
For convenience, in the next section we substitute dj with zij. comprehensive evaluation model, the sub-section clean energy devel-
After normalizing the data, we use the standardized translation opment comprehensive evaluation model refers to the evaluation of
method to calculate the weight of the index, the specific steps are as various types of clean energy, we can obtain the absolute development
follows: index, relative development index and incremental development index
(1) Calculate the proportion of the ith country in the index j. of five forms of clean energy. Then, according to the respective devel-
opment index weight of five forms of clean energy, we can get the
dj
pij = m
overall absolute, relative, and incremental clean energy development
∑ dj index. The sub-dimension clean energy development comprehensive
j= 1 (3) evaluation model refers to the comprehensive evaluation of single and
multidimensional combination by the absolute index model, the re-
where pij represents the contribution of the ith scheme under the jth lative index model and the incremental index model. In this paper, the
attribute. comprehensive evaluation method is a linear weighted synthesis
(2) Calculate the entropy of the jth indicator method. The calculation principle is as in formula (7).

308
Y.X. He et al.
m
sj = ∑ wj × pij
j= 1 (7)
where wj represents the index weight, pij represents the standardized
index data, and sj represents the comprehensive evaluation result.
(1)Sub-section Clean Energy Development Comprehensive
Evaluation Model
1) Sub-section Clean Energy Absolute Development Index
Comprehensive Evaluation Model
The sub-section clean energy development absolute index is calcu-
lated based on the comprehensive evaluation of clean energy installed
capacity and power generation with a certain weight.
DIX = IC X ×W1X1 + PGX × W1X2
(9)
where DIX represents the development absolute index of some kind of
clean energy, ICX represents the absolute installed capacity of some
kind of clean energy, PGX represents the absolute power generation of
some kind of clean energy, X refers to five kinds of clean energy, W1X1
represents the weight of the absolute installed capacity of some kind of
clean energy and W1X2 represents the weight of the absolute power
generation of some kind of clean energy.
2) Sub-section Clean Energy Relative Development Index
Comprehensive Evaluation Model
The sub-section clean energy relative development index is based on
the comprehensive evaluation of clean energy relative installed capa-
city and clean energy relative generation with a certain weight.
DIRX = ICR X ×W2X1 + PGRX × W2X2
(10)
where DIRX represents the relative development index of some kind of
clean energy, ICRX represents the relative installed capacity of some
kind of clean energy, which equals the installed capacity of a kind of
clean energy divided by the total energy installed capacity, PGRX re-
presents the relative power generation of some kind of clean energy,
W2X1 represents the weight of the relative installed capacity of some
kind of clean energy, and W2X2 represents the weight of the relative
power generation of some kind of clean energy.
3) Sub-section Clean Energy Incremental Development Index
Comprehensive Evaluation Model
The sub-section clean energy development incremental index is
based on the comprehensive evaluation of incremental clean energy
installed capacity and incremental clean energy generation increment
with a certain weight.
ΔDIX = ΔIC X ×W3X1 + ΔPGX × W3X2 (11)
where ΔDIX represents the incremental development index of some kind
of clean energy, ΔICX represents the incremental installed capacity of
some kind of clean energy, which equals the increase of a kind of clean
energy installed capacity in the current period divided by the total
amount of clean energy installed capacity, ΔPGX represents the incre-
mental power generation of some kind of clean energy, W3X1 represents
the weight of incremental installed capacity increment of some kind of
clean energy, and W3X2 represents the weight of the incremental power
generation of some kind of clean energy.
According to the above calculation, the absolute, relative, incre-
mental development index of hydropower, nuclear power, wind power,
photovoltaic and other clean energy can be obtained.
(2) Sub-dimension Clean Energy Development Comprehensive
Evaluation Model
1) Sub-dimension Clean Energy Absolute Development Index
Comprehensive Evaluation Model
The sub-dimension clean energy absolute development index com-
prehensive evaluation model reflects the absolute development level of
clean energy in different countries or regions. It can be used to compare
the absolute development level of clean energy at the same level be-
tween various countries and regions. The sub-dimension clean energy
development absolute index comprehensive evaluation model is shown
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Ecological Indicators 88 (2018) 305–321
in equation (12).
DICleanEnergy = DIH ydro × W1h + DINuclear × W1n + DIWind × W1w
+ DISolar × W1s + DIOther × W1o
(12)
where DICleanEnergy represents the absolute development index of clean
energy, DIHydro represents the absolute development index of hydro-
power, DINuclear represents the absolute development index of nuclear
power, DIWind represents the absolute development index of wind
power, DISolar represents the absolute development index of PV, DIOther
represents the absolute development index of other clean energy, W1h
represents the weight of the absolute development index of hydro-
power, W1n represents the weight of the absolute development index of
nuclear energy, W1w represents the weight of the absolute development
index of wind power, W1s represents the weight of the absolute devel-
opment index of PV, and W1o represents the weight of the absolute
development index of other clean energy.
2) Sub-dimension Clean Energy Relative Development Index
Comprehensive Evaluation Model
The relative development index model is the comparison of the level
of clean energy development regardless of overall scale of energy de-
velopment, and can also be used for horizontal and vertical compar-
isons. The relative development index model of clean energy is shown
in equation (13).
DIRCleanEnergy = DIRH ydro × W2h + DIRNuclear × W2n + DIRWind × W2w
+ DIRSolar × W2s + DIROther × W2o
(13)
where DIRCleanEnergy represents the relative development index of clean
energy, DIRHydro represents the relative development index of hydro-
power, DIRNuclear represents the relative development index of nuclear
energy, DIRWind represents the relative development index of wind
power, DIRSolar represents the relative development index of PV, and
DIROther represents the relative development index of other clean en-
ergy, W2h represents the weight of the relative development index of
hydropower, W2n represents the weight of the relative development
index of nuclear energy, W2w represents the weight of the relative de-
velopment index of wind power, W2s represents the weight of the re-
lative development index of PV, and W2o represents the weight of the
relative development index of other clean energy.
3) Sub-dimension Clean Energy Incremental Development Index
Comprehensive Evaluation Model
The incremental development index model can reflect the incre-
mental changes of clean energy. The incremental development model of
clean energy is shown in equation (14).
ΔDICleanEnergy = ΔDIH ydro × W3h + ΔDINuclear × W3n + ΔDIWind × W3w
+ ΔDISolar × W3s + ΔDIOther × W3o
(14)
where ΔDICleanEnergy represents the incremental development index of
clean energy, ΔDIHydro represents the incremental development index of
hydropower, ΔDINuclear represents the incremental development index
of nuclear energy, ΔDIWind represents the incremental development
index of wind, ΔDISolar represents the incremental development index of
PV, ΔDIOther represents the incremental development index of other
clean energy, W3h represents the weight of the incremental develop-
ment index of hydropower, W3n represents the weight of the incre-
mental development index of nuclear power, W3w represents the weight
of the incremental development index of the wind power, W3s re-
presents the weight of the incremental development index of PV, and
W3o represents the weight of the incremental development index of
other clean energy.
According to the Global Clean Energy Development Index
Comprehensive Evaluation Model, the specific index results of clean
Y.X. He et al. Ecological Indicators 88 (2018) 305–321

