THE DOlvlAiN OF LOGIC

according to

Saint tequ^^ a^^uinas

A Thesis
submittea in conforxiiity with the requirements;,

for tiiw' degree of Doctor of Pliilosophy

in the University of Toronto

by

Robert Vif, Schmidt

1947
 IBS OdiAZK or Loaic

AOCOKDUBfO
sAunr ffiOMAs aqjoikas

A IhMla

Mtaalttad la oonfoRsalty with th* rTrptlrwiwiti

for ttui dtgTM of Doctor of fi^iXOMHv

la tho uaiTMrslty of ^[^oxoBto

1947
 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

PROGRAMME OF THE FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION

FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

of

ROBERT WILLIAM SCHMIDT

Liu. B. (Xavier Univei'sity) 1932

M. A. (Xavier University) 1934

THURSDAY, MAY 22nd, 1047, AT 3.45 PJM.

IN THE SENATE CHAMBER

COMMITTEE IN CHARGE
Professor R. S. Kxox, Chairman
Professor F. H. Anderson
Professor A. Pecis
Professor I. T. Eschman.v
Professor J. R. O'Donnell
Professor H. R. MacCallum

Professor J. A. Irving
Professor T. A. Goudce
Professor 0. Edison
Professor W. M. D. LoNO
 BIOGRAPHICAL
1909 Born, Ciiicinnati, Ohio.
1932 Litt. B., Xavier University (Cincinnati).
1934 M.A., Xavier University
1935 Diploine d'Etudes Francaises, Universite de Poitiers.
1937-39 Instructor, University of Detroit High School.
1938, '40, '43 (Summer Sessions) Lecturer, Xavier University.
1945, '46 (Summer Sessions) Lecturer, Loyola University (Chicago).
1944-47 School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto.

THESIS
Tlie Domain oj Logic according to St. Thomas Aquinas
,
(abstract)

Logic, in the view of St. Thomas Aquinas, is both an art and a science. By
logic as an art reason guides its own operations to its proper end, which is to
know the true. Not effecting a material product, it caimot be an art in the
strict sense; but because certain immanent terms and instruments of knowing
are constituted, logic is considered a liberal art. As a science it studies these
instruments of knowing. Thus it is a science of science rather than of things,
and so is not a science strictly, but is an instrument of the sciences. Through
them, especially those which are speculative, logic is ordered to the know^ledge of
real tilings, and can be said to be reductively speculative.

It is the instruments of knowing rather than real things or the acts of reason
which logic studies. Because the first exist only in reason and by consequence of
the manner in which things are known, they are called "beings of reason" or
"intentions."
''Being of reason" or "rationate being" {ens rationis) is set over against real
being. Not everything that we can think of has real existence; some things exist
only in thought. Of these some have non-existence in their very delinition such ;

are negations and privations. Others, such as fictions, have a positive notion,
but do not really exist. Theretwo kinds of rationate being,
are, therefore,
negative and positive. And
must be either negation or relation.
rationate being
Positive rationate being must accordingly be a form of relation. With negative
rationate being logic is not concerned, but only with the positive, which is reduced
to relation. Among positive rationate beings are some which have no foundation
in reality, while others have. Regarding the first, pure fictions, tliere can be no
science; and so logic does not deal with them, but only with founded rationate
being. The foundation of this sort of being can lie in reality either immediately,

as, for example, in the case of direct concepts or of the notion of time, or
mediately, as in the intention of genus. The kind of rationate being which logic

studies as its subject is positive rationate being having a remote foundation in

the real tiling and an immediate foundation in the maimer of knowing.
Intention sometimes means an act of the will or of the intellect ; sometimes,
die "intelligible species" by which the intellect in knowing is mformed and made
like something else. Another meaning of intention (usually in, the expression
intentio intellecta) is word" or innerly conceived and expressed term
the "internal
of knowmg. What is expressed by this "word" or intention is the nature or the
intelligible determinations of the thing known. Intention in this last aspect has
accordingly two relations: one to Uie knower as a perfecting quality, the other
to the thing known as a likeness, the relation of similitude.
After directly apprehending the thing according to its nature, the intellect can

reflect, first, upon itself ; secondly, on its maimer of apprehension ; and thirdly, on
the way in whicli the nature exists in the intellect as a consequence. By this three-
fold reflection the logical or "second" intention is formed. This intention is called
"second" because it is understood after the nature itself is apprehended. It is an
accident of the nature, not of the nature as it exists in reality, but, precisely
speaking, as il is known. This typ,e of accident exists only in the intellect, is a
"being of reason," and constitutes the subject of logic.

The only kind of accident that can exist in reason alone is relation; all others
posit something in exislcircc. Relation does not by itsmere notion posit anything
in its subject ; it is only "to something" ; it is just a regard, a bearing, or an order
of the subject to something else; and this can exist either in reality or only in
thought. If a relation is real, however, it is so because its subject, its term, and
its foundation are all real; otherwise it is a relation in tJiought only.
Among relations which can exist only in thought are some which "follow upon
the act of reason," are devised by die intellect, and are attributed to things pre-
cisely as known. They are the relations which logic studies as its subject. To
this kind of relation both positive rationate being and logical uitentions are reduced.
There are llu^ee principal kinds of logical intention; those of universality, of attri-
bution, and of consequence.

The intention of universality follows upon simple apprehension. By virtue of

the fact that this apprehension is, witliin the undifferentiated grasp of being,
abstractive of the quiddity or nature of tlie thing know-n, the nature exists in the
intellect without individuating conditions and in uniform similarity to all

individuals of its kind. When the intellect reflects upon tlie abstracted manner in
which the nature exists in the intellect and compares it to the individuals or less
universal, inferior natures, it perceives it to be applicable to many and similar to
all. The relation of similarity of the apprehended nature to many inferiors is tlie
intention of universality. The subject of this relation is tlie natirre as apprehended;
its term is the nature as restricted or mdividualized in its mferiors; its foundation
is the abstractness of the nature as it exists in the intellect.

Another sort of intention is that of attribution. This is consequent upon

judgment. Because our intellectual appreliension is abstractive, bringing to con-
sciousness only one intelligible aspect of the tiling at a time, judgment is necessary
to restore in thought the concretion or union of several aspects of the real tiling

known and already confusedly present in knowledge from the first. In judgment
one apprehended nature is compared with another through a comparison of both
of tliese natures to the real thing, in which the reality represented by one appre-
hended nature is perceived to exist in the thuig represented by the other appre-
hended nature, as a formal determination ui a supposite. Through this comparison
the real conjunction or identity of the represented natures is affirmed. There is

here not an identification of tlie natures in the abstract but of the real thing dif-
ferently represented by both natm-es.

The relation set up by this comparison is a proposition. In the latter the

subject stands as the material part, representing a supposite; the predicate as the
formal part, representing a determination, either substantial or accidental, of tliis

supposite. The subject and predicate are joined by the copula to be in a. relation
of identity in the concrete subject. In the real order when form, the act of matter,
informs its matter, the whole composite is actuated and exercises its act, which is

to be. So in the order of intention when the predicate, the formal determination
of the subject, is joined to the subject and is perceived to be in it, the whole in-
tellectual composite is actuated and has existence in the mind. For this reason
(0 6c in a proposition, effecting and signifying composition in the order of thought,
is a sign of the composition and actual existence in the real order of the thing
known.
 By its very nature llie proposition is an attestation of t)ie conformity of tlie

intellect to iJie concrete thing known). The proposition thus attesting is the
"being in the sense of the true" which logic studies. As a relation of identity
between subject and predicate, and therefore of two terras distinct in thought but
not in reality, the proposition can be only a relation of reason. The subject of
this relation is the predicate; the term of this relation is the subject of the pro-
position; and its foundation is the apprehended existence of the nature signified
by the predicate in the supposite signified by the subject. The remote foundation
is tlie real imity or concrete existence of the thing known.
Another intention, that of consequence, follows upon reasoning. Reasoning is

required because of the same deficiency of human apprehension which makes

judgment necessary. Simple apprehension cannot attain things or aspects of
things which do not fall under the senses, and cannot give certitude for judgments
regarding them. Reasoning does tliis; for from things known reason progresses
to truth previously unknown. The movement of logical thought is caused by
initial knowledge, principles or premises; for they contain the conclusion virtually.
When reason compares two premises, a third enunciation, the conclusion is to be
seen as following from them necessarily, because its relation to die premises is
perceived as a necessary consequence. In each premise the predicate is compared
to the subject as a form existing in it. In one premise die predicate is the middle
term, the subject is the minor term; in the other, the predicate is the major term,
the subject is the middle term. Because the major term is formally in the middle
term and the middle term formally in the minor, the major is seen through the
middle term necessarily to be ui the minor. Hence the conclusion, the relation of
the major term to the minor, is to be seen in the relation of the two premises.
The relation thus perceived is the relation of consequence. Its subject is the
conclusion; tlie premises are its term; its foundation is the "vhtue" of the prem-
ises, which is the formal inclusion of the major term in the middle and of the

middle term in the minor. This foundation rests immediately upon the comparative

operation of reason, and remotely upon the efficient causality of real things, which
brings about composition, the information of a designated matter by a determining
form, and the reduction of potency to act.
Logical being, accordingly, as St. Thomas conceives it, is not only to be ex-
plained by analogy to the real but is seen to be dependent upon il;. This
dependence, though remote, is always present. Proximately there is a dependence
upon the manner of knowing the real. In its ultimate nature logical being, which

is the subject of tlie science of logic, is rationate relation as an instrument of

knowing. Thomistic logic is, therefore, always related to the real and directed to
knowledge of the real as its final cause.

PUBLICATIONS
"'The Prose of Francis Thompson," Month (London) CLXVI (1935) 134-141.
Tli-e

"The Realism of Jules Lachelier," The Modern Sclwolman XVII (1940) 31-37.

GRADU.-VTE STUDIES
Major Subject:
Medieval Philosophy— Professor G. B. Phel.in,
Professor A. Pegis.

Minor Subjects:
Systematic Philosophy— Professor F. H. Anderson,
Professor H. R. MacCallum.
Greek and Latin Patristics— Professor J. T. MucKLE.
 TABLE OOr OOllTBMIS

PA08

iv

SB SPBBZJXO; VZOR OF LOQZO AS A mVOOt

CBAPTS !• PTCdlalaoiy Tliv of %«A Loglo Is • t
Lost* •• aa Art t
I«ti« M
• 8tl«BM U
(BAfTiR XI. Bilatloa of io«ie to Other soImom 14
CXMMifioctioa of :iol«ttomi • 14
VI— of Leci« in this Cluisif io»tioo 17
Q&Yiaioiw of Logie 10
OM^wrlaon of I.ocle with U«tapbjr«les 47

(UAPTES ni« A* aobjoot of l4«io 87

A«t« of Roum aa th« iToyav tisttw of Loislo • . . • • 97
Ratlawkto Bo&ag bmA lolantioaa 60
PMiiMtioa cat tit* ttua mA tho Fidoo 88
•»iMii*i<t im4 niBtcrial* Logio 78

BMR II
tts stmsat or mx aaajsor oi Loaio

mssm XT. totioaato Baiflt 88

r«n>B»lx« toA Bolos in novi^t 88
Jpiaitiva Kationata Salag IB
KMBAat ia iioaUlsr 87
Baaotaljr VMBiAad 101
Ratiaaata Batag ea tha 4>ubj«ot of Losio 107

CKAFtn . lataatiaaa • 113

Ial«rtloa aa an Aet of iU or of latoUaet
: US
lataatiOB aa lolalllcihlo o^aolaa U9
laXtio latallaota 124
rrnUtu5»Sai f!TC» latalllftibla £l)paaiaa 188
8. B9lsiaa4 • 188
S. Tmt^A naUtiOB of tha iBtantioa 198
4. Clbjoeti-ra Slcaifiomea of tha Xataetlea 188
KjwalaA#» of tha Xatntioa 188
K1b4i of Intoatioaa 144
IntMtiOB • 100

OBAFm n. SaUtiona 189

Battaaata Boias ^ad Lo.fleal Ictantlcwa aa RalatlTo. . . 189
ittaa of Ralstloa 168
Batiaaato Kalatloaa 174
Ralatloaa 1B8
 Of cownwps ill

FART III
vat xammcm of iss quob mts or aiAson

VIZ. Bi« Int«BtlOA of UbiT«ra€ilit3r 196

Ab«tm«tl«i IM
Bw UnlTers<4 800
lb* Xotsotioa of UtolTflTMllty 906

nil. tbo UilMtlon of ntributlon 217

I. JMffM&t . 217
Hm ••eond /.et of Uiid«gntaaaiae Sl7
Hwiil ty of «h« GMoad Aot • 818
ftta«ti«tt Md UttlvM of Jnrtpwnt 880
1. OOBpositlea by Om^tafitten 886
ft, TMtteeagr of Cenoroto ]i^sl«aeo eso
8, 1»tt«b ia JutfflHMEl 888
II« Hm PMpMitlM 886
of tbo Sooond Opwetlon 836
of tbo Pfi
f
omoa
iBMKftiol luUl /eolAonUl PMdlo«tlo&
888
841
SmI Ittwitity and itetimuO. Divwslty S44
To Bo a« tbo Si8» of Coapooitloa S4B
liadotoBlUl tt»d AttrtbictiTo i^rapovltlono 888
Iho Tnio cad tho ?«aso 866
A fictiwaito Boiag •• ••••• • 867
Aaolysls of «b« IMleAiOtt of ttrtbutioa 886

(EAPta ZX. Hm lolMitiea of Oon—qjaipoo 86S

tt« ndvd Oyovotioa of Roaaaa aad Ita Ifoowlty • • • . . 868
Oaoaatloa la Houoalac 870
Ttm arU/otXm ivt
7hm Itolalioa of Coaaoguoaoo 889

coRoxaaon 287
mm% U Lo^o? 887
9m atbjooi of Logio 890
tatlMMto B«ii« 891
latoal&oa 898
Rolvtioa 896
latOBtioa of Ualwoellty 898
laftoBlloa of /ttrlbutioa 300
lataatloa of CoMogpoaoo 806
Sflllwt MatuMO of 9lMida%lt Locio 806

310

UBLiooBAnnr 574
 WSSSSSSS

•laM pblloaophy bMSM aoaMiova of its«Xf , tbcr*

hma bMH e prtlblm of tb« rolatioos bftw otn %hm roal world vkidi philo-

•«|lqr Millet to iBBAoniftaM aaA OBplalB, an4 %1m tbou^t kqr «hl<li it

wiiiM t« «i9laU !%• It WHO fouad ttuit ttoug^t hod oorttiia ro<i«ir»-

Mito oad oeoditlono of its own. If tbo roal world wno to bo him! or

otood tfesm^ tho«#t, thoopo woo « qiaootioa wbothor theutfkt oad tho

voel eorraopoadod in oil roopooto, nnd thorofmro wbothw thogr hod tho

oaao oonditiOBo and liwo, or whotbor ooom of «!iooo woro pooulier to

thought elono. Iter tbo oolution of thio probloni it woo noooooexy to

•tttdy tboufl^at tmd tbo psooooo of Icaowing and tbo oondltlooo wbieh tbo

MMMT of knowing pleood upon our Intorprotation of tho roel. ntb o

oonoeioooaooo of «bio pooullorltioo of thouc^t and of ito l»wo, pbiXo-

•Ofhoro eould thon aoro ouroly aoko uso of it to oxtIto «t tho know*

Xodgo of tbo rool world «hi^ tbiy woro oo^ine* witltout dwgor of
rooding into tbo rool what io poouliar to tbougbt.

This noooooity getvo riao to tbo ooienoo of losio, a ooianoo

wbi«h io otiU nooo — B»y» and for tbo aaaw roaooao. It turn an i^por-

tonoo in philoaopby wbi^ it io dioaatrouo to ovwrlook. At tbo a«ao

tiiM its Iflporttmeo oaa W oaaiigaratod hf Mrooting logie into a oo»>

ploto pbileoepfeor ^ itoolf » wuob a« if oao ««po to oonfnoo obwtioal

foamlao wil^ tbo ontorial world.

siooo lOBie io i itortant in pbilooopby, it would ooon to

follow noeoaoerily that, tor tbo undorot ending of aagr nan'o philooo*
fitted t«a«bl&g» It is iBvortaat to kaon utiat h« ooBMlv»d Xogio to

bo «ad Jtt«t «b«t bo oooIssmmI «• tbo flold of its labors.

Ibis is «h8it our .{trosoat stud^ bas ott«qptod to 4o for tUo

j^xiXosojhy of St, TticiHBi /quiiuui* Its aia oad soofo is to dotsofstiao

bot f>t. ISmmmui ooBsidsrod Xogio to bo, ittiet its domiin is witbia tbo

fiold of pbilosopby, B&d, aoro spooifioeXly, «b«t tbo "subjoot" (tbo

asBus subjootii) is of iibi«li tttis soioBOO of logio troats* Aay sttsaipt

St original, iadapowlsBt pbilosopbisiag or omu of eritioian saA judg-

SBt vpeai tbo toaabiaes of A<juiaas ia l^is aattw would bo bsgroad ttiis

soq^. Our stttc^ is «a saMsotioal sad bistorioel oao. wo aro sssteiac

to disoovor sad oKpoaad tbo dootriao of iH* Thsawa on «bo dnaslTi of

logiOt aot to ^iNMalato on tbo doaain of logio for oursolvos or to

ovalMsto tbo spoottlatioas of /Vqoiaas. Our diroot ooaesm is historic

oal tnitb rstbsr tbaa sMoluto pfailosofbieal trutb. Wbotbtr ttio two

ooiaeido or diTsrge ia this oaso is a ^(ttostloa tbat oaa bo loft for

amo otbor nero striotly pbilosojbioal studir or for tbo privato ooa>

elusioas of tbo roadsr*

la isw of tbo naay troatisos oa logio wbi^ profoss to

follov tbo dootriao of st, Ibonas, it oHy bo quostioaod abstbsr tbsvo

is sagr ftortbor aood for sosb a atudFt w abotbor tboro aro eiiar ossgo-

tieal aad dootriaal probloas loft unsolvod. Ibo purpoao for abiOb nost

of tboso treotisos ««ro writtoa, bomnrsr, diatiagaiabos than radioally

tnm tbo proaoat atudy. Moat aro intoodod aa aMumala of logic for elnss-

rosM aao) nad booaaao logio is olaost uaivoraelly tau|0xt at tbo bogia-

aiag of Mr oouroo ia pbiloaophy, tbigr »u^ ^ aAai^od to fbiloaofbioal

wiyACB

I, «tM> ar* not y«« Viittlpp^d to dicoct aaar dotellod dlMMooioa

of tho natonro of lecioai iNdJid, Ito rolatlmu) to roel boiii«, fia4 Its

iOf«MUttoo ucpcm tbo wnuMr of hmmn ooeaitlOB. thtv BKMt umtaiy bo

ooBtont to glTO a tolof oai^IaMtion of what Xoglool hmiatt ia, th«i oo

OB to aacpooo ito Tariotto klnda, Ito prittolploo, esA ooao of Ito eppll-

if tho oopaelty of the rw^dors tor viMO tlugr aro lor

toaftod woro no Uad,tAtloa upon thooo troatiooo of loglo, a naro quoo-

tloa of slso would bo} for if one is to write a eoiq;>loto troetioo oa

lOBio, oao aoot either reetriet the dioeuoeimi of eaofa of the muKf

pointe involTod, or write Mtogr voIimmi. Mo one, it soeu, hae efaeooB

the latter oouroo* fimtm tho itoet imluEdaouo of tho eiwved eoholeotio

troAtieee io Coff«y*o, with two largo eotovo volxnoo of eboat five

huadred peces eeoh,^ s*»a with thie sise not MMh philooophieel die-

ouaeioo ie devoted to the preoiee doaaia of tho ooieaeo or the netttre

of logioal boiat* Ant IVirthoaMro, this work doee not pretoad to be

aa eocecealo of tho writiase of at* Hi—aa.

Wm of tho BBMala« oroa thoao jxfofeaoiaa to fallow tha

tooAiiW of at* Thiaan, aaiter iato aa «ni«ollool eoveaition of hia

daotrlaes* iiioet, aaok aa that of Marltain, ftiv* tm oitntioae or

aoao* aoaa, aaah aa tho Latia naaaala of Iltasea or Firotta, sire oaa»

taoKtual qtietetioaaa but ne eee aerily few beoauae of their amall siso

ead brief troalaiBt of ooA of the <iueetioiia,

the beet aBaael fra« the point of view of exegesie in the

lofio of St* Thoaaa ie the old work of /liwwnnn, wbiA datee fro« Idia.
A« tit* fInrt •eetloa of th* first voImm of • t—* IfcU—wbt— «hi«l»
U otapllo* fxtw tlio wexks of at, 'Stsomut, it «mo aaagr toad* «hi«b it

Joiw todothor with rol&tivoly littlo ofigiaaX diMOMloa iattroporaed.

But tiho MTO eoUooatioa and nrawflng of tho nattoar iufolr— in itoolf

• eoMiiawiaiilo owmat of int«rpr«t«iti«tt. In its g«Mral w^poet this

vQtk diff«p« Botably frw our ourrout awMOls, vAiiiii soofa llttX* but

0fit«lO8UM of tsowi taA dLotinotiou oaA nlm» o—jmhJ, to its Mihol-

•stio dlMMsaicNMi in the torn of quMtions and «rti«lM, @ir«B ita faora

|iil1deo|litawl appNMMb, Iww fM , doas aat paomtt it within its liasita*

tlOM of apaoa to go into 4«ftail ragarAiBg tiM aidbjaot of our tttwtf.

Far tha ttaaatiOM tvantaA in our firat and in part of fba tMrd iftap>

tora it haa baaa of nena halp.

As an intaap|a*«tar of St. IttOMaa* logio Jaiin of ^« Tbmm»

(iMt - 1644) ia ooMitarad by 4o4«m TbtmUlim to hotra tha chiaf pl«aa.

Eis Ara Logjoa . a «*i«^ty toaa of ai|0it Iranftrad and thirt]r-aix two-

oalLiMa, rojral oata'vo paeaa, fanta a part of hia Curaua T^tiXoaoitfxiom

Ttealtiaua. vrtxieh, aaoevdias to ita sabtitla, ia "aeoardias to tha

Mind of /riatotla and .«^« ni0Ma''t ^aaaundnn aaaetan, mnm, gaouinaa

ATiatotalia at Poetoria Aagaliei iMBt«a«** Aft«r tha briaf first part,

on fonoal lofsia ("da dialaotioia institutionibua (inas sianttlAS ^aant"),

in whioli a didaatia nsthod is foUowad, tha rast is traatad piiiloao>

jkiaaXly, diaauaoias most diffioultiaa, prablaBS, or qQaationa* anonf

ahiah «a ineludsd aaagr of tha (juastioos ahiali v* ham amadnad in our

priaat stvdr* Of thasa sons ara traat ad at laagth, athars raaaiTa

Uttla attantioai. still othar quastioM «r« avt traatad. viuit ahiafljr
 ill

AitUagoiMuM thA« mok, hmmme, tnm mat lnrMtt«MtlMi of mnm th«

MM tpiMllOM, U lt« Butbor*a alM «« Mflh(»4« Bis «evk, «bm«]&

*aMer«lag to th* ntad of St. Thww", U not «a meotlaaX lanrMtl-

•Btioa, but a pbilOMpbloal cnposltlon of tlM SMttaar for Ito om «ako.

Thtwitfi a fair awtoor of taxta traa Si, Tbmmm «ro tooiMDtit la, thora la

not MBOlt affort at aensoala and ttto aanplaaatlMi of taict tqr taKt{ but

tho eutluor vvoooote on hia o«a, aaA tho qootatlOM ara Ineldaatia to

hla own daralopaaBt of tba dootrl&a. Hattoo, afran if Joba of ^.

Ikaaaa luiA aovarad eU of too aono gmraaA aafnoiantly fireai tho point

of Tlaw of pblloaophioal tiufcb, thera would atlll bo raon l«ft for an

ianraatlfiation of too hlatorlaal troto rasardias Just what St* Tbammm

taufllht.

to wAtJit «rtA add that oa too au^poaitioa toat e o«rafuI

taBctual a—laatton of too aoxko of St* fhowM had alroadr boatt aaUka

lacnUg tho dmaia of logio, that wmld aot aoooaoorUy jiraatiida

thdopaadwit aanfatieal atttdf I tor a aiagla dlaouaaloa aaldOB

auoooodo is oigriag tho doflnltlTo wora or ia giviat iteoluta aaMunnoa

of too aoearaof of aXl Ita latarpraftatioao*

ant vary UttXa dotailod aeaasoola had booa doao ia tho

aaritiasa of Aipaiaaa oa o«r qjaaotiaa. Aaoat tooalatia atudloa aoBo«

sragha oa logioal ^Euaatioaa ara faa,^ aad of toooo aoct aro dovotod

to portloular laaioal frohlasa rathaor thaa to toa caaaval pvohloa of

idMt logia la.

B aoauao tola la s taoctual aad aaagatloal atu^. toa doo-

trlaa arolvad mat follow toa taxta* Ihla aaaaa, flrat of ell» th«t
tfcM dootria* «xpoaBd«d nuot b« tb*t ot 9I« tlMMM r«th«v thut nf
privet* opittloaa of the «Raget«; ••ooaAly, ttuit thid dpotrlxt* anst b*

ikflwa to be St. IhMM* tnm tho t«cts brought fbr^i thirdly, thet tho

•rcUnr of tho «i(p(Mltloii auit craw fron tho texts.

la rofinrd to th» first, aa «aMft«t« auat b« oa his gunrd

•saiast roadlae tuigr prooeaoolrod aotloaa of his owa lato tho lat«n>r*>

tatloa of tho aatkar. ^ith tho trrltlaga of A^aiaM %h«v« la ^otlmHar

4n«v boaaauM ha aoror Mroto a oenplat* troatla* oa legle hiaaalf

and thflorofora It la aaaaaaaiy to eathw toits firaa isaagr «o«ro*a aad

aay dlffaraat ooatoxts, oopplaaaatiae oa* text bgr the other, vihea a

polBt baa not at all ba«a treated by the ettthar. It la not laglttaKte

for the esaflate to attcBipt to fill la the esp9 with hla ova eoaeltuioaa,

takias perhepa oaa prenlse of the rg^iaBt trtm the oathor aad aappljr-

las aaother hlaaelf. i^hea, however, a point of dootrl&e le Iai3>ll0lt

la the author. It aaena legltlaate to make It axpllolt; as, «haa two

praaleea are tXrmk bgr the aathaar* It aeaaa peralaalble to dnar the

eoaolualoa that aaturally ftaUows fros then, erea theiuKh It w«s aever

eaylloltly drMm bjr the withor, but oaly on the eondltlcm that aathlag

eaatrary to aa«h a eaaalua&ea la aagr«h«re said.

la axicix a atudjr abea what la said In aaa paaaage aeeda for-

tber explaaatlon, that aaplaaatloB anat alae be foaad la the aathar,

80 that •ext la eiQtlalaed by text, elwaya taklac late aeeeaat the

eaateafe so that ao Tloleaee la doaa to the real saase of the taxts

bvaaifit fbrtli.
nmwm m

MMH • PM««iMn 4i«%«tM to « MTtala MElWt tiM OVi«V

tkat Is to b« fBllowad, Th» pMMgiM fTCB «liiiii a ataart is ante ra>

Ml point* for furthor InvMtlgfttlon and olaoldstioa, which auat tttn

¥• aawlDoa in ^« Il«^t of othor t«rto} and tUoso cKty In turn loed to

othtfs. Tnm thlm tttoro arlcM m. groat difficulty in kooplne a eloar

ord«r in aoob aa oaMsotioaX otu^sr* aopoolally aban ^o worko of tfco

author ar* ea ooe^lox as tboss of A^aims, flatauso aoat of tha logi-

sal doetrlao la inoldntt^l to snsa otb«p aacpUBaticiis, ralatod yolsts

Mgr ooeur in a veriety of oootaacts, wtxieb ooapHento tho oxposltion.

fuirthannoroa tha erloua ralatod tasts, tbou«^ Mitvally sapplanMotary,

will oftan bo rolativaly oo^ploto msnsry troatmants by thanMolTost

oooordiiig to tho iaasdlats noods of tho ooataact, tan daiof InooBfoor

lottooo follow froa this. First, tix» yrogr ass ioa of his arguBMot in a

tiTSft possaas is oftsa asro rapid ttms is dosirablo for a loasthior

aad Movo dotaiXod aoiOoBatioii; taA soooadly. stioa tho supplosantary

tSKts ars «iuotsd far tlis additiooua iafttOMtioB or bos point of vlov

sntaittsd la oaA of th«K» tharo will be a eartaia aaouat of ropati-

tioa aad ovorlapfpias* Aa ovoa cvoatar diffioulty la tha ordsr of pro-

ooBlatUa, arioso ttm. ouplatalag tost by toiEt, boomso ths first may

ooataia noro than oao poiat tluit aoods furthor dsvslopuaat, thaa tha

first tiiosgni flBfvord for this purpose Itsslf oomtaias ons or aors

points ro^uirlBc oltfifioatisa, sad oo on until it is difficult to

kais itat point was orisiaiOlr bsing aaplainod. aoao Mozltia>lo sooqigpo-

loo aHst la soob saso bs found botvaoa follosla« tha land of tha toxto

iato an inastriaabla Btaxo aad awltiplioity of points within poiuto.

PaKTACB St

OB th« oa* haxtd, and, <m th« oib«r, iapoalag « rigid a prloapl ord*r on

tba exposition r«gerdl*M of th« tdzts of th« ttuthor. Ib« pvudaaM of

%b« ooaqproaiM wUl iBOTltably t»« 4«bat«bl« and Its momm «t boot

r«laitlv«*

Sh* g«Mr«l pfioe«ter« follcnrad In this ttttdjr la « iwtaral

M*« W« find tbMMi tMtfl In iihl<& A^ulMui sItm mh» «« proftio oM

•Qliolt aacplttwtltm of losle lay atsm, tajfUm, «b«t It Ib or dooa,

hcmwwm Iwlaf th« tatwant nqr ba. rnxan, alaea tha «x{>IaaaAlaaa

«U1 naaaaaarlly ba wida in otbar tmrnm «han Xagla Itaalf , thoaa tanui

oat ba aaoBalnod for a foliar aspIan«tlon of irtutt logle la.

Iba t r a atoawH baa baan dlTldad Into tbraa parta* aaob aoa-

taiaing ttxraa abaptara* In tiie flrat port tha axpllelt atatamaata

aba«l lagia bava baaa aawaliiad, Inoludlag both ebaelata atat waanta

af alMt lagla la or doaa, and ralAtlTa atataoHMKta about lagla lAda bjr

rim It wltb aiathiag alaa, la tba aaaaad part tha gaawel

aaad to axplnln logio hava thaBwalvaa baan Ixnraatleatad In da>

tnll. /«ad In tha third part thraa partioular klnda cor andaa of loglaal

balag hava baaa a—alnad far a furthar llluatratloa of tha antura of

logiaal balag*

la tha abolaa of t«cta adduead a faa hara baaa aitad oar

a^raa (ittotad in tba tot fraa oyiacuXa aliolw antbaottielty la auaatlooad

m araa daaiad ty aana. Thaaa uf da Hacttora StSMSU* ifi. ^^«*»r»

Aaaidantla. da artnelpio Indindaattiaaia, ^ prarpoattioaibtta nodalibua.

<^ SSL Mldaiia. Sagardlag thalr authaotiolty tha oplnloa of OMtaaaa,

«tao apholda it, rathav thaa of liaaiawiat, ite daeiaa or q[aaatlmia it.
PMMlftfll xll

has bMB f)»UjMr«d.^ Meet oft«B Itow «v« MMly eitad in tb« notas

•Img Witt other t«acta; or If thigr «r* quBt«4 in th« twzt. It Is umwOLly

with oth«r ptoretllwl psMneM* In th« tm plaOM in whi^ thigr ateiii hjr

thMUMlvw ia thw taxt it will ha tovaaA KtaM ao aasaatial poiat of tha

f1gi—t iaptftda upon theet aloua, but tha taxta <tiMtail bafora or »fter

thaa ia tha urcMaaat aara aoffieiaatly eloaa ia a»aaia« fcnr tha dDotriaa

to Btaad as aotplaiaad wrmi withovt tha paaaagaa ia quaation.

ma orthogvapljy ia tha taxta quoted froai t^t. tbaa^s raquiraa

a word of «otplaaatlon. athoogib Tnrioua edltiona of T»rioua wort: a hATo

baan uaad, and diffarast ortho^ephy is fOllcwad hjr thaa, for tha acdca

of uaifosMity ia our iiuotatioaa thair orthoisraphy ia aada to ooafova

to tbct of tha Paina aditioa of tha wadca (aa awiwaiatiP. iwagt^. jg^
iaotvM, aad jyet qyaatMn of thm Laoaiaa aditioa era writtaa aaiyrtlati e. j

WMaiaw. aabJaatf. aad iaonaatwi with Paaaa)

Spaaial aflkaowladflorat mat ba aada to tha aathora of two

vuqmbliabad worka whioh henra baaa of graatar aaaiataaaa than tmy pa9>-

liiAad booka or artiolaa.^ Thaaa worka ara a doatoraX thaala praaaatad

at tha uaiTaraitjr of Toraato ia 1944 by Ur. Clifford 0. i:oaaal, J .J.,

•a flalation la tlxa ?liil0i|Oi3iijr of St • Thoa<^ Aqi^i«|aa« aad tha aotaa of a

Coura da Legidwi givaa ia tha yaar 1989 - 1940 at tha Inatitut d*i^udaa

Madidwalaa at Ottora Igr tha Ravcraad L. K. Ragia, O.P, To rathar Raeis

thara ia a further dibt of eratitnda far wmm aalii^btaBiaf aaararaatiaaa,

helpful aagiteotioDa, and Taluable eritioiaDa. Bat aest of all ttaBka

ara due to rootor Aatoa C, ragia for hie aura guidaoaa, hia patianee

aad caaaroua aaerifiee of tine, his eritiaisia, ai^ hia

that hare aaaa thia thaaia thraagh to ita oos^latioa.

 FART I

THB SrECIlflCATIOa 0? LOQIC ..J .. 301 ^iC^

la b«elnniBe; our InveBtlgetion of th« dooeiln of losle «• most

Bflturelly start crlth paaMSMt in whieh logic is disouaettd or nontioned

explicitly and aiMi what va oaa learn of logic from thaaa, at lanst regfard-

lag it* function and nature in gaaaral, llaia la our concern in thia First

fart. Jueh informtition can be eomrayed to us either ebaolutely or rele*

tively, either by a direct explanation of what loslc ia in itself, or by

ft eonperiaon of it with aoaui other intelleotucl purtniit or habit, ^fter

eKwiiaiag e pirelliBinary and Tery Reaeml absolute atetaoeat of the func>

tion of logie aa well as sane aeemlngly oonflieting statanecte in our

firat chapter, we ahall ia the aeooad ehepter exNSine logie relet ively

to other seieneea, and then in the third chapter ezsnlne, ebaolutely

ageia, the anre detailed direst atatanents of just what it is with

which logie deala.

3aam ijueations lill ariae from the direct atetsoienta about

logic whi(Ax will thanaelTes need further exaoiination and elucidation

froa further texta. Thia iadireot inTeatigetion of the deaudn of 10£;ic

will be left to the Seeoad and tblrd Perts.

 pRamaiKAiBr viig; oy m^ xooic is

Of th* oonsidvrable nuobsr of pa«««eM In Nbltii St. ThQawt

•p««ka of Xofilo by oeane relatively ttm henrt n« their dlreet purjmss to

explain whet loslo la, r^asm^ the ffv that do, the fullest diaoueaioa

is foiud at the hegianlng of the oranentary oa Arlatotle* a Foeterioy

AnalytlCB , Better than half of the first leaaon la devoted to aa lntro>

duct Ion, not ao tsutki to the partloulsr votk at ha&d, but to ^e atudy

of logic aa & whole, nila oeeure before the oooneatary proper on the

worda of /Tlstotle, even hla prellalnaKy ranaxtcs, la begun. It la

elearly, therefore, !3t, "Ihomaa* oim teiaehlne, though it la, to be aura,

baaed iqk» '•rlatotle'e treatment of loglonl probloaa la the whole

I. It diaouaaaa the neoeaaity of logic. Its mttm'e, oM Ita

dlvlalona end sttbdivialona, then glvaa a ^eolfle lotroduetioa to the

Porterlor /nalytiea itaelf

LBgla aa an Art i

Losle la apokan of aa aa art whlah haa aa Ita buaiaeaa to

dlreot the aota of raaaon In Han. v.liar«aa brute anlmala have laatlnota

to guide their actlona, man haa reaaon. The waya in whloh reaaoa direeta

various hoaaa aotioaa to their pro|>er aaida eonatitute different arte.

But reason itself aoat be gilded, And for thia a apeoiel art la needed.

It la, ea it were, » auper-art, or art of arte, alaee it directs the

director of the artat

ai/MT?K I !•«•».

Alia «d« aaJbMlia quodon naturell iimtinotu ad suoa aetua

dlrlsuBturt bean «ife«n ratloala jxidielo In aula aetlonlbus
diricltiir. Ek iaAm a«% quod ad aotua tauaMBoa feollltar at
ordlaata parfiolendoa dlverana aztaa daacortriunt. nii::il
anla aliud ara aaaa vldatart <iuaB oarta erdlantio rtttioxkia
qfaeaodo datamiiiata madia ad d«bituai fiiuMi aetua hunaai par-
Taoiant. Hatio autau non aoXvaa diri^wa potaat infarioruia
partiua aetua, aad etion aotua aui diraatiTe wt. oo ania i

•at propriua intallaotifaa pertia, ut in aaipaen raflaetnturi

MB ifitalXaatua Intalligit aaipaum at similiter ratio da auo
aattt ratloolaari potaat, '>i in^itur 9X. hoa, quod ratio da

aatu meaoa ratioeiiuitttr, odinveiito aat ara aadifieetoria Tal

fbbrilia, per i^uaa homo f«eilitar at ordineta hujuamodi eetua
axaroara potaat; aedaa mtioaa ara quaadam aaoaaaaria aat,
quaa ait diraotlTa ipalua -iOtua r«tionia, par ^as acilieat
boaio in ipao HOtu rt^tionis ordinate, f»oilltar at aina arrora
proaadat.
jSt luaoo ara aat logiaa. idaat rutioaaiia aeia&tia. uea
non aoluB rationclia aat as boe, (iuod aat aa«iadum rntionaa
(c^uod aat ooaibua t:>rtibua eomauaa); aad atiaa «x liee, siuod
aat eiroM ipaum uotuu ratioaia aieut eiroe propriem natariam*
'c}t idao Tidatur mtm^ ara nrtiuB, ^c
in aetu ratioaia
ikoa dirigit, a ^uo oauaa artaa proeadunt.l-

thia wa eaa %t±» ttia definition of loglo na the art trtiioh la

direotlva of the vary eot of raeaon, ao ttjot in uaing bia raaaon matt

proeaada by it matbadiociUjr, aaaily, nnd tkitbout error.