energy development are obtained. And the results of absolute, relative,
incremental and comprehensive indices based on the improved entropy
method are less than 1. To reflect the differences of clean energy de-
velopment in different countries or regions more intuitively, we use the
maximum and minimum values of the various indices (called “interval
benchmarks”) to process the various index values, and the level of
development of each aspect of the indicators can be expressed as a
value between 0 and 100 by multiplying the values by 100, and it can
be more intuitive to reflect the development level of clean energy. The
formula is as follows:
A − min
I=
max-min
where I represents the index value after processing, A represents the
exponential value calculated by the entropy method, max represents the
maximum value of index and min represents the minimum value of
index.
3. Empirical analysis
3.1. Basic data
In this paper, according to the three main principles of whether it
has the basic conditions for the construction and development of clean
energy, whether it has a clean energy construction and development
intention and planning, and whether it has a good level of economic
development and development of the electricity market, we select 231
countries around the world, and divide them into six main regions by
geographical location: Europe, South America, Asia, North America,
Africa and Oceania. We make the clean energy development level
comprehensive evaluation from the national level with the sub-section
and sub-dimension comprehensive evaluation model. The selected
countries are shown in Table 1. Two indicators are selected, which are
clean energy installed capacity and power generation, as the main
evaluation index, and the data is come from the United Nations data-
base.
3.2. Comprehensive evaluation results and analysis
3.2.1. Clean energy development index spatial distribution
For 231 countries which possess the significance of comprehensive
evaluation of clean energy development, based on the data of installed
capacity and power generation of clean energy of 2013 and 2014
(UNdata), the clean energy development index was calculated by using
the improved entropy method. The specific results are shown in
Appendix A. By dividing the index value according to the numerical
size, we obtained the spatial distribution of the comprehensive devel-
opment index of clean energy. The deeper the colour the higher the
clean energy development index, the lighter the colour the lower the
clean energy development index, as shown in Fig. 3. From the
distribution of the colour depth of the map, at the intercontinental
level, the dark green countries are mainly concentrated in Europe.
What's more, the clean energy development index of some countries in
Asia, parts of North America and South America is relatively high, the
level of development of clean energy is low for the whole of Africa and
Oceania.
3.2.2. Numerical analysis of clean energy development index
To enable further understanding of the absolute, relative, incre-
mental and comprehensive development situation of clean energy in
countries around the world, Table 2 ranks the various indices based on
the results of the Clean Energy Development Index in Appendix A to
(15)
show the developing status and developing focus of clean energy in
different countries more clearly.
America’s clean energy development index ranks first, so as the
development of the absolute index, but the relative development index
and the incremental development index does not squeeze into the top
ten. China’s comprehensive development index and the absolute index
of clean energy ranks second. At the same time, the incremental index
ranks third at a relatively high level, but the relative development index
of clean energy does not squeeze into the top ten at this stage. There is
no doubt that the high incremental development index of clean energy
will be a strong driving force for the development of clean energy in
China. The comprehensive development index, the absolute develop-
ment index and the relative development index of Germany, France and
other European countries are located at the forefront, but the incre-
mental development index is relative low. The above analysis indicates
that some European countries with high clean energy development le-
vels develop slowly recently. The reason is that these countries now
focus on the rational consumption and scientific development of clean
energy.
Most of the countries with high clean energy development compo-
site index, absolute index and the relative index are the fully developed
countries. However, the clean energy incremental development index of
the top four countries are developing countries, respectively are Chile,
Peru, China and Kenya. It can be seen that the potential for clean energy
development in emerging countries is enormous. Despite the absolute
and relative development level of clean energy being in the lower
rankings at this stage, emerging markets have gradually become clean
energy development center, and will become the main leaders in clean
energy development.
3.2.3. Clean energy development index classification
Based on the comprehensive evaluation results of the Clean Energy
Development Index in Appendix A, we carry out descriptive statistical
analysis of the Clean Energy Development Index, calculate the dis-
tribution frequency and percentage of the index, and analyse the ex-
ponential distribution. As can be seen in Table 3, most of the countries’
clean energy development indexes range from 10 to 30, accounting for
92.2% of the total. Only two countries’ clean energy development

Table 1
The Studied Countries and Regions.

Area Country

Europe (46 countries)
South America (40 countries)
Asia (51 countries)
North America (14 countries)
Africa (58 countries)
Oceania (22 countries)
France, Germany, Russia, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Belgium, Portugal, Czech
Republic, Greece, Bulgaria, Finland, Poland, Denmark, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Albania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Estonia, etc.
Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia, Paraguay, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Uruguay, Bolivia, Suriname, French Guiana, etc.
China, Japan, India, South Korea, Turkey, Vietnam, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Korea, Malaysia,
Tajikistan, Laos, Myanmar, Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Syria, Cambodia, Nepal, Israel, Afghanistan, Lebanon,
Bangladesh, etc.
The United States, Canada, Mexico, etc.
Egypt, South Africa, Congo, Morocco, Morocco, Zambia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Ghana, Kenya, Angola, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Uganda, Tanzania, Mali,
Côte d'Ivoire, Namibia, Reunion (France), Tunisia, Algeria, Malawi, Congo (Brussels), Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Rwanda, etc.
New Zealand, Australia, etc.

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Fig. 3. Spatial Distribution of Clean Energy Development Composite Index According to the data from the Year of 2013 and 2014.

Table 2
Clean Energy Decentralization Development Index Ranking and Distribution According to the data from the Year of 2013 and 2014.

Rank Clean Energy Area Clean Energy Area Clean Energy Area Clean Energy Area
Development Composite Development Absolute Development Relative Development Incremental
Index Index Index Index

1 United States North United States North Liechtenstein Europe Chile South
America Ameria America
2 China Asia China Asia France Europe Peru South
America
3 Germany Europe Germany Europe Iceland Europe China Asia
4 France Europe France Europe Kenya Africa Kenya Africa
5 Italy Europe Japan Asia Belgium Europe Hungary Europe
6 Kenya Africa Italy Europe Denmark Europe Philippines Asia
7 Spain Europe Canada North Germany Europe Poland Europe
America
8 Philippines Asia Spain Europe Spain Europe Netherlands Europe
9 Canada North India Asia Sweden Cambodia Asia
America
10 new Zealad Oceana Philippines Asia Nicaragua North Syria Asia
America

Table 3
Clean Energy Development Index Classification According to Data from the Year of 2013 and 2014.

Clean energy Development Frequency percentage Clean energy development level Country
Index classification

100−90 2 0.87% A++ (18 countries) United States, China, Germany, France, Italy, Kenya, Spain, the Philippines, Canada,
90−80 0 0.00% New Zealand, India, Chile, Iceland, Peru, South Korea, Hungary, Brazil, Russia, etc.
80−70 0 0.00%
70−60 0 0.00%
60−50 2 0.87%
50−40 3 1.30%
40−30 11 4.76%
30−20 70 30.30% A+ (70 countries) Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, etc.
20−16.02 84 36.36% A (84 countries) Pakistan, Thailand, Egypt a, etc.
16.02−0 59 25.54% A− (59 countries) Israel, Cuba, the United States Virgin Islands, etc.

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indexes are between 90 and 100 points out of the 213 countries. have the same level of clean energy development with relatively low
Compared to other countries, their clean energy development level has economic strength compared with the developed countries. This con-
an absolute advantage. clusion shows that in the global context, the clean energy of emerging
The 231 objects to be evaluated are divided into four categories countries is growing faster, and has great potential for development.
according to different distribution characteristics of the clean energy
development index and respective conditions of each country, respec- 3.3. Verification analysis
tively are A++, A+, A, A−. “A++ countries” generally have good
economic condition, and a relatively complete clean energy power In order to further verify the rationality and accuracy of the clean
generation infrastructure to achieve a high level of clean energy de- energy development index calculated above, and to have a better un-
velopment. “A+ countries” generally have a good level of economic derstanding of the development level and characteristics of clean en-
development, the level of development of clean energy is constantly ergy in different countries and regions, in this section we analyse the
improving, and the corresponding construction of supporting infra- sample data by changing the calculation method of standardization,
structure and clean energy development system are under further de- that is, the extreme value entropy method (Zhu and Wei, 2015). The
velopment and improvement. “A countries” have a better clean energy difference between the extreme value entropy method and the nor-
development plan and infrastructure and institutional basis than those malized translation entropy method is mainly due to the difference in
who lack clean energy development, and are in the learning period of the dimensionless method. The general expression is:
clean energy development. “A− countries” are those who have flaws in (1) Extreme Value Processing
the clean energy development system, such as low-income countries If the evaluation index xj is positive, then the non-dimensional
with scarce clean energy infrastructure, and high-income countries with method is as formula (16).
poorly coordinated clean energy systems.
x ij − m j
x* = (i = 1,2,..., n; j = 1,2,..., m)
3.2.4. Analysis of clean energy development efficiency Mj − m j (16)
When analysing the EPI (Environmental Performance Index), agri- If the evaluation index xj is the inverse index, then the non-dimensional
cultural productivity is calculated by analysing the relationship be- method is as formula (17).
tween the environmental performance index and the profitability
(Barnhart et al., 2016). Similarly, the paper selects 18 typical countries, Mj − x ij
x* = (i = 1,2,..., n; j = 1,2,..., m)
as shown in Table 4, and analyses the corresponding relationship of the Mj − m j (17)
clean energy development index and the per capita GDP to evaluate the
efficiency of clean energy development in different countries. And the Where the Mj = max {xij}, mj = min {xij}.
specific data is shown in Table 4. As can be seen from Fig. 4, China’s (2) Extreme value entropy method
clean energy development efficiency is much higher than other coun- As the indicators of the index system are positive indicators, we
tries. Among the 18 participating countries, China’s per capita GDP is make dimensionless processing on the index data based on the formula
only higher than that of India, South Africa, Thailand, Laos, Ethiopia (18). The specific dimensionless processing is as follows:
and other developing countries, and is far lower than other developed x ij − m j
economies, while China’s Clean Energy Development Index is much Pij =
∑ (Mj − m j) (18)
higher than other countries with the same GDP level. So China’s clean
energy development efficiency is at a relatively high level. The clean Based on the above basic formula and combining the sub-section
energy development index and per capita GDP of the United States and and sub-dimension comprehensive evaluation model, the results of the
other developed countries are high, while some emerging economies clean energy development index of 231 countries of the year of 2014
based on the extreme value entropy method are obtained, as shown in
Table 4 Appendix B. We do Comparative analysis about the top ten countries of
Clean Energy Development Composite Index and Per Capita GDP of Typical National the Clean Energy Development Composite Index based on two different
According to the data from the Year of 2013 and 2014.
methods, as shown in Table 5. It can be seen that compared with the
Category Typical Per capita Clean Energy Slope
results calculated by the normalized translation entropy method, the
country GDP Development ranking of the top ten countries of the clean energy development index
Composite measured by the extreme value entropy method is roughly the same,
Index and some countries' clean energy development index ranking is slightly
floating, but its index data distribution situation is still relatively si-
Developed countries Germany 48102.37 59.11 0.001228838
United 46615.43 27.13 0.000581996 milar. Regard the clean energy composite development index, it will
Kingdom change with difference of index system data, weight and evaluation
France 42801.14 52.64 0.001229874 method.
United 54447.26 100.00 0.00183664
In order to further verify the correctness of the clean energy de-
States
Canada 50379.16 36.90 0.000732446
velopment index calculated by the standardized translation entropy
Japan 38240.86 29.52 0.000771949 method, this paper measures the computational error of the standar-
Australia 61436.54 23.31 0.000379416 dized translation entropy method by analysing the Spearman correla-
Emerging First China 7692.604 94.47 0.012280627 tion between the clean energy development index calculated by two
coun- echelon Brazil 11729.04 30.53 0.002602941 different improved entropy methods. Spearman rank correlation is
tries Russia 14160.08 30.17 0.002130638 based on hierarchical data to study the correlation between the two
India 1579.765 33.79 0.021389257
variables (Guo, 1994). The calculation method is shown in formula
South 6509.404 23.29 0.003577901
Africa (19).
Second Mexico 10325.68 25.46 0.002465697 N
echelon Korea 27989 19.10 0.000682411 − −
Thailand 5969.937 17.98 0.003011757
∑ (x i − x )(yi − y )
i=1
Laos 1754 22.89 0.013050171 ρ=
N
Chile 14566.15 33.77 0.002318389 − 2 − 2
Ethiopia 573 23.22 0.04052356 ∑ (x i − x ) (yi − y )
i=1 (19)

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Fig. 4. Typical Countries Per Capita GDP and Clean Energy Development Index.