To uadarataad vttkat ia aaid about lo«ia wa amat, tben, under-

•taad tdiat ia maaat bjr art. Aijuinaa taaahaa tbet it ia one of tbe in*

talleetuel Tirtuea or babita by abieb tbe aoul empraaaad abat ia true

C^abitua qttlbua anlae dioit Terua"). 'Ibia partioular babit parfaeta

tbe intelleot in tbe oognition of a oontineent matter, via., bow to

Bka aomatbiag. It ia aoeordix^ly oallad a "rationally faetive babit"

(**babitua f&otivua on retiona"). Ita operation produeaa a product or

woriK wbieb ia diatinot from the aetioa itaalf

QHiia ara aat eiroa oeMratioaan, aut oiroa aonstitutic

at aonplmaaatua oparia, quod ponit t'^^^uan fiaam artia,
^(aa diapoait Bntariaei, et eat atiom oiroa apaaulari quali-
t«r tdl'suid fiat par artma.^
A bri«f and untranalatabl* for&Mla <l»f ln»« art «• tti« r—>« yatto

favtiblllwB.^ It msana both tha ratiooal oXaa of ttlaga that era to ba

Uo MM tko yaaoaoa w aaaa

la of aiklag thorn.

It is oomgRtial to tha strict ootion of est ^et aa oxtoraaX

produot rosttXt. fhio AistiafolJtMS it ftOM tho istoliaetuel Tirtua of

», «rtd.flli alae paortaias to tha oontineaot txutti of partloolar

oparst ioM, bat diffora txom art ia th^t it has as pvodaot barmi
tha BOtion itsalf

PmdMitt* Tsvo ot aro oat eiroa aalaao pavtaK i^raotloaa,

qfdsooat nttioeiaatiTa do oeatiagMditaa opantbUibtta a
aobis, set diffeiimtt nam pmdOBtia dirlgit ia aotionibua
0ISO aMi traaaouat ad extorior«B at•viM^'Vod mat parf ao-
tioaoa agaaitiat uado dleitur qood prudoatia oat roeta ratio
•Sibiliun* -''*'o vwo diri^it ia fnetionibua, (lUae ia aataor^
iaa aaEtorievoB traasoaat, sioot aodifioaro ot aooarot uado
dioitizr t;uod aro oat roots ratio fsotibiliua.''

A diatioetioa ia aado botwooa doing aad Mdciag* "aotloa** aad

**faetion'*« Aetioa is an 1—aaaat ^psrtition; "faotiea" io traasiaat,

produeiae aa offoet in aztaamal nsttor aa its prodaett

Pifforunt anSa og«ro ot faooro: aaa sgsro ast oaauadw

oporaticnoa Baasataa in ipso agsato sisal sst oligsro,
iatoUlsaro ot huJoMOdi. . • • Fsosva aatsa sot
opsratioasM* tjass transit oxtflrius ad witsriao t:
ButatioasB, aient aaearOt uroro at hujuooodi.^

a aotio aaasBs ia ipao a^snts oporstio dieitur, ut

Tidoro, intolXigara ot Tallo. 3od fnetio oot oparritio
traaaiaaa ia aatoriorsa aatsriaB ad ali^^uid fbaaaadoa
SK sa, aiout aodifioaro ot -——

Qio SKtanwl work pvoduoad is tha pertioular oad aliiali tho

artifioor aljnqrs has in Tiov, aad it is produood booauss of its utllltyt

Oaaia fteiana, puts fabor ant aodifioator, faolt awai opos

gratis httjua, idost proptsr fiaaa, ot aoa proptor fiaoa
caApqg I »Mt »•

ttiilT«rsal«B} s«d nd allquod p«rtlottl«r« quod ••% feotiai,

IdMit eonvtitutus) in «xt«riorl zsetarla, puta eultellus,
ttttt dottts; et noa ttat fl&ls aliquld aetua, ld«(rt Rli<4Uid

«glbll« la ag«at« oxiatsna, put« reote ooaouplaoera eut

iTRael. i?)aett Mim ««Hiia fael«iui propter all<)ttlda quod
•at »liouJu8, Idaat t^uod habvt eli(]U«ci uaum« aieat uaua
deiaui aat hablttttioi at talla quldam est fiaia faelwotla,
aoilloat ficiotura «t iton notxim*^

Ita utility ney be alth«r tha provlalon of the Baaaaaarlaa of life or

the giYi::i:; of pleeeuret

Vluree artea (ma/t) repartee quantuia ad utilltntam,

qwrun qtiaedam' matt «d neeasaitateBa TitriO, aieut
aatiiaaloa*. • • vol ad voluptetan, aiout ertea ufuae
aunt ordiaatae a4 famtiatwi d4d.eetetionan.^

If «• mam ooaqpare lo«le with thla eaq;>laDation of nrt, wi aee

that it acreea la mm respeota. It too la uaefUl. hevlais the laipertaat

funotlOB of dlreetiag the oeta of reaeoa, aa h«a bean enid. /ooag the

uaeful arta (**repertae guaataa a4 utilltAtaa") v fiad lOGie llatedt

mat
ad Tltae neeeaaltatfln, aletit awOhaalose;
quaedm ad iBtroduetloaeo In allia aeiaotlla,
Tegro
•lout ael«Btia« XoglOHleo,^^

Its utility oonaiata in the aid it givaa to the othar •olaoa^^ ead arte:

duaadam) aoat ad •ruditlonaci aeeeaaf^rln, slout

•eiaatiaa logicalee^ quae ooa propter aa ciuaacruatur*
aed ut introduetorlae ad nlla^ artea.^

9tm awtan de lulbue vst logi«a aoa queerustur ad ooa-

aoeeenduB propter aelpaea, aed at ndnlaloulum quoddai
ad allaa Milwitiaa,^^

S^eoadlsr. loglo la ooaeenutd with oparntions, Juat a« are othar arte*

Ita operatloaa are tboaa of reaaoa» aa w« hare ••at

 fttg* 6*

9«BrtiB«Kl ad tras praedlotaa oporatJUmea ratlonia,^^

lliaara ava, )M*r«frar, diffaranoaa as waU. aa aladlarltlaa ba>

twaan logla aad arl, la dlatiaffilahias four diffar<»t ordars aooordlng

to tha way la ahioh tha thiaga ara ralatad to raaaoBt dt. IhaBaa oppoaaa

loglo to BTt aa wiOX aa to satuTMl and aoral pbiloaophy. Tha ordar

tdiloh raeaoa, by Ita vary ooualdarntion, mekaa In axtarnnl thln^ baloaga

to tha OMhaaioal arta, wLaraaa a aapereta ordar la aaaigaad to logic,

hare eallad rBtloaalla laxiloeoyhla ; it ia tha ordar vrtileh raaaoa by ita

oonaldarcitioa OMkaa in ita owa aet, aa whn it ordara to oaa «aothar ita

ooneapta aad tha ai(B&a of oaaa«|»ta:

Ordo qtt«B rttio oonaidaraado fcoit ia looprio aetu, puia eun

ordioat QOBoaptua auoa adisviein, at aigaa ooaoaptuum, quia
auat voaaa ai^aifioativaa, • • • partiaat ed ratioaaloB
philoaophlcBi, • • Ordo mtmn quan mtio aoaaidarando faalt
in rabua axtorioribxae coast Itutia par rntion«8 huDyoMn, p«r>
tlnet bA nvtaa SMahanlans.^^

Iha obriooa and is^ertant bnaia for thio diatinotion ia tha

aibaaaaa of aagr rael, axtarnal. product ia logiet '^aon ordimmtur ad ali<iiia

oparata • • • iataXllffara at aantiro."^^ lAsidarstBadiag haa a vary impoT'

taat plaaa r— ag tha aata of raaaoa whiofa lo^io atudiea, aiaea it in«

aladaa alapla i^prahanaion mnd Jvid^naat. It oould ba aeid aquelly wall

of raaaaaiag that it haa no oparatqn . If a pvoiaat aaa ba apokan of at

all, it ramaina in the mind. Ihara ia nothlae "oonatitutuB ia extariori

ateria," and tha lotfieal op«r»ition la aot "traasiana in axtarior«i

atarlMi."^^
glAPTt I ?••• f»

MTtala klad of inroduot or work, auob <mi • proposition or ayllogl«it

Bao (lAglOtt 9t Mt«h«M(llo«) Iflior o«t«raa Ml«iitl««

41eiiB«ur artiNi q[ala aoa olmluAoBi oof»itl«Mm, Md
<9iM allquoA, quod oat opua retloala, ut oeii>
lisBeaodlnto
irvttioMK* wrUogimnm wt oratlCw*. •««»»«• .*»,
», MAodlBo fOsaarOt eurnui sldtmai ooaputvro*^^

Iko foiMetloa of rlloslaM MMilloaod hmtn obrlottsXjr polst* to loflo.

It sHor poMlbly bo that 3t, Ihflttao latoadod to rofwr "oojutruetlon**

aad '*oratlOB'* alao to loglo, but it nawia onro likoljr that ho rathw

aaot to Indioata bf than ftraiwtr and ztiatoric. aaTlaaglag In tbla emi-

•THtlon tha tilTluB aad ^EaadriTian of tba soadlarsl aduoationel ourrlou-

Iub: niummtt l08ie« xbatorlo, arltteiotlo, i^aoiBatrrt muale sad aatroaoqjr

raapoetlTal;^, llhou^ tho works raaoltlns Aran thmtm qttBal*arta aro not

astaraal, laatarial produota, tht^r aan la aoaM aaoao ba eoxkaldared dl»»

ticot frott tha ojraratioaa fren «hlA thagr ^prlag, eaA tbiaa varlfy to

ooRw astaat Uf otlcm of nrtt

slottt In aotlbua aistariorlbva aait auMldarara op«ratl«

at oparatwa, piita aadlflootlOMB at nadlflaatuni Ite la
oparibua retioals aat ooBaidarara Ipanm aatm rtitlo^ia,
qmi aatt latalllgara •! ratloolaarl, at alli|iild par hujua-
aodl aatva oauttltutiau "uod quldflM la apaaalatlTa rf^tioiia
pvlao ^dam aat dafiattlot aaeaado aouaalatlo} tartlo v«ro,
^rUodanui ral MremaBtatlo.l^
GtaBla appllaatlo ratlonla raetea ad all<iaid faatlbUa
partlaat ad arton. • • iila ac8» ratio apaaalatlTa <^&e-
dan feelt. put a aylloglnuait prepoaltlottaBi a% alia bujua-
odl, la (julboa pcoaadltur aaeaaiaa aaortea at datmdLaataa
laa, lada aat q^»d raspaotu bMva pataat aalTarl ratio
artU.^9
&• «»q>lM Of jKrodKOts bar* glT«a, nmMOy, th* aijrllogiM^ Hi* i^iwpMi-

tlMi nA ttim 4«flnltlon, rmey elwurljr IndlMt* that logle i« th* "mrt'*

r«f«arr*«i to. ::liioo thigr aro obriously not Mit«rl«l, aad aot «att«nMl

ualooa wido m by their ortil or vrlttoa oniroooioB, «Ail«h !• quit*

MOldoBtal to th«a, th«gr io Mt ooaatltuto a ^roduot Itt tho full aaoM

CiTOB aboTO{ am lode ia, therefore, aot atrlotly aa art ae deeerlhed}

that la, it la aet « OMMhaaloal art*

"Dae tem art ie not, boverer, alwnya takea otriotly, hut la

— allMa iqpplied la o& estaodeA aaaeer^er ^wa^ alallititdlMR*).^

"Hi tmkm" (^sssre) is then sot reattrioted to tho waaalag tiui^ «aa dlo-

tlBjnlifcod tram *to do" (mare) , hut mmr ewi b* taken aa gyomaiUB
with "to do":

fooore outoB duplioiter poteet aoolpit uno nedo proprie;

alio a0io eaaauiiter. Preprie Autan faeore dieit«r
operari aliq(aid in oxteriori amteiria, aieot faearo doam
vol aliq^ld alivd hiiJiMMOdi. OenuBitor aiKtM dieitur
faeere pre ffmnmrnkfti* aotienea aive traaaoet is extarioraK
awtariMB, aieot wrare at aoeare; alTo meaaat ia ipae
aceate, aieirt iatellieere et toUo,^

Viea losio ia aaid to afkm eoBMVthiagt the word ''Mdte'* ie not tdcea ia

the ebeolutely eoaaoA aeaa* whiah would identify it with no do", eiaee

a product oaa be diatiaiBttiahed fron the oparetiont but it eeeae to be

uaed ia aa iatamediate aana* betweea ita prop«r and eonoa eeoeptatioaa*

If makiati ia takaa ia thia way, logio varifiee the defiaitione of art

that were «iven{ it oaa be oalled a "babitua ad faeieodiai alitfuid ova

ratioae,"^ * "habitaa faetiwoa oaa ratieae,"^ a "raitio reota all-

qaoiwi operai faeieodonM,"^ or a '*reeta ratio faetibiliva."**^ flma

it oaa be oalled aa art **aft« a faabion" or e qiiiaal-art.

CEAPTO I V^m 9,

9Br this rwflOB «• BMd ao% Im aiirprlMd to sm losio ll«t«d

Moag tb* liberal art*. 2b tt« MatlatMtlMi of 0a* of Iko iwmm^oo

•IrooAir quotod la vixioli it wao Mid that losio htm lo—thiBg of m pvo-

«Mt, it i« aov oaU to bo • Ub««l art. la apookiac of tt»o diaoipliaoa

of tho triTioa aaA qeaaAriTiuai 3t« Tbcaaa aayai

Bao lator ootaaraa aeiOBtlaa dieuatur nrtM quia noa aolwa

babOBt oocaitlWMa* aod op«a aliquoA, qgrnA oat iaaoiiato
ipaiaa ratioaia» «t ooaatmotloaoa* ^rUoeiaam ot oretion-
•a foxaaro • • • Aliao raro aoiaotiao toI aoa bab«it opua
•04 oosaitiOMM teatiMt aioat aoiaatia Aiviae ot aaturalias
obAo aflMHi ariia babovo aoa poaanat, ena oara dieitnr ratio
faetiTa • • t vol baboat opaa oorporala, aleut nadioina,
aldklada, ot bttJuoMaAl. OMo am
poaaoat dioi artoa
liboraloa, quia bojunodi aotiia MMt baniala ox parto ilia
qua aoa oat libar, soilioot as parto oorporla*^^

Iha foaaea giToa for tho diatiaotioa of liboral orta fvoa otbora aowa
at firat glaaoo to bo that tbo liboral arta prooood froa tbo aoul» tho

aon-Ubaral froM tbo bodr* ^3vt thia oeuld aot bo aineo orovy art pro-

oooda froB roaaaa aai baa ratio ia ita dofiaitioa. Ibo pradaat of tbo

ooo-liboral arta ia aaid to bo "oorporal" aad to bOLoag to aan aa a

roault of tho body. Tbo wowwing ia aot, bowovor, that thagr proeeod

fToai tbo body, but ratbor that tbOT aro ordorod to it. tbia ia bvooibt

out ia aoothor paaaago, ia nhieh tho ooa-libaral carta aro oallod aoabaai-

oal or oorviloi

Ulao aolao ertoa liboraloo dieuatur, qu«o ad aeioadua

ordlaaatvrt illao T«ro quao ordiaftntur ad aliqaan aitili-
tat«K par aotio—a habiiaB, dieuntur Maobaa ioao aivo
.87
Ihc llb«r«l MPta arm ord«r«d to ib» iat»U*ottt«l Mt «f kaowlBC, Ihigr

•r* vrwi AMi«Mii«d «• «p««ttl«tlT« habits in aastlMr ^u^* «lil«li •»->

e«llaa%2y tup g— %h« iMtt&iBg of liberal avta. ^« not* that loci* io

•gala uaod a« an avMBplo and tharaforo el w a* •» muh aa avt}

Xa iysia apoottlabilibua oat aliqioia par

Ofavlo* puts ooaatittotie yllofiwi «tt oratiosia aoaeroao,
a«l opwa iWBWaadl «! aMMoraadi* 81 idoo ^ona^pMi ad
httjvuMOdl Ofava ratioala hid>ilRta apooalativi ordiiMiitta>«
diomftior par iBirti alnllitudiiMai avtaa, aaUioot libar>
aXaa, ad diffarautieai iilanai artliaa quao acrdlacKto ad
par oorywi aiBMreita ^aao oiibI i^tiaiawMiin a«nrUoa,
oorptta oarrilitar ntMi%«ap aalMao* at hcaM
ai^Mai ool libar* Illao vara aoianliao <p»m od
Mll«i Irajuaaodi ^^no ordlaa«%«r« alaplieitar aoioMllao
diamAvr, worn anftaa artoa* Soo oportat, ai libaraloo
artaa aiwt aobilloreo, (juod aagia aia ooiiToalat ratio
artU.^

Hm last aantaooo la portinant to oar pr«bla»« Altboiaipii tb* libaral

erta ar* noblar than tho othora, atill thogr aro not ao atrietly ar^a .*^

Iba diatiaetion botwaan than aad the apaoulatiTO aoiaaoaa oftaa appoara

arir dim*

Tho tana art la, la foot, aonvtlaaa taaod rmj bvoadly} it iaoladoo

act OBly liboral nrta (ia ahiflb thara la atill, la a vagr* oom* produo- -?

tlTO oparntioa} , but alao spaeulativa aoiaaooe. Ia tha firat laaaoa oa

tho Botaphyaieo 3%, Hummo, follovlBis ;»iatotlo, opoaka of "apooaletlTo**

aa won aa **aotiva" «rta ("ORavavot art«a aetivaa spaoalatiTao" ) aad

istartihaagoo Iba taoM "art" aad ""aaiaaoo"*

la qaibuaaiii|ya ooiavlii* toI artibaa iBvonitar id proptar

(juod hcmiaoo aoiaatoa proo aliia hoaiaibua ia adMiratioBa
val haaara babaatar, illao aoiaatiao auat aada haaarabilaa,
ot aagia digaao aoadao aapiaatiao. ...
 u.

«till%«t«i . • : iUi PTtifloM di««aai auBt MplmtlorM

quoana MiaatiM bob ma* ei utUltMMMi UnrmtM, m4
pfoytar ipauB aolr«« auJaoaoAi auat aeiaBlia* apMuIa-
%l¥aa,*

9M0 paragrapha Intar he tairm aagnlMUBoa of tha lataraibaasa of tafsa

aad Baw poisla out thalr pyapaor nawBiBgB, AiBtlacaliftiiac art, aalaeoa,

aaA wIbAob. Art la hara takan la ita raatrletaA BOBaa of ara aa>0^toa

aa IB tha aixth book of tha athtOB , Ib aaothor plaoo It la aald that

arta aro apoeulatlTO aad aeaa praotlealt "diavBtur artlm

Bpaa«IatlTaa, nBaaii praotioao.'*'^

Itraai tbia bxoad uaa of tha bmmi art, wo aoa thet, whan It la

appllad to loglo* It naad Bot bo tekao la tha roatrlotad bobbb «lil4b

vottld axoludo loglo fron balag a aolaaoo.

Lofflo aa a 3oli

Xb tho mtmm p— aagaa la whloli logle la osplalBad aa aB art.

It la oallad a aoleaoo — **ratlOB«I aolanao " i "M Haoa am oat logloa,

Idoat rtttloaalla aolaatla.'*^ Tba aaao Ba«a la appllad to loglo In

tbo fIrat loaa*a of tha HBMiwitafj ob tho larl ramaBOlaa^ aad IB tho

opuaoulUB do FaUaolla^ , «o rIoo find loglo aallod "ratloael phll-

OBOphj.* Oao ooeurrenoo la In a peaaago that baa alroadjr booB <|aotaA

fMai tha flrat leaaon on tho »tbloa » ''Ordo cfuaa ratio ooBald«r«indo

faelt iB pro^rio aetn, portlBot ed rtitloaslaa phllooophlMi.*^ Aad

agalB iB tha Introduotory paooano of tha ;oatarlar ;>aalytlea thla doalff-

aatloo la uaad. Aftar ainiCTiitlii4 tha dlTlalooa of tha third part of

logio •• judi««tiv* taA lsv«atiT«, A-quimui Man* "Cteda haM p«rtln«at

«4 ratlonalMi yliilMWj^aaM.*^

aofttttM Ifl «ii9l«in«d to b« cmrtuiu k]iavX«tg»t

iioi«B>ia M* MKTt* «><iiitlo r«l • • • p«p ••rtltiMliMK

• • • tpoA son possU elltatr s« heb«v«.3^

of «lk«t ouMt aciMMMrlly Iw wt

niod d« (fwi biitbvtttr •«i«ntltt oportot om* aMMMriun,

•oilloct quoA Boa oontia«ttt slltmr b»lMB«*^ m
)gr a—B»rt ration;

Gw oolro nihil allud os«« TldoetUTt qiura Intolligoro

voritata* alleujua oonoluaionla imkf dawmatvatioaaBi*^

flran flrat prlnoiplsai

liea aaa aat quo4 daooaatrcvtlTa solantla • • • proaatfat

ax propoaltlonltma vavla, pkUsA.b at laaaAiatla . • •
lat} ax pfoprlla pariaelplia.^

ProCPa — tt a aalwtlaa amMiatit in iiaataK B»tu ratloala

Aiaannratttla ab uno in aXluiit oanla wlas antua a pri»-
olplo i|ao4aa yveaadit at ad allquld taRBinatur) unda
oportat (jaod in yragyaaaa aaiantlM ratio pveaadat as
aiiquiboa priaaipiia prlaia. si qsm aango raa aat, ^(uaa
aon habaat prlnaipia prlora, an qulbua xatio prooadaara
poaait, taoiua non potaat aaaa aaiantiaa aaawaiuai fi«od
aaiaaftia bia aaaipltur, prout aat dwanaat rat Ionia
affaetna,^

aa tha affaot tnm a oauaat

Carta aacnitio alTO aaiaoitia aat affaotua

tionla.*^

saiantla aat ral oosnitlo par yvoprlan mnmm,*^

QBLAPWH I ftIB 13.

ai kaam as woht

Op*vt«t Mi«Kt«B aiaplieitcar oognoMar* . • eppU-

SIOM logte la mpokma of an Mi«ao« it mwt b« ooasldorad

to frXty thla asplanatloa of «bat • aolanea la, tUxmem laiat b« aoaw

daf Inlte aubjeet or kiad of thlaga about «til«ii It glTaa oartala kww-

laigat it MMt jaooaa* by dMoaatnitloa In rosnrd to Ita aubjaot; and

It SHat yl«Ld « oartltttda vbloh la oonaaloualy apsrabandad*

/Qafora attan^tlns to aawartaa tha Ivtlaata aatura of leglo

aa a aolaBoa, «• aoft pcwfitably mfiara It to otbav aalanoaa.

 mn^^i or LOOK i-o oi^.j^ ^i^fW

tf logle 1« A MloftM It Mut staafA la 4*fliiit« rvlstiouM

to othar •oi«coM» ^cither It 1« Idmxtleel to mim oth«r or mbmrdlActoA

to aoMO othor* or at lout It Is OfpomtA to othar Miaooaa la « A«t«r-

iMi mr* To uadaratnaA how at, TboBMS Mnaldara lo«lo to ba ralatad

to othar soitnoM weulA thfow auiAx U|{bt apea hia eonoaptlon of loela

itaalf • AaA ita ralntlow to othaor aolanooa will apiMer if wa oaa

diaoavtr «li«ra ha plaoaa it ia hia gooca^l ol(;ifl8lfle«ttion of aoiaaoaa.

Claaaifioation of aeiaaoaa

Tha a»at ncaiiaia Raaarttl diriaioa of aolaaeas fousA ia tha

aerka of at* Hwna ktfxUnoB ia that of apaoulativa aad jaraatioal

B9imM99» If tha aeiaooa ia purauad tor tha adca of aoMO noirit or p(ro>

iaot, it ia praeticoXt if it ie purauaA tor ita oim aaka, it ia mpoear

lativat

la aaicntiia aut«i qfoaadaa aoat jraetima, at queadMi

aoBt apaaiilatiTaa; at haa diffaoruat tsttia jraatiaaa aaaA
jiOftaar opua, apaauXatiTaa attlaa paroptar aaipaaa.*

Ikm auhjact iMttar of tha paraatioal aoioMaa ia thiaga that «a aaa aaka

hf our o«B afforta; that of tha lyaottLetiTa* thiaga ttiat w da aot aaka
hat diaoovor:
 Qm icltur oportMt BMtericA tiBl •a»m proportiMMfaH^
«f«rt«ft praotienrvB Miantlttnai DBt«Fi«i •••• r— tUtm
^M • loatve op«r« fiwi 9«Miwt, «t mow
mgoltto U
Of«r«tioB«B (joMil la flJMB oHilBari pOMlt. apveulati-
TaruB TWO MlaBtlMnw aBftirlaR opeortet mum rea qua* a
oDvtro Of«v« mm fiualt uada awpm ooiuil4«ratlo la
op«r«tloa«D ordlBorl noa potast aleut In timmt at
aaoaaait barua rmfmi dl|tlnotlon«i apovtat aolantlaa
apaottlatlTaa 41atl%al.^

Aa lo apperant, tha dlatlnetloa of both tb« selaBaaa and tbalr aubjaot

attar la baaad on a dlatlaotl«m of aada: tbAt la praetlcal afal^ baa

aa It a purpoaa op«ratlont and apaeulatlTa or thaeratleal ^iQb baa aa

Ita purpoaa oaly tha kaowlad^ of truth:

Cm aalB piilleaapbla vai artaa par tbaerlaaa at

praatlauB 41atlaB«nHi%ttr» apertat aaalpara dialliia-
tlOMM aanM ja flna . ut praetlaun dloatur Id qgood
vrtiiMi^nt 9g^ opTatlonaa. tbaorlovn m>
q^oad ardl-
'H'*"' JSl ^^*» oogaltlaaaa Twltatla .*

la both oaaaa atrlet aalastlflo kaoarladca ( aelantla or aolra ) la aougbts

bat la tha oaa aaaa tha kaoNladaa la aoiifbt f^r Ita mn aaka aad aothlas

•ra; la tha o^ar It la aeuji^t for tha aaka of aoaiatblBg to wbloh It

XaoAa« «bath«r that ba aa botlon or a praduot}

solaallaa apaeulatlTaa awl aablllaalaMA latar lan iaa

aXlaa aelaiKtlaa, ^ula la ala quaarltur aalra proptar
•aipflMi, la aalaotlla «itaa oporatlTla <ittaarltar
aelra proptar opua.^

ntbamli tha kaawlad«a aou^^t la tha praatloal ttr aparatlva aolaneaa

la aa laaodlata aad, aavarthalaaa It la mbordlnatad to a furthar and,

ablob la Tlaaad aa ttxa affootlTO and of tha aalaaea. 7w this raeooa

It la araMrtlMian aald that tha Md of audh a aolaaaa la aot ioioirladga

ta* th«% to nblQtx th« kiuwlods* 1b ord«r«di

«%« ttt potoafkla* prootloa*

iMlMoitla* vt art«8
y wpt w
prop%«r cdlud 4111glbll«a; urn In •!•
f

fl&ia non Mrt Mlir* «•& oporarl. solMstio* aut«n anat

p«»pt«r Mlp«Mi dillKibliMi fials MM «•! mmm

1h* iQ>€NmIatiT« sol«M«B ax« diTld«d iato natural •el«ne«,

MtttMMitlM, Mid aMpta9lqrsl««« S«tttv«I •oiasM 1« alM eall«4 i^tlea;

aad avtapliyalos, «h«ii ths t«vBdiioIt|r i* iwpwitft Iqr a t«xt of /Tlstotlo

boiag ooBMBtod or roforred to, alao roooiVM tbo necteos of first pbll>

'I

Tn» MBt purtM pblloaopliia* thoovloao, iMiUloot mtf

tfcirtioa» piaqrsiaa at tbaolagla, qpaa aat pblleaonliia
ipplaa.^

Trla aunrt flMuna qpaoulatlTflnaB aelaaitlaramj aellleat

aaturalla qiaa* oaaaldarat aa Babllla, qputm la aul da-
flnltloaa awtarlw aaaalbllw raelplmt} at aaiaiaMctlaa
qvaa eooaldarat Inaabllla, quaa noa raalplaat aetarlaB
la aul daflaltl<»a» lloat habaaat aaaa la mit«rla aan-
alblll; at thaologla quaa aat olrea «ktla paaltua
a^erete,^

nila alaaalfloatlOB of apaaalatlva aelcnaaa, wa ara told, la aoo^lata.

la tlxa long dlaouaalou of tba a»ttar fOuad la the fifth quaatloa on tha

da TYlnltata of Uoathlua, aftar MMwirntlog the klada of dapaadanea of

•paottlabla Objaota i^an aattor tm I* '*aae«aA«ai aaaa at Intellaatua,"

£• "aaaosMMB aaaa, aoA tann aaaaaim InteUactua." tad 3. '*aaa

', L^, Hiaaaia adda that thwa aaaoot ba e fbiorttii

Naa aat aut«i poaalblla qfaad alal allaa raa <iaaa

latallaotm dapaadaaat a aatarla, at aoa a ac dain aaaa; w
4ttla lotaUaatva* qfuaataM aat da aa, ISMatarlalla Mt: at
Idao aoa aat doartwi gaaaa phUoaopblaa firaat«r> preadloto.^
lb* olAMilfloetloR glTwi \m tharvfMT* «idunuitlTe.

Xa %1M paracrtleal sqImums « AlTiaion la nate glvlac atfllT*

•ad fMtiT* aelMOM mr aMPal philoaopbjr «iA «rtt <*Qnia aftls Miagitia

Of arat iTa, t«1 aat aatlTa t«I faotlTa,"^ tbla aiTlaioa la b»aad oa tha

dlatlnotioa of teiae aaA adclog that wea dlaouaaad abovas

Ia% aoiio aolantia aotlTa, as qua inatruinir asl raota

•aaraaaiua oparatioaaa, ^(uaa aetloaaa 4iouDturi aiout
aat aaiaatia aaralia. Paatifa aat«a aelaatia •»%, pa»
tffmk raeta all<^d faolsua; aleut ara fRbrllia« at alia

Ilia aotiva aolwaaa asra aiao oallad aoral, and tha faotive, sMOtiHaloal

artai '*aoiaatlaa botivaa Oiounttv solaatiaa aoralaa* • • r»al«Dtiaa

faotlTaa diouatur artaa aaohaniaaa.'*^

IIM aaoMMi elaaaifleation of aalaaeaa that wa bare juat

aaaa la tha worka of 9t* WMwaa A^laaa «aa aeoordlagly be aabanatlaad

aa foiloawi

natural aalaaaa (ptayaiM)

ap a ealativa
(tfaaoratloal)
ttataq^graiaa (flrat lAill-
aaaikr, tHaelacy)
Solaaoa

Aativa (Mval aal«aa)

rraetloal {FaatlTa (waghanlaal art)
(•p«ratlTa) i

Plaoa of Logle la IMa Claaalfleatloa

Wliaa «a tiy to fit lasie iako thia a<»iaaa of tba aeiaooaa

aa OMMt a anabar of diff ioultiaa* If it la a pvaetleel aelaaea, it

(gAPCTR n VH/i 18.

urt b« altbar fnotlTe or notlT*. Its relation to fnetlTo sei«noo has

alr«a4y boon oonold«rod uaAmr tho 4iaeusoloa of loglo «o mm art{ for •

faotlso oolaneo Is a BOOlMialcal art. It la oooontial to tbo ootlon of

a MMluu&leol art that it bsvo an airtcaraud, aatarial yrotttot. ttkoutfi

lAgla aoa bo aaid to b«vo produota io a oortain traasforrotf aanao,

thooo pvodaeta «ro oartaialy aot aoctaoraal and OMtorial. Wo oaa aeoordr

iacljr t^lY to Xoftie tho axsuMaot ahitfx 3t« Ihawaa uaoa to ilMRr that

natural aolaaoo ia not faotiTOi

QHOd (ftutMB . • aoB ait faotiTa patott quia prlooipiUR

aoiootiarum faetiviina aat la faoimito, non in faoto,
qnmA oat artifieiatoa. « • . Hoo aiit«i priaoipiuai rovun
artifioialiuM, q^iod oat ia fnoianto, oat priao intolloe-
tua, <2^i prim artam adiinranit; at aocuate ara, (tuao oat
habitua iatollootlvoat ot tartio eli^oa potantia oxoqwna,
aiout potantla notlTa, par «a«a otlfaat oso<i«11«r oMMoy-
tion«fi artia.^'

Bran thouith lofio have a fsotua or artifielctusi La tho broad aanao,

oaA oaa bo eaUod aa art by aactMsioa, atill, booaaoo it deoa not bavo

aagr aatooutinft pooar othnr tben tho intolloot, and no diatinet oxtaraal

product adoeatod, logie cannot proporly bo olaaaad aa a faetlTO aoioaeo.

It la, Indood, oxplloltly osoludod: for ytaa faotfvao ara eontraatod

wlth'' aelaotlaa. (^uaa acllleot non babont oporntiottaB ia aKterloram

8MitorlH& traaaouBtaa, alout aunt aolantiao aroraloa ot loglaao.'*^ ^

»t« tharoflMPOt put looio anoat tho faotlvo aaioaooa.

Ia lt» than, aativo? Ibora aro roaaoaa for tblnking ao,

aiaoo lc«lo la aa aoaaaa d with oparatioaa, aad ahoaXd tharoforo bo prao-

tloal{ bat tho opwatioaa aro aot propaarly prodaetlTo. and thoroforo aot

footlTO. It would, aaaoTdlBgly ao«i to boloac ^^ 10^* aot Ira aelonaoa.

nils ooaelvuiioB r«««iv«« mm* aiifNurmst •oafin»«tloa fVMi th« a«flnltlons

«lii«li w» find of aotioa ftai atftlac e« as t—m w rt •jtcmtlOBt

Ac«r« proprim dioltur siMUBian op«ir«tieaMn ^oa* paameavt

I* acMit* vt MB truwit la awttirl—i •Ktwiog t simit o

lb* iw^— giT«B la Micli oaaa Include lntBllla«r,»« aa •pM^atlon of

rBBBon with abioh logic la oonearaod. -'Jid tha ooBCluaioa wbieh la

dram In thla ooatCKl would Boaa to pat uadar Eiotlvo aelooeo tba

•olaoooa daoUag with tha '^aotlona" amwaratod — logie a« wall m»

•thloat

Bat arsB aeltnlla aetlTBa «^i^J^ iaatiulsur ad rovta

•xaroaaioM •paratloaaa.
crparatloao ^p»9 BOtioaM dlouattiri alout
oat aelaatla UMralla*

niara aro, hovarar, reaaona agalaat auoh « eonolualon. tn

tba «•• oaatact la ahloli wa flad latoUlgwro oltod aa tt Mnaiplo •f

"BOtlott*. met lira solaaoo la oqiaatod to apgal aolaaoot "Uado aolaatlao

aetlv&a dleuatur aolaatlao aBralaa."^^ Ibla aloaa aoald load u« to

auapoet tbAt logic oaaaot bo plaood li«ro« a elooor asaniaatloB of tbo

aaaatai of ootlvo oolaaoo boars tbla out. tha prlnolplo of action lo

eholoot

Bt poor iillM mtleacB potot qiood aoa oot aetlTa. Nm

fcrlaelplum aetlraruB aelantlMEWB aot in seanta, noa la
lyola aotloalbtts, alTo aMrlbaa. Eoe autcat prlaolpluB
oat . • olootlo, ]^d«ft tela oat aglbUo ot ollglbllo.
Slo oaigD patot q^d • • aon ait aotlTa.'-"

But eboloo la an act of tha vlllt

ttUWI II Pas* 10.

£L*oil* aubctuKkliaiWr aoa Mt actus retionls Md

iTBlimtatlst pofrfioltur cBln •l«etlo in vo%\x quoAan
•olMi* Kd booua quod alleltur. tlad« MMifmrt* aetoa
Mt BiipclltiVM potwilM."^

It !• olacor, than, thnt a«tlT« selme* is oonovrnad with tti* vtll:

"^iwtU aMwU* (Mrt «• aetlbiw iroluBterlU."^' Lo«la, faowvrw, !•

aot ««M«r»«d with ««ts of tha will tat with tteM of vmtmn.
If w« r*-MnMia» th« i—nntng of tbo tasm "aotion" as appllad

to aetlTo Mi«Boo, vo flat that St 4»a« aot apply to arwry liaa nant

opagratlmi. If It did, tharo would \>» ao dlstinatloa of apaoolatWo

aetanoaa firaa aetlTo. "/.oftlon" la l—maat la tho aaaoo that It doaa

aot hava aa oparatqa t

aotlTarwB potaatiarm altinaa finis oat solus

uaus potaotiaot at npn allctuld oparattta pM> aatioaaa
potaatiaa.^

Tat it la diraotad to aoaatblng bayoad tba aMra axarelsa of tho powar.

Ita aotlTlty la aoKorolsad tor tha aako of aa oyn^ i ''Traotioao

Caolaatlaol .mt proptar opua, •pomOatlT.. aala. proptar -Ipaa..-'^

Aai thla ewtjB la oxtrlaalc to tha fnaultys

Suylaa oat opusi aallloat axtarloa at intarius*

Praatlaw aivo« Tol oparatlvua, qfuod dloitur ooatva
apaeolatlTMB, anmltur ab opara axtarlori, oA ouod
non habat ordlnatioaaa habitus opoaulativus,^

It is tha aad of tha oparatloai

Aatns latailoattts praotloi asa quaarllur pfaiptar a«

tfmm, sod paroptav aatlaaaa* Ipsas i^utan aatioaaa
ordiaMtar at ^llqf»m flaaa.^
misnan ii pas* ai.

Aad this mi oeMi«%« ia th» use of the feeulty:

Me 09«« dlouKtur •••• fipoprla iMnlnlt soiliMt

eosoltlo Twltatls •% etetua: laq(a«ntwi Mllloat
acl% iiqpii taalnua propril aotoa.^

•otlToanaa petaB%i«nsK ultlaaa fiala aat

•oloa uaua potaotiea.^^

Bat tta uaa of tha faeul^ la dletatad l>y tha will:

Oaiia ral alloujua la^partat ^pplloatloaaB ral llUoa

ad alltiuaa eparatloaaa • • • Volostaa act q[u«« iBBrat
potaodlaa anlaaa aA aaaa aetaa, at boa aat appliaara
a«s aA oparatlQ&aai. tibda aaalfaattai aat quod utl
yrteo at prlMlpalltav act voluatetla. taHmtuai prXml
ovaotla, ratlOAla antaa fqawa dlrl^aatla.^

In as NMik, tbmntWt aa logle la not eoaoarnad vlth tha win, it

not ba dlatlaoulAad fraa aetlva aelaooa, which la Idwtlflad with

oral pblloaoptgr* />ad wa do, loaaad, flad It explicitly so dls-

tlaguiflbedi the order with idilab ratlooal phlloaophy deaXa la dle-

tlscolabad fron thGt of asral lAiUesopbyt

Ordo qu«B ratio oozisldanado f aolt la propria aetu

part last ad retloaalMi pbUsaopblaa, • • Ovds Mta«
aatleauBi Toluatarlaroi oartlaet ad eeasldamtli
oralla pblloaophl S!?'^

Lecle aaaaot, tharefbra, ba olnased as aa eotlTa aelanoe.

Baaaasa It la aelther a f active nor aa aetlve aelanoa. It would

aaan that we anat eonolude la raturd to logla, as St. ThoiBBS does la

rasard to aataral selaoee, that It auat tbao be apeeolatlTei "si l^ltur

SBnla aelaatla eat aat aotlTa, aat faatlTa, aut thaorloa, aequltur j^tod

• • • theorlca slt«^
CaAFCTR II Vrntpt fit.

But • fflAMor rim of tti« •jwouletlT* soImdmmm j>r«Mnts

dlfrioaltlM •gainst MaglBg logio «Mit Umbi* ^th «lil«h of tho

•PMuXatlTo MlwioM ww to lOaatlfy it? Fbysies troats of Bstural,

obila MtetaMwt

8«i«Bkia Mtvralis . . • Mt • • • oiroa M^ffteaiivi

iMi«v«X«n, q(ttA« babet la oa priaeipiuB aotua at qui-
atl5,*«

lAgie la not oonaaniad with aatarial aribatana aa but with aota of raaaon;

it doaa not find ita objacta raa^jr-smda in aatura, b«t aakaa than: thior

ara a«ah aantal pio^nots aa ajrlloeianui and i«opoaitieaa.^ Tttigr ara

eXaarly not oobila, aa&aibla ttiinsa.

Lasia agraaa with nwthaMatiaa in aa muto aa it haa iaaobila

and iaakatorial objaota, but it dlffara in that tha objaota of ai&tha>

atiaa hava thair raaX axiataaoa in aanaibXa aattai^, nbaraaa tt»aa

of lacia hava thair baing only in tha ndnd, yalhaaat iea, furthanaora,

daala »ith qn&atity and ita vaopartiaa*^ B aaaaea lAgia ia net ooa-

eamad with thaaa, it aaaaat ba Idantifiad with aa^aMtiaa or Mda a

part of it.

If lo^lo ia to ba a spaonlativa aoianoa, it apparantly aust,

that, ba nataplqraioa or a braniii of it, Iha likwiaaa and diffaraoca of

lasia and atatajlijaioa wiU hara to ba atudiad in graetar dataU a littla

furthar on. For thia raaaan only a faw briaf indieationa will aoffioa

bara* thm objaet of aatiq^aioa ia Imnatarialt

apaanlabilia *faM» aon dapandant a

aaaa, c{ttia aina nataria aaaa poaaunti
OBtAyTW I ^
.

•!• I—KpMW slut lA siatarin, almit Dint vt Aae«ltts, •!•

ia qjttlbiuMlam aiiiit la iM%«ria, •% la (|ullm»daia aoa, ut rab-
•tantie* (iualltaa, pot«a%la at ««tu«, uaom ct ailta, «fi
tajvaasdii d* qaitooa onaEda Mt ttMoloslftt ite«t AlTlaa
•eiwtla, tiaia praMlyuiM oofAitonn la aa ••% Dms.
Alio aaalaa dleltur Mvt^phyviM, idaat traaa^iyalea, qui
yost yhysleaa aiaaaate •eaurrlt aobla. <|allMM «k Mnuiibl-
liMbua eo^patlt la laMBaibilla dairwlra,^

m* MMli laglo IMS la OQonoa with mmimifbfBio; tor It too do^lo with

ISMitvlal ebjeoto, anoh e« tha aota of vaaami, pro9oaltlOBa« cAd

qrllosiaui. IlMra ara o«b«r roapaets la i«)il^ it dlffara, boiravar.

Uatoylqralaa traata of balag as auoh ead Ita jaeopme avNiaat

lat quaadam aolontla, qiiaa apaeialatur mo aaeimdMa (|iiod

aaa, aiout aubjaattaa, at apaealatw **aa oaao tn—«t «itl
par aa," idaat aatia par w
aeoldaatla.^

Bst loftle la not ooaaaraad with aabataaoaa, with aaoldanta ranlly aslat-

lag la raal aabataaa^, with Hm dlatiaatioa of aat aaA potaaegr. with

tho oaa aad tha aaagrt o^" ^^^'^ bolag w^ptallf lad* but oaly with aeta of

raaaoa aad tha apaelal aatltiaa that arlaa froa thoaa nota. a furthor

aica that 3t« Tbwiaa ta^m aot Idaatify loglo with siatapfayalea la tha

ordar whlOh ha baalfiaa flor taaohlag thoaa aalaaeaas loglo la to bo

taai^t flrat, aad •otapbjralea laat:

Irlt aaf«D aoacnaia ordo addiaaoadl, u> prlaa qittldan

puarl loglaaXlbua iaatroontur • • • ulato autaa la
aylaatlaUbua.^

Uataphyalaa, ^juaa olroa dlTlaa Tareatur, latav

phUoaopblao partaa ttltiaa rcaaaat eddlaoaada.^

Aad flaally, logio la diatlacolMMd tnm Mi^plqralea oa tha baala of Ita

•ad or purpoaa: aataphjraioa la aa and la Itaalf; Xogle la aott

 SeiantlB* lagloalea • . aon propter •• cjuecruntur.
• • • 9ftpi«B%l« • • 4ue«rltur . • • propter Mlpsoa.'^

Jhm oonoluslMi tam% b* that loglo 1« aoi awtogbyalM, im

Milthar It it nr-tuml m1«im« or MKllUBMtlos. MA ttUnf tho OiTislon

of •p«oalatlY« 0Ol«uo«s into natural aeieaM, xMttbaaaties, end aet«-

fbyalct Is «iii«iustlT«, «h«r« la bo rooa l«ft for loglo 1b tho opooulo-

tltro •eloneoo. t;^ ftOOOTOlagly flaA It oiproMly dlotlsmlitt^od trm.

•pooulatlve soionooa:

Pluroo ertM omt roportao <2<i«Bt«a mA tttllltat«K, ^uarusi

• • • quaodoM • • • M introduetloatatt la allla aeittatila,
alaut aaloatliui lagloalmt • • • (aUaa) aolontlaa aea
auBt «S itlllltatam InvantBa, aad preptav Ipavai aalra,
oujuoaodi auBt aalasliea ^paaulatlTaa.^

Zft aa maidk aa loslo aaaaot ba flttad lota althar the praotloal

•alaaaaa or Hm afaaalatlTa, tbara aaoaa to ba ao plaaa for loglo la tha

olaaalfloatlon of aolaaaaa vhlali Aqfulaaa aq—aly ai^Iajra.

gpaalal Plaaa for Lo^le

»^a flafl, bowwrar, a alislitly dlffaraat olAaalflcatloB whloh

daaa aoka e plaaa for loglo* Thla oaavra la tha Introduction to tha

ooaaMMtary on tha JJWiloa, to vhltii rafaraaaaa hava alraa^ baaa iMda

aavaral tlaaa* four Alffaraet ordwa nr* dlatlaoalahad aaaordlng to

tha ralntloB whlflh tblaga that 99a ba wida tha objaot of aelviaa baw
to raaaon} aad tha four ordaara ara aaalc&ad to four dlffaraat aoianocMi:

teda oataH qfaatrapllaltar ad ratlaaaa aaa^parstur, Sat

attlB qialdaa «rio <fum rwtlo aaa faelt aad aeloa aanp
aldarat, alavl aat aarda rarua aaturalluau Allua RUtoM
 Mt orte, quflH wtktio ooDaldareodo f&eit 1a proptio ««tu,
puta eun ordiitat eoaeiqttua «io« sAiarlMn, •! •igna Ma-
Mftum, quia Mat ¥•«•• slsBlfleBtlT**. T«rll«« e»t«i
mH ovie qjHMB ratio ooaaldarsade faelt la op«F»tioallMM
volotatla* rmurtvM sMtam oat «rdo <^uai mtle ooa-
miAwtmOo faolt la «xtarlorlbaa r»bus, qoanm Ipaa •tii
mau»t alevt la area aft dtaa.
It quia aomldaratla vntloal* p«r hitbltun parfleltur,
> iwn <lu» koa dliraaraea orAlaas qaea pcofrla ratio ooaaldavat,
anafe dlTaraao aalaatlaa. Ifm 04 itlilloaophlan aatuyal—
partlaot oeaal4arar« or41a«i ravua qnoa ratio hwwiaa aoa-
aideret aod aoa faolt; Ita quod mA aaturall pblloaopliila
—
oaa^g ali aa fl ui at aetapitjrale«a, OrAo antan (|«aai r^tlo
ooaaldaaraadB faolt la projrlo aotu, portlaail a£ ratloaBAan
pttlloaoifcli. oaj«o oat aoaaldatrwo ovdla«B partlan oratioalo
oAlBVloaB, at mrdlaem prlaolplorun @4.1aTlo«B at ad ooaoluol-
MMMi. QH0 aotMi aetlmwB volwitarlaruB partlaot ad ooaal*
Aoaratloaan aoraXla id^lloaoablao . Ordo aatM quam rutlo ooa-
oldoraade faolt la robua extorlorlbua ooaotitutls p«p rati*
Ottoa bUDBoaaa, partlaot ad artoa aoatoealoaa ,^

fboro la a soaorel oorroiqpeadOBOo of thla oltaMlflOHtlon to

tho parooodias oao wbloh wo horo aooa. Artoo aMMatonleao aorroapoad to

faotlvo aoloaoo, and apralla ritmoaoifcla to aetlro aolanco. Noturalla

yLlIoaothla la Lara tekaa la a bro»dar aanao tbaa tho aaturnl seloaoo

ahlaii vaa Ilatad oo oao of tbe dlTislona of apooalatlTO aeloaeo; It

la aald to luelttda aotapbjraloa, ead Ita doflaltloa oa atudrlag tbo

ordor of tbla«a 'Htblob roaaoa ooaaldora but dooa aot BBko" oorroapoada

to that of ^pooulatlTo oolaaoo «a a wbelo. It Rditht for thla reaooa

ptoparly bo eallod "rool" aoloaeo; It &loao of tho four olaaaoa of

aeloaeo Ilatod flada ita objoota la roaX bolagi tho othora aako tho

objoota wtalOh thagr «tu4r« 'Ota** apoauXatlTo aolanoo la oolloetlraiy

laolMdod la thla olaaalflentloa, aid tho two paeetloaX aoloaooa are

aoparetoly llatodt aad ae tho elnaolfleatloa jronafualy aoao la aac-

bauatoda But aaothar olaaa raakalaa otwr la thla aow aab —a, glviat *

plaoo i^art to loglo. Xt dooa aot flad thlaga roadlMBado aad atudr thaa.
or aako «x%flraal thiasa miA atvUtir tbttlr ntklac) It ttttftl** !%• «&
•p«retloas ~- not thoae of ths vlll but tiio— of roaoea itsolf •

ili«t( tht%, la th« roletlOR of logle to tbo iiraotioal uid

•yooulatlT* aelaaeos of ^» tbaamB* saoro firaquoat oleaalflOAtion? »•

aro teldv firat, that logle la iatiyauctoty to othar aoleaeaa: " -uaataa

(artaa rapartaa aunt) od l&tmdttOttanaB in alila aelantila, aleut

40
aaiaatiaa logioalaa," laatyuotloB la othar aelaaeaa raauiraa iirafrl-

oua iaatroatioA la Io«iei '^r.ttaadaa aaa%) ad agnadltloaat aaoaaaaipla,

aleut aelantlna logioalaa, quaa aon lOvqrMr aa avaaroatur, aad ut

latroduotorlea In aliaa artaa. '^ Xhla kamUOff of othar thiasa

dapdada om kaoaladsa of laglat

la adfiiaaaato laalpiaua ab aa vwd aat aH«la faalXa, alal

aaaaaaltaa allad raqoirat: <(ttaBA»qpa aaUi aa aaaaa aal la
adtlaaaado aea iaelpara ab ao csaoA aat faolllua, aad ab
aa a aujaa aapatlMM oacaitlo aaqaaatiun dapaadatt at haa
paaltlaaa opartat la addiaaaado a iagloa laalpara . • •
qaia aliaa aciantlva «h ipae dapai^ant*^

la tha aaaaad pleea. lasle la InatruaaMitaX to tha othar

aaianoaa. proTldlaft tha laatruaaata with whieh thajr nnat movkt

Baa autan da quihoa aat logloa, aoa (jUAarvatur ad

aaadwa propter aalpaaa, aad at n4»laioalum quoddMa ad aliaa
aaiaatiaa. St idao loffice oon aoatinatttr aub philoaaphia
apaeulativa quaai prlBOipalia para, aad quaai qaoddaat ra»
daatan ad aaa, prout alniatrat apaeulatioBi aaa iaatnuMata,
aoUloat aylloglMoa at dafinitioaaa at alia hajaaaedis
qiallma in apaoolatlTla aalantlia iBdlgaMia. ^Aa • • •
%tm aat aaiastla c^aei aoiaotlaa iaatwiwtaat,**

Aa InatruBiaatal, loglo la aabordioated la ita finality to tha knowladsa

of thiaga, whiob la gaiaad bgr tha othar aoioaeaa ("losiaa ordlaatur ad

QlAPTffi II fas* 87.

Thirdly, logie is Mrtltft<teUgl—X. «M«iiac th« Mtbed to

b« foll«w«d in tti* othmp MiMOMi

Oooc* aBdn p«M«d«idl ia wwlbw m1««iI11«.^

Brit wiD «tutnw ordo ed41«<Kmdi. vt prim quldf

IttglMliblUI iMtXUMltttr, 9ll« XOAlM «o»«l
totlus ^lloaopi^l««,^

It mu% b« t«M^t flMt bMsM* «• ntst kaov «h« atthod of pNie«odlii«

botbro wo proeood, and oeaoot loam both tho aotliod a&d tho aattar of

a seleuoo at tho oano tlaot

Oportot quod Lono Inotiuator por q;iun aodum in 8ln>

giallo •oioctlla slat roolploAda on qyoo diountur, ^
quia noa faoUo oat quod hosn olnO. dao ooplat, ood
dim od duo attondit. Mnitnn oa^oro potootj ebourdum
oot q[ttOd lMM» odwul ^^asrat ooiontion at aodvoi «iil
oosronlt ooiootlao* It pmptor boo Mb^t prluo ad-
dloooro loftloflo ^um allao oel«atia«, ciula logloo
tvadit ooHHMM ao^bn jarooodoadl la oaallnui olllo
•oloirtlU,^^

Opodrtot OBlm prlao oolro aodWR ooloatlao qaan oel«t-

tlm ifaaa.^

¥^ flad, thon, that vtm hnrm aa addition to our goaaral

olaaalfieatloa — aa additloa at tho top. AU tho root of tho

ooioseoa, apooulutlTo aad ptraotiofd, haro thio in oaanoa, that thigr

aro about thlaso» not about aeionoo itoolf, Intorfrotina Ot, Dioaaa,

vo oaa eall th«D aatarlal . I<ocle, on tho othor hand, ia about aeionoo

itaolf , Ita aothod aad Ito iAstfioMatai

oolaatiao do rotoao, aea oaton do opo-

oiobuo Tol do IntoQtionibao IntoUielbillbuo, alai
oola rational ia aoiontia.^
CHAPTBR H
UAd* at alia* Mimtiis* nint d« rtibiu, vt 8lln« da
iataatiooiboa lataUaotls.^

I& ooBtraat wltb %U« fiifitarinl aolaaoM lagia aaa tea daal«B«taA aa

Mtrummt*! or aathoaoXagteaX
J aalaaaa.

1^ atilJig lasta, cia la dosa la tha aXeaalflestios of

aalaaaaa siToa la tha Blklaa, «a oaa aodify aa fallowa %hm aahit af

8%, Hmhmi* «Mal alaaalfleetloa:

lartriiiwtal— logla, vatiooai philaaaflqr

(athodolosittal)

rtwral aaiaaoa
Salaaea (^lyalea

SpaaulatlTa Uatli«setloa
(tbaaratloal)
Mataphgralea (flj«%
Iktarltd |liiiloaoph7a tbaology)

aailva— iwral phlloaoi^

Tvaatleal
(oparatlTo) faatlTa— aoabaalaal art

»3^1a loglo la dlatiogulahad ei^laat ell tha other aolaaaaa,

atlll thia la aot a hard and faat dlTialoB. wa aaw that losio haa a

oloaa affinity to f^otlTa aalanaa and a likaaaaa to aotlva «a well,

Baaldaa thla It haa a apaolal raletlon to tha apaealetlTa. Ihoudjh It

la aot dlraatljr to ba olcoiaad am a apaoolatlva aolanaa, raduetlvaly

It lat

Laslaa noa eoatlnafeur avk phllaaaphia apaculetlTa

l
4PMt yriafalyalia ptan, aad ffim»i qpidlaa l a e ti ..
ad •mn^ fdont vialatrat ayaaulntlaai aaa iaatraaanta."^

Wa aaa aaa a alallerlty bataaaa thla aad what la aald of oparatlva

habitat aa art that prorldaa Icatrumasta for aaothar «rt la aubaltar-

qiftPnB II rag* B9.

C^fttiaglt Mitvi vsHB lu^ltwB ap«r«tlT«B • • • mb alio

99— » 31o«t ar« fpia« faalt nronai ••« mb tart* •aaltandl
• • • It •ttdcB ratio oat do aliia ertllma, quao fsoiuat
iaot rw— « soooMaria ad oqiait«idiM. • . pm ^
•OBtimMitwr aliao artoa Mtb aliia,^

Logio ia, ia fast* oallod a opooulati-vo nrti "artiva qoaotai apoott>

XatiTao • • . aiottt ai dlonsus • • dinlootiewi. . thoorioaa,"^ abA

ita oporctiOM aro attributod to apooulativo roaaeai

Batio apoottlativa (juaoAaB fiaeit, pota oylAogi—mw,

propoaltionau ot alia hajuanodi, ia (ii^lnifl proeodltur
•oouBdum oartaa ot dotoaraiiiataa viao,^

It ia roforrod to tbo apooulatlvo ordor nad olaaaod tm a apoonlatlTO

habit:

la ipaia t^^ooolabilibua oat aliqaid par aa flw oujuadMa

•pariat fwta aanatruotio ajrlloeiani atit orntioBia oon-
Iffuaa, a»t oyna nM—araadl iral nawrandi. iit idao

^faiaaaqpa ad Imjuaaadl epara rationia hAit«a apooula-

tivi ordiaaatur* diountur par quaadMi aiiBllitudia«a
artoa, aailiaot liboraloa, ad diffavantin iUanaa
artivB (jaaa ardiaaatur ad opara par aorjna oKaroita
^(oaa oust qf»immo$ta aarriloa, iaq^astua aarpna aar>
ilitor aiibditar aaiana, at hoao aaouadHa anlaaai aat
Xib«r» IlXaa two aoiaatiaa ffUi9 ad nalliw httjttMOdi
opua ordiaantor, alxqilieitor aei«ti«o diemituar, aon
autan artaa. Wao oportot ai libaraloa artoa
billoraa, quod aagia aia oeovoaiat Mtio artia.*

fiaally, logio ia ozplieitly ocUad a apooulatiTO aoiaaeo. for, ia

rapli' to a atataMot that ia Iha aaaa of tha apaaolatiTo aoiaaoaa

ia<ialrjr aad ooaeluaioa baloac to tho warn aoianoo ("la aoiaotiia

apoeulatiria ad acadaa aoiaatiaa partiaot loquirMPO ot dotandBaro" )

41al»eties aad danpintgatlT* logi« sra 4iatlasulafcM( both ar« •aid to

bo r«tloaal oolonooo} and rtitloaisl ootoaeo la oXaoaod eo opoeulatlTo:

MiMi la aeloBtlla apoottlatlvla elle rt^tlonalla ael-

aatie oat dioloatlaa, quao erdlaatvr »d laqiUlaltlOBflii
lavaa[tlT«^ at alia aalaatla iliwatretlva, <itt80 aat
MTltatia dMMiiatntl'ra.^

It ^pp aar a , thaa, that St* fiieana aeaaldara loglo a apoaw

latlTO oolaaea, b«t la an aoElaodod aanao, Juat aa ho eoaaldora It aa

art, not la th« atrlot aonoo of tho tarm, but taicaa bieatfly, Aa a eon-

aoqcnoaoo It la vary dlffloult to elaaalfy losie aaaag tho a«laaMN» at

all. Boosuao of Ita dlTartoaeoa It eauBot ba elaaaod ualvooally with

aagr group of tho uaual oleiaalfloatloas aad booauao of Ita oloao ralar

tloniOilp to dlffaaraat groupa It aaano to bolone la aovaral. la Ita

lanodlata flaellty It aowui to bo feotlTo alaoa It haa «a Ita puvpoao

to culdo tho operatloaa of raoaea la tha foxnatloa of ea lanaaaat

latallottttal product. But la Ita oora ranoto flaallty It la ordarad

to the aiding of all aelmooo, partloulerlr tho apoealatlTot aad tiuroutfi

thoao It la ordered to tha oogaltloa of the truth of thlnga* Iho prob-

loM la farther eomplleated by the fttet that loele Itaelf haa a apoou-

latlTO and aa aparatlTO napeet, aa «o ttomll idwrtly aeo,

Plvlaloaa of Logle :

Scraral dletlaotloaa aad dlrlaloaa are nnda la regerd to

lagle which It will be uaoful to IcTaatl^te la order to elarlfjr fur-

ther the relritloa of logle to apeouletlva aol«we« fhe f Irat of theee

polate le the dlTlalone of logic* lliree parte of the aeleaee core die-
%iacalata«d <voeordlag to the %hr— aeta of r«eflo&>

B»aA •«t«B rmtioals tr— aotas: ^uonui pvUd duo sttBt

ratioaia, B^mmSam quod act ifitallMttta quidaa* Una
wnim aetua iatallaotua eat intalligaatlc IndlTialbi-
lim aiva ljiai»9l«»vtn, aavuiAn quod ooneiplt quid
•at rwi. • • 81 «4 hana oparatioMai ratloala orOlaatur
doetrlaa, qum tradit Arlatetolaa ia llbr* rreadlOHMB-

a aoiut da ir«ro op«ratlo lukallectua a«t Mapoaitio

rml dlTialo iAtallaotua, ia (jua aat Jem rmevn at falsua.
£t buie ratloaia actul daacrrlt dtetviaa <|iiaB tvadit
Ariatotalaa In llbxo jtI Hanwael— «
Tertiua Tare aotua ratlaaia aat aaeundun id <iiaod
aat proiMriyn ratiealaa aoilieat dlaeurrara &b uno in
aliud, ttt par id qwd aat aotun davaniet in oodnlticNMB
i«Mti, St luiio aetiti daawft timt raUciai libM laelMa.^'

Tiy third pert, daalias vith diseoraiva raaaoalag, haa in turn thraa

farta of ita am* Tba raaulta of raaaaaing tan ««ap«r«d to the vozka

•f aaturat aona aaoaaanrily foUcar upon tha natural pvooaaa aad aarar

fail to ooouT} ana* oaauv aoat of Hie timi ead othaora w fvaaka

aylalBg fnw aa«a dafaet in ttia larinoiplaa of oparetion. JodioetiTO

or daaonatrativa losie (alao oallad raaolutoria ) ooaparaa to tha firat

kind of aataral paooooat iavaatiTa logie or dialaatiaa oonparaa to

tiia aaoond} aad aopbiatiaa (whioh wo Kii^t oall "illuaory" logio)

to tha third:

Fan autaa qaaa pvlao doaadrvit proooaaui para Ji;^eetiya

diaitvr, ao qiuod judieiw aat aw oartitudina aeiaotiea.
• • Cartitttdo aatan judieii, qaaa par raaolvtioaaa haba-
tur, aat, ral as ipaa fozna ojrllosiMi tantuM, at ad boo
ordinatur libar ^Tiorua /^aal3rtiao|riwu qui eat da agrlio-
fiaaa aimplioitar* •! atiaa nm boo as aat aria, qui
aaaaatur propoaitioaaa par aa at aaoaaaariaa, at ad hoe
ordinatur libor loatarionn naiytieowy, c^ui aat da
;

ayllosiaao daaeaatrative.
ueeuado autan mtioaia proeaaaui daaarrit alia
para lagioaa, q(naa dieitur invent iva . Um
iarantia
9if9fm i
jif.
Pttg*

aoB MHp«r o«rtltuAta« • • • Pw bajuMOdi mtim

Mt mm
prop^mmm, quoado^u* <;(aid«&, •isi non f l&t •elentla, fit
%mnm fldM T«i opinio; . • at ad hoe orAiastur • •
dialoetiee , • • oendoquo mo,
aon fit oanploto fidos
vol opinio, sod auopieio <iu«odMi, (taie ana totolitwr
dooliaotur ad ubmb piurtai oontradiotionls, liook nasi*
liMliaotur ia luuw q/um ia ill«B« it ad boo ordiaatur
slioterioa. 'naadoqiio tovo mIa oziotiautio doollaat ia
aliq^OMB purlw oontredlotloaio pvoptor aliqueoi ropraoowk-
taitiosun. • • ot ad boo oi>diaetiir pootioa. • • Oamim
aut«a haoe ad ratioaalan philooojihiaai partinoatt iado-
oaro aaiB oz uao ia allttd retioais o«t«
Tortio Qtttaa proooMui rstioaio dooarrit per*
logioao, qpwo dieitur aophiotioa. do <)tta agit /^rioto-
toloo ia Xibro aian«hon»i«P«»

la rosavd to this diTiaioa it ia to bo notad tbat aoi^iotioo

ia not ooaoidond laportaat} it la aa abanrtttion, lika tbo gaaaratioa

of a iB»B«t«> in tho pareooaaae of aaturo.

Piolootiea ROd daaMmaftrtttiTo logie aro 8M<b aero iiqporteat,

aad nub MPro £ro<;(ttaiitly rofarrod to. thagr ero ascplloitljr oaid to bo

diotiaet ooianeoat

^lia raticttalia aoiaatio aot dialootioa, (jusa ordi-

Bstor ad in<iuiaitionaBi iaraBtiYm, «t nlia seiantia
daaottatgativa, q^Mo aot Taoritetio danonatmtiva,^

aoBo baoio for thia diatinotion waa elroadjr iadiaatad idiaa tbo logio

of roaaoaiag waa diTidod iato daaaaativtiTo loeio* dialeotlea, end

aopbiatica* It «aa tboro poiatod out tbr-.t dooaoBotrutlTa loglo yioldo

oaortltudo) dialootioa, only opinicm. ^ono difforanoo of puvpooo waa

also i^pliad, noaaly, that dialootioo aoarohoa for trutb or diaoovara

it, «h«ro«ta dawMiotratiTO losio ootabliahoo e truth alrondy diotovarod

tagr radaeiag it to ita aaooooarjr ratioaol foundatioao*

 h 41IY«r«ao« la ivotNiAcr* and la prlaelpl** utad !• to b«

Dot«d« BMMaa* 41a3.«otlea ••nroliM for pertleular truth, end th«r»>

for* deoa aot y«t poasoaa it, it oanaot st*Mrt out fna pnrtioular

inrinciploa but nuat um tboso that ora ftoaaral or oowwmi, Daaoaatva-

tlTo BOioBoa, oB tha oth«p head, einoa it jvamppoaaa tha diaooYary

of particular truth, aad amtlui to tSbam tbm naaaaaity of rational, ad-

iMToaaa to it, aokoo vmm of pmpmt ^rlaoiploai that io, priaaiplaa

baaad on the pertioular antura of tha oMttor to bo donaatratadi

Para oatOB logioaa, tjfasa dwonatratlTa aot, atai oiroa

ooMBBaa intaatiOBaa «raat«r doooado, tinaa uaaa damoa-
atratlTaa oaiantiaa bob oat In prooodoado ax bia oon-
auBibuo iatoBtioailma ad ali()uid oatoBdoadBm do robua,
qttaa ouBt ottbjaotn saliaron aoiaatianw. Sad tea dialao-
tiaa faeit, qmi ax oanaiBlbua iBtoatioalbaa proaadit
aipuado dialaetioua ad aa quaa aiBit aliarua aeioeti-
alTO olat pgpapirta aiva OMNiMda, antaa t«Ma ad
La. slant orpaMntatur tftmH adina oat la ooaoor
plaolbili, la Qua aat mmnt, ax boo ^laod oaatrarla ouat
olroa idoa*
Sat ««BD dialootioa da owBBUiibiui aoa aolaa quia
partraotat lataatioaaa nwaiufioa ratioula, czuod aot
ooaBMBo totl legtaoa, «ad atlaa qala alraa eaaHBUa
rtfoa arsuaoatatav* itaa wq
ua mtan aoiaatlo argiip
aoatatur oiroa ooaMuaia rarua, oportat (|uod nrgwcoa*
tatar oiroa prlaolpla eonmalo, quia varitaa priaoi*
floral ooBBualuB aat nnalfaata «c oognltloao taralnonai
oononaiiaii ut antia at aoa oatia, totiua at pnrtia, at
alaUlua.w

Bia diatlAotioa batwoan tha thoory aad tha uaa of daaaaatrntlTa aeiaaflo

iavliad la tha boglaalad of thia paaaa^a will ba iaraatigatad abortly,

hara aa ava latwaetad in tha diatinetion of tha typo of priaeiploa

uaad.
QBjmm II F«s« M.

V* are %olA tlurt dl«lM%i«« wait— tia* of oobbmi yrlaaiyl**

or lttt«nlloa« aad that d«MMiatratlT« soleaeo do«a not. n Uluatr»>

tioa of aroHMAt fircM niawin prlnelplaa la glvan. If «• wlab to pcroiro

that hatrad la to b« plaoaA aaMt tho ooMoplaeible paMlena or ono-

tioaa of tbo aoul, «r« oould argua tram tha gaoaraX pviaoipla tbnt

ooatrarlaa baloag to tho aama oubjaoti but lova, tha ooatrary of hntrad,

la oaa of tha oonouplaolbla asiotloaa; thiorafora hatrai lOLao la, liaro

tha "oonoa Istatttloa** la that of tha oontrar/. 1EIsa«h«ra flOMaon In*

ta&tiotta ara lUuatretad na those of genus, spaoles, the opposite, trnd

the llke.^^ Or the eocsaoii Intention will bo the laode of pradleation

IB gMiorel; while the '^prepar" Intention will be easentlal (pay so)

predication

Analjtlee> idaet danonstratlTa selootla, quae reeolven-

do ad prlaelpla per ee note, Judlot tlvH dleltur, est
pars logloee, q^fto ellMb diajLeotle«i sub so eostlnet.
Ad logloaai Mttan iw
mtter fttlnet seasldeapare preedl-
oatlonaR uAlY«rsailtar, aaauaiwa quad aontlnet mb ae
IvaedieetloaMi ^puM eat jga^ sj»a et •toee mb est par ae.
Sod danenstratlTae selentlee propria ost ]»aedle«tlo
so.**

rbm Middle tarn U dlaleetleal reessaia« is said to be

aactranesas, ttkmt of dasiottstrcitlon, propyl

auiaB la dSMOastratlonibiis aoelpltur edliM assii-

aKtrlnsaeus: hoe enla esset aartrwoeua aadltB, et
nsa proprlup»« qMsd totttiagit la lltigloala et dlaleo>
tiele sjrUosiMi*.*'

Die distlnetlon of dlalaatlas aad dSMonttratlTa loglo as

baaed on a dlfferenee of prlnolples is briefly su—s<l up In nneth«r

plaeet
 tea (^rinolplla) ; d«MMastretlVft aatMS, qua* ast jaAlaa-
tlTa, pxoeadit as proiprils,^^

Tha raaaoa «l)y dielaatioa doaa not uaa pwoptee prlaoipXaa

la that dlalaotioa la aa laquljiy, and Ittqulcy haa aa Ita ala tba Ala>

oorary of proper prlaalplaa; aad ttaaa wbaa thaaa «ra Alaaov«rad« wa

a Xoagir ia^ulra, bwt alvaa^jr hava a—cnatratlaoi

Jttdlalua da uaa<iaaqfa8 X9 fit p«r propria prlaolpla ajua,

laqulsltle avtaa iMiiai aat par propria prlaalpla,
qttia hla babltla* aoa •wt/i epHa la<ial»ltioaa, aad jaa
VM larr«Bta.^^

Var tba y«t raaaaa that a dlalaatlaal dlaaaaalwi la aa aaaigr nA a

ar<fc. It anurt bagla tram prlaalplaa autalda lAia aubjaat It la la-

TaatlsatUsi *BI 14aa dleltor qaod dlalaotlaa aat twtatlva quia

taatera pvaprlMn aat «i prlnelplla mArasala pveeadara.**^ la both

paxpoaa aad prlaalplaa, th«ra(bra, dlalaatlaa dlffcra tnm daaanatra-

tlTa 99lmm»,

Iba dlffaraaaa of parpaaa laada to a dlffar«iaa of pro-

oadura. Iba dlaleetlael Inraatlffntor, baaeuaa ba la Inqulrlag* ooa-

aldara both aldaa of a quaatlon, tba pro aad tba eon, the efflnaotlTa

ad tba negatlTa atataoant. Tba one who wI^mm to danoaatr»ta, bov»

avar, baaaoaa ha haa alraa4y dlaaorarad the truth, ivopoaaa onljr ona

aide of a ooatrbdlotlon aa true aad eartala end eo&eludaa nroat thati

Dlalaetlaua anla non proeadlt ax ellqulbua prlnelplla

daaMiatrtitma, aaqjua aaawnlt altarM partaa aontra-
dlatloala tastaa, aad aa habot ad tttvuNVia (ooatla^t
aoia utn«i|tta qaaada^aa val i«iteablX«a aaaa, val ax
 fiDptflr boo iiit«ff«cttt« rXMonvlm'lor iiiit«Bi acm liit«r-
fl»9Kl, quia aM M
luitMt q« oypMita**^

Dlal»Ptlcu» h«r« aiMiM, of oouro«, the on* kM ndcMi u** of di«l«o-

tioa, jtt«t BUS It amy awa tho ono who ntudiM tho tbooxr of dlnloetieo;

^^ ^•"WMrtratog ttoaa* oaIj tho oao wtw aokos mm of «ad opplio* A»>

BastmtlTo losio* it dooo not bmmhi ttko Xoflolu, boomuM i^o «•• of

dflHBotratlTo logio deo* not boloQ«i to loi(io, but only the thoory.

99§»n iolas oa to larootie&to tbo diffare&eo botwom

faro oaA ajipliod loelo, lot us rotura brlofly to aoto aaotbar tin-

sion of tbo lofile of roeomilag Wbioh ««• giTon la tho oourso of tbo

dlotlaetloa botwoaa dasionatratlvo logle, dloloetlea, aad aophlaties,

uadcF tbo hoMlSag of aawBotretivo losio a dlatlnetioa ««« aedo bo-

twooa tbo fpnaiil sad aataplal troatnost of tho iyllOtfloai

Cortltado tttaa Judleil, quae p«r rooolutioaaa ludMitur,

ost, Tol ox Ipsa jPanyi sylloelami tantum, ot ad boo
ordlaatur libor P rloaw aalytloo^tyft, qfiai ost do
igrUoslaM simUolt«r{ vol otiaa om boo sa aatarla.
iptla suBuatur ixroposltlcmos p«r so ot aooossariao, ot
ad boo ordlaatav Ubsr i'ostoariwfBa ^JinliTtfiW* V°^
oat da ^rUogiflBO H—wiityatl^o*"*

1hB«i^ tbis dlTisloa Is glToa ia tbs dlsottsslea of daaaastratlTO

lOilo, 1% does aot oooa to be ezolualvo to that kiad of roasoaiac,

bat to apply to dlalootlos aad sajiilstles as wells "or ell foms of

rooaoalag aako uso of tho sylloelaK tboui^ tbsr i^^ly it to dlfforsat

kiads of prlneiplos aad in different muuMrs. Qaly aaalyiios Is ooo"

oaraod with tho daaoastratlTO syllofiisa} but dlaleotlOAl sad sophia-

tisal roosoalag aaike use of tho ayllaciM ia gsasral, «id sro aoooa-
CB^yrt H ?•«• 3?,

rily liit«rMl«d in It both flras «h« poiat of !«« of tho fom

and froa tlict of tho nattM*. Ibe dlTlaion of fonaal aad aeitflrial

«fOuld thwi appear to eppljr to tho «hoI* section of logie which is

eono«rn«d with tho third aet of tho Kind* But thio division is not

appliod to tho first and sooobA aots, sioplo evprcbausioa aad ittd9>

ant, or to tho parts of logio soBoanMd with thsm, Thoro is no basis

lA this pasMs^t •' nfparsntly net alstfifhsra in tho writings of -'t.

fhsaas, for distinepaiahins tha logjLo of slapls apprshanslOB and Judc-

ant into foaaal and SMtarial.