Table 5 clean energy development index comprehensive evaluation model

Clean Energy Development Composite Index Based on Extreme Value Entropy Method by introducing the standardized translation entropy method and
and Standardized Entropy Method According to the data from the Year of 2013 and 2014.
other comprehensive evaluation methods. By using the extreme
Rank Based on Extreme Value Entropy Based on the standardized entropy value entropy method to verify the clean energy development index
Method method calculated by the normalized translation entropy method, we obtain
the Spearman correlation coefficient between the two sets of data
Country Clean Energy Country Clean Energy calculated by the two methods is 0.98. It can be indicated that the
Development Development
Composite Index Composite Index
two groups were highly correlated, and can further explain the
rationality of the comprehensive evaluation model structure and
1 United States 100 China 100 the evaluation results.
2 China 91.4599488 United States 85.54 (2) This paper analyses the clean energy development index of 2014
3 Germany 69.41457418 Kenya 74.02
from two different dimensions: regional perspective and single
4 Peru 53.41676443 Germany 67.69
5 France 52.3268087 France 60.78 country perspective. It is clear that the growth rate of clean energy
6 Italy 45.73130133 Peru 55.40 development is slowed down in countries such as Europe and the
7 Philippines 44.35899158 Spain 54.37 United States, which are recognized as historically high levels of
8 Spain 41.70580234 Chile 53.79
clean energy development. However, some countries such as China,
9 Japan 37.65607135 Italy 53.11
10 Kenya 36.90681552 Philippines 52.57
Chile and other countries have higher clean energy development
index. We can infer that the development center for clean energy
tilts to emerging markets.
Where ρ represents Spearman correlation coefficient，xi，yi are re- (3) Using descriptive statistical analysis and combining the character-
−
spectively the values of the two variables of X and Y, x , are the absolute istics of clean energy development of 2014 in each country, this
values of the two scalars. paper divides 231 countries into four categories: A++, A+, A,
Based on the above formula and combined with the SPSS data A−. Based on the division of clean energy development stage, each
analysis tool, we calculate that the Spearman correlation coefficient of country can according to their own development stage, and for-
the two sets of sequences was 0.98, so the two sets of data are highly mulate the corresponding clean energy development policy direc-
correlated. It can be concluded that the results of the analysis of the tionally.
global clean energy development index using the standardized trans- (4) The efficiency of clean energy development of China and some
lation entropy method are reasonable. emerging economies is relatively high. Some emerging economies
have relatively low economic strength, but their clean energy de-
4. Conclusions velopment index is flat with the developed countries. The above
analysis shows that, around the world, in emerging countries, clean
In the context of the global development of clean energy, this paper energy is in a rapid development trend, and the clean energy
constructs the sub-section and sub-dimension clean energy develop- market of emerging countries has great potential for development.
ment index comprehensive evaluation model, and makes a quantitative
evaluation of clean energy development index. The following conclu- Acknowledgment
sions and recommendations can be drawn from this study:
The paper was supported by the Science Technology Project Fund of
(1) Based on the clean energy capacity and the clean energy power the State Grid Corporation of China, named “Global Energy Internet
generation, this paper constructs the clean energy development Development Index Analysis Model and Applied Research”
index system, and construct the sub-section and sub-dimension (SGHAJY00RZJS1700026).

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Appendix A. Clean Energy Development Index Based on Standardized Translation Entropy Method According to the data from the Year of
2013 and 2014

Country The Absolute The Relative The Incremental Clean Energy Development
Development Index Development Index Development Index Composite Index

Algeria 0.004159 0.003956 0.004219 0.004009

Angola 0.0041669 0.0043444 0.0046505 0.004528
Benin 0.0041572 0.0039495 0.0042954 0.00407
Botswana 0.0041573 0.0039548 0.0043046 0.004079
Burkina Faso 0.0041574 0.0040197 0.0042457 0.004056
Burundi 0.0041575 0.0044876 0.0043002 0.004286
Cabo verde 0.0041581 0.0046792 0.0042926 0.004355
Cameroon 0.0041649 0.0043546 0.0043099 0.004246
Central African Rep. 0.0041574 0.0044296 0.0042997 0.004263
Chad 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Comoros 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Congo 0.0041589 0.0043267 0.004289 0.004214
Cote d'Ivoire 0.0041607 0.0041159 0.0044362 0.004255
Dem.Rep. of the congo 0.0041752 0.0046243 0.004319 0.004366
Djibouti 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Egypt 0.0042029 0.004052 0.0043215 0.004158
Equatorial Guinea 0.0041579 0.0042538 0.0042954 0.00419
Eritrea 0.0041573 0.0039835 0.0042954 0.004083
Ethiopia 0.0041796 0.004753 0.0043668 0.004459
Gabon 0.0041587 0.0041841 0.004247 0.004122
Gambia 0.0041572 0.0039847 0.0042954 0.004084
Ghana 0.0041713 0.0043435 0.0043016 0.004238
Guinea 0.0041582 0.0042075 0.0043009 0.004177
Guinea-Bissau 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Kenya 0.0044241 0.0056014 0.0050079 0.005471
Lesotho 0.004158 0.0046294 0.0042954 0.004338
Liberia 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Libya 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Madagascar 0.0041586 0.0042185 0.004326 0.004202
Malawi 0.0041602 0.0044515 0.0042938 0.004268
Mali 0.0041596 0.0042833 0.0042528 0.004167
Mauritania 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Mauritius 0.0041586 0.0040794 0.0046199 0.004393
Mayotte 0.0041579 0.0045181 0.0042954 0.004294
Morocco 0.0041805 0.0042809 0.00421 0.004142
Mozambique 0.004182 0.0045575 0.0043373 0.004359
Namibia 0.0041599 0.0045134 0.0042643 0.004267
Niger 0.0041573 0.0040132 0.0042954 0.004095
Nigeria 0.0041696 0.0040728 0.0043084 0.004136
Réunion 0.0041681 0.0049186 0.0042276 0.004401
Rwanda 0.0041577 0.0043264 0.0044281 0.004329
Sao tome principe 0.0041572 0.004038 0.0042954 0.004105
Senegal 0.0041607 0.0040609 0.0043103 0.004128
Seychelles 0.0041573 0.0040902 0.0042954 0.004125
Sierra lenoe 0.0041575 0.0043912 0.0043363 0.004278
Somalia 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
South africa 0.0042466 0.0041176 0.0046243 0.004463
South sudan 0.0041573 0.0040295 0.0042954 0.004101
St. helena and depend. 0.0041572 0.0042787 0.0042954 0.004199
Sudan 0.0041727 0.004412 0.0043191 0.004281
Sudan(former) 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Swaziland 0.0041578 0.0042715 0.0044471 0.004324
Togo 0.0041576 0.004162 0.0045004 0.004325
Tunisia 0.0041711 0.0040979 0.0042445 0.004094
Uganda 0.0041623 0.0044879 0.0044017 0.004374
United rep. of tanzania 0.0041624 0.0042889 0.0044649 0.004348
Zambia 0.0041794 0.0045918 0.0044041 0.004426
Zimbabwe 0.0041654 0.0042596 0.0043252 0.004221
Anguilla 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069