/oiothcr diatinotion Whiafei has its iavertaaaa in tha UmX^

•f 3t« IhBwaa Aquinas is that «hi«ti is amda bstwaan ths doetriss and

tha uaa of logio, or, ns ws miqr ssyvass it, bsftvaao pwra and a|>pliod

Xogio ( logioa dpoatts aad Ispioa vtsas) • In tha ooursa of a passags

diatinguiahing tha woQrs in whiah a soiwatifie nantal prososs is eallad

"ratiottal" Aquinas mgrsi

Qto MDdo dioitur idiquis proossstts mtionalis,

• •
q^MUido aliqttia tttitur in aliqua ssiantia propoai-
tlonibus <juas traduBtur in logioa, • • prout ost
dossns . . • Alio atte • • • qpands • • ia^uisitio
rationio usque in ultiaam taralaum (soilioet intal-
leetva prinoipionn) aea psrdusit, sod sistitur in
ipsa inquiaitiona • • t at hio est alius nodus
logieas, que Isgisa utitur in aaiantiis dssnnstrs-
tiTis, son (luidsB «t sst teoans, sed ut ut«is »^^

Ike ssas distinotion is, in anothsr pes ssgs, applied to two parte of

legis, dialaotioa and aopbistioa:

Dialeetioa ania potest oonsider^iri aeeundan qaod est

%s«n a St seewUtttB (laed sst utens. aeeuadun quod eat
,
(gAfWa H >•§• 38.

iostitvMB* bAoib* quo p«F •«• imecdi po««lt «^ ooa-

•iMieaM, la •l&suliB soimtiis ?robnbllit«r ostan-
dMdas. • • Ut«M vxro est ••euadum 'luod sK>do adjuaoto

lia Mlmtlla. • • iSI «laillt«r est d« aophlvtlea.^

Pure or thooreiiaea lofio studios 108io«a. intootlMui sad tho roXatloas

la vhleh tb«Qr stoad to •udti otb«r; ^^Itod logio aakos uoo of tbo

prlnoiploo of tboorotiool log&o ia eotuell/ omnduotlag naataX cp«ro-

tlOBS*

Only jniro loglo (logloa dooops ) Is e solonos; «ad thoreforo

oaljT this port of lo«(io Is spoouletlvo. Applied locle falls sbort of

tbs roQulrsBSBts of selanes, ead is oors propsrly am art. Ia spaekifle

of dialaotios 'i%, Hmmss sogrs that it is a soiaooa in so far as 1%

taoshss tho Msthod of pveooodlag to probablo oonelttsioast '*ot boo

doaonstr»tiTo fueit, ot soounduai bos ast seiantim." Jitit tho osa of

tba soianoa of dinlaetica, proooadlng as it doas frm probablo,

oaBBOii, aad astrtrntaous ixriaoiplas aad laadias oaly to opiaioa, easoot

bo a soiiDsat "at sio raoadit a aods soiaotioa."^ Ia apita of tho

fast that it is aot a ssianss, bewsw, anOisd dlalootios aad tbe ass

of tho dialootioal prooadura still baloag to dialootiaa. tha sens

bolds truo of sopiiisties. But ia tha easa of daannstrstiTa loelo*

oaly tho doetriao of d«aoiistretioa boloags to aaalyties. Diis, of

oourea, ia a aeianeo. Tho uso of this doetriao, bowovar, dees aot

bsloag to aaalytias or to logio at all, but to tha Tarious partioultkr

seioaoos ahioh mkos uss of dWMWstrstlott oonearnlBe their oan aubjaot

aattort
C|Olff«l H Pest W9,

s«4l la part* loftiea* qua* (Uoitur rtwoBttymtlTa, aoXia

doetrlaA pertlaat nd looloaiB, uaus tmto ad (^lloMi^iMi
at ad alias partieularaa solaatiaa qiaa* nust da r^iua
aatttraa. SA aio i^parat, quod qaaadam partaa babant
lyMtt seiantiaB at uma, alout dlislcKrliea taatatlva at
Mpiilfltlaa) quatdam a«t«i doetrlxua at non uaom, alout
dMMMftrat Iva,'^

As a fw aaq ia«oa
[
> %ti«ra la a aUgla dlalaotlo, but thaor* ar« muvr da-

oaatrativa aelaneaa:

QMa at in •pe«ulatiTi0 obs ast dialaotioa liK^iaitira

da n — Ihm i Mimtiaa autaai daMMskmtlTa*, q»aa wiBt
JudioatlTaa, mat divwaa da dlYorsis,^

Za Mr&Bt laiBt logle ia a MianM aad (itt«si-q^««naatiTa va

Ml aaoordiagjy aak* a distiitatioas tills eppllss to t)M vtola of

Is^oa dpowm t it doas sot a^ply to l,ogloa otjns. This is found in

oaly tso parts of l08ie« dielaotias aad sojAistles; aad la naithar

of than is it a aeianoa. It man aaarly Tarifias tha aotioa of nr%.

It siMuld not bo theufl^t slacolar ttuit loels. ooasldarad

as aa art, Aiould har* a spoeulativa oewitaarpart; for syasuletiT*

ssiaass iMqr b* had of avsn striotl/ feotira objaets if tti^r aro

studiod, not with a Tiav to th^r oakiagt ^ut for siapla kaowladg*

of thaai

^naado Taro uullo aodo aat ad astiM ordlaabilis oo^i>

tio, tttas sst ssHp«r sposuIatlTsi quod stlae Atpliei-
tar ooatiaglt. XJao aodo (jaaado aofinitio ast do ratous
iUis quaa aoa sunt nata* produoi pmr seiantlaai oogoos>
osntis, sisat nos oognosoians aa(taraliat qaeadoqao vwo
ros eooBlta ost ;iuiaaa oparabUis par soloBti<'Si, teaaa
asa ooasidaratur ttt ast opareblliat • • aiout ai nrti-
fas eoQsidarot donan imrostiiiaado passlOMS sjus* gaons
«t diffarantias, at hujunodl, dsao soswatuw oss* India-
tlaeto iaroBluBtur ia ra ipsa.''*
 If w« oeiq)l« this diatiaotioa of thMMitioal a«4 apyliwd

logio «rl%h what ««• aeld of logie •• aa art, wo ooo ttiat in rog^rd to

ita uoo logio la a t^ttaoiofaetlTo aolonoo or art, and looks to tho pro-

duotion and OFdarlag of locieal Intaatioiui; but tha dootrlno of logic

ooasldars thoso ialaartlotta tatleally eaA la tholr sMtttal rolatlona.

This thaoratloel or puro loele Is a q^aal-apooulatlvo soIodoo,

Aa uadarataadias of tha dlstlaotloas botwoon dlalectisa

aad dswftstratlw lofilo aad batwosa ptsof aad appllad loglo is lapor-

taat for a eorraot aaiarstaadlag of mob that is said about logio.

nvlo Is ptortloularly tiuo «h«i tha tarn loigis ooeura la Its adTwrtolal

aai adJaotlTal fomst mvib as logloo. isodo logjso. par loaloas ratloass.

ss;Ottndum loglemi ooasldwfatioaapu aad l/pfeflew « Sisss aarprasaloas, whloh

rathor frequantly oeour in tha vritlags of ^3%, HMwas, oftan aaod seas

qiaaliflsatloa aai do not rafagr tQ lofls at • vtolo. An asaivlo la tho

ooatrbst Bado batwosa apo«klag "logleally** (l<ig|s») aad spsaklag

"flqrsleaUy" (a^tuTttlltor )

Philoaophus lo'jultur do eoanualtata i^turalltar ot

Ml lo^oo . Sa Toto 4aao habaat dlv«paum aodm
Mssadl aoa saeaualoaat la allqns sooaadwa osso quod
soasldarat aaturalls; posaaai tMsaa osMnaioaro la
'^^
sllqua Hi—Ill n1 lataatloaa (fMSi soasldarat lenlstw.

Ibara Is daagor that vs i^ould distort tho aotloa of loglo if w lAwuld

uadaratnad It aa bars ^pokaa of, to bo r aparo soatatlva of lo^o as a

atolo. To spoak loploeJLlj ebout swasthlag bsloa^s to appllad . aot to

tkooratloal, loglo, i;aaonatratiTa logio, tho aost l^portuBt of tho

parts daallag with tho third eet of rosaoa, o«uwt» tharofora, bo

CBAWt II > o«« 41,

>• 'Ok* taits 10ftlou< h«r« oaa b« tak«a Ia tb« vumuallfi«d •«&••,

•Jam th« ataiCMat tliat ''th* lo^alcia coMldf a on—nii latcatloa**

OBD u* uadwrateoA of th«»r«ti<UiI lofila. Ia ao far, howavar, «« tbla

la^aiaa tha uaia of a aoanan lutantiea la raaaoblBg, auah aa waa Juat

rafaxrad to la Ip^ cm, it oould B»t apply to AiMaaatyntlva losi^t ^t

nuat refar to dlalaotlaa.

Iha ttaa of lo^oa to aaaa d^lalaetlcally ia teonght out elacorly

la mm aaagr pl aaaa atMra it ia oppoaad to aaalarttca . A good anaipla ia

tha lea^i paawma ia ika Foatarier />aalytiea lAara Aqalaaa ia eecBaattng

oa /riatotlaU naaaar of aatablitfiiac that thwa la aot an Infinite

psoaaaa la pradlcetioc:

la priaa parta oataadit propoaltwa lagiaa. idaat par

ratlosiaa ooiwaMiaa obaI igrllOftlan>t qiaaa aaelpluntur
aaoiaten praaAlaata aoMimltag auayta} la aaeunda,
oataadlt idan a^alytioo. 14jaat par retloaaa proprlaa
Amn atrct loal , tiu^ie aoolpluatur awamdum nraadlaata
par aa, %uaa aunt daBoaatratloai pvopria.^

£>laeo loglea la oppoa ad to aaalytlea, tha ODda of daaonatrntira aoiaaoa,

it anaat naaoaaerily ba raatrletad to dialaatioa. Tha aona raotrletlon

of "loglo* to dialaatioa la apparaat la tha naxt par««mph, «hara par

logleaa rntionaa la aada aqulTtdant to lo^ oo;

,*li<iul apaeulentur • • • jsgr loglaaa wtionaa . et

dlonatttr hia laglaaa ratioaaa, qpiaa praaadnnt ax
qaibaadMi mwiwlhaa, vmo partiaant ad eonaidara-
tioni iQgiaaa .

Alfhottiti "leai«* ia tha Itat iaataaao ttl^t bo tafcan without quollf i-

aatloii, sineo aonaaB prlndplaa baloog to tha atud r of logle aa a ahola,

j

tlio diraetion of tha ahola ooataxt toward tha uao of auob prlaelplaa
<8APT8R II f9^ 48.

ludlttatM thot th« atuaaiag Is r«th«r dioleotie. Ration— hor* d» aot

•MH to )m MOtlTM for ratlottal «Meat, bat pvooMSM off roaaottiag,

•iMo th«y aro Mid to proeooA frwi Mowicin prlnelplos, Thla holi^tona

tho MphMlo oa appllod Xosle aad dialooties,

A little further oa la tho omm dlMOMioa loaloo ref«rs to

proof frooi tho nodo of prodlootloni

Uodo o«BOltidl potofft HBlT«r«dit«r «iod aooono oat

OMo fOlq^d primm mbjootaB do quo ollqnld i>r«odl-
eatur, wl stoat o statu prsodlsotloola la doormwt «t
do bee sXl(iQid cllttd pmodleatur, ot boo boboblt
stotua la aurouM: ot srlt lanroalro allqiild quod aea
Mipllus proodleabltur do priori per aooldoaa* tte<^o
sleut jparlua praodleotar do po«t«rlorl par so, Hlo
Isltur oat uBtts andua Ugleo daanuitraadl propoaltua^
<titl aoBdtur aa anadam dlvaraea mdoa pvoodleotliwla.

Iho atttdjr of aodoa of prodlootlon bolaasa to lo«io, •• wo h«ro elroo^

aooa; but tholr «oo la €a argiaaart boloaca to ottljr a pert of logle,

dlaXootlea, or aot to logle at all. Ainpwattt fMa par Bft prodlestoo

b«Iea«i to tbo pRTtloulor danaaatratlvo aolaoooo, ivrgmmA froa tho

aaaor of prodleatlag la Itaaif, aa la boro doao, boleaga to dlaloetloa,

Horo agala, thoa, logloo laeaas "dl&leetloelly".

ttproaa ooaalsaaoo of tbla la takao «h«i tho artfaaant turaa

froai dlaloetleol to aaslytlcal daanostrotloat

Ble oatoadlt Idau aaalartlao . . • Drotrlua at eltlua potorlt

Boalfootorl aiaalytleo quom MAlfootetua alt Iggloa. Ubl
ooasldoraadiaa aot (juod itfiaXjtloa. Idoot daamiatratlTa
aeloBtla, luao roaolToado cd prlaalpla par so aotit Jjjdl-
oetlTa dloltur, oat para la«laoo, ^gAem otlen dlaJootlooa
ottb ao eoatlaofl. Ad loglaaai Mitam ooHaaniitar p^j^iaat
aoiuldoraro praodloatlonan oalTaraalltor, aoouaduo «tod
ooaitlBot Ottb ao praodloatloaaa
q[itao oat 2jgS,Jttt ** 4i*>*
oat par oo« sod dowiuatratlir»o aelaatlao propria
QI/PTTO H F«g« 45.

••% ^m«dioetie pir »•• Et Idao Mqva lo| |^ 0« probmrlt

f ^

IM*opo»itaB, qiol osta&dlt ttiiiT«r»9llt«r In oml c«»«r*

panisdloftttmiia aon ••• pzo««wRtiB In luf Inlfum; ble virttB
liit«Bdlt ostandcr* wpalyliles, ^a
hoo pqrob«t aoXwi In

Z% 1« obTiotts tlMtt Hmhi lo^ioa la oppoMi to malartlaa m la bar* aoaa.

It aaft Man oaly dlelaotloa. It la raallj, thaa, uaad ia a aaaaataat

flgimtlYa a«iaa, ainaa tba p«rt la daalaaat ai bar tha aana of tba wbola.

la thla oaaa, hcararar. It la lagltlneta, mnn la j^Uoaojtty, abara oaa

la aspaotad to apaak femuHj, baaaaaa (axaapt fbr aophlatleat of ahlali

thara la ao ^uMtloa bar a la mm onab aa tha aggwnautatloa la turn

caaalaa, not lUuaoiy, ranaoaa) dlalaotioa la tha oaly p«urt of logle

ablab cppllaa tba aoAa of raaaoalag aliiah It psepaaaa*^^

Iha aaMa raatrletloa of loglo to dlalaotioa la apparaot

whaa "loftloaX poraof" la ooatrsatad with "daaoaatratlva proof** t

Foalt (Ailatatolaa) daoa aa daa aaualfaataadl qaod (juld

aat. St j^Plan, poalt —
daa logtaiia p|roh«t;t oala ; a^
|

ouado, moJMm daa—»t>atlT«a wrahatlaala . • • Kaa teaan

aat ao4aa pvabaadl (luad <iuld aat gamoaatyatlTa. aad
laa:laa agrU*ciMaii*i| ^paia aea avfflalaatar par boa
piobatur v^ttod Id <iU0d ooaeludltur alt quad qiild aat
lUlaa ral da «»a aoaaludltur, aad aolua qiaad laalt al.^

A fl—aatratlva oroof la that fclad whlah la tamtfit br tha aolaaaa of

aaalytiaa aad aato uaa of byr the psrtloulur daonaatvatlTa aoli

A •'Uslaal" proof, aa la hara rtfarrad to, la tha klad whloh la both'^

aad a^plagrad by dlalaotioa, laaaaaa ifliHBBttlZft ^* ^ vaoav* tor

aaalrtloa . tha aa4M laalaa arUoglaaadl aoat bo that of dlalaatloaX

 vm bnv« tirmity MOowslMrvd sa mumpl* of «h« tt«« of th«

•oqaraMlOtt p«r l»|gtOM r»tl<wMi<i as iBdlCbtiag tkal% %h» auuMr of fivgu-

las is AiAlostiosX. Ib %ho mm» ooatsost eaothsr «ciW|>l» oceurst

'ddlt atttSB q;ussd«a presdlstMruB rAtiooyn jUydli^

plis, <ittes HOB sunt 4«Mastratlonl fsropria.^

JttfgMwsnt **f»as osMHoa prinolpleo «hiA ero aot japopsr to ttw dsaoastra-

tisa** fits the dssoviptlon of fllaloetles vrhisli vsa glTsa la dl«%la»

fatiiiiaK it froa dwoaatrettiTs Ie«le« la a Ai ffsapsat plaes a siadlar

ttso of par IjBglssa ysttoaos oosurst ''Dstsotniaat 4a osassitia sobstaa-

tlarum jgsr yi>tionss togioas ot mmtm—," Itm "logiaal'* raoaoaa

•psksa of hsro aro tho sans as "osswoa* rsasoas. That tba sair sss ioa

logisas St ftwwmas ia aot dis JaaetlYs but Qonjaastivst tbs two words

aiswiitag tbs sesis thiag« is olser fpoai its bsine oontr»stsd with inmpsr

priaoiplss as «oll froa fix* rost of the eoatoxt whi«ih foUoars,

ISSSBS ^jMf^OM* ^" aaothaor Mnarosaion la «tii«ik logis asaaXiy

assda to bo aadarstood la a ooBtyaetsA ssaaa. Aa s—pls will aaka

this elsor:

Idso jnrioMa dlosaus 4a so <iUOd sst quod 4Ul4 srat ssss

qiutsdaa laalos . • • Hass ssisBtla (astapiqralea} habst
qji—aw afflaltatSB oiw loftisa proptar utriuaqo* ooa-
aaitatSB* It Idso if|4ua Ip^otas luilo solsatlas pvo-
ptrliM sst* •! ak so soBTaaiantar laolpit, Umgiu MtsB
Los dleit ss ds ao dleturun ia^paaatan iarastlgat
A sst umA quid wat ssss as a»|» ptasAisaadl. iioo
- si IstioaB peropris psrtlast***
CRAPTBt H Vg^ 49,

1% i« bw« acftia MM thet ths study of tlM mbmt of pr««leatlB8 b»-

iMgs to 1«8&« u « whol*. [Jilt thar« Is quftvtion h«rtt iMt 9t th» ttudy,

but of ergulas from tab* amuMr of pr«4ioetloa, and also of lur—tlgatla^

U tiMit wagr. But to lavMticato !• tha work of dialoetles, logjoa

Umtlaltlva , "*!& tha omumht of locle** aoeorAla^ly aeana "In tha bmuummt

of dlalaatioa*** ta a Icitar paaoae* whlob rafara baak to tha ona Juat

qwtadi «a fiad f «irtbar arldanoa that tba aotom loataua la that of dlft-

laatioai

la aapt&ao da aobatan-
Feat<|BMBi daft«mittanrit s^tiUoaopliua
^^* »*» togjo* oonaldaraa* aalUoot doflaltioaaB ail
partaa daflaitiotila, at alls hajuaendl, qttea aaomtdnm
ratlMMai aoaaidaraatur; la boo Uboro o«tat» iataoAlt da
aanalbiXlbiu oabsttrntila datanslaara par pvoprie prlaoi-
pla, appUoaado aa quaa ittp«riua iaqulaita suat logiea,
ad mbotaatiaa IXles.^

Pitwwrtaay pag aioarta aylaoipla — aa to 1—owatgato aaaijrtioaUy.

la aaw oa edo laglao aad lodioa «V9 oppoaad to that phvaaa, thagr lawt

aaaa "dlaiaotioally.'*

Aaattiar aovvaMloa tbat baaara tha aaaa aMMAlng la aaottadmi

ooaaldapetioaaa lofiioam. la tha aem paaracraiAi as that la whleh tha

paaaafta last (jiiotad oooura, Aq^alaaa gaaa ea to aagr that 'vlatotla doaa

this *ut epplleantur qputm a ae>»d>|a

>
ooasldargtlottaa Xay^otiai dlota saat,

ad ras aaturalas aslotaDtaa." Doth tha feet that "what vaa said «ieoord-

tag to a loglaal eoasldaratlon" rafara baaic to tha lavaatleotloa aodp

logjloo aad logloa, oad Ita balag oontX'jstad with ttia epplleetloa of

thla aeaaldaratlon to rani thlaca, thua aaklag of It a propav aaalytl-

oaX daaoastratlon, Aam that this "logloal oonsldarfitloa" asaas a

dlalaotloal oas.
CBAPTW H fm^ 46.

Sttm tbMM toEsavlas It ! •n4«nt tbet th« twin ''logie^

llnw b« UBtUNPfttoed vrltb rMtrvfttioxui, aapMisUy la ^411

M "to 4p««k loeiocdly" or "to Aam trtm losloal roMMOM".

It thm wiolly awau avpaMttt fron ooanoa prlaeiploo, whloh boloas to

dlalooties, mmI tbolr eotual «pplle«tloa or uso, tmioSi is p«op«r to

logjoo ntwui , niU has ao port in d«MMEUitratlTo loglo. but teoo im

Aialootles, It !• th«rofor«, sot ioglo aooordla^ to Us noot important

fBXM of roaooAios, or logie ho a vhelo, or logio takon olJBply, tbat to

ooBt, but only that part of logie whiob ia dlRlaeties.

To vmi mnHi tmA tiko rolatios of Ioglo to tho other aoianeoa,

than, wo Boot roallBo tbat th«PO aro two kliUUi of lodo, ^sro and ap-

pli«l« ^'ure logie studloa the l&otraeanta of thort^t noodoA lay tho

otbor oeioaooo and tho siotbod by idiiib tboy will oonduet their denoa-

•tration. It doeo this opeoulatlTd^. And booauoo bgr ao doiag it eaa

bo oald to pcovlto tho Inotrusmate oeodod by tho ipeovlctivo ooieaooa,

it ia plaood aaoat then; bat aot in full right, ainoo the alad does not

ereljr dlaoorer what it atudiea, but both ankee and finds it. It is,

therefbre, only retkiotiToly Kpoeuletivo aad oaly a <|iMsl'-spoe)ilativo

soienoo. It does aot itself apply its priaeiploi to tbo antter of the

other soieooos to eoatfaet their dsoanstawttiwis for th«», but lecires

that to thMR. ifov this reoaoa deaenstratiTO logie is only theorotioal

ead has ao pert in applied logie. But tog&o deoo partioipate in tho

lavootigatloas about the awtt« idiiob beloage to tho other soieooes.

It ioos this by stortiag trnm OMMMi prlaoiplee Mhleh are eactraaeous

to tho pwtleiilar soiMoe whieh it is aldiag, and ronsonlag to probable

CBAPTIR II Pag* 47.

••aelvuiioiw, fhM* e«a b«Ip %t» oth«r •«itao«« t« mm th« wqr to %h«ir

•triet dMBonstntioa; irtian tf p«r«lntiie« of %hf emMttX rceaonlagt

to tho portiottlar snttwr at bond to mob and th«ar aro truAoforrod to

the propw Mttar of tho ptj^leular denanotrfitiTO aeioaoo, tb«n • ronl

dinoii^rfttiioa la bed. It la tba psrt of disloctiea to aid tha lirroa-

ticatloa of tho othaar salaoeoa in this way. Thara era both thaeratl>

eel and appllod porta of dlalaetlaa* Tliaorotlcal or pure dlalaotlao

ia Itaalf & aal«iao( implied dialoatlao dooo aet fiaflU tho roqulro>

OBita of aclwieo, but la rathor aa art.

COMparlaoa of Loeio with iaatmarolaa ;

Hmto avo apaolal rolatloaa of logia with awtaifajroioo irtiifllh

dooarvo a aoparata inraotigatloa* la tha toxio aeawkiaaa It la Xoglo

ao a «taeXo ahltS; la aiiMHi li with aotajhsralea, aoaNitiBea dlalaotlao

aad aophlotleo. llrot of edit tharo are daflalta polAta of almHarltjr.

Tha anhjaot matter of loglo haa tho aana astenaloa ao that of aota-

phyoleo, abloh la uBlvaraalt

SAJoetvB Xofioao od oanla ao aactoadltf da cjoltma aoa

aturao yvaodioatur. ttodo ooaolttdlt (ArlototolM)
qpiod ovAiiootwa lo^oao aociulperatiir auhjooto phllo-
oeyhlao (^rlaMo).^

Ihla la true alao of dlalaotloa and aoiililBtloa: "tlalaatlea autaai

Tldatur aooo oooaamia at alxolllter ooi^latlaa."^ Tho roaaoo for thlo

U that both wtavtayoloa and loc&o deal with at^at la aoaM>B to eU

thlagoi "Olalaotioa act da coaaainlbiui at loglea at phllooophla prloa.*®^
Botb d«al with b«ia«{ la swmmmX:

Oi«lM>tlea •! Mpbiatlea «in pbllOMjI^a hAl»«skt •lalll->

tvdlAMu CetBr«Bi«Bt autvi la ba« q^od dlalMtlsa* Mt
•oaaldwwf d« OBBlbua. • • D1«I««%1«»« sHitwla ast «kui,
«* M qiutm aaal «atl« da <i«11raa t^ltm iibUataiiMM «ttii*
sldarat.^

Lasl«ut «l aiiavlgfaidva oiraa oaala oytreatur* • •

3l«Bt lala prlBi phlloaoTht aat laq^ at wta la oea-
nml, Its at loglolt alitor non as«at olroa oaala
ajua oonaldcarctlo. . • Idan rabjaatum «nrlt utrl»tiu»,^

Tka fsot thet tha aawi attbjeot I0 oonaon to both solaaoas sad that

this l8 unlT«r»al loada to tha uaa of n oonsaon aathod for tb« hiciA-

alag of tholr Isvaatlgotlo&fi; both stwrt tram, oonaoo prlaolplos buoIx

fta Xosle studios}

noltur bll^iuid pxoaaasas retloBAlls, <)uendo allquls

tttltur la ullq,ua selsatls pvepoaltloalbus qptas tr«r>
duntur la loitloa. • • Sod hlo motaa pioeadoadl aoa
potast OQiDqpetcra proprlo alloul partloularl soisctloa.
. • • OoBvaalt sutSBi h«oe propria flarl la astapltysloa
ot loglos, 00 ({HOd vtraqua solMtlf oonauala aat, at
Idsn subjoetim quodoaHado hab sat,^

Tha ooBuualty of subjoot aattv Is a ummenl and lapartsal

batvaoa logie and notaphjralM. Baaldas this anas psrtleolar

fsvallals arm polatad out. 'Uxo first of thasa Is tha study of ooatra-

rlss, sMb aa to sbav that oontrMy things balonc ^ ^^« MB* sslanoo,
Uataplqrslaa aad dialaotlas both ooasldsr oontr«noat

NolXa selsntla dsnoastrst aXlciald do subjsoto eltarlus

salsatlsa, slTa alt aalsate mb— nlBfls slva altsrlas
solsBtlso dlspfirstas; sleut gso—trla aoa dsnonatret
<|nM saitrorlorai aadaa aat sslsntla: sastnorla «Ua
psartlasttt sd solsntlm ooobsumm, sellleat ad phUoaa-
phlsa prlMn toI dlalaotlecdB.^^
qLATfR n P«C* 49.

PbiloMjA^ Mit wmmiAmtw e«r«r«via. • • Oppoaita a«t«M

«•% ualos Miantia* aoiuiidarara* Cub igitur lata aalaor
tla ooaaldarat vuum ad lda^ aa^ptala at alalia, oaoaaaa
aat quod eoaaldaral oppoalta hla, aalllaa* aalttts, alt
alita dlTaraoM, dlaalalla at laaaquala, at <f»iBm«nmp»m ra»
duouatur na lUa . • . :>ad dlalaatlel at aopblataa dl»-
potn&t da jymadlotla.*''

Ajiotbar pe»allal batwaan logla and nataidayalea ^itt haa

oonaldarabla Inporfcaaaa for tha Inraatlecttloa of tha doaala of lagle,

la tha ooaaldaratloa of truth aad falalty. It la aald a^parataljr that

tmtlft aad falalty ara tha eoaoflra of aartaylgralaa aad that ^agr ara tha

aoBoat a of logla* l^tephyalea atudlaa unlTaraal truth and is pro-

aHlaaatly tha eolanea of truth:

Vkilooopliia parlaa oouldarat ualTaraalva Twltata«

astloau Bt Idao ad hime pblloaoi^iwi pwtlaat aoa-
aldarara, (ftaoaodo aa hab«it hooa ad Tarltotaci 009-
aoaaaad— . • • Cosaltle varltatla asztoa ad phllo-
aophlaa ptlmim padPtlnat. . • ITada Ipaa act
•alMtla TantatU.*^

Tftidar tha wmo of vladCM aotayhyalea la aald to ba i«>lfiolpAlly Istaroa-

tad la tha cood of tha latallaot, n^ioh la truth:

nala oltlnui unluaaujuaqua ral aaft <iul lataa-

autaai
dltur a prloD anatora Tal aetoro Ipalua. Frlafoa
atttam auetor at aaotor unlTMcal, aat latallaatua. •
• • Oportat Igltur ultlauta flaaa unlToral •—
hoaaM
Istallaotua. t:oo autaa aat varltaa. Oportat Icltw
arltatoB aaaa ultlsam flnan totlxia unlTarsl, at elroa
ajua oonaldaratlooaB prlaolpalltar aapieatlia laala-
tara.iW

Siaaa tha ooaaldaratloa of aoatrnrlaa balenga %o tha aama aolaaoa,

aalaylqralaa MMt aoaaldar falalty •• «oXl «• truth, <<t tha aaaw tlao

It la aald that tha atudy of tha trua aad tto falaa pfopcrlj baloaga
 II 9mg» ao.

to lAgle, «bl«h •Mna to be entiraljr <S»«ot«d to thia vtudy:

TiruM aut«n «t falmm pcrtlnoat proprim as ocNMid*-

ratiOMM l«glel.9^

Ciport«flapMul&jrl elrea «&« ot noft ami • • • poreut

mk» slgBlflcat YflruDi «t noo •ns ftdsiK). • • Tot«
•alB loflos vldotur •••• da aata at fM>a «nta ale
dieto.9«

Tba attribution of tbia atuctiir to loglo la ooafixsiMML tgr tha fnet that

truth eod falalty »r9 in tho oind, not la things t

Vamm anla at falaum non aat la r^kma, sad la oianta.^^

VacFUB autam at falaun, atal slat in zMmta, con tiw&an

aoat eirou lUam operatlon«a stantla, qua Intallaotus
foxautt slspXloas oonoaptionast at ^uod ^uld aat
nn. • • TJada rollniuitur • • ciuod ax quo non aat In
v
rabua, nao aat la loaata elraa sias>Xlel«i at <;tUBd quid
aat, vKUOd alt olraa oocapositloaaB at dlTlaloaaa man-
tla prlno at prlaolpslltart at MonadM^lo Toeie, quaa
algttif loat ooaeaptloaan Motls**^

Ihe ooai^oaltion tAd tlvisloa spokan of hatro la, flrat of cdl, tha

aaani aat of tha adad, Jiid#Mat, uteaa atudir la said to baloae to

lagla,^^ and aaeoadly* tba aocpopasslon of tha judfliaaKt la words, whleb,

as sUtas of eoneapta, alao parteln to lo«Ue*^^ .v^taplgralaa and logle,

than, ara Hllka in tbaX thagr ^f botti ooaoamad vith truth and fulalty.

laqalry whathar tbera la asQr dlffaramea In thalr raletlon to thla sub-

Jaet or in tha aaanlaK of truth end falalty aa eonsldarad in aeeh

selanaa, aan aora profitably b« laft for dlaeusslon letar, after tba

object of loglo la nor a olaorly datanalnad.

Swrna. nara liqpartaat than tha slBlInritlea batwaen aMrta^

phyaloa aad lasia ara tl^alr dlffaraaoaa. Ihara ara aavarBl taxta of
CRAPTTO II Pa«t 81,

eoB«ld«r8bl« mmmaA to our aisouMilo&, vhioit cvplicitly dlatia^ii^

loiaie aad iavtaptiysles* l<b« first at tbos* oceurs 1& tb« ooonntury oa

tb« fburth lw«k of /<ri«totl«*a ».«t«ito'Blo» . ft«r sfiylag that AielM-

tlo» aai aophittloa bctT* th« aaBMi «xt«iuiloii »• miitaphyslcs, ::^, ntoans

1)«gln« to dlstlntfilA th«Bi

Dlff«nmt uut«B eblttviooui. • • St boo ld«o Mt q,ulB «ui

Mt4upl«Ki MS •olllost rtitloaia, et ens naturas* Wa»
Butau ratiojiis dicltur yroprl* d« illia Intaatlonlbas
(juaa ratio •diflnranlt in r«bua OMUiid«ratis{ sleut istaa-
tio gaaaria, opaoiai at aimilivn, <ttaee quideta son in-
TanittBtur in ravuai aatura, sad oonsidaratioa«B& r»tionia
aoasaqiiiintur, SI huJ«aaodi» aeilieat ana retionia, est
propria aubjaetua losiaaa, HttJIasnodi nutam iDtactlonaa
lAtalligibilaa, antibua naturaa aoviuiprirantur, ao quod
asBia aatia aaturaa aob aoasidaaretiona rationis oaAant,
St idao aubjaotiai logieaa ad oanie am axtecdlt, da qul-
btts «AS aaturaa praadioatur. Unda ooaaludit quod aub-
JaetuB loclona aaquiparatur aubjaato philoaoiibioa, .;pod
aat ans naturita.^^^

Althottfljb tba aabjaat of logio h<ia tba aana axtatisioa •• that of iaate>

plqraiaa, and tharsfMra oppliaa to tha aona ntsBbar of thiaea, tbara ia

a diffaranoa in their approrveh. »hila avtapliysies studiaa tha things

thaosalvea, tbet ia, noturel tbinge, «hi^ raeson finda raa4r*)"B4« ia

tba uaiTcrea and doaa not aaka {ea ia aaid in tha baginning of tha

asHMtttary on tha i^:thiaa ) i logic ia about nant&l baiaga or tha intaa-

tiOBS of things; that ia to aay, ia looking at thinga« ra«aon fbaaa

eartain iutwutions of tham, »bl<^ aaist only la tba caladt nnd thaaa

ars atiad lagla stiadiaa* Tb-m nature of theae intantiona or neat el

belags will be atudiad a little further on, Dlian tha subjeet whialh

Io(<io oonaldars Is oxonlnad «ere oloaaly.

CEAPTW II Tm» M.

PVMtioally th« MBM IdM aa Juat qootM !• ntprMMkl ia

diffeMut words ia ea lMg)«rtea« tort l^uod ia %h« 9aHMm%eaT oa th«

3el«iiMi t«BMn Mt quod alia ntioa* di«l«etl«« Mt

d« 11 1 —
iiilbna •» leeiea 9% pbliMnplils prim. Phile-
•optxia «Bla jvina ast da aMnoalVoa, quia ajua oonai-
d«ra«io Mt alroa ipsa* ras wnwwmna, aailieat ana at
partaa at paaaiaaaa astla. Bt <{ate oiraa ooala quaa
la raboa aunt habat aaeotlarl ratio (logiaa aatam aat
da oparetiaaliMM ratiaaia) , logiea atiam arit da bia,
qaaa nniwiaU mat aeaibua, idaat da iataaliaaitma
ratioala, <]ttaa ad oaaia habaait. m
Naa eutan qtiad
lagiaa ait da ipaia rabua eoHnuailma, aiout da aubjao-
tia.l<»

Bava acaia ara atatad tha aqttality of aitaaaiaa of tba two aoianaaa

aad thair diffavaaoa of trantMUt. blaitailiyaiaa daala with thii«8 thaet-

a«lTaa, aaaordiag to idiot ia nnimi ia than. Logia too daala with what

ia aoMoa to all tbiaea, but not with tha thiaaa thanaalTaa or lA^t ia

ia th«B{ rathar with idiat ia anamna Jg, thw, that ia, with tha intan-

tiaaa idiidh ranaaa fm» of thaa} aai aiaaa iataoAiaaa aaa ba fataad

of all thlasOf thagr ara aaid to ba aoanon to oil.

nia a«M idaa ia ac^aaaad atiaaiaatly alaawbarai

Laeiooa autatn eonaidarat raa aaeaadan qaod awat ia

ratioaa. • • Jad philoaoyliaa priaMa aoaaidarat da
vabaa aaeaadaw quod auat aatia.^L^

And thia la aitbataati&lly wluit la aaid at tha baglaalag of tha aoanao-

taxy oa tha Bttiiaa. «h«ra tha ordar with which oataphyaioa daola la

diatiaaaikad tnm that of loftio}

CB/WW H PMB*

AA piill o aoitii Ma M«ttrel«K p«rtin«t onmUmngm

ordlB«B rmema qLuaoi ratio hviUHnn ooiuiidarat mM
ae« fMlt} ita (ittod Mb aaturftli pblleaoptiia
pr«h«ndaMUi •% BMrlapbyaieam* Ordo autan qaan ra-
ti* liMtifaiin fa«it i» Vf9fi« ««%«• pMrtiant
ad rotioaalfln phileaopliiaau^*^

Qi* objaata of aatasbyaioa taf toxmA eixm^ aociatiag in lurtura or

oapabl* of auob aaciataneo; thoaa of logie aro nate bgr raeaoa*

la o poMMfta ia tba aantaoeoa th* Mat 4iftiaotioa ia aado

irith wfiwt mu&r avluuiia on tba raality of tho objaot of aotavhyaioai

*Lo«ious • • eonaldaorat intaatimtoa taati«. • • • (kat&pkyaioua at

MitHraliii} oonaidwont rea OBuafliw auyga Miao."^ Mataplsiyaioa (tloag

with natvral pbiliMWiAiy) atudiaa thia^ea eeanrdiae to tba aet of boiag

«lii«li thtf •nroia*. It is not m14 b«ra tbet aatursl philooophy mA

mti^mi/bjrmiCB atu^r tb* act of baias itaalf • That oould not bo aaid of

•atttrai pbiloaopby at alX| aad vbila it is traa of mtapbyaieo. ovaa

Botapbjraioa SMOt stutiy tha aot of boiag through tho boiaga which watrnt-

eiaa it. <nx«a aatasfeyaiea atudioo tbia^a ia tbair rolation to tbo aot

of axiatanco, wharoaa logio daoa aot atudr thiaso at ^1, but only th*

iatantiona «bi^ tb* intollaot fomo of tbioipi*

Ih* stro&jiast atatwwnt of tha diffaroao* batwoaa legie ead

aatajiqraioo oooura ia tha laaawitcry oa th* aoroath book of the t-'»t

, ^
tiaraiCT . lb* proriao* of logie ia daaigaatad bar*, aot a* "iataatioaa"

ao», but »a th* "sMd* of pvodioatioa'* ; aad that of aat^pbyaiea is now

aaid to b* **th* «xi«taae* of thiags"!

L*cioa* anlA aonaidarat aodua praodieiiadi, at noa

aoBiait«aAiMB r*i. . .3*4 pidlMMjlMM • • aociat**-
tian qttaairit rarua.^^
This t«grt prMMita ••• dlffioultl** of latM'sirtttetioai but i»«««um

it la e Twy lafMrtent oiia for our aoMrtloa, it swrits r«th«r oIomi

«tu4r in it« ooBtoait. Lo«io i« Mid to b« eoM«nMi with tho wa/ «•

f it of tlniscsi walUistoyteBt with tto "adsttaM" of things, Anm tho

ooatoxt it appoars, taMrorcr, that «Ki»tOBtia raroa 4»m sot ooaui b«ro

pr««iMly tea eat of baLjUff, totrt rather thioffli in tha tr ra«l b»t^ or

tliiii0S ea th«Qr ava ia raaXitjr, a* vaa aaid ia tha worda <iaptaA twxm

tha daataaa— I "raa aMttaioM anm OMa," Tha eaB«>&l ooatast ia thiat

Hi* ahala Imm^ ia aa iovaatigatioa of tha iMwwiIng aaA dafiaition of

atoataaaa tcdcaa ia tha aanaa of aaaaaoa; up to tha obaptar ia qttaatiaa

thia iBvaatigetioa h«a ba«a pvrattfad lagJaaXly. fron tha wagr wa apaak

of thiaga, aapaaially fcaa a aaaaidarotioo of aoaidaatal aad aaaaatia],

pradioetioa* Ibia ia aun&ad v^ aa follova:

nuUUMOphaa ia priaaipia hujaa atptini proalaanKt aa

tmataturuB da fubataatia rana aaaaibiliva Quaa aat
qiMd <ittid «rat aaaa, <iaa& lagiaa aotifloarit oataa-
daaa viad aa ^oaa par aa p»aadiaaat«r« pavtiaant ad
qttod (fiid aat, «K qaa aoadaa arat aaaifaatiMi <|aid ait
•ubateatia, qttma aat <iUOd quid arat aaaa*^^

Iha quaatiOB ia thaa to ba trarttad awtaplqraiaallyi

Xftiia rolis<iu»i:>&tur, <iVBd ipaa vhiloaoi^ua oatoadarat

tttid §«!§— tmn ait auhataatia, qitoa aat qwd <iBid
arat

Mbataaaa ia tha aaaaa of mmtmk»9 ia to ba traotad aaoaadaa rwu Mutt ia,

aa it raaUy ia, aad aat aaraly na it ia apokaa of.

tta iaaadiata aoatart a^plalna tha diffaraaaa ia traatnaat

aad ia laaaalng af aaaaaaa «r iiuiddilyr «h«i it ia takaa lagiaallj aad

G^jmm n f9» 89,

%li« logiolaa la t«nn of euosr on* of th« four obimm, Wh«th«r latrlasle

or •KtrlBOiei togr t^o nMrlapi>y«iol6n It is aatMr«rod ooly 1b tons of the

Intrlfisle mumo, partieuAarly «h« fona:

Fhlloaopbua noa dixit sitaplloitv, quod qu>ii«ratttr quid

•«% daona, ood pntptmr tiold bujaaanodi (liipidos ot lleao}
slat 4oMMi* !PaXMi Iftitur ••%, q;aod lotK q^uaostlo qune-
rit do OBttOB*
.,,aao qoldaa erasa queoalta ost ^uod q^d «rat ooso,

loftloo 10({a«»do« Loglouo oala oeaoldorat aodm yaraodi-

oaadl, ot aoa oxlatontlioi rei* Undo qQldiiUld roapondo^
tur ad quid oot« dloit paortlaoro ad quod quid oatt alTO
lllttd sit latriaaooua, ut aatoria ot fersui} olvo sit
•xtriaa««ut&, ut agooa vol finis, sod ]phlXooo|i^iui ^ul
oxlotontlaai ivmorit rtown, flaon toX aeoatom, earn alnt
wctrlaaooo, aoa oonypirailioadlt sub (luod o^d «rat oodo.
UBdo ol dloasoa, dams ost alliiUld pfoblboaa a frlgoro
ol eauaatOt logleo loqtiondo slgolflestiur quod quid orat
ooso, Qoa BUtaa soouodum oonsldoretlcM&OBi phlloaophl.
it Idoo dlolt ({iMd ta«o qttod ({ttaorltur ut eauM fonneo
la natorla, ost qood quid orat ooso, ut eat dleoro
logleo; fiuod tansa ooouatoai vol T«rlt«toD ot j^slooa
ooasldomtloaaa la qfalbaodfla "ost eujus oousa"s Idost
flBls, ut la 4os» «ttt la loeto.^^

nto lof^lelaa might doflao a tblng» cuad thus doslgaato its quiddity, by

aaadag Its porpoao, far ths aaliqjiiiyslolaa that nould not bo tho quiddity

but tho flaal oottoo« tdiitih la oxtrl&sle to tbo thln«{ oaly tbo formal

aad BMterlal oauso would oator Into his dof Initlon of o aaturnl thine*

booouso oaly thsy Aow what tbo thlag roally is la itsolf.

It is oloRT, thon, that tbis posso«o soatraots our mikv of

ijoniriM of tblJ«s «l«b sbat tbiqr roally nro in thonsolvoo, "soouadoa

rol TorltatoK ot pbysloam eoasldoretlonaa.'* la tIoo of this, ""okIo-

tostle ronsa" soams la tbls lastenoo to bo en olllptleal oxvaroaalon tor

**ros suaptao sooMiritaa oalotontieia saan" or sesw siMb yliraso ablab shoos
%ku% th« point uad*!' oonfilder^^tloii lo mt tbe cet of exiat«kiio« tctkin

tgr lta«lf , but th« things whloh tswoln* tirnt oiflt. tmA «h««« pr«eiMly

la 00 far as tk«ar icr* ordsred to suoh nc «iot of melat«BO« iateiHwdMBctly

of our thoueht} la oth«r words, r«eX tliia««, aot Ja«t owntsl boisgs.^^^

Thl» text, tti.«a, dOM aot »a^o ««y distlaotloa bfftw««a loele ctad awta-

fbysle* •aVatmtlciUy dlffer«&t froa «b«t of th« etbcr tffxta quoted,

thmm^ it doM brlii« lato relief ooae preblMM iibl«li wlU hsre to b«

•KudmBA la due tl»e, riz.^ the ftttI»tioa of logle to exlatenoe nA to

tratk, and th» wewnlim of aodos of $redlo&tlon.

nraai theoo teste we e«e ttet for St. Ihaneo, nltboui^ le«lo

to elallor to Ketephyaies in so fer n» it la uni^ersiil, troAtian of

ell thlags. It la aerertixeleaa dlatlangiilii&ed iroa aMitaphyoiea, !%ia

•eieaoe, like the jthil^aoTfixr of aetare, treiata of thiafs iMeordlae to

the eecleteaoe ehl^ thet^ have la tbesaaelves iodopeadeotly of ebothcr

th^r aro ooaaldered tqr the bui»ia silad or not. loeio, oa the other

lu«d, treeta of thliMB* eooordiag to the v«ar la wMeh we apenk of theai

or ooaeelre than aad form of than lateatloae whl«di hero ae exlataneo

except la bmum, thoaidikt*

 P«g« 87.

aa aoajBOT of toaic

w« taf ttt%m^ia£ to AlMOVw Just «h8t it la, aooordlos

to St. "nioau Aqialiuui, vhloh loglo troats of, otudloot aad aoolyooo.

la tho t«Kts jiut 80«i iu tho Xaot Aoytor. la f^ieh logio waa dio>

tlacttlabod firaci «i«tajbyolo8» oo&sldorablo Ii«ht la thxovn i^pea thio

quoatioa, 9i8t 8Bd«x>n tMnalaologjr doolgnntoo tm tho "objoet" of a

aeloaoo, 3t* TboMma ordlattrlly apaidca of ea tbo "aobjoet'*, oa la

pfaraat ftm asaa of tba texta alrao^K (pwtad* £• asplftiaa that tho

aubjaat of a aeloaao la ttiat of idii(fti tha eauaaa sad pgopar tlaa aro

aotti^ts **I:oe atttan oat aubjaetURi In aelantla, eujua eauaaa at paaalonaa

^ptaarlflBa."^ It la tbo aubjact baesuee it OBdarllM tba propar aoal-

danta, aad alao baoaaao tboao aeoldaixta turo px^elioatad of it. Iha

tam ^objoot" la roaairod br bin obiofly to tba faaulty or to the bellt

lavod MbjootlTOly aa aa aooldaatal porfootlon of tba faoultyt "Sla

aalB ao habat aubjoottna ad aoiantlcat, alout objaotw ad potantiKu vol

habltuiU*'

Apt a of a—aoa aa tba iToiag l^ttar of Logla

iftaa wo look aloaoly at tbo t aorta of is%, fheaaa to find out

vluit thm objaat of loglo ia, vo aoo tbat aooMftlstaa the e-eta of roaayft

era aaaiened *» tba propar laattor for lo^la or "rational aoiaaea" to

aonaidort

Loglo* autaA oat da opapratloalbtta rationla.'

 Ordo q[iMa VAtio ooa«14«r«ai» fMlt la pvDpfrlo «etu,
pMrtiA«t eA retlonnlam phllOMpbl«B,^

loslea <tieetur rfttioaollt MlMftla, imo««s«

Oiai atttan
Mt qiood •jus ooasldaretlo rmrmittwe elres •• qua* p«r>
tUMHit a4 irM • • ^iMratloiiM ratloftla.^

Ars ^uaaifHK iMoaaaarlnmri^, qtia« alt diraetlTa Ipalwi

•atva mtioala* • • b% haaa arc wt lati*** 14 Mt
ratleiMlla aelaBtla. jum aea ooliim ratlciuaia a«t as
tea, qi»4 aa% B9cnntm ratlanaa (qoad aat WMlbua avtl-
ku aeHMDM) } aad a%lata ax hea« tpoA aat alraa'^ laaaa
Mftaa ratloala alout olroa ipirwrlem atariaa.

Lagla not oaXy wdcaa aaa of raaaea, aa Ao ell aolaaoaa, but it treata

of the eeta of ra«iaoBt tbaaa ara Ita wrawnr awttaf *

<Bm acta of ttaa Bdnd, with whlob lagla la aald to daal,

ara aeaatlwaa aanaarataA aa "two ajMratlona of tha l&taUaet" and aooMH

tteaa aa "thraa oparatlena of vaaam**. tba Intallaet hna two dlstinot

oparatlcmat

datlacttlt Qrlatotalaa) duea ap«ratl«Ma Intolltetua.

. • • Uha opamtlonuaB Intallaattta aat, aaouadun qiaaA
latalllclt InAlTlalbUle, puta aaa lAtaUl«lt iMatlMM
miM HfOitma, out allquld hujuaaoAl Inao^laaDrum. • •
8a<!^latelll«lblUbtta la qultma aat vanw at falain
act qunadan aoopoaltlo Intallaetttisa, Idaat rania Inr
taUaataroRt aima qiMdMla a« aultla fit aHqjolA vam.'

Tha firat opart^tlon la oeiA to ba a aU^la grcap of thlngat that la,

by It tha alad graipa ala la, 'ladlTlaibla'' , or "uaaaavownAad" thlagat

tha natoafl oparstlm oclblaaa what la thua aiaply girwfA to fosa a aalt

out of thalr tnoltlpllolty. n^le aaaaaA aiMtratlaa la hara gXttm tha aaa*

of "eoapoaltloa". Dva flrat le uaually rafaavad to ra tha "lat^laotloa

of IndlTlaiblaa", ladinalbllluc latamaaatla. ahldb baooiaaa for prae-

tleal pwrpaaaa tha taiimlaal tatm naad to Aaalgaata lt| tha aaooafl
UMudly r«MlTM %b« doublo titl* of "ooo^pMition ttad Alirlslon". It 1«

«9lalB»4 that th« first op«ratl<m 0mmp9 cai kaov« qulddltiM or th»

qttJA fit of thlBga tod that tho soaMid puts togsthw tL« q,uiddltl«s

srowhsaisd or dissoolats* than, afflaalfltt or dsogriag thsir son Junction.

Mora raoo&t tarsdoolo^ daslgiiatss thsss asts as slaipla apprshtnsios and

jtticMBt rospsstlvoljr.

Us tha tsD acts of ths iutallaat a third, baloasUc to

SMI as a disSttrslTo fooulty. Is aAdsdt

D19ISK sst oparatlo Intallsatttst uaa ;|uldsn, qiuas

dlsltwr IndlvlsibiliuB IntaUlssstla, ]^«r urum
solllsst IntaULaottts apprshsmUt sssantlsK ualossur
Jusiitts rsl lA sslpsat alia sst oywatlo Isttsllsstus
soillosft Qosqpoaaatls «t dlvidontis* ^ddltvr autan
tartlc oporntlo, selXiost mtloolnaodl, sseuaAiui quod
ratio prossdlt a aotls ad lAqolsltlMMM Igsotoroa*
Eanm «Mt«i spsmtioaHB porlaa ord&Balmr ad ssottBdiaas
qui aon potost osso aeoposltlo at dlTlslo nisi slur
pllolttM mppniMttmsnmm ii s sunda Tsro «rdiaatur »d tsr-
tlani ((ttl TldoUsait ^«ft«l q<asd sk eXlquo vsro see-
alto oul itttallaetus assautlott prosodatur »d oartl*
aoslplsodaa da allqulbus l«aotls.^

fhs third ast of rsaaoa, «hl«k Is ealXsd raesonlnst !• doserlbad &s a

proosss froB t^a knoioi to tba unkaoan. tha ordsr whlob la polntad out

MttBs thsss asts Is si Isast thct of natarlal dspssdsasst ths third

naads ths ssoead as b prarsqulslts. and ths ssooad rsqulrss ths first,

Ihs s«as snasratlftB of ths thrss acts of raason oeours

lA tba dissuasion of tha n«turs of Isigle glTsa as ea Introduction to

ths S0MMBtax7 on ttxa iostirlor 'jualytlesi

Ssal sKtSR ratlonls tros astust tfomnm prlad duo suat

ratlonls, saouaduru quod sst iBtiill«MstttS quldaa. Oaa
aala ostlo latsllsotas sst latsUleastla ladlvlslhl-
Hub slTs Insw^plMwriM, sssuaduai qiMB sonoiplt quid
auywa m Pi«« so.

«rt VM. ^
haM (^panitto • q|aibtas4Uw AieiWr iatwt-
Mf%lo lAt«Ile«%tt« slTs Uneinatio per int«llaetun.
• • • atemadt two op«r«itlo lixtellactuB e«t oon^otl-
tie v«l dlYlalo i&telXMtufl, in 'iun wrt Jsen TMniB at
falMn« • • Tairfiua Taxo aatua r&tlonla a«l aaaoadm
Id 4uod aat pvoprlwa r«tloaia, aailieat dlaauxrara ab
«» in alittd, ut p» Id quod aat notoi davanlat im
«9«id$imMa icM%i.^

Now if tba aeta of tba niad fona tha objaat of '*pvopa»

aktar'* of lasio, atma dlffieultira iviaa. How, than, doaa logio

diffar fMMa pajraholacyT thm traatiaa da Att^ ia aopposad to daal

with tb.9 eoul and it a jaodifieatiaaa or "paaaiaoa**, which inoluda ita

oparatiooa,^^ Aad. it ia aat aattOjr Ariatetla*a aovic of tbat umam or

8t« Thiwaa* aoMUMtaiy on It or bia luaaatio Pi<yKtata da ftaiaa tbat

ia rafarrad to aban tha aoiaptia tim tmimi ia apokan of* but e braB«b of

l^iloaapby bal«N|iag t« netural ]|^iIeaaiA]r» and tbarafora quita dia-

tiaot fran logla.^ Aaathar diffioulty th^t ariaaa ia tbot alaaahara

aMMftbias ^M ia iadiaatad aa tba objaat of logio. Iba reoonoilias

•f thaaa diff«araat objaeta wiXX balp to eXsrify tba ralation wbiab

lo^io bawra to tba nota of raeaaa, aad aa a ^ummtpxmuf, slao to

Ratiottiita BafK a»d iBtagtioaa t

Ia tba tooKta diatinguiftiiaa lagio from natapbyaiaa wa mm

tkat losia ia aoaaaraad with aoaa kiad of aaatal baiag. not with aota

but with ^^Tgf ia a oartaia »mu9i it atudiaa tbiaga aa th«]r ara ia

tba Kiadt "Lasiaua aoaaidarnt raa aaauaim qpQ4 aunt in retioaa."^'

B«t, aa wa bcva aaaa, it rasarda tbii«a aot aa tb«gr ara ia thair raal
csLKpfm in »i«»tt.

«si«t«ie«, Imt ooly la tti« b«iag wbteh thagr her* 1a rmaoni "(Est) mut

1& r«ition« d* :iutt Masidaret logtatta."^ Ails kind of '^•lag of roaaott**

la dlatlaenlibad froa natur«d balae or "balag of aatura"; aad It la tha

tnrnw liMt losla la •aaaamad wltlii "Xm aat duploxt «ui oellloat ro-

tlOAla, at ana aaturaa, • • Im ralleala aat inreprla aubJaetuB le^^loaa.'*^^

nila ma la ratloaa or ana retina aiiloh la aald to ba tha pfopaor aub-

Ja«t of loffla «a eaa call ratloaata balBg .^^

tha ratloaata balaga apokae of aa tha aubjaot of loglo w

aallad Intagtloaa , Thqr *»• not raaX balaga or la rael balaga aa auob;

h«t tHa lafeallaet la aeaaldarlag raal balaoa alaSwrataa thaaa froai aliat

It flada tharat

Baa Kutaa rotloala dleltur propria da UXla latan-

tloalbaa quaa ratio cdiwraalt la ratoua ooaaldwntlat
aloiit latastlo ganorla, apaolal at alxallluB« qnaa
aoa laraBlaatNv la ranai astura, aad aoaaldaretlonva
ratloala aaaaat^miatur.^^

nia aaivaaalaa adlaraalt la raima aaaaaa a Xlttla troubla. It owaaot

aaa that tha lataatlwui ara "fouad" la tblacat baaaaaa that la acx-

praaaljr daaladt "aaa Inraduntur la r^nxa". But baaauaa thay foXloa

«90a tha Tloa whl^ raoaaa haa of thlaga. It auat mma that raaaaa

adda ao—thing to ikbat la fouaA tbara, aa tha oaaq?oaltlon of tha varb

nmarta. tha anrd adinraalra aoaaa ayfavKlaataly to inTaat, eontrlTo,

darlaa. or alaborata. It la uaad alaaahdra la tha aaaa aoaaaotloat

tha alaboratloa of lataatlaiw bgr tha latallaot.^^ Thm tsov^laaoBM

aspMaalaa litfl.t aaaardlagljr ba traaalatad "lataatlaaa idil^ raaaoa

darlaaa la ooaaldarlas thlaga" or "alabarataa la thlags vhleh It aaa-

alAora"} aad thU Maaaa that aa tha lataUaet loaka af thlaga It flada
la «li«t tb* ba«l» for «h« rim wbi(dx it ftim of thorn.

SMM wnploo of ottoh latootlooo or "worko of rooaoa" or*

CMMs, flq;>ooio«« oafl "tlM 0—tw ry"; a aloo tbio doftttitioa, tho pcopeoi-

tlea. Mid tlio iqrllasiM.^

la tho stii^ «hiob logio aoluMi of IntOBtieu of thi» kind

tlioro la a doubla axolualvanoaat flret. It aoana that logie la ooaoair^

a«d vltb notkiag oUat "Losiwa aala oosaldarat ijitaatloaaa tanttia^^^;

and aaooadly. l«elo !• tha oaOy aalittea atiiflb la aoaomiad with thant

"Ovat «Btaa aalaetiaa da rabua, aoa aotM da ^paal^bua, val Intaatl-

oalbua lAtaUleibillbtta, alal sola aolantia rRtioaalla."^

Oaa wmn atatanMat of thla dootrlna ttnt loel* baa ea It a

aobjaot tha intcntlona of raaaoa will aaffieat

n qttla alraa oanla ijauum la ralma auat hahat aasotl-

ari ratio (lai^aa avtM aat da aparatlaallnia ratlo-
ala) » leglM atlaa arlt da hla, quaa oeonoala aunt
aanlbua, Idaat da lataotloolbva ratloala, iuea t\d
aonaa rm» —
babant, IIob uutan ita quod IakIom ait
da ipala ratoua aoamonlhtM, aieut da aobjaatia* Co»-
aidarat aate loslaa, alout aubjaata, qrUastaawa,
aooBtltttlaaaa, praadlaatwa, at ella hajiUMoodl,^

Altboiiijti It U aald la thla faaeaga that logia doala with tha aata of

r aaaa a , lataatloaa ncf aacpraaaly aald to ba Ita awbJaet t aad aem of

tha aubjaota wklaii loslalraata of ara awiarntad ea tha arll«eli>B« tha

fvopoaltlOB, aad tha yradloata.

HOW oaa tta afflXHatioa that iataotlona ara tha aubjaat of

lofla ba ra«oaeilad with tha atatanant that tha aota of ra- aoa (iT0 tha

propar aattw of io«la? ;jra wa to eoneluda that tha latantlona of

aat apaalaa, qrUoftlaaa, propoaltlona, predioetaa, dafialtioao.

QL-CTgR in P««« 64.

nttiooat* b«iiic, atti thiaet •• thigr mf in tli« mtaft trm r—lX/ th«

MM* tblac* • ^'^* (t^s of tb« nlodT 9higr m» luurdly ba ld«itloal with

th« Mt« aiJio* thaar A»Uaii upoa th* ««t«t "ooMldareticmaai ratlo&ia eon-

••ijuvintur'' t "••^uttttur netioaaa iatoll«»etus.'*^ Aad l«gie is about

ttilaga oAanrtMd la JttM aaooaA plaea t Huibct «da MutlnMi diffieul-

%•%«, MM •!% 4* MiiBdo latellaetia,"^ viint la undwatood flrat la

tha aartionMl vaal tbiagi latantloni ara widaratood aft«r«rarda:

PrSaa «! intallttetb
sunt raa «xlm eadMM, la
Intallaetua latelllccada fartur* "aaunda
qgaea parinD
•K%aM latallaota dleuatur latontlasaa aoaaaqiaaBtaa
latallls«idl.S4

Wwthaeiaor; lafeaatlona are pxoduata of tha aata, i»o% tha aata fhaar*

aalToa. tbagr ara oaXXad aa oma of tha iotalleot:

Altet aat ia«aUi«ara ran* at aliud aat IntaUlsva

tpaaa lataatlaaaa lataHaatan, qiutod latalleotua fa-
ait doa aapaer mhh vsn» rtflaatltvr,^''

WkilM ayaa mU^t poaaibly baw tha waaaiag af oparatloa la thla aan-

taaoa. It aaaaat hova au^b a waanlag al^ar la Ita oeataxt or wtaa

tekaa la ooajunetloc wltb abat wea add of logle aa aa arti

Qurtaa llbaralaa) aoa aolna habaat aasaltlaaaa, aad

oyua >0Ll«2<iod, (mod aat Unadlata vpam ratiaala,^^

aatlo apaouletlTc r^uafdon feolt, putn tffXlagkmmmk,

propoaltloMBi at alia hajuagaDdi.*'

Za oparltoua retleala aat ooaaldarara ipMai aatvi ratlonla,

c^ol aat iBtalilcara at mtloela&rl, at ftliqaid par hajoa-
adi aataa aaaat ltataw, tiod quidaa la apaaalatlTa m-
tieaa prliao ^luldam aat daflaltlo: aaouado, aouatlatloj
tartle Tcro, aylloci«*ui val areunantatio.^
CRftTTW III Vt9 to,

Bm poial of tk9— t«Bl« aaA of ttv* whoX* dlMuaclen on loglo «• ea

«r% WM ttuil tlMT* is in Mn» mam * pxoaoAl «lil«li 1> dlatiact ftraa

tb« operation «tLi«ii forvteow it,

^iaoo »• eaaaot idmitify istontioas taA eeto, wo snot rofeum

to tbo t«Kto «lkiflh oteto tluit logic is ommmvwM wi^ tho sots of roesoa

•bA mm if MUQT roally aoMVt tiiot ««to bto tho atdijoet of logio. Iho

first, "logiStt . • ost j3o opcrntionibtts retioals," doss ststs that

^'^9X0 is soa e w— a with sots or troats of tbsm in sons wsjr* hut ths

way is not spoeified. It is tho vwjr saas pan«;r«pb irttiSh sffiias

that ths subjoets of ioeio aro tho syllogiSB, tho proposition, ths

prodioeto, ead tho liho, la ths stetsnont of ths Fori Ksffwmoiaa.

"sjtts sonsidsretio vsrostur oiroa so ({tws yyt.iasiitf ad tros • • opsrs-

tioass ratioais,? it ia not said that sots srs ths subjset, but laarsly

that tiktif ttem ia sons wagr eoaasotod with ths sub Jest, ^!.lrsa ths pro-

ducts of ttots "partaia to" ths aots, Hhsn ths soasMntarir oa tho ijthios

says that tha ''ordo quci rt tio froit in croppip ectu" bsloogs to ratio-

asl phiXoaophjr, it is not <iirsetly ths sots thsaaslTss abioh it asgrs

bslaag to logis, b«A tho Sjrdsr ia than* This is sxpXaiasd ia ths tsxt:

*pists saa orAiaa^ ssassipflias suoa sdiaals«a st sicna ooassjitiii, ^a

suot vooos si«»ifieati¥ss''t sad "(ratioaaila pfclltesphiss) sst soasi-

isnrs ordiaaa peortiiai <»a[tionis adiavioara, at ordiaae perineipiocrua ad

ssaelusioaos." Asssrdiag to this ths thiaos ordsrsd ars aet ths sots

111—ilium, but ooao^fts, tsms, parts of a disoourso, prinoiplos or

pwl sss, aad seaslusions.** It Is ttisss whish ths taxt raelly aasi«as

to loftio as ths sttbjsot of its studf

cajirrm iii !••• •••

1b« aecl IqpoDrtast %«art teaXias witli losio «Ad te« aeta of

reason is esafeaiasd la St. Ttumttm* "latroduetioQ to lo^ls" whloh bsgias

tks ooHMHBilwqr Ml %hs PoytsrlOT iajwaJylios . %2i«ii U rsf «rs to loeis as

«ft *a«s • . dirvetlva Ipsltw aetus ratlonls,'* tbls eausss no pcrtioulAjr

difficulty. In n» Mish as k^ls Is hw looksd et as aa tft vatlMV thaa

as a <taasl-s^«Kmlatlv« s'olaoes. It la pxvparly rsgardsd as ocuMMrasd

with tkm ^svatlsa of fonlas lotsatlMS ratbar than with tka latantlons

sm aire 4]r tnwmA, But this Is M»t a dsslal that logle dsals with la-

twstlonas It svsa Implies that n^sjMA Alrests ths ast tor the saks of

%k» ypsdatt) *'>\rs • • dlrl^lt (pparattsiMm aodaMi) la faotlo&lhus";^

aai tlM sf fat lsa Is "^roiptar oyus."'^ MhMH, hoirairair, w« asst la ths
'
lostflag pamgvaiih ths statanaat that Isisi* i« *olrya Ipsnm aotqa

ratlools, aleut elroa prowitm s»«drlaau * «• hav« aars difficulty la

rassaslllit^ It with othw asssrtloas, muh. as thait tho svhisets of loglo

ars ths «yllosl^ ths propoaltlon, eotid the prodleato, or lAtantions

of caass aad ^^soles» or that Its auhjaot la aoa rstlonls . Th«ro

to hs a s»at«a4i«tloa hw, at least If matter aad siibJsot aaaa tho

thlagt OS* If a dlstlnot aettsr ead subject are not raeonoUable,

UMTS are reasons for soaslK4tas« howerar, that subJoet and

a»»tt<r do atst asaa the sans thing as thv are applied In our tippflrantly

ssnTllotlag tacts. 'Iisb bs aasitBs asts as the iMftter of lAgls, Aijvlnaa

Is apeaiclne of loftle as an art, aad tharafwe as the ratloa»l ordsrlac

of oparatloos tor the flBnaitlon of a dlstlnot prodaett

QmbIs ars est clroa csasoretloaaa, sat olrsa oonstl-

tutionaev et aeaqdaasBtm op«rls« quod psait
qu>pnB m i>ac* 67.

olrM •pMolnrl <iuallter all^lA flnt par nrtfln.^S

Aa art «o«ka upaa a asttar and ''dliq^oaaa tha amttme" tqr latroduelag

a fioani ia*o it.^ !<• oaa eonoluda tram thla. It aaaaia, thnt aata of

vaaaoa arm what losia a» ea art vofkc tqiottt tha quaalr-produata ra-

aaltlng firoa tha Uyoaitlon of fonw upoa tha aata ara tha intantiooa

or ratloBcta balati^. Siaaa thia qaaatloa la to ba atudiaA la aaaa

datuil rurthar oa, it will auffiea to ciaota oaly oaa tact at thla

point t "'XataUaetua* par apaalan ral fomatua, iataUigaado f)»aMrt

ia aaipao nwmtam lataatioaan rai.**^ 1%aaa IntMttio&a era not tha

attar of logio Tiawad ua aa art, tmt «tia w^h;jaat of logic na >^ ^uKai-

apaouleitlTa aoi«Mat **at hujaaaodi, aeilicat aaa retiw^a Q*; intaa-

tioaaa iatallieihilaa} , aat propria aabjaotua logioaa.**^

It U trua that tha t«na "aahjaot" aa appliad to h aaiaaaa

haa aavaral maaaiaMt •*• o' whioto ia hroed awMMKh to iaoluda *'aattar"

aa «a m>oka of it Abora. la Ita btoadaat aaoaa tha aabjaot of « aeiaaea

ia abatarw aatara iato Hia aoaaldaration of tha aaiaaoa} ia a aora

raatriatad aanaa it maana that «hl«b Um aaiaaaa jviaoipelly aossidara)

aad takaa atriatl/ it ia that wbiah diatiaguitfhaa tha aaiaaaa froa

othar aaiaoeaa:

9ld>iaatua habat ad aol«atia* ad niaua traa eaaparati-

oaaa, Priaa aat, qaod qaaaaawma auat in aeiaaitia
dabaat aoatiaari aub aabjaato. • • saouada oea^tara-
tio aat. «Md aabjaati aacaitio priaaipalitw attaa-
ditur la aoiaotlb. , • Tartia aoaparatio aat, quod
far aubjaatum diatiafloitur aaiaaftia ak oattihua aliiat
^ttia aaoaator aoiantiaa qiiaawdaeduffi at raa.*^
Xm • 9*99«t MttMi* th«a, th* mtoj^ei la that wbi^ dl«tin«fsul*h«« %fa«

Mlsao* fra& all otb«c«» !RLis i« «zplftln«d iqr * mm^trimu with th«

obJMt of & faoultyi

Si* malm mbab«(t •fibjMrtua sA MiMtiMn, •l««l ob-

jMtiM ad po%«ntiam val habitUBU -Topria autCDi lllv^
aMlgsatur ob ^jaotuR aXiouius potadBtitia val habitus,
rab aajoa ration* oBonia r«f «niBtitr ad potaBliMii •!
habitvB, aiaat hoao at lapis r«raananliar ad Timna in-
qjMmtiaii MBrt aolavatat "^^^ eol«rat«a ast lapopria ob-
Ti«w.^

Zk tba ooatiaaatioa of tbia paa aaga tboaa ara eritieiaad «bo aoaftuM

wmrythimt that ia tract ad im a aaiatM* with its wopsr subJaot> ttat

is, with tha fomal aapsst undar whidi all thoss thiass ava eoasidaradt

''•ttsniMBtss sA s« iguM in ista seiantie tTAStantiir, at aon ad mtionsai

•swMaB q,«Mi soasldavastttr*', baseusa all tha thiai^ whioh ara toatarially

aoasidarad in a ssianes, bslsog to that saiaass only in ralation to

('siiiisniw ordiasB sA") tho pvopar or fonMil sabjaet. v^an tbia ia

appliad to logio, wa sss that tha a«ts of rsasM, idxiib ars oonsidarad

atwiaUy, bslons to lo^e only in so far as thaor ara ordsrad to lor

tantions*'*

Prsdioation and tha Tawis and ths faUs i

In tits jiiitutt swsjiarliifl and distiaeoiiAiinc Isgio and

ctsilgrsiss othar ss«iid«ratioaa wars assignsd ts logie basidss ths

asts and intsntisns of rsason, 0ns of ttisss was tha nuinsr of pradi-

satinet "liogistts • • oonsidsrHt mofttm pvasdisandi .""^ Prsdisatimi is

CBAffffi III Pas* St.

M Mrt of rM«Mi (". • • itttsBlwi aA fi>Mrtleail«MM« qo"* M^ aotus

r««10Bi«")t^ tettt «luit la«i« is Mid to olMiAar is not so stMb th* set

itsolf M %h* sods of tho oot or tho A*t«nla«tio& «hl«h tho sot vo-

ooivss, Tho sttadjr of tho -bwumt of proAiestlas yapoywrly bolon«s to

legie:

Loaieo dioit Qristotelos} so • • • diotxtruai, ia-

fssBtuBi ianrsstigat • • • ss aode wsodiosndi. Iloo
sbIb sA logiOMB wpoprts portiaot,*^

^*(i^* fxrly ooasidors this, it would spf»oor fvoa Miat ms

ssid sbost tho v«op«r sMbjoot of « seionoo tlMt tho a»do of prodioatioa

is sithor s port of logio's impsr sobioot or anothor way of rofsrriJic

to it. fiisro is anothsr tost which, st first glnaos, soon to assign

tho study of forodioation itsolf, os an sot, to looloi)

AfA logiooM aut«i ooHwuBitMr pstrtiast oonsidwaro

IirssAioctioMB wdTwoalltsv, sniiiiihiii qfSoA ooor
tiasit soh so pvaoAieotioMHK quso ost p«r so, ot
<|sno BMi oat pOT so.^

It is oloor fTCSi tho oentoxt, hosow, that, tbo«# tho stndir of i»ro-

disstiaa aa an oot bolMca to logia ia aoo* wigr, it is hirs oxplioitly

roforrod to loftie nooording to its sodas (** B S»un di w q^uod . « . ost par

so, ol . • son .. par so") { that is, roaardia« prodiontioa logio

eoasidars whsi&or it is ssssntial (par so) or aeoidontal (iwg aooidsns ),

Iho est of prodiostias, tbsft, sntars into tho oonsidomtioa of logio

only undsr tho fnnaUty of its aodos,

Vithovt floiag too sBflh into dst«il in s asttar that nssds

to bo inrosti«atod latflr, wo san siqr forthsr thst in ths abovs taoct

 m T9m

it !• aot •vid«Bt that »ir—<l»a»to is Ukaa ia w oatiT* ••a««« fbr

abstreet noiuw dtaptiag aotions ccr* f)raqu«otly tra&af«rr«d ftan tb«

Mtive to a paciiT* or obJoetlTo oisalfioetlon — frcn th« oparfttlon

to that whiah la aoaatitutod by tha opar«tioa; as in ctsigliah "ooastl-

tutioa** aow aoat fvaquantiy doaa not oaan tha aat of oo&atltutlng but

«Mrt aiiioii ia aoastittttodt and ia Latin "ifaaaatio'* aaaiia not only tho

aalrlm but eXao whet ia aouiiit* 3e wpaadioetia aooas ioawftiina to bo

uaod of tho pxopoaitioa cooatitutad Iqr ]va4ioatiiic aa widl na of tha

pivadioatiag itaalf .^ Iharo wnOA thaa ba no oonfliot batwaaa pradi-

eat ion and inlaatiooa, and no aoatvadiotion in tha atatwaanta aaaiSBiag

both «a tho aubjoot of lofsie; for pradieation would bo a pertioul^

kind of intantion.

Aad oran if poradioation ia to ba uadaratood BOfeiToly in tha

taart qjaotad, aiaoo it ia attributad to logio nndav tha aspoet of ita

odaa, it ia aot hard to raotmeila «itt\ intantiOM, For tha n>da of

faroAiaation ia tha aBaMV in whioh va apaafc of thiD«;a or ettrlbota

•no thing to aaothar ia tdwytfKt, and iatantiMM, aa wa ahall aaa latar»

ara tha Tiaaa «hioh raaaon takaa of thiasa or ^o wajr In vhiob wo eon-

ooiTa th«i. In part at laost, thaa, ttxa Muaur of pradioatiafi( and la-

taationa appaar to eorraapoad in alanine.

i^T9 diffloulty ia oataaad bjr aaothar olaiaant to tha tit la

of baiag tho aubjaot of logio. Ttxm tram and tba faXaa ara a«id to ba

•tadiad by lasia psaparljr «nd axoloaiTalyt

Taraa at falava partiaant propria ad oaaaidoratio-

ia«iei.^
CE/^prat III *•«• '1.

Mta «BlM logioa vidatur •••• te «Dt« ot noa «xtts

0ie oieto.^

HOW i« thl« p«MlbI« sino* leele la aot eoao«ra«A vlth «ciat«no«^

«Lo«li«w «Bia aaaiHargt md^Ub pFM4iaaiidi •« aon wttefBtlan ral.*"**

iSr«D if '*«i«t«(itla rttt" in «ii« portioular ooBt«at aMoa onlor ''raally

•adatiBg thiagr*, this still givss no ssoaps fioai tbs difficulty. If

logio, sttt^riag as it «o«s MKtal bsins* teas not oonsidar things as

raally axistiaet vvas lass doas it oonsidsr tha aat of axiatanoa itaalf •

Aa4 yat tba tffaa and tha falsa ara Oafinad by tha asistaiisa or non-

asistanaa of tha thiast

IhM par assa at non aasa rwvm at falswi dafinltur.

Mm varvB ast aim dloltur aaaa f^anA ast val noa assa
QMd w» aat. falaum outan, a aosvarso.M

mith in spaatfi or in tboui^t dapaads upon tha azlataaoa of tha thing

as ui affaat vrpon a aausat

Yarit«« in ealaa aausatur a riitnm, non saquitur

%ttea
aastlBBtioMM aniaaa, aad axistaBtim raii ax ao
aniB fvm€ ras ast yal aan ast, oratie Tarn val falsa
diaiturg at Intallaotua aioilitar.^

WmWmmu ; it bala^ta to wtaphyaiaa to study tha axlstanea of thiass

(~]|fcllii«|ftsB • • adstsBtiMi qsaarit ranBa")^ or thlnga aeaerdiag to

thair aot of balnc (*ns sasMiiaM smbb mmar)^ aad tha truth of thlaca

Cllillwoilila pvtaa asasidsrat oaiTarsalaa raritataa aatiun: . . .

aaxiaa aonaidamt Tar ItataT ) •&!>

Oa tlia othav haad» tha atataaaat is saplielt that aata-

phyaiaa la ast asawaad with tha txua and tha falsa; thaaa or a in
Q^fsrm in v«8« 78.

tk» alad, Bot la thiags} «Ad %hm Mlaao« tvhloh atudlM r««l thlaga ••

tbigr arc outald* of tha ntaA doaa not Invaatleeta tho jirlaoipliM of

tha klad of >aiBs «4il«i ai«gaiflaa %hm truth of propoaltioaat

kaXndlt C\riatotaiaaD ana T«nin at ana p«r aaaldaiui

• priaoipall ooaaldcrE.tiona hujua doatriaaa (JMta-
SfaTaiaa^ I dlaana (imi. aoavoaltio at dWUio la
qvllma aat Tarun at falava. eat In nMBta, at noo in
ritaa. • • Ulrwmtta aat prnat aradttanflini ; aallioat
•aa p<r aaaldaaa at ana quod aienlf laat rmnm,^

Oataadlt qiaod ana par nooi<lana at ana >iUod al«nifiaat

Tarlte^toa pxofoaitionla, praatignBltttBdn aat In lata
aalcotla (auiitvhyalea]) • • • onda )m jwnadi aatla ooa
q(MamBit«r poplaaipia la aalantle, ^aaa aaaaldwat da
mta qaed aat axtra salMoi*^

Wa aaMWt aaaapa a aaartvadlotlon hare if tha truth ra-

farrad to in althar aaaa aaaaa tha aaaai thUm w If tha dapaadanaa

of Xoglaal truth iqmi tha odatanoa af raal thisfli aaana ttust lada
atudlaa tha axlataaaa of ratil thlnsa* It 9tam elaor aaotfi, hawavar,

that truth la tekao la dlffarant mmxamsm In ragard to BMitapigraloa It

la truth la thlaga lAiloh la oaant* In tha a«aa paaaaiga aa vaa quotad

ta itooa that Bwtaphjraloa la tha aolaooa of truth, thla truth la apok«a

of aa aharad la hgr all thlnga and aauaad bgr tt&a aauaaa of thlaga, ao

that tha acienaa vhloh atudlaa tha raoat biialo e«uaaa la e»at trua,

or aoat pv^arXy tba aalanaa of truths

awt«B TiTlttttla aott aat vnpwlvm alloul apaalal,

aad am hahat oasananlt«r ad oanla antla* Uada, quia
llliid quod aat aauaa varltetla, aat oauaa aoammloaaa
aun affaettt la aoaslaa at rittlona aaannnl, aaqultur
quod lllud, quod aat poat«rloribua oauaa ut alnt varn,
alt TariaalnuK. . • hlloaophla prlaii aonaldartat rri-
:

aauaaa t Govol aaqultur quod Ipaa aanaldrat aa,

Bt aBoclaa Tava* Uttda Ipaa aat aaslaa aalaatla
antfltla.<M
A« tpolMB Of h«r«, truth la obrioualy tnkan la tli« flrat of tba thr««

Mwatngi of truth «nBMr«t«d la thm j» Yafltata — not th« tru* aa It

la In tha latallaet or the formal oonatltuant of truth, but tha foua-

iatioB of tntth «bi<h la fouad la t hiatal

TvipUoltar varitaa at TWta daflalrl iwranltur.

ttw aodo aaouadnt id «|aod pwaoadlt ratlooMa «!•
t«tla, at la 4U0 twim fuadatur.M

ftiM la Bot tha truth i«d«h U aaid to h« la tha hoaaa aiad, hut tha

troth la thlaga*'^ ^agr ifpaaulatlTo aoimn9» 9mAm kaowladica of tha

truth la thla aaaaat **ordlantiir ad aolM aaff^tlMMa vavltatla.*'^

Iti kaov a thlag la to tsraap Ita truths

solra aHqpiii aat p«rfaeta aagaoaoar* Ipam, hoe aat

parfaota opiriiiaBdara varltatan Ipalaai aaAam aaia
•oat prlaelpla ral at Tarltetla Ipaiua.'M

Truth la that to vhlob tha latallaet tandaa '*T«raB aoadaat Id la quod

taadlt latellaetua. • • Tanlaiui aoffiitlcmla aat raruBi."^ i^

Ia«ca of tblaffi la, tharafora, kaowladga of trutb la thlaaat aad

ptajraiea, Juat aa angr apaoolatlTa aoioaoa la ooae arnad with th«t truth*

Oma :^« Thaaae aaya, thea, that aataittyaloa la tha aalaaaa of truth

«r that It atadlaa truth, wa eaa aay of him sa ha aaya of bt. u«ta-

tlaa la a slaller (iueatloa, "loquitur da Tarltc^te ral.**^

4r ^IttXm we do aat aaaa to daagr that tha truth with ahl«t

ataphjaina la eoaoaraad h«a a rafaraaaa to lat^laat} for it la

thla rafarauoa to latalloet vhlah aaaatltutaa truth aad diatlacal^haa

tha true frcai haiagi

OHAprm III fag« 74.