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Antigua and barbuda 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069

Aruba 0.0041582 0.0043841 0.0042954 0.004242
Bahamas 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Barbados 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Belize 0.0041576 0.0042402 0.0042923 0.004182
Bermuda 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Bonaire,St 0.0041575 0.004921 0.0042954 0.004453
eustatius,saba
British Virgin islands 0.0041572 0.0039789 0.0042954 0.004081
Canada 0.0054974 0.004833 0.0043042 0.0052
Cayman islands 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Costa Rica 0.0043039 0.0051809 0.0044345 0.004756
Cuba 0.0041575 0.0039532 0.0042357 0.004021
Curacao 0.0041577 0.0041753 0.0042954 0.004159
Dominica 0.0041573 0.0041391 0.004242 0.0041
Dominican Republic 0.0041631 0.0040901 0.0042306 0.004074
El Salvador 0.004277 0.005018 0.0042818 0.004549
Greenland 0.0041579 0.0043434 0.0043111 0.004238
Grenada 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Guadeloupe 0.0041683 0.0047902 0.0043236 0.004431
Guatemala 0.0041847 0.0043223 0.0042306 0.004178
Haiti 0.0041575 0.004044 0.0040779 0.003925
Honduras 0.0041656 0.0043757 0.0043369 0.004277
Jamaica 0.0041585 0.0040873 0.0044481 0.004252
Martinique 0.0041598 0.0043912 0.004296 0.004246
Mexico 0.0047894 0.0042896 0.0043085 0.00458
Montserrat 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Neth.Antilles (former) 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Nicaragua 0.0042302 0.0051974 0.0042451 0.004562
Panama 0.0041692 0.0043821 0.004334 0.004279
Puerto Rico 0.0041618 0.0040209 0.0042869 0.004093
Sint Maarten (Dutch 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
part)
St. Kitts-Nevis 0.0041573 0.0041208 0.0042954 0.004137
St. Lucia 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
St.Pierre-Miquelon 0.0041572 0.0040398 0.0042954 0.004105
St.Vincent-Grenadines 0.0041573 0.0040985 0.0043593 0.004182
Trinidad and Tobago 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Turks and Caicos 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Islands
United States 0.0115502 0.0045387 0.004345 0.008616
United States Virgin Is. 0.0041575 0.0040144 0.0032268 0.003202
Argentina 0.0042586 0.0042351 0.0043074 0.004251
Bolivia(Plur. State of) 0.0041614 0.0041476 0.0042933 0.004148
Brazil 0.0050033 0.0045247 0.0043787 0.004855
Chile 0.0042481 0.0042848 0.0052229 0.00503
Colombia 0.0042531 0.0044045 0.0043197 0.004325
Ecuador 0.0041783 0.0042798 0.0045264 0.004405
Falkland Is (Malvinas) 0.0041573 0.0049411 0.0042954 0.00446
French Guiana 0.0041601 0.004754 0.0043036 0.004395
Guyana 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Paraguay 0.0042442 0.0046287 0.0042676 0.004364
Peru 0.0042024 0.0042885 0.0051945 0.004981
Suriname 0.0041587 0.0042241 0.0045107 0.004359
Uruguay 0.0041813 0.0046305 0.0044167 0.004453
Venezuel (Bolivar.Rep.) 0.0042995 0.0043404 0.0043125 0.00432
Afghanistan 0.0041592 0.0044867 0.0043328 0.004314
Armenia 0.0041711 0.0045468 0.0043095 0.004325
Azerbaijan 0.0041625 0.0040197 0.0043049 0.004108
Bahrain 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Bangladesh 0.0041627 0.0039718 0.0040549 0.003881
Bhutan 0.00417 0.0046254 0.004308 0.004354
Brunei Darussalam 0.0041573 0.0039525 0.0042954 0.004071
Cambodia 0.0041625 0.00437 0.0047371 0.004608
China 0.0100715 0.0043337 0.0051052 0.008316
China,Hong Kong SAR 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069

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China, Macao SAR 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069

Cyprus 0.0041635 0.004324 0.0043381 0.004257
Georgia 0.004175 0.0044274 0.0042979 0.00427
India 0.0051509 0.0042715 0.0046071 0.005031
Indonesia 0.0050067 0.0041717 0.0044003 0.004736
Iran(Islamic Rep. of) 0.0042237 0.0040457 0.004054 0.003944
Iraq 0.004169 0.0039968 0.0041689 0.003989
Israel 0.0041938 0.0041083 0.0041393 0.004023
Japan 0.0063068 0.0045463 0.0034018 0.0048
Jordan 0.0041573 0.0039504 0.0043128 0.004085
Kazakhstan 0.0041746 0.0040099 0.0043859 0.004179
Korea,Dem.Ppl's.Rep. 0.0041879 0.0043716 0.0042741 0.004236
Korea, Republic of 0.004901 0.004621 0.0045391 0.004968
Kuwait 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Kyrgyzstan 0.0041814 0.0045273 0.0043005 0.004316
Lao People's Dem.Rep. 0.0041808 0.0048469 0.0043003 0.004441
Lebanon 0.0041584 0.0039812 0.0040159 0.003849
Malaysia 0.0041968 0.0040538 0.0044896 0.004296
Maldives 0.0041574 0.0040179 0.0042954 0.004097
Mongolia 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Myanmar 0.0041773 0.0043868 0.004324 0.004278
Nepal 0.0041635 0.0046057 0.0043736 0.004397
Oman 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Other Asia 0.0043303 0.0043496 0.0042929 0.004325
Pakistan 0.0042311 0.0042501 0.0042908 0.004227
Philippines 0.0050924 0.004664 0.004842 0.005349
Qatar 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Saudi Arabia 0.0041572 0.0039479 0.0042954 0.004069
Singapore 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Sri Lanka 0.0041711 0.0043112 0.0042285 0.004164
State of Palestine 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Syrian Arab Republic 0.0041655 0.0040481 0.0046538 0.004413
Tajikistan 0.0041905 0.0045982 0.0042747 0.004327
Thailand 0.0042497 0.0040956 0.0042888 0.004175
Timor-Leste 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Turkey 0.0045885 0.0042935 0.0045756 0.004689
Turkmenistan 0.0041572 0.0039479 0.0042954 0.004069
United Arab Emirates 0.0041586 0.0039538 0.0042954 0.004072
Uzbekistan 0.0041757 0.0040693 0.0043031 0.004134
Viet Nam 0.004277 0.0042566 0.0045538 0.004476
Yemen 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Albania 0.0041684 0.0046276 0.0041799 0.004247
Andorra 0.0041574 0.0045379 0.004331 0.004331
Austria 0.0043293 0.0047311 0.0042842 0.004468
Belarus 0.0041576 0.0039515 0.0042555 0.004037
Belgium 0.0044709 0.0055553 0.0040944 0.004716
Bosnia and 0.0041706 0.0042424 0.0042362 0.004143
Herzegovina
Bulgaria 0.0042835 0.0050789 0.0043899 0.004667
Croatia 0.0041829 0.0045799 0.0043426 0.004372
Czechia 0.0043565 0.004932 0.0042219 0.004511
Denmark 0.0043039 0.0054132 0.00435 0.004777
Estonia 0.0041639 0.0041967 0.0041322 0.004034
Faeroe Islands 0.0041578 0.0045846 0.0044065 0.004413
Finland 0.0042657 0.0047048 0.0043199 0.00445
France 0.0063876 0.0057428 0.0042792 0.006052
Germany 0.0071608 0.0053755 0.0043369 0.006402
Gibraltar 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Greece 0.0043664 0.0049345 0.0042264 0.004521
Guernsey 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Hungary 0.0042136 0.0048464 0.0048532 0.004922
Iceland 0.0045637 0.0056877 0.0042997 0.004993
Ireland 0.0042094 0.0046988 0.0043115 0.004409
Isle of Man 0.0041572 0.0039523 0.0042954 0.004071
Italy 0.005994 0.0050232 0.0043611 0.005609
Jersey 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069

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Latvia 0.0041662 0.0043505 0.0041922 0.004147

Liechtenstein 0.0041577 0.0059637 0.0040729 0.004678
Lithuania 0.0041876 0.004699 0.0043162 0.0044
Luxembourg 0.004169 0.0046485 0.0043882 0.00443
Malta 0.0041606 0.0043418 0.0043268 0.004253
Montenegro 0.0041613 0.0044092 0.0041919 0.004167
Netherlands 0.0042873 0.0043595 0.0047859 0.004717
Norway 0.004447 0.0046631 0.0043964 0.004603
Poland 0.004255 0.0042232 0.0048372 0.004687
Portugal 0.0043468 0.0050609 0.0043846 0.004692
Republic of Moldova 0.0041574 0.0039964 0.004398 0.004174
Romania 0.0043687 0.0049843 0.0044378 0.004719
Russian Federation 0.0050543 0.0043563 0.0043994 0.004835
Serbia 0.0041833 0.0042461 0.004319 0.004221
Slovakia 0.0042485 0.0051846 0.0044615 0.004748
Slovenia 0.004195 0.0050144 0.004588 0.004756
Spain 0.0054428 0.0052803 0.0043959 0.005421
Sweden 0.0045714 0.0052372 0.0043023 0.004822
Switzerland 0.0043615 0.0051426 0.0043774 0.004726
T.F.Yug.Rep.Macedonia 0.0041617 0.0042105 0.0042724 0.004156
Ukraine 0.0044717 0.0048016 0.0042557 0.004554
United Kingdom 0.0048908 0.0048358 0.0040895 0.004671
American Samoa 0.0041572 0.0040342 0.0042954 0.004103
Australia 0.0045089 0.0044025 0.0043101 0.004464
Cook Islands 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Fiji 0.0041582 0.0043095 0.0042163 0.004146
French Polynesia 0.0041579 0.0041989 0.0043399 0.004206
Guam 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Kiribati 0.0041572 0.0044274 0.0042954 0.004258
Marshall Islands 0.0041572 0.0040324 0.0042954 0.004102
Micronesia 0.0041573 0.0041334 0.0042954 0.004142
(Fed.Statesof)
Nauru 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
New Caledonia 0.0041587 0.0041641 0.0041745 0.004054
New Zealand 0.004775 0.0051518 0.0045076 0.005078
Niue 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Northern Mariana 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Islands
Palau 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Papua New Guinea 0.0041745 0.0043004 0.0040244 0.003991
Samoa 0.0041573 0.0041571 0.0042954 0.004152
Solomon Islands 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Tonga 0.0041573 0.0044093 0.0043294 0.004279
Tuvalu 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069
Vanuatu 0.0041573 0.0042151 0.0042954 0.004174
Wallis and Futuna Is. 0.0041572 0.0039478 0.0042954 0.004069

Appendix B. Clean Energy Development Index Based on Extreme Value Entropy Method According to the data from the Year of 2013 and
2014

Country The Absolute The Relative The Incremental Clean Energy Development
Development Index Development Index Development Index Composite Index

Algeria 0.004215967 0.00398 0.004217 0.00377619

Angola 0.004219503 0.00437 0.004584 0.00462668
Benin 0.004215429 0.003974 0.004285 0.00387247
Botswana 0.004215497 0.003978 0.004292 0.00388504
Burkina Faso 0.004215513 0.004045 0.00424 0.00386174
Burundi 0.004215535 0.00452 0.00429 0.00430661
Cabo verde 0.00421621 0.004662 0.004283 0.00440947
Cameroon 0.004218706 0.004394 0.004299 0.00422447
Central African Rep. 0.004215532 0.004471 0.004289 0.00426804
Chad 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Comoros 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126

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Congo 0.004216161 0.004355 0.00428 0.00416338