Coavatilwiliai Ttro •skis •« intcUMtun ocprimlt

tec aanm rmnm* . • Hoo oaroo Mt quod addit rmrvm
Mqpra wui, •oiUo«t ooaforaltatflB, tttve ndvqiuatioiMm
r*l ct loteUMtttS.^^

Hi* truth of thiac* Adda this ooafoniit? to lAtoIloet to tbo rmtf

b«Uig of tho thlafs* th«B0«lTM}

•ritna rmnm «Kl«t«BtlaB laoladit In sal mtltmo

•atitotM Munm, •» mptraAtit b«Altudin«B adM-
q««liOBi« ad laftoUMtm kVBMtsw v«l diTlaw.M

A« is aald haopo, ttao r«f«r«a4Ni by whi^ things «r« Mid to bo truo

igr bo oithar to tho )nno& istoUoot or to tho diTim> intellect ; but

it is jrlMvily and yrlaaipttlly to tho diTlno istolXoet and only

darily to tho hvRD&n, ?br tho diriao iatoiloot waaauaraa tbo boing of

tho thing* oad tho thiag bgr oadLatiae oonftoiMa to tho dlvlno Intalloet.

Its twth in ttiia y osfo ot is thorofbro ossontial to tho thing. But

tho thing Miasiirss tho htsaaa intoUoot, end tho oonfoxnity i^ioh ro>

suits is quito aoeidootal to tho thing**' Kstsphysiss sust nooos-

•srily bo oonoarnod with the truth of things in thoir roforonea to

tho diTina intoUaot ainea thia is ooestitutiTO of their vary boing«

It ia prinerily in thia aanae that being and the true are soextSBSiTO

and ooavcrtible, ^ saassqjBSBSS of the adequation of things to the

dlTlae i&teUaet is their intelligibility and tharefbre their poten-

tial ad»iuatioa to «rea«e« isteUeets.^ nth this too, staphysies

is oonssraed, as also with the relation of adequation itself whiflli

differentiates the true fros being. Dut the aotual oparatioa of hanan

intelleets by »hiab thsy bring thewel-ves i«to d>f»«s i ty with things,

sat the wtities wbieti they torn within thtasAToe as the exivessisa
m*rp^ "^ ^* '»•
•f tt« things kumm is ast lui mult «itl;i& %hm porariiMe of "th* aslsBo*

of bolAg Ml b*lat"« Of the four kittds of truth, truth of Judoaonta,

of ««flttltloiui, of thl«BB» md of awn,^ only tho third, truth in thlacSt

lo dlr««tl7 tl^* somMm of aataylgrsloo, Tlio truth of »«ti, or oorel

truth. Is a Qoaesra of athles. The truth of doflnitloas Is roduesd to

ths truth of JudCBSBts sad prsposltioas, tmd propositions mto tho oon-

oom of logie,

Ths truth that is spoksa of la ths tssis assicnlag to loeis

tho study of tho tiuo cod tho faiss is tho truth of tho JudSMUts mA
prepssitlsas fWsd ^ tho htoaa latSllsst, iiaos jvdgsaat is aa aot

of ths alBd, its truth is la ths alad, aot la things* Tlxm oontoxt of

ths pass««ss sltsd mkff %hiB sXsar:

(ysana st falsiaa) 00Bss<|nmt\u> . • • sns la retioas

is (|M ooasidsrat Xottioost aom Twum ot falsusi suat
la BSBto. • • Ksai v«na> sst oun dloltur osss qiwd
4Wt. • • ets.M

Sst oaly is it said that tho trus sad ths falss of uhleh thsrs is <iass-

tioa hars is la ths viad* but it is hsld to arlso whsa sxstrosssdt

"Tsnai ost own dioitur , , ,'* Ihst, of sourss, iavliss e propositloa.

Aad lat« la tho saas Isaosa tbo aattsr that has bosa uadsr disousslsa

is sxprossod as "Tsrites st falsltas yrVTOsitioais."^^

It is obvious that ia ths pasosgs apsa vftiSh dqulaas is ooan>

satliHi hsrs /.rlstotlo is spseklae of tho huoHfl intolloot, of tho truo

sad tho falss ia ths husMS iatsUsst, and of tho hawan seiaaoo of logie;

sad that 3t. Iheaas is ksopiae this smm polat of Tlsir. Tbs trus vhieh

is spoksn of is a bsiag SKlstiac la tho hsnan iatalleot aad true bo-

mmm^^^ pw ?».
Mttfcmud to things. Its truth Is eubsaqusot to th« truth of

thiat* 4«rlTii)8 tnm thoir edsqaatloa to th« divine IntoXloot.

1h* context of tho oth«r jmumhmb* ;|aot«4 !• crroo nor* ntpli-

eit In roferrlns tho truo end tho falso to Judflnoat and tho psopooltioa

in tho huis&n IntoLloett

Uoo eut«i «w, <tu>A dloltur queai vorua, ot aoa «ao,

(juod dieltur qttoai roiMaa« oaaalatit elroa oo^poai-
tloo«B ot dlTialOBva. • • Tarva at falaiai aoa aaat
la robua • • ; aod aunt tuatum In saoto* Idoot In in-
taUoota. • • VMa ralia^tur • • • ipMd alt airoa
ooMpoaltioB«B ad dlTlaioMB maatia prioo at pvineipa-'
litar; ot saaaadarlo voola, quao aligniflent oonoopti*
OMB BMiitla. • • itK ToruB ot faiaon dasi«naat p«r-
faallaaaa eogaltlonum. • • II pmptmr Imm diaittur
qfuiod TOTum ot falBum sunt la nanto. • • SI idoo la
hoa aala aaaaada opaiwtlaAO latalloatoa oat arltaa
at falaltoa. • • la hla Igitur p«tot, quod Torltoa non
oat la rahua, aod aoluRi In sMnto, ot stlan in ooaipoal-
tlono ot dlTlaiono, . • ^tla Tori oauaa aat^ • opa-
ratlo IntoUoetua aaa^Miaatla ot dividaatla.*^

Iho txvo la, furthoaaoro, roforrod to oxplleitly aa an Intantlon In

Aft
tho aiadt 'nramai aat Intantlo ^unod«B quaai la aaoto ozlatona."

Iha tvua with vhieh lo^io la omoamad ia, »eoo!rdlBely« e logieal in-

tantlon, a retlOBoto boins. aa ana rtmm aqpraaaad toy tha Intolloat,

of Hhiah tho wholo mtiataneo la to bo trua and tho function la to

aigaify tha truth of thiagat sad thia ia a propoaitlon, ho wa ittiall

aoo aoro fully in Choptar Till. Logie la not oonoornod with tho

immi fi^ or foraal oonatltuont of truth Itaolf , with tho truo ho a

troaaoMdastal ooarartiblo with hoiag, or with tho truth of thiaga.

aa aalopiqraloa Tiowa truth.

Agalaat thia diatlnetlon two dif fioultiaa eoa ho raiaod.

tho first la that «ataphraioa ia intarostod not only in truth of thinga

«>Wt III P«l» w.

bttt elao in tbo oos&itlon of truth from th« point of vioir of ooenltloa,

aad thorofoiro in trutb es it is la tho niad; for It !• osproMlar otntod

that it Is the buslAMM of tho mtaplqroioiaa to lirrostlgRto mbs** r«»

lotion to tho oognitloa of trutht "«A Inaie phlXooopbun portinot eonni-

Aororo, quonodo •• hiib««t hoMi a4 iF«rit«t«B oognoMondaB**^ Tho oolu-

tion of this dlffioolty la suffloiMOtly «9par«it whan wo ondanrtend tho

point et iaaue in tho peaaasai it la tha facility ond diffieulty of

kaowlag tho truth of thlngat that la, ttia lataUigihlllty of thing*

in o«r roffEird and aiutl kind of thins* i** pveporly kaow.^^ The auaation

la not sbevt tho ftanaX rolstion of truth acmatitutod by tha Bind in

it a eat of knowing.

Dm aaannd diffiaulty eriaoa frooi tha fnot that ovao fonaal

logieol truth daponda upon tha baing and aon-baing of thia«^, tha atudy

of whieh ia axaludad fron logie. Tht% it laiat be aald that ref«re&oa to

tha being and nonrbaln«; of thing* aannot be azeluded fron logio In

09mtf MBS* if tha axpliolt atatanuita wMdh wa have aaan nre to be

oMrada and if danonatration ia to be a part of logia, ao is unaquivo-

eally bald}*'^ for damnatr&tloa la aonoorned with the truth of ita

pranloaa and ooncluaionat

soire eat fiaU ajrlloglaBl 4«B0nntretiTl air* affeotoa

ejus, euBi aoire nihil RllnA •&•• Tidatur, quaia Intel-
llgwe Taritaten elioujua eonoluslonla par dsEuonatra-
Innan, • • ^yaoaaaa eat (^noa AaawiBtratiTe aeientin
• • • preoedttt ax propoaitioalbos Tsrla, prlnla, at
laM«latln.^

Ihav* ia, howarrar, e diffarenoe batwaan direetly InTeetigatiag n ettar

to anal/ae or eatahXiitti it. and preau^poaing ttio tmam anttar na alreag/

CRAPT« in vm» f9.

MtBbllBb«d i» oMwr to rmtn aoavthlag <!•• to It. It is zut tbo

Mao tbiag to study tho bolac of thlago ond, eoowliig tholr boias* to

r«f«r aaaothias to thooo rocO. bolaso. Lodo dooo aot oako ttio wdo-

toMO of tblnci tbo oubjoet of Its otiidjr, no aotephyaloo dooo.^^ ¥ho

onljr ooaeorn of logio with tbo atot of bolus Mmroiood bjr rool thlnga

la to rofor ita own lataatioaa and ooo^oaitioBa to the roel thiaKS

whiett it praaivpoaoa, aoooptlas fNM aaitail^roiM tboiv vonlity aa4 tixo

fROt that tbaj h«ro tho uet of roiOL bolafi. In thla roapoot »o aoo a

eortbla ainilarlty with aeturd phlleaofiiqr, whioh dooa aot study tho

roallt/ of ita aubjoet but proauppoooa it, ooaaid«vU« only ita

"paaaioaa* or pvopaaPtltMi. Logie la lifco thla in aa antfit as it ito-

soppoaas tha voU.lty of tbisd** but diffara fvon aaturel aoianea la

aot atudyiag thaaa rael thlnea but only tho roletioaui abieb tba idiul
76
aaitabliahoa to tbiafs aid tmmm thaao ralntioaa thanaolvoa.

1—g" mA "MatarlaX-- to«io

Iba quaatioa of tha roletioa of logio to truth aad falaity,

aad ooaaotiuently of ita rolbtion to tho asiataaao aad aoarasiatanoa

of thiB0i, aaegosta aaotbor ralatad quaatioat ia logio awroly fonaaX,

or ia it alao aatorial? That ia to sflQr, doaa it antiraly diaragard

whet tha thiasB avo of whitfa it fozaia intvitiaaa, and eoaaidar only

tha ardor of tho intantioaa aaoac thwiaalvaa, or da tho things of

aliieh tho iatontiana are foraad alao «tar into ita ooaaidarntion?

Saah a distinotioa of "faxaal" ead ''sMtarial** lasia ia aoaatiBaa andat

thiafa that ara to ba haowa era oonaidarod tha aattar of tbou4iiht« aad
 r

CBAPWB III ftf W.

thm MUUMT Mi4 ordor la iftiioh tb« objects of tboug^it iv« dlspoasd ar«

ooniildcrod tho foaa of thou^shtj nd loigitt !• Mid to hnv« two part*,

on*, oallod fogaal loglo, whlob troets of tho focns or lutentloMi of

thoiid^it, flftd aaothart oellod anttrletl lot^io, whieh takes iato noeount

booidos tho fom of tboutfkt gIoo its ooatont -> tbo thlags wbleh are

kaom ead diepesed.^ 7t9 queetlott idiiali iatereets ue ie whether the

loslo of 3t, fbamm hes tbeee two ports, or whether he treets legle

oe ealy fomel, or whether the distinetlon Is not to be atode at all.

3t« thuase eeswi to eagr thet logie ts only foraalt '*loglous

•I SMith—atleus eeasldersBt teatmi ree eeouaduB prlaeiple fonMlis."^^

Bttt Is "foxMl" mtuat la the esose etplelaed above? AeeardlBg to thet

Ylew, fom aeeas the node and disposition of tlMmight, ths iWMn ead

speeies of ooaeepts, propositions, end ^rlleglsmst e&d the relatloas

betweea thMit Better aoene the thlacs whieh ere kaowa ead almtt irtiiflii

theuj^t le eserelsed, ooneepts ere had, proposltloas fomed, aad «rl-

loclam sMde.

this Is approxlnately the eeaee of the dletlaetloa whieh

Aqalaas nakee betweea oatter oad fom as applied to the mrllotlsmt

Certltade oateK Jwdleil, «iee per vemlwtiom* h e U— ,

est, Tol ex ipsa fogaa sKUogiaBl taatun, el ad hoe
evdUatur libsr i-rlewi AaalrtlesguBU ^i est do sgrl-
leglmo siaplloitv} Tel etim em toe es mterla.
<ttilmmm^mr propoeltloaee per se et neeeeeariae, et
y
/, ^
ordlaatur llb«r '^osterlorw atajrtloqnw. (lul
est do syllogism imonstratlye.yg

Eve tlie Itom of the qrlletim «)ppllee to the relntloa of the propo-

sit lefts aad eoaolusloa aad is truly a fora of thovi^ti the aetter of
%hm nylXogiai appliwi to th» kind of proposttUoM roXatoA.

But this 1« aot tho nwaiag of "twnT whta St. Ibaaaa Mora

that l«gio teal* witl; "fotaal- prlnelplM,** B« doM BOt, lu the first

plaoc. My "oonalrtarant pglactyta fonMalla timtiatf* but "oonaldarant ras

aaemdMM prlaeipia feanlia.'* 3iso« leglo oonaidara thioga, ovm thwutfi

OAljr from tha peist of rim of their fomal inriaoiplaa. It oonsidsra

"tettar" IB the »mm9 agqplaiaod, Aad aMoadly, th* parallel batiraoA

athamatlM aaA lo«io la ngoii^t lat«ri»raftiiig tha fenaal prlnolplas

that loftia teala with as foms of tha adad, haoeaaa aathaMitiea ia aot

««aeoraa4 onl/ with feanw of tha adnA tat with thlas* riawad in tha

aeaaft kliul of ebatmatioa •otlia^ nharo tha spaeetlAtire aoianaaa weotra

diatia#d«had« But tha aoat Isqfiortaiit eaA aoat partiaaat raawMi agaiaat

autb aa iatarpratfition of "ftanoal" la fouDd ia tha oontacEt ia whltfi tha

stetaMBi quoted ia aituatad.

tb* quaation under disouasion in thia pasaag* ia whether

Ood eea produoe effeota In n«t\Gre bagrond nattxral aauaea or oontrnry to

the ordinary eourao of nature, /a argamatit ia oonsidared whieh aa«Bingly

ikowa that He eaanoti nature ia froai Ood juit as reeoon ia; but Ood

aaanot «p«rata aoottanay to tha prisoiplee of htmnn raaaon (ao that genua

would not be ^rediaated of qpeeiea, for Irxatnnoe, or that the aide of

a aquara would be eaual to ita dia|0&al}| therefore, neither ean Be

aot oontrery to the prinoiplea of nature.

Tf ra^ly to thia arsuBeat ia that the iavoeaibility

attanAvt vpam prinoiplea of raaaon ia baaed on repugnanee to the fonud

oonatituanta of the thing in queation, and therefore on internal ooar

%v«diO%i«i| ImA SaiiOMlbllit/ la r^^seccA to aatviriil ?rineiplM la ba««4

ea th« pottBQ/ of a pArtloul«r MRttaep. Tb* «tol« r«pljr bMra qaotlaci

OlMBAaB losious 0t iiBth«mtlaaa eoaaldarimt

(ittod
tMifeVB VM aMttBdOBi prlooipla fatRMliat uaA* nlhlX
«« laqKMialbtl* Ia loglala •! aath«»tleia, nisi
qiiod Mrt MBtn r«i toraalan rati«iMn* 81 httjiMMdl
lapeMlbil* la m
ooatradlertioiwai olcudlt, at «1«
Ml f«r M iav«mUll«, UaturftUs «>%• avftllOMt
ad dat««BlBa(t«i aatarien} uada rapatat loipoaaibila
•tlMi U
qpiRd m% Iwia liipMalblla. IIIMI autaa
pfohibait DaoB poaaa faaara qioaa auat Infariorlbua
aftWDtibua inpoaalbilia.

ftayaioal iapoaaiblllty whara th«ra la no Intrlnalo oont radiation la

llluatrtstad In tha body of tba aaaa artlala ea tha r««alalae of al|(bt

by a bllBd naat ", • ln<Kiuuit«n aliqEHaa uBfna tonum iadoait rabua

Batttrtillbaa quan aa%«i« iaduoara aon po%ast . • • hula mtariea,

alout Tlau^ In eeaoo,** It la not within tha potan<3y of tha pnrtloular

attar of that aan to ragala ali^t, B«l loglo la not aonoaraad vlth

dataradnad aattar; only with tha dataanaiaBtlea ablA eoawa from twm»

Tha aaatag of peaalblllty md i^paaalblllty la vsrvA to

lacie la aaplaiaad la tha oiMwaatary oa tba l^a>t aph

, j
yalaa . apaaklat of

tto faantaga af pattaMTt A^jaiaaa aagrat

la loglela dlalana all^a •B9* peaalbllla at !»•

poaalbllla, ooa yvoytar ali^pwai patantlan, aad ao
^oad allijaa aaAa aaiik aut nam anal. PaaaiblUa aalai
dlountur, quoron oppoalta oontlnglt sm
Tern. !»•
yoaalbllla quosua ofpealta ana ooatiaoilt ••• vara*
St haao dlTaraltaa aat preptar habltudlaaa praadleatl
ad autojaotoa, <iuod qaendoqiaa aat ravttCBnaa aubjaoto,
aleat la laipoaalblllbua; <iuaBdoq[aa Taro noa, alout
ia foaaibUibita.^i
CBAprat III

Logloal i^pOMlbliity U tk» rvjpiaSMUio* of %)m pMdie««« to Its «ub-

jeot; «nA possibility. Its oosqfMitlbillty, BspnsBaBCW <Qr uonrrepttsaaiMO

doos not #sp«i4 asrsljr oa « fovm of tbo SMSlal BO^f prodiootittia tk«%

Is, on ths sisrs fact of its bslag s jrodiosto to s sttbjoct, but oa tho

sutilnf of t]io sobjost and prodleate, aaA thsrofbro oa tbo tblags ths^r

rofor to. for tbio roosoa awttor, as it was Aofiaod abore, is iBVOlTsd

la aMsalac* Bui MNtalag ^impwOm oa tho "Ibmel prinoiples'*, tbo dofl-

aitioa or quiddity of tbo tbinc*

OtlMer tsarts bolp to oloar up tho iMsnian of fovaol priaeiplos.

la • oootoxt oXosoly porellol to tho yasssiso rofsrrod to in tbo ^

Potoatla, this oao also disousaiag Qod's poiror of vovkiag bsgroad tbo

orilaary oouroe of naturo, wo asaia fiad tho tooshiag; that lAgdoal

fossibillty aad iH^oMlbility dopand oa tho tomml fwiaeiplos of tbiags

aad that tbo prinoiplos of locio ero takoa fvaa tboso ftMrmnl prineiplost

prlaeipia qUKmatflsi soiooliayuM, ut logiot^o .

goosMtriao ot erithMotioeOt suanatur a oolis prin>
tipiis fonMlibtts rtanis, ss (V&ibas ossantie rsi
dofpsadot, oequitur qiiMd eo&tmtrie borun prinolpi-
omn Doos faooro aoa posslt} oioot «|uod sun* aoa
sit pvaodie^ilot vol quod liaoeo duotao a oaatvo
ad oireuafarsntiaa aoa slat aoquaXoa.^

Haro aipla tho foxnal prineiplao la quostion aro not tioso of tbo aiad,

hat of thiaes. ao thntn^Xy aro thi^r ia tbiacs that tbo osoonoo of

tho tbiass dopaads oyoa ^sa. Ihis ia booauso th^r nr* dsrivod tram

tho fom of tho thias. •« appoara ia a paaoago whiah 99»^» of abotrAO-

tlaa aad tha pvimritar of ualTarsals ia oosaitioat

.^ff^JCT, ^^l

ei«l prout Mt in niBgalBrlbua, aio quoAaMBOdo habat

ratianan yrlnalgll fbwaalla raapaotu atneaXeriaa;
noB aiacolara aat pfot^ar oMitarltnp, ratio autaa ap»*

nia aliola parposa of thla text la to abeir thct gama and apaalM ara

darlTad froai fi»mL, not trwa aattar* :>aA alnaa "fonaal prl&olpla" la

ada anaXegottaly Cqaodwioio**) aqulTalant to tba oatura of tba tvan»

or apaelaa, fonwl priaalplaa ara aaaooletad wltb fom and not witb

xBfittar (taking laattar In tba j^aleta aanaa, and not in tha tranafarrad

aaaniag i^leb la aoMatisMa aaalieaad to It in ragard to logia) • Tba

notion or intallicibla oonatitiumt ("ratio'*) of « ajfoi** ia darirad

fnm the foxmt and that luaana, of ootoraa, fren tba fana of tba tbing

and afBt firan aonui totm of tiaa mind,

Tbat suah ia the maaalng of tha fofnal priaolplaa witb

wbiob logia daala ia aada alacar in enethar paasaga In vfbloli XoglaaX

and phyaiaal dafinitiona ara diatindiuiabadt

Pbyaiooa (In dof iniando) aaal«B«t a»tirlan, . , Dla-

laatiaiaa paolt apaaiaai'ait ratioaaa. • • Itaa (dafl-
nitiq) aMldSBait cpaoias at apaaiai ratlonan, at aat
ftewialia tentuwa aiout ai dafinititur uonua quod ait
aparlaM|twi pv^^bana a Tantia at ictoibua at aa«H»>
tibtti.""

ff typa of dafinition «bieb givaa tba apaoiaa &Ad tba liitalliftibla

baaia of tba q>aoiaa ("retio spaoiai") and ia puraly fWal. ia propar

to lofiia. A dafinitian ia pbyaical if it givaa onl/ tba mttar, ea

ban a bouaa la dafinad aa a "nbaltar laada of atonaa, briok, and wood",

or if it glTaa tba fom ia a datasninad oettar, «a tha dafinitlon of a

JKmmBSBiiJmMdm

houM» tui « ah«It«r of mtk MKt«ri«l, of wob • pettorn, for ouoh m

puryooo. Vh* DMCk pntfji^ •splaiao that tbo lesioian to iatorootoA

oaly ia tho foz» of tb« tblacf a&d onlj tbo aotural iiblloaopbor otudioo

tbo MttWt

Ilia ifubo eonolAirbt farana toatuM, bob oat natura-

lis, ood ligl»» IlXa asit«Di« aueo oot olroa mttmltm,
i^Borot aolMM fttWMi, nolllua oat oiol Baturallo,
Halloo oBia ho]»«t ooBOidoraro aatorim »iol naturallo*

Logie, thla nakoo luito oloar, lo aot ooooagraod with owttar in tho

otriot phjroloal oonoo, ao tho lotenoy of oonoiblo boing. But thie is

ot to ooj that it ie not ooaoinuid with "Bnttor" ia tho hroatf owoo

ooMotiaoo Bppliod to losio ao noaaiac "that about which" kaowlo^c* ia

A poooago ia tho Soatonooo diooaooiag whothor Qod kaowo

olagulars oxplaiao aoro fully whAt **fMnBBl priBeiploo" ar«i

Sot q!iiia aoo poatwio Doom iMooftiato op«roat«B ia

TflbfU onnihito, ot tUt i|«o oooo non oolun yriaeipia
fogoalia, ood otiMsi oMterim roi; idoo por ooooatiaa
ottan, oiout por oauoen, tottm qjoed oat ia ro oogaoooit,
ot ftonaalia ot aaatorinliaj undo zioa taatun oogaooeit
roo ooouadoB aotwfoa uaiTtrsaloo, aod aoouBdan qood
ooat iadiTidaatao por matorioR) oioat aodifiooter ei
por fnnMK artla «aMi habot apod ao, oosaoaoorat deMBOi
haae at illMut ood quia por nrtoc mum ooa iaduoit aioi
fiBfo, idoo oro ana aot oolo« oiailititdo fraaoo denw;
oado noa potoot por oa« oogBooooro haao dooMB vol illam,
aioi por aliq[ttid aoooptWB a aaaau.^

tha vholo baiac ia quootioa io aaido \tp of ito fraaal and natorial

prinoiploo ("fonwlia ot UMitwlalia'*)* Iho Mitflrial priaoiploo nro

tho a«M thiag aa aattor, aa ia ahoaa by tha f^ot that thogr aro eon-
tv««t«(l to toxmntX prlaelplM Jiut •• iaB%t«r is. ni* nmifurimuk of th«

t&nml prinelplM to %h& foxm which an astifiear iatrodaoas iato tho

ttor of his HTtifaot, nnd tL« eootriMrt Ea4« of th«u to iMittor ttoam

tbfit %hw If «MWltf«ar«d to bo tho foxau /vt tho mmm tin* tbo forml

priaoiploo aro troatod a* •(^aiTaiwat to oniTorsal naturoa* Ttmr aro

not aanotly tho ««• aa tho foiM is tho osoloaiiro ooaao ia whioh fom
la oppoaod to Battar, tn^ thay ab^tnsot tnm usr p«irtiettl/ir nsttar,

and aro th«raforo roolly tho oano ao tho foim ondarstood with an ordor

to aattor. llbia io what is oXaoMhoro oaUod "ttto form of tho wbolo"

( fiQgaa totlua) .^ It ia tho oooanoot for tho oaooooo is MMpmrod to

tho partinOar onbataMO aa its fonaX yart.^

Wh« «o aro told* thoroftxro, that logio oeaaidara thiaco

m!kjr aooordlag to tho fianwX prinoiploOa wo wqr ooaeludo that it io

"ftnatia" ifi a oartala oottoo} aad that ooboo io that it dlarosardo

iadivldUBtiag aattw and loolco et thinoi only froM tho poiat of t1o»

of thoir uaiTorool aatwoo, that ia, of tbo iatolliglhility whioh io

tholra dorlTiog fraai tho f»m{ 1»it wo may not eonoludo that logio ia

foanaal ia tho ooaao that it di«rot<'rdo thinso aad otudioo oaly tho

t&nm of MBtal oparatioao. It dooo otvdr oRtal foxntSt to bo oaro,

but dooB aot roatriot itsolf to that; it tOao otudioo tho ttiia^si

whioh aro put into thooo fonw, ead it dooo thio fowaally. otudjriag

th«B froM tho point of Tiew of thoir foras. Thua tho diatinetioa

whiah ia oado by OOMO botwoon foanl aad i&atflrial lode, thettg}i It

appliao to tho third qporetioa of tbo Bind, which io roaoealac, dooo

OBAyraR in

aei eypl^ to th« r««t of logio. At loMt ttiwo la no iadieatloB that

St* TbooMui iat«Ad«i it to bo dtppliod to logio •• a wholo. Tho Mftolo

•f loglOt howorar, sran tbe logio of 4anaiwto»tlo&, la fonaBl in tha

•mm* that it dooa not at«4y iadlTlteatlas* aaaalbla oattar. Vat la

aiMiaagttad with thlasa oalj eeaarAiac %o tholr qulddltiea or aaaanoaa

im as aaah aa tha IstiAlaot fbnaa intoDtioaa or ratloData baii^ta aott-

•avtaat upoa Ita mpttntmnBion of tha qolddltiaa of thlaga.

Sum* ratlttBata bainsa f»iaadaa iqpaa tha q^iddltiM tuaa

oMaaMNi of thiasa f^xa tha aubjaet imieth tha aaianaa of logie atodlaa,
 JNi* i^«

«i wmmx Of TBI gflBJiw of Loaic

th» lX0r«0tlgetlo& UBA«rtf^«& la th« ftrat pert 1% was

••Ml t]i»t 3%, Ttuamem /^<}ttlAM t«e^M tbat th* i»rop«r •ubjvot of logie

is ndlflaat* bslog (jbs rwtloais ) or eartaia lat«itlon« of roeoon.

Also 8&v*B &« th« aabjoet of logle w«r« tbo taedM of ;ro41eetloa aad

tbo tfu* «ad tho falao. As w«s alrsttJtf larlefly Indloetod aoA as will

b« sbowa snro fully ia Cb^ptar VZII, thsss art both roally intaatioas,

AaA iataatlCNUi thsnuNilYss ara aot e dlffarcnt subjaot firaa ratlOBato

bslae* \m% raally ess aaA %hm •«>•• Logie is said to Oaal with ra*

tioaata bolas} «&A this kiad of bsias ia aaid to ba a& iatMOtlon of

raasoa. Y9 dissvrar anrs fttlljr tha taeobiae ef Aqiuiana oa tha aeturs

of tha sabjaot of lAftie ws SMSt sss what Ha seys of ratioaata baiac

aad ef intastioas, fli^ia« out vhat «• Ma abMt ^s nseaiae of aasb

aad ths Ncitura of tha mttlty which it aigaifios.

 la tlx* nlalh Xmmb iwaBMBtlng <m tb« fifth book of

AriotoUo** i^MBhyolo»« 31* ftuMoc 4i«tlji0ftl(tisiM tbo 4iffar«nt vigro

to ifti«i boiag Is flfokw of, tbnt la to oagr, tbo 4iff wwt Hodoo of

iMiag. Flirot, ttaoidoBtol tMdas ( wm p<g «»oijhwMi) is diotlasuitixod

tmm oooMitisl bolag or bolng is ita own right («»• J2«r m) • lb* I«tt«r

kiaA of bolus i« tbM di«tlD«Mliaiod eooordine to throo aodoot X. «xt«r-

Ml. rool bolat, 8« MHitol toolas, «•* 9* •<H««I oitd potmtlal bolagi

Plotlngalt (ptilXooopiuui} aoiiM ootlo p«r tm ot elroa

IMO trla faoit* Pvlao dlatlagalt am, ^ood oat aadra
oalBMB, par daewa praadlawanto, quod aat ana pagpfoo-
toi, ^ooMiiAa poBlt filltm aodaoi antla, aooagnAm quod
oat tantVB la Mnto. • • Tortlo ditrldlt ana par pot«or
tiaai at aotia.^

no a aaa nd aodo of bolag jggr ao, that whloh la only la tho mind, la

tlia Baatiil or mtloaata bolag aald to bo tho aobjoot of loelo.

It la mg^lmlaaA latar la tha aaao loaaon that bolng la thia

aaaao is tho boiae of truth la « propooitiaB, la na muah m» **to bo** aed

"la" aisalfy tho oe^poaition of e propoaitioa* Iha truth thua asproaaod

mv bo fonadod on tho roal axElatoaao of aonathiag la raallty) or oa tho

otlMT kaikd tho wholo bolas of i^nt la thou^t of, vmxy bo dorivad freai

tho aiapla f^et that it ia nuado th» objoot of tboui^t. IMai tha

polat of Tlav of rosllty tMtk aa objoot of thoni^t la nen-bolng, but

it la oQooolTod oa a aort of boiogt

dAPCTI ! PN(»oe.

li kM «•! isuoA ttliquld lA mMnaa iwturs ••%, attqultur

v«rl%«« •! fadsitea la pcopositlooA, qmrn liit«lJL«etti«
•iCBlflest p«r hoe Tarinai ait pvout Mt T«rb«OLi0 eopif
la* U«4« qulK aliqoid, quad Mit In «• mMi mm, iatal*
laetua ooiuildirat, ut (jiioMin «ui, «leut naiSMtloiiMB
•I bttittiMEidi, Idao «i\iaiutoqv« dioltur mm— d« allquo
hM •»» do aodo, at aoa ptlao, Dieitur Mda qnod ««•>
x
•itfts Ml a ruada nodo, «x ao quo^ vwe aat jnroposltlo,
(jM dialtw aliquld aasa aaamnt noa ttaum dieltur (luod
alt prim aeda Tare. Nrbi oaaoltaa aaa lutbat rdlsiuod
aaaa in ra^avw, aad onKla aat primtlo Hlleujua aaaa«^

avavXaa of ratiOMta baias giran h«ra sra nagatioa and prtv»tloa,

idUtfi ara caaarlaaJily tba atnta, prlTatlon balag a ^^aalaa of nagntlOB,

It la, Juat ea aUgpla oacatioftt • danlal of tha praa«Ma of aoBMrthlag}

btxt It adds tha ftarthar aata of balng tha danlaX of what aturald ba

Im a clvan subjaot:

Wagatlo «at«i Mli daplaort qEaaadm alaplas par (picai

a^aoXttta dioltur qaod boa w» iaaat illi» Alia aat
aagatlo la gaDara, par q\XB» allqiold aoa nbaeluta aa-
gatar* aad lafira BMftoa eUaaJ«M g«iMrla» aloat oaaooa
dieltur aaa •Saplieitar, qguod aoa ha^at Tiaum, aad
iafra gama aaiaaXia quad aatuM aat habara via««a« • •
MaVKtie diait taadiai abaaatlMi alieujua. aolXleat fiwd
fiQfyat; aiaa hoe gioDd datonaiaat aabjaettaa. • • Vtaa
idaaa «aia potaat dial taa ahlMHra q|iaan li^la qu«i
•tieai heao. ':ad la prlTotlmia aat qtoaadMa aatura ral
MriMtaatia dataniiacA«» da qua dialtur privattot aoa
aala ohm bob Tidaaa potaat dial eaaeutt, aad aoluB
quod aat aatvn habara Tlaua.^

It la avldant aot oaly from tbaaa tazta but froia tha vary

aotloaa thaaaalTaa that aoiatiaa aad privatioaa «ra fbnia of aoa>balag,

whiob la aaid to ba of two kloda, oaa whlfl^ laoluaae non-aaKlat«aea la

Ita notion or daflnltloa, the other uhlob eotuelly doaa not hnra v9iiX

aslataooa but doaa aot laolada aaB^aoElatanea la Ita daflnltloot

m^ifWM

Allquid dloltur BMi «ui Aupliolt«r« Utao note quia

OM •••• a«4it In d«f Inltloa* •jus, alout oneeltes
dioitur aoa ••••; •! tslla witis iioa potMt ooaelpl
&Ii<iUta torma a*qu« In lnt«lleetu ne<|a« la IneslBa-
tloiM} vfc haiiuModl aoa' ana aat aadua* Alia aodo,
qoia aoa iavaaitiir la rarun aat>ara, ^at'nrla ipaa pri-
vatio aoAitalia aon oloadatur ia ajtia daflaltioaat at
aio alhll prohil»at iaagiaari aoa aatia, at aonin fonwa
wmolpara*^

fba flrat kiad of aoa-baiag ap^an of ia prlTntioa, na ia attowa by

tha axon^yla uaad, bliadnaaa. It would alao iaaXuda alalia aagatloa»

which ia aa avaa aera ea^plata daaial of balag thaa jHrivation ainea

it doaa aot araa iaply • aubj»et.^ Ilia aaaaad klad of noa-beiag ia a

fietioa, tlMt ia, aiqrthiaf that ia qpakaa of or ooncaivad v/hi«b doaa

aot harm raol baiog*

If rr<tia««ta baiag ia *ia itaalf aoD»baia<«* (**4U0d aat ia

aa BOB «Ba*), tlMva nrlaaa v. diffioulty abwt rafarriac to it ea baiac

at eU» baaaaaa baiac iapliaa aaiatmea aad **rBtiQii«ta" daoiaa it.

Tha «o«d baiag ia takaa fraa tba aat of baiae or aiiatiaft,^ aad naaaa

that whiffti lu»a tha aat of balag ("Elui dioitur quaai h^aaa aaaa"),*^ or

i*oaa aat ia to ba ("saa ioitur aat oujua aatua aat aaaa"}.^ I)ut a

retioMta baias (ana r«tioaia ) , by ita vaiy aotion doaa not hATo baiag

•aaaFt ia tbou«^t ("ia aola aaeitatiaaa**).*

Ia a aXaaaifieatiou of tha aodaa of bains otbar tbim tha

elaaaific«tioaa alraady aaatiaaad, thia oaa hsriag am ita beala fin»>

aaaa la tha aat of b^ag, A^ptiaaa llata, aa tha flrat luid waakaat,

that ttbioh axiata ealy ia raaaoat

Praadieti laodl aaaattdi ad (juatuor poaauat raduoi.