Cote d'Ivoire 0.004216887 0.004141 0.004408 0.00418521
Dem.Rep. of the congo 0.004222981 0.004657 0.004307 0.00444728
Djibouti 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Egypt 0.004244642 0.004071 0.004307 0.00400893
Equatorial Guinea 0.004215728 0.004282 0.004285 0.00411421
Eritrea 0.004215497 0.003999 0.004285 0.00389183
Ethiopia 0.004226694 0.004761 0.004353 0.00460041
Gabon 0.00421609 0.004211 0.004241 0.0039937
Gambia 0.004215456 0.00401 0.004285 0.00390048
Ghana 0.00422144 0.004378 0.004291 0.00420339
Guinea 0.004215856 0.004243 0.00429 0.00409096
Guinea-Bissau 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Kenya 0.004368432 0.005225 0.004703 0.00562252
Lesotho 0.004215769 0.004662 0.004285 0.00441214
Liberia 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Libya 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Madagascar 0.004216045 0.004257 0.004313 0.00413564
Malawi 0.004216686 0.004495 0.004284 0.00428034
Mali 0.004216443 0.004307 0.004244 0.00407308
Mauritania 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Mauritius 0.004216562 0.004093 0.004815 0.00474641
Mayotte 0.004216114 0.004477 0.004285 0.00426776
Morocco 0.00423126 0.004284 0.004211 0.00402252
Mozambique 0.004225997 0.004592 0.004323 0.00442238
Namibia 0.004216555 0.004557 0.004257 0.00428886
Niger 0.00421551 0.00405 0.004285 0.00393182
Nigeria 0.004220603 0.004098 0.004296 0.00399131
Réunion 0.004225377 0.004842 0.004225 0.00447425
Rwanda 0.004215638 0.00435 0.004402 0.00433959
Sao tome principe 0.004215435 0.004062 0.004285 0.00394115
Senegal 0.004217898 0.004088 0.0043 0.0039856
Seychelles 0.00421553 0.00408 0.004285 0.00395579
Sierra lenoe 0.004215551 0.004421 0.004322 0.00427768
Somalia 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
South africa 0.004281394 0.004127 0.00478 0.00478699
South sudan 0.004215518 0.004057 0.004285 0.00393738
St. helena and depend. 0.00421544 0.004274 0.004285 0.00410769
Sudan 0.004221966 0.00445 0.004307 0.0042836
Sudan(former) 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Swaziland 0.004215665 0.004304 0.004418 0.00432746
Togo 0.004215576 0.004191 0.004471 0.00431643
Tunisia 0.004225654 0.004101 0.004239 0.00391426
Uganda 0.004217561 0.004519 0.004382 0.00444314
United rep. of tanzania 0.004217958 0.00431 0.004439 0.00436427
Zambia 0.004224837 0.004626 0.004378 0.00452901
Zimbabwe 0.004218902 0.004294 0.004312 0.00416672
Anguilla 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Antigua and barbuda 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Aruba 0.004216272 0.004398 0.004285 0.00420559
Bahamas 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Barbados 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Belize 0.004215596 0.004274 0.004283 0.00410372
Bermuda 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Bonaire,St 0.004215662 0.004632 0.004285 0.00438852
eustatius,saba
British Virgin islands 0.004215435 0.003993 0.004285 0.00388739
Canada 0.004966082 0.004828 0.004283 0.00529236
Cayman islands 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Costa Rica 0.004300536 0.005047 0.004385 0.00494478
Cuba 0.004215563 0.003978 0.004231 0.00379572
Curacao 0.004215803 0.004156 0.004285 0.00401533
Dominica 0.004215451 0.004168 0.004237 0.0039529
Dominican Republic 0.004218882 0.004108 0.004257 0.00393947
El Salvador 0.004285999 0.004811 0.004273 0.00458115
Greenland 0.004215732 0.004381 0.0043 0.00421236

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Grenada 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126

Guadeloupe 0.004223442 0.004692 0.004309 0.00447846
Guatemala 0.004230412 0.00433 0.004286 0.00416741
Haiti 0.004215554 0.004066 0.004095 0.00366391
Honduras 0.004220411 0.004378 0.004321 0.00424663
Jamaica 0.004216383 0.004099 0.004415 0.00416251
Martinique 0.004217825 0.00442 0.004286 0.00422618
Mexico 0.004590081 0.004277 0.00442 0.00468367
Montserrat 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Neth.Antilles (former) 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Nicaragua 0.004258392 0.005025 0.004241 0.00467365
Panama 0.004220968 0.004404 0.004323 0.00427011
Puerto Rico 0.004219254 0.004037 0.004294 0.003939
Sint Maarten (Dutch 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
part)
St. Kitts-Nevis 0.004215524 0.004137 0.004285 0.0040002
St. Lucia 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
St.Pierre-Miquelon 0.00421544 0.004052 0.004285 0.00393385
St.Vincent-Grenadines 0.004215462 0.004125 0.004343 0.00407585
Trinidad and Tobago 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Turks and Caicos 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Islands
United States 0.009039705 0.00453 0.004322 0.00921283
United States Virgin Is. 0.004215678 0.004028 0.004338 0.00399218
Argentina 0.004262968 0.004258 0.004341 0.00422425
Bolivia(Plur. State of) 0.004217378 0.004173 0.004342 0.00411312
Brazil 0.004621324 0.00454 0.004427 0.00493342
Chile 0.004272256 0.004291 0.005074 0.00533843
Colombia 0.004257192 0.004429 0.004294 0.00428301
Ecuador 0.004225146 0.00431 0.004661 0.00469875
Falkland Is (Malvinas) 0.004215477 0.004933 0.004285 0.00462396
French Guiana 0.004217754 0.004709 0.004293 0.00446159
Guyana 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Paraguay 0.004252362 0.004662 0.00426 0.00441124
Peru 0.004239556 0.004312 0.005916 0.00656202
Suriname 0.004216047 0.004249 0.004481 0.0043762
Uruguay 0.004229027 0.004626 0.004454 0.00464548
Venezuel (Bolivar.Rep.) 0.004275958 0.004377 0.004301 0.00427194
Afghanistan 0.004216272 0.004522 0.004319 0.00435303
Armenia 0.004222149 0.004584 0.004271 0.00433642
Azerbaijan 0.004217724 0.004041 0.004323 0.00398275
Bahrain 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Bangladesh 0.00422011 0.003991 0.004076 0.00358225
Bhutan 0.004220816 0.004659 0.004294 0.00442705
Brunei Darussalam 0.004215497 0.003977 0.004285 0.00387461
Cambodia 0.004217682 0.004398 0.004674 0.00477934
China 0.008064201 0.004336 0.004761 0.00872686
China,Hong Kong SAR 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
China, Macao SAR 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Cyprus 0.004220974 0.004294 0.004355 0.00423173
Georgia 0.004222895 0.004465 0.004288 0.0042684
India 0.004906956 0.004259 0.004366 0.00490959
Indonesia 0.004706731 0.004152 0.004367 0.00462689
Iran(Islamic Rep. of) 0.004246646 0.004066 0.00398 0.00352573
Iraq 0.004220299 0.00402 0.004171 0.00374421
Israel 0.004250249 0.004121 0.004155 0.00383086
Japan 0.005861839 0.004499 0.004099 0.00566516
Jordan 0.004215487 0.003975 0.004301 0.00389583
Kazakhstan 0.004222814 0.004034 0.00437 0.00405194
Korea,Dem.Ppl's.Rep. 0.004228282 0.004409 0.004266 0.00419792
Korea, Republic of 0.004665226 0.00461 0.004433 0.00504143
Kuwait 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Kyrgyzstan 0.004225658 0.004564 0.00429 0.00435155
Lao People's Dem.Rep. 0.004229926 0.004796 0.004289 0.00453644
Lebanon 0.004215903 0.004003 0.004032 0.00352234
Malaysia 0.004237042 0.004076 0.004453 0.00422113