Ma uauB aoruB <iU0d aat dibiliaaiauB aat taatwi
ia vatioaa, aailioat aagetie at priTetio, qins diei-
aunm iv vm^t n.

MM r«tioiM ••«•, (|ula ratio d« •!• n«c»tlBtur

ill

4M««1 d« (lUlfelUNiM Mitlbiui.^^

Hi* othar mbAm «ni ««BM«tlaf«r taBtonegr to 0«b«t«Bo«, eoaidcsBts or

properti«« of 8ui»atMM«» aad finally cubat'mea itsalf • 'luBt Is nothlac

•t all 1» %ha or4«r of roallty 1* eellod '*lMitas of roaoou**: '^IllttA qaod

aoa 00% ana la rarm aatura, aoalpltar ut a&e la ret lima, uzida nagetioaao

at prlTetloaao aetla dlaontur ratloala.-^ 3ueh objoota of tbouibt hcnra

a vasy taouoiw olaltt upon tba tltla of bolas If thw t^otv* *V at all.

niagr at aot vratt i»oparly banro asaaaoa or iatalll«ibility of tbaoaalTaai

MOB astla DOB aot allvioa quiddltas val aaaaotla*

Warnaao mb babot ia oo undo ooeBoaoatur» aod oog-

aooaitur InqtMmtuci latallaetua faoit lUiMl Intalll-
Slblla.^^

Eo« than OAB tb«v ovo« bo tbon^t of? Hot only la balac tho fl««t thlag

tbat la oonoalvo4 by tba Intallaott

Illttd (iUBd priao oodlt la aypvaftuMioiOBo latallaotua

oot aaot^^

It lo tba u^aet vadav wbleh all thlaco avo wpff iliaBd adi

UlnA a»t«M <iuo4 prlao latallaatuB ooaolplt ^aal

BotlaolauB ot la ^pao oaaaa ooaoaytlOBoo roaolTlt
oat aoo,^

• • • oajua latolXootoa laeloditur la onalbua <ittao-

ataqpo qjulo apprabanAlt p®

iBtoilaotiUi antoa rai^lolt ouun obj

[ton rai^loll
ratloiia«B aatlat^'

and iBftharafOro, tbo latalloet*a fmrmal objaoti

. autaa prlaalplua fonwda aot «ui ot Ta

VBlVMroalo* qtood oot objaetua latallootao,^
 P««« 98.

•aA l%a jporopwr objvoti

uia ••oobAib ho« unumgyriitt* eoflDoselbll* eat la>

^foantuBMt aotut ^lac'* *Ba Mt prepriiM objMtua
UtallMtust at ala aat jirteM Ut«lllclblla.^^

la or Obo ba, la l&talllglbia end la tba objaet of tha Iz^

taUaati

Bat aiUa ptoptivm ebjaatun iatallaatea «• Islal-

liciblla, (|uod (jol^^MB aoK^rabaadlt oMiaa ditfarait-
tiaa at apaolaa astla poaaiblXaa; t|uld:iul4 aftto
aaaa po«aa%, lataUliil potaat,^

Brasytblfig, tbarafora vHdali wa ffKiap latallaotttaXlj «a cra«p as balagt

OUMi oBleulqpM appvabaaao attrlboiana qw>d aat

Bat «t «o aipaak of aaaar tblnga vhleh do not exlat la tba

ordar of natura, v^athar tbay &f pura flatlona auob aa unloorna «aid

aantaura, or leglaal aonatraeta «Bi«b lui pxopoaltloaa aad aylloelana,

or tha roBOvaX of balAs mA aa nagatioaa ead privet l(ma. To do ao

«a MMt kaov anafe tbinca aaaHiaa or aitbari and aa tbagr mat ba balnga

Im aooa aanaa* V« aaaaot kaow or fon propoaltlona aaceapt of baiag,

and yat wbatavar wa do fona propoaltlona of, whatbar It ezlata In natura

or aot, mat ipwitii" ba aald to ba balag la ao far aa It la apprabaadad

)qr tha Intallaatt

m
am
dloltur d* bob asto, aawuiw «Md
Pllqiioiifta
ana aat apprabamua ab Intallaata; oada. • •
dlait Fliilonptaa, qm« mcatlo rml prlTotlo aatla
uBO BOdo dloltur acMi{ uada «tl« Tlaanaa dlolt. .
• qiwd DOB petaat forawrl mmtl»tlo
alal da auta,
^Ub oportait lUvd da q/io fvopMltlo fonsatur. •••m
laam aiib l&talXaotui as quo patat }UOd obmb
aat allcjuo mdo am.SS
 HiTBgfi «• oaaaol q»«ak of ttbaelut* aiMk-b«lag, th« rmry

fftot that w* do «o&o«iY« atti qp««k of nAtat dooo not notuelly axiat lo

oeturo, givoo wa^tk objooto b^Lag, at loeat la tho nladi

Do oo q[m4 mllo aoie oot, bob poteat ell^id asaiB-

tiarit ad wdaaim onia oportot quod UluA do qioo %Il(2Uid
onuntlntur, alt awrahaaouR; at Ita habat aliqfned ooao
ad Blima In latoUaetu apjirabaodoBto} ot itn eonotat
food upor TWltatl roopoadot aliqood moo( noe opor-
tol qwMMl ooqpior roopoodoat oibi oooo in ro oxtva aal-
m» oiai ratio Taritetia ecaqplMtvir in rctiono aniaao»"

axiatonoo in tbo talud auffiooa for thoao objoeta of ttaotttfit to

bo eallod boinga.

svan aogatioa and privatiOA aaro ooneaiTod aa balna sad knom

through tho poaitiva boioff vhioh thagr doagr or rameva in theugbtt

lAtav • • . priaa Motiao prlmn oot oao; ot idao opor->

tot q.tt0d poaitiTO prKodiooturi aoflcitio aaia vol prive-
tlo aoB potoat oooo priawn qei^ inloUoetn ooaeipitur,
ouB Bmcptee tfioA Bog&tur rA prifatur, alt do intolloettt
aogatioaia ot prirationia. 2V

And roal ooa-boiaa boooatii rationato being by boing thou«^t, doriTlng

its adotoooo «iBd ito ootual intoUigibility froa tho oparstloa of tho

iatolleot:

Noa OBO MB h^bot in oo undo oogBtooaturt ood oogaoaoi-

tor iBqioaatun iBtollootuo faeit illud oogntoeibilo.
CMo T«raB fluidat«r io anto, intiuantun umi obo oft (jaod-
d«i OBO ratiOBio, apcrtiioBOuoB aailloot ejratlono.^^

In thio «oy «lutt io noa-baing in ratility ia imdaratood ao boiag

(though aot 80 boiag ia tho ordor of nntura)!

CRAPT» IT P«g* M.

MlVOT* U«»«M Mt, • • di«laM WIS} MtUI BMiq^*

Mit objeotiM IntttllMtus prSawit earn alhil aoirl
po»«it nisi ••oua4ttm qjiiod Mt «mi eotu, • • aada
OM oppoaltuM vjua iiiteilie«r« potMt iotallaetus,
BMi mum aellittitt nlai flngMite Ipmn mm aliiino
oiot ««»« ow
lat«llaotu« aypMhaatftr* nltitur,
•ffloltur «B« mtloniii,^

is oone«lv«d by th« lotaXlMt h»« «Kl«t«)a«« »t leeot la thought,

und oo i« b«las la « ••ooadttiy mmm** niit Is not to say that baiac

la tba prii»\ry saoss as axlsting la aaturs soisy not Also exist In

thoai^tt t>ll sueh Utlags anr bs bslag In tba saseadazgr ssoss as vaXI,

Bat the ooatraxy is not trus; not all that «xists in thotight exists in

aature:

strego diotmtur antla qiuminm ad jiriiauBi

aduB* sunt aotia quoatua ed asmnasw aaduat quia
mmm hahst ssss aaturals la rslma, potest slit*
(juod
alflsars ptopositloasa afflvnatlvam ssss} ut «m
pstr
dleitw "ooliur est" veX "bono est", tisa ostsa oesds
iftiM soat satle ad semttdaai asdun, suat entla qaaatua
ad ivUHBit qaia de privatisae, ut da sasoltats, fsvMr
tur uaa afflnaatlTe propositio eiea tiioltur "saesltaa
ssft ass taw
eassltaa aXlqaid est la rsaran astars;
BSd sst aafls alisa|aa satis rawtios at Idas stiaa
prlTntloaas si asgationss dieuatur esss satis gasataa
ad ssiwdMi aadaa, sad asa q[ttaat«a ad priaaa,'^^

OtoTlaaaljr ebjssts whlsh hsrs axistenee In thoasht bai aot

la reality are set beiacs la the Mae ssase as tbfoss things which here

real scstaraal aaisteBoe. That is shy t«a diffaraat aaoses of belag ere

distin«ttiShadt

aau par se dieitar dtqplisltert was asdOt <mod dlvldi-

tar per ds saa ssaera} alio aodo» (laad si«nifieat piopo-
sltlaaaa Tsarltatsa* ilorua au*aa different la est, quia
m^^m V
M»dO potMt diOt MUl OBIO llXud d» Affir-
'lUO
aatlTs psopoaltlo twauuei potest, •tisuai lllud in r«
alliil pOBtiltt p«r qu«i tmttm prlvvtienMi «t a«istttlon*«
•Bkie dleunturt dlelwui «Blm <iaod atflnMitlo Mit oppo-
•lt« a«gati«Bl« «t i|Md Maeitaa «•! ia oeulo* Sad
priMO aodo B011 potest dloi uoa, aial q,ttOd ollquld 1a
v» poant. Qtad* ptriao Modo oaMitac «t hujuwodl aoa
MBt «ntia»"

Ibis dlatlaetloa is of oapitcil iaporteaoo to our wtolo inquixy,

POSittTO R«tlO—to BSllMtt

ntm Dktat WM acid in tho prooodinc «bapk«r it ia «rridaat

that loftie ia not oo&oamad with baini; in tha first BVuBm, but oaly

with baias ia tha aaeond aaaaat it doaa not ooxwidar thinsa which oKlat

in raality indapandaatly of bwuui thovc^t. but only tbosa objaata of

tbou^t which tiariva their axiataaaa froa baine oonaidarad tmd hera

their being, not in ranlity, but in tha adnd. Gut tha tiuaatioa now

to be settled ia whatbar aU tnch rBtioanta balnea fall within tha

dBMsin of logie or oaly aogoa of th«a«

la a tnt Hlraady aaaa a dlatinotion was Hada bstwaaa two

kiada of Bon-beine (fron tha Tiawpolnt of astflranl recility), whioii are

bt tha saaw tlaw apaaiaa of rationata baiasi

/xU<iuid dieituF aoa oaa 4apliolter. ttao aodo quie aon

aaaa aadit U daflaltiana ejus, sieut aaaeitaa dleitar
aoa aasi at telle aon aatia aoa potaait ooaalpl aU<^
»mm Mmgam in i&talleetu oaqua in laetlaatieaai alio
(aodo, iiUi» aoa iaveaitur la r«rum nature, tiuennrla Ipaa
•jrivHtio eodltatls aoa elMtdatur ia ajas daflaltioaat et
alo nihil parahlbat laaelaari aoa aatia, at aoraa fonies
Dm first kinA is AtflAaA tqr it* ao»-«Eiat«ae« aXaam it is by d«fiAi«

tion eithsr ths saagplsfts abssaos of twins or ths Bbssaes of sobm

psrtioular dstwainntion of boinc that is sacpsstsd to bs pcrssoDt,

N«8«tion tat priTstiMi aak* up this kind of rationvts bsinit. Into

ths dsfinition of ths ssooaA kind noa-sxistsBe* doss aot sstsr, Tb*

dsfixkition glTss ths intsUieibls dstwrnioatioa of ths being in quss-

tion withevt Mrins whsithsr it sitists in r^ity or doss not. ps

fMOto» howsrsgr, it doss not h&T* socistsnos in naturs. Ihs divisiMi

ssass to bs «MQ?lst« sinoe it is bsssd oa a disjunetion of oontradio-

tiont hsTinc in its dsfinition nofi-szist«tos, and ast hsving nonr*

szistsaes in its dsfinition.

Is loffio eoBSsraso with both of thsss kinds of rstionnt*

hsiaif? Ths first klnd« it appssrs, mast bs sonludsd fron logie. Ths

study of nsgsitien and privation is ss«isns<l to astaphysics on ths

ffSttsraX prineipls thet ths oonsideration of oppositss bsionos to ths

•SB* soismss. Ill* soisnss th«l dmlm with bsiag «s sueh BMtat thsn

dssl with ths asiation of hsiags whsthsr ooaglsts or partial. In

rsfsrd to privation it is f urthsr argasA that la as au^ as J^ ons .

whish has bssa sbsan to psrtoin to ths study of iBstephyaics, is ^raapsd

undar ths aspsot of ^iTixtion of (YiTision, ^vivetion is brout^t under

ths eonsidsrstion of mstaphysics along with ths ons r nd its oppoaits,

ths mu^.^ Thai halda trua of pviTstlaa as sush. nut partieuXnr

priTations, sueb as fUaaoial dsficits, toatsrial aherta«ss. unsaplar'

I, aaarslv, saswla, ar baldaass, ars studisd bgr ths partioulsv

seisnoss thut sttt4y thsir oppositss.''^

 i lY ff Vf,
la %b« oth*r kind of oocrrcnl bolac* thwi, it would

«• mmt find th« •ubjoot of logie, tb»t la, caMBg tbos* tNilnes whiofc

h&v* •xiateue* only In ihou^xt but Oo not hovo aoi^fltsistooco in their

dofiAition, ;»ine« n dofinition !• the intelll^slblo ebareotttr of th«

thing i^icb tb« AMM BltfUfiM ("I^nnitio eat ratio qufln signifioat

aMMB**^), aaA thin typo of rntimuito boiag ban no notation of boini;

in its doflnitiou, it ban a poeitivo tbou«^Ve<nt«Bt.

Wn anat Invontigato thin poaitlTO rationato baing oro

olenaly to aoo if in its full eztannioa It oonntitutaa the aubjeot of

logic or if further npooifiOBtio&n oan be tande within it,

Iftunfted in Heality t

XHfortaat help in thia iAToetlgntlen la sivm In « t*xt of

^^* 8<Ptaceee tybich dieeuaaen the tEteaaiag of aenea. ifo find that naoea

dealgnete three different kinda of thing*, soue of the thlnga deaigna-

ted hare exiatoaee independently of bnnw thouf^t, vnA other* esiat only

in our thought} but of the lattw aeae »tz founded on nothiot; out aide of

Ihnmtit «•€ ethere bHYo r> fbundation in reetlity thougix the beinga than-

aelToe tMhieh are eenoeiYod, are not re^lt

Bnnai qaae aisaifleantur notuinibua, InTenitur triplex

ilTMpalte** "uaadan wtAm Mtat quae *eeuadum eeae totum
OMRvlotiaa *unt extra aaiWMi el hajuanedi neat eatia
aonpiatri, eiout bono *t lapla. uaed«n nuteai mnt quae
nihil habeat extra «niMB, aiout aoMla at iaagiaetio
ehiaairae. .^uaedan eutea euat (laa* haheat fun diaataa
ia re extra aalaaia *ed ooaipleaenkua rationia eerun
qaaatua ad id quod eat fonwde. eat per operatioacai
», ut patet in uaiTerenli,^
lb* f IVBt of thMM, r«Rl b«lti«« hBs RlnMdy b««n «xolud«d froo) th*

«aap«l«ie« of Ittsie. Fton tha other two, than, IOt'4c Bust tt^ke its

Mfejoet, It mat bo oithor slaply unroul, or ianadiBtoly unroAl hut

dlatoly rael,

Asalnat tha first klad of unrof^l beine a eart»l& praaunptlOB

laaadiataly drlaaa, for draam and ybaatasiaa and jmraly flotltious

araaturaa of tha odnA aaaa rathatr far ranovad from tha proaaie and

utilitarian dafinitiona, propoaitiona« ^md ayllogianui that logic it

eonaaomad with* >«d tear oan thara ba aiqr aoianaa of suoh fiotiona

irtMft aeianaa ia to ba kaowladea aada eartuin by dana&atrtHtion freai

trua inraaiiaaaV r.nowladga of what is ia tha aiad eaBiiot ba nada oar-

tain if thMpa ia BO ra«ait;y with wUioh to eoaqmra itt it onooot ba

daanaatratad if raal eaoaality ectnoot ba «hom| »nd it easnot ba froM

trua praniMM wXaM tbara ia awM raeX net of bains whiab glvaa foun-

dation to tha Jiiiimsirt nada by the intallaot. ^ila it ia true that

piVcholAor uitm ttttanlion to dracm, it OMUldagrs th«& not for thair

objaotira oontant but tm atatea of tha soul, uniar vhioh ooB«tdar&.tioa

tbar rra aonthlne raeX fdUiag within tha OQaq>a*anea of tha philoaophy

of aatura and of aaipirieel aoianaa. Enit TioMMl objaotivaly U.tv cnnnot

ba aada tha aabjaot of a aoienoa; it would rfitb«v ba a cmm wbosa

rulaa aaoh playar vakaa up oa ha doaa eloae.

It Ot>nnot ba aoid that* baoauaa loglo, ca an art, has ea

it a purpoaa to guida the aets of raf>aon, tharafora it fwidaa tha Ttro-

duetion of tttaaa pura fietionat for it ia not &«/ uaa whataver to v?hioh

raasaa aagr ba put that thia Art rcgulataa, but tha uaa of re»»9on to ita
 t

Mhll «BiB altttd am SMC vicl«tur, qiflUH e«ris ordil-

Batl« ratioais quqaMo iwr Ovtamiiwte nadls aA
d^lton fUuM Mtu* hmanl p«rv«ii«At»^

B«l th« «b4 of th* lat«&lec« la to kaoir tb« truth

viittaoiijiwqfiM «Mt fiAla ojiuit et Idao otm

•It fUilt inlello^fl, oogBOMMFo Torm oot
eotus lBt«llaotua«^

;ad truth, wfaieb io dofiaod im tho MWfomity of thing mb4 UtoUoet,^

ic apr«Mljr said ia tha ooBtiimatioga of tha tazt unOar aisauaalon to

hara it* ftoMftOatiou la raellty ( "bnbat fUaiaaMntm la ra" ) { tha p.et of

balBc of tha ttX thloc ia tha aooaa of truth la tha Intallaett "UhAa

dlao quod Ipaun «Mf ral aat aauiM Tarltetla sacuaduoi c^tod oat la

oognltloaa Intalleotus.** MaraoTar, lagla, aa na laatrumaatal aolanea

la ardarad to kaotfladga of thiaca ('*la8t«« ordiaatur ad aofmltloaan da

raibiia aonaadnir).'^ This ia e atroac laduoaawct not to olasa tha aub-

Jaat of lotilo vlth tha type of ratloaata balag whleh haa ao foundation

la roBllty but to plaoa it vith tha typa whlab tea a raal foaadatloa.

Ihla oonclualOQ la ooaflnwd «4ian wa axnalna tha last-

aatlonad alaaa. Ita —hwa '^haiwm a f^uadatioa la raallty outaida

tha aoul{ but tha ultlMita oaiiatitutloa of thalr Intalllfflbla Oharaa-

t«r la ragari ta «h«t la fonasl la it, imowaa to it throu«jh tha opare-

tiOB of tha aattl, ea la aridant la tha ualTaraal," Tha t«El thaa

ea to asplttia it aera fully:

CaAFIlR IT PlS« 100.

HHwawIt— «ttia •« ullqpild in r«, noa t«Mn Ibi htimi

rmtioami uairwaelis, om aon sit extra euniaMi eliqua
lunaaitas sMltia oaamtmiat aad aaeuB<lum qoDtf aeeipittir
iB iotallaotu, ^juasitiur ai par op«mti<m«Ba intallaetua
intaatia,. aaauBdun qium dioitur ^paoiaa: at siailitar
aat da taqpora, (juoA hafeat ftoidamaatwi in aatu, aoilieat
yriua at poatarioa ipaiua B»tuat mA quaatam ad id qvoA
t(t fonnXa ia tanpora, aoilioat nuiwAtio, aoaplatur
par opaertitioaatt iatallaotua awMraatie* aiailitar diae
da raritata, quod hebat fundaaMtaa ia ra, aad ratio
ajua ooit^latur par aatioaam iutellaottta, qoaado seiliaat
•OTTanditur ao aado <sao aat.

"BaMoUty^ ia givaa as aa aenapla of tha lulTaraal; but ita univar-

•ality, it la pointad out, ia not aonatbiag axiatin' farmRlly outaida

tba aottl but ia r:4dad to it by tha eparatioa of tha intallaat. Heriag

tbia intwtiou of unlTaraality it ia oallad « apaeiaa. Tao otbar ax-

aqplaa ara ^^sivaa of baUga whi^ dariva thair fonaal aaaalittttloa froa

tha oparatioa of tba iatallaet but laf baaad upm ra«Iity} thoy aro

tiaa &Ad truth. Iba rafareaea to Intantioiui and spm^lim raealla tba

tast saaa ia tba praoadiag abaptar wbioh aoet olaarly daai^aatad tba

eubjaet of lof^e &a oaa ratioala (nd intexttiona of rar^aon, aieut

iataatio aaaaria. »aatai at aialliw. * fl aaaadly , tha intantion ia

bara aalA %o bo addaA bf tba oparntioa of tha iatallaat to tha tiatura

aa aipriiiaaiad ("aoaaadam ^aed aooipitur in iatallaatu, adjua^itur ai

far oparatioaam intallaetua iatautio**), juat aa tbara intaatioa waa

aaid to follow 190a raaao&*8 ooaaidarHtioa of tba thiag kaowa ("eonai-

daratieaaa rati<wia oouaaquuntur" ) . Tha ainilerity oaa hardly ba

It aoom ratbar elaar, than, thnt tha aubjaot of logia ia

to ba plaoad ia tha third olaoa of bain^ <»a aoRaouaretad ia tha tazt

undar oonaidaratimit that ia. It ia a poaitiva uaraixl bein«$ found ad ia

CRAPTffi IV »•«• 101,

rMdity. MX amm aablsuity atill retmiixa 1& this elaM b«onu0« bMiA««

th« iutwitloii of i9>«olM w« find maamnm%9A thmtm tnitii s^ad %la», fron

vktat ««• •Bid ia ClM||itfr III tlNnit th» ooao«ni wtiioh lo^ i« ha« for th«

%ra« fuul tlL« f«li>e« it do** not •««» too a«arp(Fi«liig to ••• truth hero

•long with intMrtiona titat boloog oXotorSy to tho aiAJoot of logic.

But tlBO wottXA aocK «• h«ro littlo to 4e with tho tinoloos foraMd eoa-

•Idwotioaa of loglo, or lo^o with tho MMMurins of aotion. «^o mot

oeoordiaftljr look for oono cXftrif ioatios of tho olooo of holofio whi^ <b

aot exiot OS mutt io ro«lity yot haTo « roolL fMmAotioa, ia erd«ar thet

wo floy diotiagttioh vitbia it tho oobjoet of Io«4o fJran aottoro with

which Xogio io aot ooaoaraod.

aBBOxHJSmSKBBBmr
Do flai oaoh holp «ad olovifiootioa ia oaothor tost tnm
tho i4WttoBooo , It io «ry oiiailar to the ono fron Piotiaetioa 19 whioh

wo bovo hoM oawilatag, yot oufneioatly difforont to throw b wioh oloaror

li«ht oa thio third oleoo, r«aoTO ita snJBiguity, oad givo addod ooafirao-

tioa to tho plaoiag of tho oubjoet of loeio horo, fhio paooago io foanl

ia Diatinotioa a.** Tho point uador dioouooioa is tho uonaiag of ratio

tmk low it io oaid to bo or aot to b« ia n thiag. First, ratio is do-

fiaodt it is that shiOh tho intolloet smxrshsads rogtfdlag tho oooaiag

of a aooa; ia thooo thiaos whioh havo n dinaitioa it io tho dofiaitioa

itoolf t «d ia thooo wbiflh aro aot proporly dofiaod, eo tho highost do-

aova, it is tho gsasrio aotioat it dooo aot aosa tho ooaooyt whioh tho
 ^•«* loa.

ii2tttll«et hhm of thiui^, but th« ikiags sisalfiaA by thm eotte«pt. !%•

tttxt than eoM o& to My that th« ratio !• aeid to b« ia r«ali^ la «•

«• tb«r« la wMMitlilafi wliiob oorrospoBda to th« ooaeoptt

neltvor •••• la ro, laqoaotm la ro Aztra aaiaMm ««t

•llqaid qjMod roapoadot oone«ptlonl aaiaM, alout 8lc>
alfieatm oIcdo.

Aad tk«a throo waya la whloli the ooaeopt staada to the extoraal thlag

are dlatlagolihed:

Xpaa eoaoeptle iatelleett» trlplloltegr •• heWI ad ran

<p»» eat extra anlnn« llq.uaado ealja hoe qved intel>
laetoa eoaelplt, eat aladlltudo rol exlataatla extra
ealwai* alout hoo mod ooaolpltur de hoo aoaiaa ^iqyi
id talia eaaoeptlo IstidXeetua hidMt faadaMatan la v
1— atlate, laguaatun rea lpaa» ex aue eoBftBNmitate ed
latalleotia^ faolt q>iod lateLlaottaa alt verua, et quod
algaif leaaa lllua Istelleetwa, pcroprle de re di-

Aliqaaado (iUtec hoe '^uod el^nlfloat aonea son eat

alMllitado ral «aclataatla extra aalaaa* aai aat allquld
quad aoaaequltvir ex aodo IntelHsaadl ren quae eat extra
enl—11 at huJiMaDdl auat InteatlmuM quaa InteUeetua
aoatar adl&Te&lt{ aleut ailplfleatua bujua aanlala genua
aoa eat alBtllltude alloajoa ral extra antwi anlateotlat
aed ex hoe tjood latelleetua latelllglt aalaan ut la
plurlbua apeolebua, attrlhult al latest leoaB ganaarla}
et hujoaaadl lateatloala lloat pcoxlauB fuadeMBtuB aoa
alt in re aed la Intelleotu, taiaaa reaotum fuadasMmtua
aat raa Ipaa, Uhde lotelleetue aaa eat falaua, qui haa
lataatlooea adlnTealt, H.t slnUe eat de oaalbua allla
qui eoaaoqawkar ex aodo lateUleeadl* alout aat abatrao-
tla aathMMitlearwi at hajuaaodi,
Alifaaaia vara Id quad al(VBlfiaatttr per aonea, noa
M
babat fua di tuw la re, aequo proxlaua aequo reMtum,
alout eaMaptla flhlaaraai quia aaqaa eat alaiUtado
axioujua ral extra aalauai, ae iue eoaaequltur ox aodo
lotolll««adl rea all(|aaa aafturaat et Idao lata eaaoaptlo
aat falaa.
 Tti» slaillarlty of ttil* pascage with th« oa* fron n«tiaotioii

19 pravlously oozwldered is strlkiag. In thtst pMMias* th« klndt of

thiagf aUalfitti bf bum ««• dUttasuiahod. horo, la r/lotluetioa t,

th* qvastioa la IUmvIbo tho •Isaiflestloa of bmbm as wall aa of ooa>

etpts* /> alBtilur ttaroafiold divisioB la and* la both pleoaa, tbo«#&

tha order of tba aaooad nad third Itana la lavartad. But la tba latter

paaaaea thara la n llttlo dlffarasaa la point of vieir which aeoouata

for the dlff«r«ooa la tha flrat eXaaaaa: la tha oaa eaaa ttia raal sad

la tha othar tha fbuodad unraal. la Dlat. 19 what la dUldad la ''that

which la algnlflod by nouna,** that la, tha alanlfleatui . Xa Dlat* 8,

itoara the ralntlaa of coaeapta to tha real la being diaoaaaed, It la

tlM eaaeapt whlah la divided, aad therefore the alsa rather thea what

la eigaifled. Aoeordiael^ la Plat, 19 tha flrat daaa catoaeaa ae»-

plete raaX belag; aad that ndiich doea aot eodet la exterael reality

hut haa aoaM fouadritioa la reality la plaeed la the third claaa*

Diet. 2, howwrer, dlvldias eaaaaffta, which of eewae exiat only la the

lad, Mkee Ite firet elaaa thoee which h«we a raaX fauadatloa, aad oaa

that la SaaMdlate or proxiatate} aad the aeeaad claaa, tboae which have

only a raaete or aaidlAte fou&dtstlon in reality,

fkim siv«* V* • baale for elcrlfying the Mtter referred to

aadar the third elaea of the text prevloaaly etadied. lh«re» bealdee

leeieal iatentiona. tnrtli ead time were Hated na hariag a real foun>

detloa. The qaaatloa no* la alMt kiad of foaadatlaa oaat be eaarlbed

to eeoh of theae, iBBBadiate or aedlate.

 IB ragiavd to latmtlons of uslvorsiaity ead of apMlM
th«r« is no dlffloulty bttocnis* it la «rid«at th«t th^ oon* vndvr th«

••ooad oIhm of Diat. 2, bvrlag « aMiAl«t« roal foimdatloa. I^is oIcum

is «9laia«d ea applylaB to nha latagatloea whloh our int»lleot da-

laaa," naA It la UluatmtaA Iqr "wiiat la aisalfiod uadiar tba aaaa

ttama «* That tha intention of cenua la on IntaAtien of unlvaraelitjr

(au«h aa la aantlCMiad In tha third oloea of riat, 19) la olaer «aoui9i

araa tram thia tact, whlcli aaya tlust tba iatantiea itagua la attrlbutad

to anlaal fvoi tha fMt that tba Intallaet tudarataada aalMl aa In

aiqr apaolaa* FlnaUy, tba doetrina of dafpandaaea of tfala typa of

baiat ttpcn tba lntalleot*a aoda of oparetion la tba a«BM la both

It

qpad aeolpitur in Intalleotu, adjtingltur

al par oparationaci Intallaotua Intasttlo (flat* 19);

Eat ctlltjuld (iuod oouaa(j(ultur as aodo Intalligaandl ran

qmaa aat axtra aalBMBt at bujiuaodi aunt Instaatloaaa
quaa latelleotus noatar edlsvaiilt. (Hat. S)

Aa a oonaainuanoa, tha aablgulty of tha taact In Dlat« 19 ragerdlag tba

t|i>a of raal fpwaAatlon bed by auoh Intantlooa la rtHBorad In tbla naw

taxt; it la not pvodmata but only raaota,

y^Mt BOMt ba aeid of truth and tiaMf? Tha truth apokan of

la not "tha trua^, ia tha oonarata fan, aaatting a baiag aa bavins

tha «lMraetar of truth, that la, tha true tiican iMtarially, but tba

ary famal notion or «li«paatar of truth in tha ifbatraot < rBtip

QiAPTKti Vr Pi«* 108,

VCTltetla ) • nils 1« tb« tranBeMdwtal r«lRtioii defined ns th«

*«te«iBtion of thlas end lnt«neot"i

D«flnltur MOUBdora lA qttod fciRBelit«r r&tioa«B

T«ri parfieitt at slo dioit Isaao q:aod "YerltM
Mt ada^q^uatlo r«l at Intellaetua,"^

Aad this la totmtlljr la th« iJitallMt, «« la aald la our taxi frcm

01st. 19t

SlBllltor dloo d« «rltet*, ^tiod hfld»«t fuadoMMtwa la

v, 8«d ratio ojua oooqplvtur pw avtleaan latoXXoetua,
. • • St la Ipsa oparatlona latalXootua Aoelpla&tla
•aaa r«l alout oat par tjuandaa alalletloaan ad Ipaum,
ooB^lotup rolatlo adao<|iaatloalaa la qua aoaalatlt
ratio rarltatla.

Ikka quaatlon bafora mm, than, la wbatbof wa ara to plaea truth

aeeordlxtg to tha olaaalfloetlon of Plat* 8i haa It a «adlata or aa

laBadlste foundation la tha raol? !Iha ooaeapt whleh haa oa lanadlata

flMuidatlen la raellty la tha llkaaaaa la tha adad of asTthlag raally

azlatlas outalda tha alad, auah aa aap . wbloh ORusaa tha latidlaet t«

ba trua:

It tella oonoaptlo Intallaotua hebat fuadamnitna

la ra laaadlata« laquaattHR nt^ lpaa« as sua eon-
foxmltata ad latallaetwi, faalt qjwd latallaottts
alt Taorua.

But If tha foundation of oogaltloa la Isaeadlata, that of truth la

99Ui aora ao» boaesiaa tzuth la by Ita nutura tha f Irat ooeiparlaen of

b^as and Intallaat) tAd tha aaalalXatlon uhleh oonatitutaa oogaltloa

la, as It vara, tha affoot of truths

 Pi«* 106.

ComrenlamtlMi T«ro aatis ed lut«ll«atUK Mcpriait

taoo1MXM& yrMM. Qtuxla «ttt«i oogaltlo p«rfl«ltur
p«r eMl«ilatlon«i oogneseantle bA r«Eti oognltaat
it* quod aosinlletlo dloten Mrt eaufta ooeaitloAls.
• • • FrinB •ra» eoi^paratio •ntla ad int«lla«tttM
••t ut MBS Intallttetui eozTMpond«at t que* (|aldta
oozTtt«p<md«atia» edaaquatio val at Intallaattts dlei^
turi at ifi hoe foxraalitar ratio rari parfioitur* Hoo
aat ^go ^food addlt Yann aupva «u« sollloai eoafor*
Bitatam, alva adaaquatioiiMi r«l at Intallaetua} ad
quan oonfomltatMa, vxt dietum aat, aaqultur oognltio
rai. sie azugo antltaa rai praaoadlt rationan «rit«-
tla, aad eoe&ltio aat q[aid«Hi varltetie affaatua*^

It la aridaDtf than, that truth rauat ba plaoad eoene thoaa thlfiga

wliaaa eonaapt hea aa iaiBadlata fbttRdetlo& is raetlity.^

Wiara, aoir, ia tisja to ba jilaaad? It ia said to ba fou&dad

ift aatioA but to ba oooatltutad fonnalXjr bgr tha oparatloa of tha miad

laaa wiring or nuabaring tha aotioat

lUud <|BOd aat da tflBQtora quaai aiatariela, fuiidatur

ia iBOtu, aoilioat priua at poateriua; quod «ut«a aat
foxnala, ooiqilatur in oporntioaa aniBaa aiUDaraatia.^

Baanaaa thara ia ae aaaaura without rafaranoa to tha oparation of oaa

aaaauria«;, tiaa ia forsMilXy a montal oonstruot, or a baiag heriag ita

axlataaoa in thought, which followa upon tha aotioa aeaauradj

Cub aoelpiana priua at poatoriua at aanaraBna aa,

tuna dloima fiari tanswat at boo idao, ({Bla t«9qpua
nihil aliud aat quasi tnaitiartta aotua eaoundum priua
at poatariuai tangwa anim paroipiBnui • , • oum auma*
rania priua at poatariua la aottt* ^aaifaatua aat
ario quod tanpua non oat notua, aad aaquitur aotuB
aawuidai qnod aoBMratur*^

Siaaa aiAtioa ia tha Lnadiata foundation of tha ratiaaata bainc itxieh

ia tiaa, aad aatloa ia ia tha ordar of raolit/, aot Jxurt ia tha ordar
flPFfHF p«8« X07.

of tben^t, tlBW ham an lsai«dlat« ftoundatloa la reality. It thus

4iff«x>8 firooD th« iiit«iitioa of g«aus or q>«olM, whloh hna only a

•ilat* rael fraadatioa. If tia» war* fomally constituted, aot hf

what fbUows iMosAletsly upoa notion, but by what roXlowsd upon ths

psoullar way la vhleb it w«rs pereelYsd by ths ffilad, than It would

follsar IsBsdletaly upoa tbls aods of p«rssptlsa sad oaly sadletaly upon

mtlca, aad thus would bs Ilka loelsel Intsotlons, that Is, a ssooad

Intention (as will bs siQ>lalasd la ths nejct <dispitcr}. But tins Is ths

Bind* a asaaiirs, aot of ths wtgr notion Is parsslysd, but of ths wcqr

Biotloa Is In reelity. Thsrsfors Its study dsss aot bslong to lo^lo

but to ths philosophy of neturs, whoss buslasss Is to study Its sttb~

Jsst, fiobUs bsiag ( "dstsnilndaaAe ds subjseto hujus solsatlas, quod

sst SBS aoblls"} nad ths propsvtlss which ftollov upon ths sub Jsst ("ss

^(oss oonssquuntur Ipsum"), eoMng whl^ Is tlsos.^ Ws oaa sosordlngly

sllBlnats tins fran ths typs of ratloaats bsias whl<£bi bslmig^s to lotjlo.

BstloBsts Bsiag as ths a»bJsot of Lodo

la our sorasiaatlon of ths t«zt glTsa la Cist, 19, whl^

elasslflss bslngs asoordlae to thslr rsallty, ws did aot nssd to stop

at ths first class, rsal bsiag, siass that had nlrsady bssn sllmlnstsd

ss ths sttbjsot of logic In ths first part of our Inquiry* Ths ssooad

olass, pars flotloas without any foundetlon la rsallty, did not ssrl-

ously dstsln us or paroapit us to sss th«r« ths subjsct of logic or of

sagr othsr sslsass, That Isft ths third olass, balngs hsrlae thslr

axlstanes la ths Intallaot but u foundation la rsallty, »s the kind

vliiah nwt b* «Malb«d to loglo «s ita oobjeot. ^^ut this vibreMd a

taM« Mop*, aa ladlOKtM by th« thr«« «xiw^la« bxtm^tt toxth, truth,

tiaa, and iotaationa of universcaity or of apeciaa. To clarify end da>

Xlalt tha flald iaOleatad in thla third olaaa, foundad uaraal haiag, wa

eaUad to our aid tha aamaftat parallel tazt of Diat. »• Iba elaaai-

rieatioa thara mda la of ooaoapta eooardiag to thair fOvrndation in

raalitjr. Tha third eleaa, oozutistine of coneapta of para, unfoundad

fiotioaa* vaa Blra«dy ahowa not to partaia to ovr ivoblaa, But tha

firat, of oonoapta foundad ixnmadiotaly in reality, and tha aaoond, of

eoneapta nadietaly founded, did datnln ua, /« invaatigetion of truth

in its formal ehersotar, and of tisM, wwblad ua to piece thera in tha

firat claaa of retioaata (mtltiaa, naaaly tboaa hariiMs en iaaMMliata

foundation in the real order. The intimtioaa of xuiTeraality and of

apaeiaa ware aeen to belcmg in tha aaoond elaaa of thia nm text, tha

olaaa of unreel beinee ramotaly fouuded in the real.