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Maldives 0.00421558 0.004037 0.004285 0.00392218

Mongolia 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Myanmar 0.004223858 0.004415 0.004309 0.00426193
Nepal 0.004218076 0.004641 0.004354 0.00449807
Oman 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Other Asia 0.004319811 0.004357 0.004289 0.00428343
Pakistan 0.004249676 0.004272 0.004281 0.00413418
Philippines 0.00475387 0.004514 0.005107 0.00604659
Qatar 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Saudi Arabia 0.004215473 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387135
Singapore 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Sri Lanka 0.004222653 0.004328 0.004254 0.00411077
State of Palestine 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Syrian Arab Republic 0.004218878 0.004073 0.004586 0.00439564
Tajikistan 0.004229424 0.004632 0.004267 0.00437455
Thailand 0.004292329 0.004114 0.004278 0.00404858
Timor-Leste 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Turkey 0.004464263 0.004288 0.004499 0.00468283
Turkmenistan 0.004215429 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387132
United Arab Emirates 0.004216662 0.00398 0.004285 0.00387804
Uzbekistan 0.004223289 0.004098 0.004292 0.00398788
Viet Nam 0.004266949 0.004282 0.004513 0.00450106
Yemen 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Albania 0.004220298 0.004667 0.004186 0.00427448
Andorra 0.004215516 0.004571 0.004318 0.00438826
Austria 0.004323452 0.004727 0.004282 0.00456586
Belarus 0.004215645 0.003976 0.00425 0.00382178
Belgium 0.004455213 0.0055 0.004233 0.00523313
Bosnia and 0.00422106 0.004266 0.004232 0.00402751
Herzegovina
Bulgaria 0.004307472 0.005049 0.004299 0.00482767
Croatia 0.004229964 0.004591 0.004351 0.00446801
Czechia 0.0043633 0.004925 0.004227 0.00468036
Denmark 0.004338648 0.00535 0.004337 0.00515088
Estonia 0.004220779 0.004182 0.004151 0.00384282
Faeroe Islands 0.004215812 0.004583 0.004388 0.00450171
Finland 0.004275301 0.004709 0.004318 0.00455634
France 0.005543217 0.005675 0.004258 0.00649999
Germany 0.006726729 0.005287 0.004316 0.00747237
Gibraltar 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Greece 0.004400977 0.004813 0.004221 0.00462261
Guernsey 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Hungary 0.004248673 0.004858 0.004779 0.00532604
Iceland 0.004453987 0.005353 0.004293 0.00520481
Ireland 0.004256657 0.004658 0.004301 0.00447231
Isle of Man 0.004215431 0.003977 0.004285 0.00387491
Italy 0.005661383 0.004896 0.004337 0.00612468
Jersey 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Latvia 0.004219736 0.004369 0.004192 0.00404898
Liechtenstein 0.004215887 0.005085 0.004083 0.0044456
Lithuania 0.004235432 0.004673 0.004304 0.00446832
Luxembourg 0.004223249 0.00461 0.004368 0.0045008
Malta 0.004218648 0.004348 0.004329 0.00423257
Montenegro 0.004217212 0.004431 0.004191 0.00409434
Netherlands 0.004318859 0.004353 0.004482 0.00456327
Norway 0.004349509 0.004687 0.004383 0.00471004
Poland 0.004288969 0.004208 0.005163 0.00542238
Portugal 0.004355489 0.005006 0.004372 0.00495043
Republic of Moldova 0.004215534 0.00402 0.004379 0.00404583
Romania 0.004371568 0.00495 0.00443 0.00500664
Russian Federation 0.004659818 0.004373 0.004408 0.00481257
Serbia 0.004227943 0.004255 0.004307 0.00413693
Slovakia 0.004274099 0.005183 0.004461 0.00513711
Slovenia 0.004239034 0.005026 0.004435 0.00494079
Spain 0.005244416 0.005177 0.004316 0.00589561
Sweden 0.004454802 0.005207 0.00431 0.0051154

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Switzerland 0.0043325 0.005163 0.004327 0.00498329

T.F.Yug.Rep.Macedonia 0.004217802 0.004221 0.004298 0.00408699
Ukraine 0.004392124 0.004809 0.004201 0.00458076
United Kingdom 0.004778131 0.004814 0.004164 0.00491782
American Samoa 0.004215473 0.004056 0.004285 0.00393642
Australia 0.004512409 0.004393 0.004306 0.00453026
Cook Islands 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Fiji 0.004215892 0.004325 0.004213 0.00404175
French Polynesia 0.004215901 0.004202 0.004325 0.0041099
Guam 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Kiribati 0.004215448 0.004538 0.004285 0.00431479
Marshall Islands 0.004215448 0.004072 0.004285 0.00394955
Micronesia 0.0042155 0.004101 0.004285 0.00397224
(Fed.Statesof)
Nauru 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
New Caledonia 0.004216412 0.004168 0.004176 0.00386389
New Zealand 0.00457829 0.004989 0.004497 0.00534416
Niue 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Northern Mariana 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Islands
Palau 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Papua New Guinea 0.00422406 0.004261 0.004016 0.00371005
Samoa 0.00421546 0.004184 0.004285 0.0040367
Solomon Islands 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Tonga 0.004215518 0.00441 0.004348 0.00430544
Tuvalu 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126
Vanuatu 0.004215469 0.004209 0.004285 0.0040566
Wallis and Futuna Is. 0.004215427 0.003973 0.004285 0.00387126

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Y.X. He The first author’s resume: Professor of North China Electric Power University.
The main interest is energy economics and management.

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