If tha refarenoe to intantiona in the taoct qgaoted fMa Diet,

19 raadndad ua of tha mat «Eplieit atstanant of the aubjeet of logie

whiOh vaa oeaa in the firat part, the dlaouaaioaa of the aasM anttcv in

the text of Idat. 2 reoalla the aaw paaMna OMah aove atronftly baoouae

of ita eloae parallel in doctrine nad expreaaion. tltia pesaaee in quea>

tioa, from the ooHnantaxy on the fourth book of the yetephyaioa . vaa

thia!

Sna eat duplex: ena aoilioet r^tionia at «k9 naturae.

Bm Mitan ratioaia dieitur proprie de illia iatantio-
Bibua quaa ratio odiavaait in rabua aonaidaratia; aiout
Cli .raSi lY Pas* 109.

loteBtio g«B«ris, •p«oi«i mi 8iallia»» qva* asn iinr«al-

untur In rvrura miture, s«d ooB9id«r&tl<»ii«m ratlonia
MAMquutwr, B% httJvMHOdl. •eilloet «nm rRtloala, sat

Xa Di«t« 8 «• rmAt

Sat Bliquid quod ootuMqiultur ex sodo Intelligandl ran

<tuk9 Mt axtvft tAlMBi at UttJuMOdi aunt i&teatlottaa
(ff^Bu itttallaettta nostar adlar«iilt. . •; aad «x boe quod
inkallaattta iBtaUiclt aaisMl ut la plovlbua apaciabua,
ftttrlbult ol iataatiMun eanarla*

"nia alEoilarlty of doetriae la thaaa poaaaaM la lonadlataly apparaott

tbava la <4ua«tloa of rcttloofata 1»alB« whlolt la oontrlvad Iqr tha Intal-

laet; It la aa Intantloa; avueix eia latent Ion is that of ganua or apaolaa{

aad it followa upoa our oaaaar of undw^eadlag the aactarael reel thine*

£raa tha wordlae la vary alxolXar, pertleul<)rly la the aacpreaalooa "lfr>

taatioaaa qjMB InteUeotus uoatar adlnvaalt" aad '*da lllia IntoitlMxl-

btta quae ratio adlnToalt," and ''ooaaequltur ax axxlo latelllgendl ram"

aad "conslderatlonen retloala ooaaaquuntur**. Vrom the oloaa perallal

of language aad of deetrlaa la thaaa two paaaagea there eaa he ao douht

that the a«ne thing la helng referred to. Therefore It la the subjeot

of lotjlc whloh la being apekan of la the latter paaaage aa well aa la

the fomaar. The taact froci Dlst. 8, howevw, aakoa thla advaaoe oror

that of lY Matettorgloa. thcl it atatea aore explleltly vdiat kind of

firaadatiea la reellty la had by the kind of ratleaate beiag whlah la

the avtbjeot of logle, niere la iadeed a real fouadetlon, but It la

ranote rether thea proxlBata*

CBAPTW I? fff 110.

Bar W!«»l»tB6 th« aotlQiof «Ba ratlotUB aaA maktae

dftllaltatlon wlthia It, «r» haT« MOOMidoA ta d«t«r8iliilBg t)M subject of

legio to thi« «ct«at tbat w« obb Bty the.% it is that typ« of rationats

boliiB whiflb hsa a roEaoto fouadatlon in tho rosl. la tb« oourss of this

iarostigation wo h«ro hod ocoesioa to mitico that this ona ratioaalg

ariooa froa and foUowo apoa oar soaaaor of apsrohaodlac tho roel, aad

furthor that it la ordMNid to oo0iitio& of the roel, />1.1 of thoao

poiat«» tha aatura of tho fbundatioa of thie retioa»ta belne« ita

•risla, aad ita flaality ara aero fully aluoldataU la the paaoasaa

abieb apaek of lataationa.

Badtara tmlttlag ovir invaatlgAtioa of rattoaata baiag, bow-

•var, w« Mttst aotiea oaa oth«r illuniaatinfi polat eat forth by Ai]ulaa«

la rofard to ita a^ura -* if wa oaa apaak of its aatura at all,^"

la spaakiag of tha csod oad its dlst motion fran bolag (a dlstinotioa

whitiv ho says is not raal but saersly oaa of raesoa) , ha saysi

Id atttan ^uod aot retioala teatuai noa potast assa

aiai duplaac* Usaila aola positio &baolut« ellquid ia
ravuB natura axiatans aigaifioat. r^io arao supra aas,
(jfiiod oat ixrSsBB ooneaptio iatallaetus, usna addit id

q,iiod aat r&tionis taatUR, aoilleat aatsatioaam} aad

anw at boaus poaitlTS dieuaturt uada aoa possual
ad4ara aisi ralatloaab (xuas sit ratiosiis taatun.^

!• find hara tha dootrina that tha othar traasewtdantala ara distiar

guiahad froB baiag by tha feot that thiy add soiBSfthiac whitfb doas not

hara raal axiataaoa la aatura but has existeaoa ia roasoa oaly* Tha

SOS adda a aacatisa, ia diviaioa:

CBAFTSa IT Paft* 111,

XJum Twro q^Md ootnrwrtltur eura eat*, aon nddlt

mqpra «ui nisi a«Bati(m«a diTlaioals •••;••%
«alm unat ld«n quod eoa IndiTlsm.^

flUt Angatioa 10 only a n&tloiwt* b«lBg la r«f«rr«di to in pesalng a«

If It w«r« oonsidcr«d •uffieleatly obrioue In itself or from sii^lan*-

tio&a slYw •iMvhoars. But negation la )tx>thlag poeitlvai It la not «

yoaitlo , but retbor a r«nrralt '^q^ia aaeetlo dlelt tentiiB alwantlaa

alieujua, aollieat quod rmBmrnt," TUxm trua i^nd tba good, ho«r«fr«r,

dlffar from being by aomatlilng nora than a nagatlon; th<qr add aonathlna

posltlTa. Xhny do not morely ranora, but pealt aoaathlng. Therafora

vdiat thagr add la a poaltlo t but it cnnnot ba em abaoluta positing or

it would h«(Ta to ba raed, **fov abaoluta peaiting oisttlflaa In araarjr

aasa aoMvUxin^i axloting in natura.** Hanoa it eaa ba oaXy a raletiva

poaitiag, or a ralation. 3t« DMnaa aooordingly aouneiataa tha gaaairal

prlnoipla that ratiooata kalae aon ba only a nagatloa or a raletion.

Thia dootrina la pzopoaad alsairtiara, aoatatiawa laaa aiqplioitly but

blaoat alwe;ya in a diaeuaaion of tha trenacandrntala. Aa aanaqpla la

in tha da Potw&tiet

latar iota quatuHr priiaa taaxiiM priauM aait mMi at

idoo oportat luod posltlTa preadieeturi nasotlo anim
al prlTatlo nott potaot aasa primm (juod intallaeta
oonoipitur; oun saupar quod nagatur val prlTatur* sit
da Intallaattt Msatiaala •! privat Ionia. C^portat aa-
t«& quod alia trie sopar ana addant elirjuid quod ana
noft aantrahattt al aatim awttrahagraat ana, Ja» noa aaaant
priaa. Boo aatam aasa aon potaat nial addaat aliquld
saeuadum ratioaam tantua; hoo «ut«D aot val aagatio,
qiMn addlt unim, ut dlotua aat, val ralatlo, Tal Bli->
^id ^uod aatvn ait rafarri univwoalitar ad aaa; at
hoe aot Tal intallootua, ed quasi ixaportat raletlonom
Tamoi) «it aqppatituat ad quan iaqportat ralationan
bonoBi.^
H«r« bMidM aagstioa aaA rvlfttion, if this rMtdiag la oorroet, «h«r« U
•auMrstaA aoBMithlitg ttlae tbst (Mm b« **««muidua rAtloaan taatum**, vhlOh

la alther tha lutallMt or will. B«l it ia elaar that thi^ ««• spokan

of aa tflvua of a ralatloa. It la St. TbcmnB* rapaatadljr anpraaaaa doo-

trlaa th&t tha fovnal ooiiatltuaDt of tha trua end tha good la a ralatlon

to tha Intellaet nad vrlll raapaotlvaly. Sl&ea Intellaet «ttd will era

not aara bainga of raciaon In thoewelTaa, tha fonael ooustituenta of tha

trua aad tha i^jood, theea roliitioma, nut ba i»het la rafarrod to under

tha namaa of tha twos of tha ralatloaa. Iha doetrlfie, thwi, would ba

tha acdM na thet of tha da Varltata, tbottc^ not ao polntadly axpraaaad.

If tha aubjeet of logic la a ratlonata baiag and retlonata

balais oaA ba onljr aagatioa or raletlon, thara eaa ba llttla quaation

trith vfaleh of tha two logio la eonaaanoiad, li^llar la thla Ohaptar wa

aav that lOglo doae not atudf that kind of unrael balms ^loh haa nonr

axlatenea In Ita daflnltion, »nd thet tha two fonaa of aagetlon, alalia

aagatlon and prlTfttlon. awka up thla kind, ikm wa nuat ooncluda that

tha aubjact of loglo o&n ba only e ralatlon. It aaaJMt ba a raal rala»

tlon, baoauao wa hair* alraadjr astabllahad thet Aqulnaa hald the aubjeet

of logla to ba a mtieaete balne* Only a ratlonata raletlon, th«rafOra,

can fulfill the raqiulraEBaata.

Having Inroatlgatad what la atild of ratlOData Ming and found

that tha aubjaot of IobIo ia a being of rennon with a raoota foundation

la raallt/ deriving from tlxa niannar of knowing and ordered to knowing,

ia Itaalf en Intaoation of tha mind and a ratieoata raletlon. wa o«a hare*

after refer to thla kind of entity na logleal baing. Tko linaa of invaa-

tlgetlon now lie open before ua, thnt of lutfletlona and that of ralationa.

niagr will be token xip in turn.

 After las^uirlag into Vk^ iMr;nlii« of rttlOBi t« belnis, th«

first of th« two notions t eoordiiig to v;hieh tva fO\md the subject of

loftlc ueflned, we now piss on to the eeeond of these, intentions.

rft «snttin4;tion of tLo texts reveals tbf^t / ttin^s nses the tsira intsp-

tlon in various senses. It sosmtians <iesign^tea c^a oper'-.tion or rot

of h ftuoulty; sooetiises it sieeAs tiie iatellieil»le speeies of intellee-

tutX oesaitiont &&fttx it mevns the oonoeived t«na of the iotelleotife

operntionf ad fin lly It is U8e4 in the sense of "seeond" or lofiiocl

intention. e usmsI eonsider in turn et^oh of these uses of the tera

intention in order to rrrivo hy eliainntion t the 1 et, Dut it is

not u uflore proeees of oliiointtion sinoe the ae ning of the lotfioid

intention dej^ends upon the other lae nin^ of the terau

Intention --s m et of ill or of Jntejleot ;

Ibe gea«r<al aotion on i ntatttioa >s explained from its

etynology in the 3eoond r^rt of the "imaf) is n teadenoy to eoioethlngi

"latentio, siout ipeum aonen uoait, sisnifior;t in liud tendere."

In the sfUBS (Ttiole intention is e^.id to be xsro'nerly an et of the

hlllt "inte&tio proprie est etus Tolunt<itie." It aust be reiMoJCiered,

hewersar, th^.t the subjeet under aieouesion in this p< rt is hunen ; ction ;

ond motion is ordered to 'n end whieh is aone ^:!OOd outaide of itself,
CEAPT« T ?•«• U4.

ea was MpleinAd la Chapter ZI.' Sine* it it tha will »tii«h HorM

to tha aaA, In Uia field of aoral aotion it is oorraot to ooxieluda

%ht% "iataation'* or "tondixia to an anA** proparly baloaga to tha «nil,

Altbaui^ it la xiot with ioteation e« a& aot of tha will that lo^ie ia

ooncornaA, thva ara ia paaaagaa daellag with int«atioa in that oonaac*

tioo aoaa aalii^tflniag r«Hax4ca whicAi apply to tha notion of intaotioa

in ganaral.

Intention ia distia{^abad from tha o^^er operationa of tha

will eeoording to the diff«r«it ways in idiiah the will ragerda tha and.

If it looka at it ahaolutely, tha oparntion is celled willing sia^lyf

as wa will health. If tha wd is rafBTdad as actually setisiyins tha

qypvt^ta, tha operation ia called fruition or eci>»jnMnt. But if it ia

considered ea tha tegm to whi^ aoniathliis hea bean referred, it ia

ot-lled intention , thus wa intend health not zoeraly baoausa wa will it

hut baoauae wa will to urriTa at it thxoufi^ aoaathlas alaa:

Tartio &»do oonsidffiE*^tur finia aaattndumi quod est t«r>

Klnus alioujiis (naod in ipmia ordlactur, at sic intan-
tio raspaait f inaau Hon anin aolum ex boa Intaadara
dioiiBir aanitataa, quia voluaus aem, aad quia volu-
aua ad aa* par aliquid uliud parvenira.^

Intention, wa aaa froai thia, looka to aoiMlhlag as a »adia(tad tarn

of a tandaney or oparetion.

In an artiale of tha Sactegaoas daalin« with tha saaa quae-

tlon as ^a artiola of tha suana just rafarrad to, whathar, naaely,

istaBlion in a aoral act ia an act of tha will or of tha intellect.

th* MiAlaoBr of int«ntloB Is stresflwA:

P«r boo tttt%«B quod dloltur la «llquld taadcr* iB^ortct*

tur quacdaM dlolantlA llllu* in quod liquid tcndit;
•t IdM quaado app«tltua fwrtur inmadlata la alitiuid,
son dleltur «••• latantio illlus. . .t sod quaado par
uaun <iued vult la allud panraalro altltur, ilXiua in
Viod p«nraaiaro aitltur dleltur asaa lutaatlo,^

It la of tha vary aatura of lnt«aitloa, than, to logply aa ordar or

ralatloa of one thing to aaothart <^d alnoa It baloaga to iatellitsaaoa

to ordar thlo^iw, iatantlea, oraa trtioa thara la quastloa of sotloa ea

oppoaad to omto oooaitioa, lEqtllaa aa aat of tha Intallaett

UnOt latMiio la ratloaa aua ordiaan (juandan tialus

•d altoran iapertat, Qrdo aatam \mlvm ad aitarun,
Boa oat alai par latallaotum, oujua eat ordlaera.

Tba ralatloa of Intallaot «(td will la thla aoral uotloa la

afora fully diaouaaad la aa ertlela of tha da Veritato vihlab traota of

tba aaaia quaatloa na tha artlolaa just ):Mmtloaad. Tlta dlffarenea ba-

twaaa wllliae aad lataadlne la axpl&lBed. To will la aa not «hleh

^altmca to tha will aooordlag to Its owa aatura takaa la Itaalf la «•

«u^ as It t«ada to it a objaot absolutaly} to Intaad Is aa aet whlah

boIOBSs to tha will AS raoalTlas aa laqyrassloa or dlraotloa fron a

higher faculty, raeaoa. Inteadlng, thea» la elwnys ordarad to ra«aoat

Cun aalm proprlxn rBtloala ait ordiaara at eoaferra,

quaadocunqua la aotu voluatatia epparat sliqua eoll»-
tle Tal ordlaatlOi tells aotus arlt ^volUDtatis aoa
absoluta, sad la ordias ad ratioaoa,^
R«««oa |arop«Ma th« oardiw of things to nn wul, cAd th« will tend*

ftooordiac to this ordox*. <. ti^ofold rof«r«no« to th« end !• aeoordln^ly

dlBtiofittidiodt aetlTO x«f«reneo beleoso to tho Intolloet; pMSlro re-

fwonoo, to the trill t

Rolatio lA fiiMD netive ott r&tioiiis; ojua onia

Mt roforro in flAcn; oed roletlo pesslYe potoot
•MO ouJuMunquo dlrooti toI rolati la finom por
ratioiMBt «ft ole potest omo olutttetioi ot heo
roletlo in flAee pertinet Ml ictontionoHi,^

In booking of morcOL «etion, 3%, Ihoauui flttlnsly says that

latontion is proporlr an «ct of tho will, fbla ia not the only oonuoe-

tioa, bowoT«r, la whloh tho t«m intajntion is u«od. It ocoura fro'4.uontly

also in paoMeoa doelinis witt oogaition, latosticm is now n&id to boloits

to tho latolloot* OcoQaioniOly it is spoikoa of as aa j£t« &e wnen ^4•

John :;«B*seaao*s eaalysis of oosaitien into tour aets, tho soooad of

which is ''intaatioa", is linder ciiswsaioat

Qwios 1111 aettts quod DoBMoanus ansawat, svnt unitas

poteatiao, seilleot intelloetlTeo, ^uno priao quidaa
oinplioitar nliquid apprabondit, ot hie attus dieitur
lntelll«;antia« seoundo •ro, id qjuod apFrehandit, or-
diaat ad aliquid ellud oosB^Meadw toI oparaadiaBi ot
hlo Toeritur intantio. Dub Taxo persistlt ia iaquisi-
tloao illius quod latMdit, voeatttv eegltatio, Dum
T«co id luod est exeogitatUB sndsiiiBt ad all(iaa eavta,
dioitur solre rtH sapero; <fuod est ilBNmesis vol sapi-
aotia; asai "sopientlae est Judioare.**^

this passacs !• «& esplanatioa of the aoetriaa of Datusoeae,

it is clear that St. lliones la aot rejecting thia auctorltBe hut

aeeeptlas it as true. Yet we oenaot ooaolude firam this fnet that he

adopted this eaalysis as his own to 8iak.e use of it for the explaaatioa

of bis own positiTo doctrine. His e^itproaeh to the probl«D was soaswhet
diff«rtii%{ y«k, b«o«iuitt htt aoe»p%» ths troth of this explaaation, h«

elsarly 60— aot raeard it f.e in nay wey Ia ooBfllet with hie own.

Wtmt is laid b«r« of int*ntioQ out an a«t of tho int«ll«et is iutsrsstiaiK

it is tUo oet whsrety tho istoUsot ordsars what is spprshsadad to the

knowing or dslac of sosMthlnij; also, v^aa tha «p9V«ban«lon is ordarad

to t<otion, this a s ms to agraa paerfaatliy with ut. llMMattS* dootrine^ss

en eat of tha will, «oept that tha eetira rsthar than tha ppsaira

rafaranoa is ragardsd* But "intsntioa" is usad olao whara thsra is

00 operation bagrond that of knowing, ^en b«pa, howavar, it kaaps its

assaatial notion of baing ordarad to aorMthing bagrond. % it tha

intalXaot is ordarad bagrond its eotivity to tha objoot.

VbM^jh tha ttsa of tha tans intontioa to daaigaate tha act

of tha intallaet is not freduant in paMagas whara St. 'nsonas spaeks

for hiaisalf , it doas oeour. Ra hinsalf osUs attaation to two diffar-

aat maanlngs thet intact ion can hara, tha &ct of tha i&talleet in ra>

gardii« aoasthlag outeida itaalf, tsad Uia iwaalag or intalligibla

ctaaraetar of that whieh is ragsrdadt

Om dioittur, '*7iaia ast prior in intantiena,"

iotatttio suBdtur pro aotu r.«ntia, qui ast intan-
daora. Cvun aat«a oonparanta intantionsn boai at
Tari, intantia sunitur pro rotiona quea signifioat
dafinitie.^

Ihara tai^t ba aona quastioa vdiathar* whan intantioa is seid to ba aa

BOttts taantia , tmm naaas tha intsUoot or tha wbola soul. If tha

wbola soul ia Baaat, tha aot of any ooa of ita feoultias would ba on

BOt of tha aoul; e\ad tha first naaalng of intention distiagaishad hara
alSht r»f«r to tha ijntajDtloR of tha will r «h«r th' a to «ay hOt of tho

lAtoUaet. But ulttafOtt#i aMMUi otjn bh^^iil aottl . It propcirly unenzia iatollfiot;

«ad if extetuled to nte^n aoul, it <!«fioalaf.tes tbo soul froa tho i&tollitet:

£k Idoo aoiMn oMmtlo boo oodo dleittir in «s]U«r, oleut

•t noawn latoUaotuo. • • i^ slo KtMos, prout In a^
oat iW'go QlTlnl, tuKBiiint potoatlm rttlnKO, at non
oaao&tl n; toI si uosdjvt ossatatlim, boo non oot niei
iaquntua ab oa fluit t<^ll« potaRti«>.*

In aoBM pMMtfie** vtiaro it la elot r aoougtt that intaction

bolOAsa to tha i&tolloot, it is not vary el»T tvaok tha aontoxt ^hetbar

it rafers to n ItttallootiTO ot or to soBathing also a«olt ^a ^ pan»«arty

of tha !.ot, or Kh^t io axixpoaaoA ia tha «^ot of oogaition. haii it io

aaid, for inst'^eo, tJU-.t orery oo«BOfiOitiva iXK^ar ra^^xiiroa for ooe;nltion

aa intactioa, thi.t nii^t a»ui tha »et of p^yise attention to the objaot,

or a Fojiraaoat^tioia of the objaott

Via oog&AaeitiV!^- non eogaoaeit liquid ^etu alai

•

,a«it Intantio. . . Ktult** igitur d .u* a sisiul

iutentio farttir, non slraul intuanur. u'^^a utan -

0iH>rtet sub uc intactlooa 0'<dara, oportot aianil

asaa intelloet ui sniti ooiisp r tio&aia duorum
:

aoa«id(Dr<t, intantio&cza d utrairi ue dirieit et

ainul iatuetur utrueiiue,^

Haora intantion saoaa to awA oliiafly «a aet of f<ttaatioii. In Jiothar

paamiiso do^lia« with tha 0'>iBa uoation, tho sinaltMiaotta oos&itioa of

ejqr Ob Jaota, ttm taa'Aicg saana to bo bout tho «r«ot

A4 etun oujttalibat eoeneaoltiT.0 ipotmti a raMri-

tur intaatio. • . Intantio utoct unius noa potoat
fonri ad ailta sinil, aiai forte illf> sofoltn boo »>^.
aiat udiarioan ordin tr^, ut ooipi ntur ^Ufsi unum.^
cfmwty ?•«• iw.

lokMKklOB WMM hmf, h0w«fr«rt to b« ^stingoliriiftA In team way frcn

the •«% of knowlBg, slnoe It is r«$alr«d tor th« aet, epj^ar^ntly as a

ooadltion or a qo&litjr of tha a«t, 1% oaa atill be understood as

"attaation" ; not* howerar, ob the eat of applying tha feoulty, but

vathar aa tha dlraotloa glvaa that ftpplloetlon.

Ictantlon Aa IntaXllfflble .^ao>,w.

la othar paaaeeaa the dlatinotlon of tha aet of kaoarlBS

and of tba iBtantloa la aoaanhat aharpar, as vdiea tha Intantloa la

aald to bo raoalvad Into tl a aoulc

Oparetlo anlmna IntoUaetlTaa In rata <|uoa oogataelt

at dlllglt, aat opao^etio noa eotlva, eod raoaittlva;
at Idao ao& eportat <saod eoajuogstur al aaaaatlalltar,
aad (ittod latantlo llXloa raelplfctur In Ipaa aalisa,^^

Tla a^ntMhtnalTa . . . oognAaelt mm (ran} aaouadHn

latantloB«Di ral oufooi la M hi^bat vol reolplt seouadvn

iBtntlen oaa hardljr na«a aa latalleotlva aot hac>«. alaea it la ocllad

"tha latootion of tha thlag* aad la add to ba raeelvad. :-a naad not

stop to oall attaatloa to tha llnltBtleas which Aoulaaa alawhara puts

upoa this raoaptlTlty of tha InteUaot aad aaa tha aetlTlty which ha

also asslcas to It. It sarros our prasaat purpooa niaaraly to nota that

this text assM to naka tha lataatloa aa IntaUlglbla datanilaatlon or

a llkaaasa.

Othar taxta apaak of tha latantlon axplloltly &s tha Ilka*

aaaa or apaelas of tha thlagi

QliJ>T« V P«g« 180.

ixipafloc «Bt pasalo, tJea quae s«quitur t^otloncm nnitur«»s

<IuaQde •eilievt paeias •gaatla raolpltur in patiant*
Mouadun ••• aBtariela, aieut qaimdo atiua oal«f It e)>
igmi« /dl» quo* avquitur ^otience ^a« aat p«r EMXIiai
aataaa) quaada aailioal ^paalaa asantta raoipitnr la
patlaata aaawidMa aaaa aplrltttala, «fe iBtantle quaadnM
aaeuadon quaK aoduBi rwt habat aaaa U
aatoa, aieut apa>
ataa laplMa raaipitur In papilla: at tnlia paaaia a«n-
paor aat «« parfaetionwR petiantia.^^

IhOHgti tha asflnpla ia drenm fvoa aansatlim, ntiat ia aaid of intantioa

la araaelatad in ragard to oognltion in gmarel ivA thccafora appliaa

to latallaot aa vail »a to aanaa. Hara tha Istaatlcm la raada tha

"apaoiaa" of tha ^ing,

la at laeat ooa plaea tha intaation la axplioitly idaatl-

flad with apaeiaa latalllglbllla t

OooDMtttator dlelt quod **lataUaotua l&talllslt (••-

IpauA) par latantloncta la ao, alout &lla Intalllgl-
blXla"! quaa tmldMB Intaatlo nihil allud aat <£a«a
apaalaa IntallltflMlla,^

It nl£^t ba aeld that A^lnna la Eaaraly intarpratlng tha worda of

/arroaa hara ftnd ia not ndoptlnc ea hla own tha uaa of tha word Intanr

tlon in ^ia waanliig &8 the Intalllglbla apaalaa of tha thins. But

thara la no indloation In tha taxt that ha la dlaaotiaflad vitb auoh

a ttaa of tha tana; and tha praaadiag taxta !jaotad« whcra ha la apaaklng

«a bla oaa, ara auffloiaatly oloaa la waaning to iadieata that ha doaa

glTa to iatoation aa ona of ita maaninga that of latelllglbla epaoiaa.^-^

tha rli^t uadavatadadlag of both eogaltion and 10£:loal

Intantlona raq[ulraa on undaratandlng of tha IntallleibXa apaalaa, wa muat

look brlafly at Uia natura and r6la of thla typa of intantioa. Tha
qgAPTHt T r««« 121.

int«lllslble 8pMl«« In CKplaiaed to be the llk«&»a« or form of the

WMonoe of tbe thine kBOwnt

8pMiM lnt«Illciblll8 o«t si£llitudo Ipalus •«8«atlft«

vl, •! Mt vfoodBnaodo iptm qolMltcui •% aattura r«l
MtfttDdtm cMe Intalliftibil*, noft MOuiuSia •••• BAtur»l«,
pvout est la r«buB.17

All eogftitlott r«qttlr«« esd la sffMted Iqt tb« B««lBlletloa of tb«

know* fvod th« kaoim, bgr nlilob t)i« kaowcr bMozoM Ilk* th« thlag

koowni "Owls oosaltlo Mt p«v sMladlfttloaan oogae«e«ntls ai oognl-

tyn.-lS AsslBllatlcMi la s<a<vol o«a bs of two kinds neoordlaa to th«

tnw of llkaaMM whl«h la produewl* !Zb» l lir aa* — oiui b* «lth«r aa

gftMimt la a«tur« «r a ooafdmity Iqr nprammtatioa or lateotioai

SlaUltndo Aoerw ad lovittan potaat dupll^

Bllqofasraa
eltflr attaskAl* oodo acinuidta oosTaalaatlcn la
vJno
ipsa aatura* • • -llo nodo quaaioM ad vavrMaatatleaaB;
«t haae alallltuclo reciulrltur oogBoaeafBtia ad oogaitvn.!*

Tbm atmtondtjr r«iair«d bgr oogaltloa is act tbat of oatura but rethar

Is Intflntionnlt

C«SBltlo fit par asslailatloam, ooa (^dsn aatura*

Md latontloBls, noa anla lapis ast la aaiaa • • •
••d sp««ias le^ldls,^

Vor oosaltlon, tharafor*. aa lataDtlooal llkanlae of ths

kaowar to tha kaova Is nasdad. Slaca llkaaaas la asraaoant or ooan

nalcetlon la font ("oaa aladlliodo attaadsftur saouadua ooBTaalaatlaa

Tal ooHDMaieatlaosB In fome . , t"^) » tba fom of tha thlas kaowa

ttsft la soMS ««ar InfozB tha intsUaet of tha kaowar. Dut baaausa ths
likexM** rf^trmA for oognitlon la not oa« of netur* but of r«pr«s«ut«*

iloB, it Is not ib« pbyaiovl torm^ aamnrieelly identioal with th« on*

Ififoxmlas tb» asttar ef the sa(it«rlal objeot, vbleh will Isfom %f

kMnrlnc iat«ll««t, bat BMrely a r«pv«a<sxt«tleai af the aaso&oa <:'eooir<iing

to Its fonud faatttvea. It will b« by a femal likaaaaa, not by pbyai-

oaI Identity, that 13ia aMiiallatlon of oogftltlen la affaotadi

Stqpilrltur ad 90g$oaommm «t sii^lttude rai oogal*

tea alt In ooeaeaeente, quasi qoaadem fionoa Ipsltta.*^

lateUaotaa* quae act spaolaa 1»-

Iteda alaillltQdo ral
talligibllla, eat tovmn aaeuadtsia quoa iBtalleotua 1&-
taUiglt.£3

81 par hune aoten dloltur quod Intellaetin in t^otu

aat iBtallaotua la eatu« In^usatun aiailltudo rel
latallaatea aat fornn Intellaetua.^

Iha thlas whloh la kjootm has Ita otm balxig thxoui^ Ita

fbm. In the aaa» way It has b«iiig la the l&talleet through the fom
whloh rapraaaota It tharat end eoeBitlon fbUowa thla form In tha la>

tallaet aa tha re«a being of the thias fOllowa its form:

Siaat ras habat ease par pxpiarlam tovmm^ ita Tirtua

oofBoaeitlTa habet eosooaeara per alatlitttdlnva rel
oagaltna, . • uicut uutae aaxuma laforsMtur direeta
aiadlitudino propriorun aeaaibllluEi, Ito intelleottts
iafbxmtur aiaUitudina quidditatia rai.^l*

Cm qttaalibait eee&itio parfiaiatwr par hoa qaod aiai-

litudo ral ooi^taa est in co^Maaenta; aieut parfao-
tlo rai easnitoa aaaaiatit in boa <sMd kalbatt tale«
ftrwai p«r q/um aat raa talla, Ita parfeotlo oognl-
tionia aeaaiatit in hea, quod bobat alaiilitudinem for-
praadietaa.^A

Siaut aais aaaa eonaaqfiiitur tormsmt ite Intalligera

aaquitur apaoiaa iataUi«ibU«i«^^
Jttrt as fom Is the porlsolple of th« aetusl bslne of th* thlJ)S» ao «

form, th« llkwMM of tho thing, la tho prlnelplo of oosBltloAt

MlhU eutan ao0idaeltur sao«u)dm quod est potantla

tABtwi, sad aaovuiAwi quod ast eeta: undo at forms
sat prixielpltss ootscltio&ls ral qiuio par aoa fit ootui
slallltar eotam potentla eeoq^soltlTe fit BOttt cog-
iiosesas par spaal«gi ellqpiaa.^

lbs ^paelas la thus seeoi to hers e (Soubls ralatloA: o&a to

tha Intellaet, lUMthar to tha thing of whloii It Is tha llteamss. A«

• fores bsnrlns aa aioaldtttal set of being la the latelleot It gives te

ths iJBtelleot an aceldentel perfeetlon, «Meh Is tbe aot of under*

atandins. In tbls raspeot it is the i«Uelple of tb.e IntelXlgera .

Dram Its rel»tlon to the extendi thing It is the psplnolple i»txloh de>

tcmlnes the act te a definite objeeti

Qttls oeeaitlv ast semtadun allqiyiMR fbmen ques est

In oognoseante prloolpltaa eognltlonls. fom» autan
httjuamodl potest osa^dsgraori dupXleltari uns nsdo
seouadun esse ouod hahet la oegaoseentet alio oodo
seounduB reapeotum quam habat ad ran oujus est slnl-
Iltudo. SeottBfftMi (mldam prlmm respeotum faolt eoe-'
aososntsBi aetu ootaosearst seeundos altsgran respeetun
detsHBliuit oegnltlOBMi ad allquod oognoaelblle deter-
aiastvn.^

Beeauae the oognltlon of a thing dependa upon the detenadnetlon

of the Intelleet by the twm of the thing, and this Is eeeempllshed by

the speoles In Its represeaiatlenal aspect, it is from the relation

nhlob the Intalllfilble likeness hits to the thine, r»ther than from

the existence vtiieh this likeness has la the mind, that it is to be

eonsldflred the parlnolple of knovledge of the thiagt

mtfim T ^9^9 IS4.

Siallituao «aiB la vl oognoMltlTQ «cl«taii« boh 99%

prlAeipiUB epgnlilo&is r«i ••euaAim «•«• quod babat
la petantla «O0K>«eltlTa Md 8««tt&4tal )r«lstlCHMn qu«a
halMt Rd r«M Qognltmi vt lnd« «i% quod cob per modxm
quo siallltttdo hab«t oaoo la oocneaowBto, roa oi^(no»-
eltur, sod por aodisa quo olsdlltudo In latolleotu exlo-
toaa oat roproooontatlve rol.^

IQiat 1^ opooioo ro$>vos«Bt0 («d tho intolloot underotaada

la tba quiddity, netoro or oaaaaeo of tSxe tblag.^^ In ao dolag It ro»

proa«Bita '?11 tho Istolllglblllty of th« thlag Imewni

MM
Intalliglblle «nln la uaaquaquo ro oat qulddltea.

Natura dleltur onao lllud quod IntolXootu nuoeajsqua

odo oapl potoat, Moa anln roa oat latalllfiibllia
alal par dafioltloaota at osaantlaa aam.'^^

la aa nuoh, tharafora* &a tba Int^Ieot, throu^ tha Xlkaao«B of tha

tblas wblob lafdnw It, Is datsamlaod by (Oil tba lataUid;lbla obaraotar

of tha thing, «ad ao la formally or " latent loaaUy" Idsatlflad with tha

objaot, tha kaowar kaows tdia objaot la Itaelf i

Onala iBtaXllfilbllls speoiaa par ^tuna lataUlgltur

qulddltas Tal asaaatla allouiua ral, oop^prabandlt
la rapapaaaataado ran lllan«^

OogtM»aa«ra rao par aaxvn almllltudlaaa la oognoa*

eaata aalataataa •ti oogBoaaara aa la aalpala, a«i
la praprlla aaturla.^

lataatlo latallaota

la ordar to uadsrataad tika othair maimlngs of tha tarm

"latoetlOB" It la T«ry lorpertaat to undarataad tha dootrlna of tbla

laforaatloa of tba latallaot by tba qulddltatlra aad IntaXllglbla

SsmSLX 9wmm.

likeness of th« thlag knanm, whl«b is itself sometimes referred to as

•n iate&tion, usuelly as inteotio I nt ellt{;iblli8 « The use of the texm

"intention" in the s«ise of "intelligible species'* is, bcMrerert rather

TGVt 0&4 sesBW to be looked upon hy /.(tuiUBs eo s lese proper use then

the next tee to be eoneidered, the intentio Intelleffta or "intsrael

word" end the logio»l intention.

to start us off in our inTestig(%tion of the intent to intel~

leete we haTo two Uvortaat AmptmeB of the Contya fisnti^eo «ihl<^ ex-

ploln its notion, the first by contrast witti the intelligible epeoies,

the seeond, in itself. After —lining ^hoeo wo shell, for « little

further eaq^lenetion of two points suiu(ooted Iqr thooe ohoptsrs, look

et othw texts whieh do not spoek of the intention by nana but explain

the s«sM JBOtioa or soms aspect of it in other tenos* These points are

first, the relations of the oonceired intention to the intelleet and

to the thins knowa, and soewidly, the object ire sie&ifieeaiee of thAs

intention.

1. Distingoighed twm Imtelligible apedes ,

SA
Thm first of our sluiftsrs tnm the Contra Q«»tiles «/hia

first mentioning intentions uses the teas without (^ualifioation. There

is no possibility, however, of understMading intention here as the in-

tellle;ible species, beecaso the irtwle intent of the dbaptir is sxpresaly

to distinguish the intention of which it epeaks frOM the species.

first the function of the intellisible apecies is eaqplained:

 •^^'^J^F I^B^^^P^

Bm ttctoopior iatallMta « aobls In i&t«ll6Cttt noatvo

noa aaclstit ••oundua pxoj«ri«D miturett, s«d oportst
^SmM iq>«oi»a vjufl alt is Intvlleotu ao0tn», p«r
qjMB fit Intallftotus In uetu. lloxx nut«n Ita (luod Ip-
MB Intvlllgcr* alt eotlo tr«n«l«a« In Itttellaottw,
Bleut oolafaotlo tranalt la eolafsotusa, 0«d maatft In
lnt«U.lg«at«t U9A h«b«« ralatlMMa ed rin fua* iatel-
llgltur, <n ao quod spaolaa praadlota, qua* eat i)rln-
elplMB lat«ll««tttall8 oparHtloals at fmnaa, a«t alsdl-
lltttdo ajua.

Than a fttrthar ataea of tha latallaotlva oparmtlota la polntad out:

tha IntaXlaet foXHs «n "latantlon" of tha thlagt

Ultarloa faxtam oonflldaraadm act <f»(i latallaetua. par

aj^aolas ral fonaatus, IntalllgMido fwatat In aalpao
g;aaadaa Intantloaan ral latallaetaa. quaa aat ratio
Ipalua, (fum aignlfloat aaflnltlo.^^

It will ba notad that what la foaaad hgr tha Istallaot subaequontly

to Ita bains Infomad by tha spaolaa, la bara eellad "Intantlon**

alaply, end yat eaaaot ba tha ama aa tha apaolaa whldh alaawhara

oeoaalonfiUy r»C9i.'999 tha santa Xioata, It la aald to ba tha ratio or

latalllglbla <ai«reet«r of tha thliMi ea graapad by tha mlzid; It la

that vhltix %ly aeaa of a thlae Ofaana or Ita daflnltlon al^lflaa*^

Iha naoeaalty of au^ ea lataetloa la ahwm from two

raaaonat tha thins oaa ba kaoan whaa abaaat (aad tharafora whaa tha

latallaet la aot eotttally davlTlng Ita fom from tha thing through

aanaa Iwpraaaloaa ead iMBglaatloa} , sad It la kaowa aa i^atraetad

txom tha aoadltlona of loattar!

TSthoo q.ulda> aaeamerlun aat: ao (food Intallaotaa

latalllglt ladlffaraotar ran ebaaatam at ran praaaan-
tan, la quo oun Imagtiiatloaa eonraolts aad Intallaetua
hoe saq>llaa habat, quod at lam Intalllglt rns ut aapa-
reteai a aoadltlonlbua natarlallbua, aiaa qulbua la
 TCmn iiRtttr* bob ttxlstlt} Mt hoo iidb poM«t »••• nisi
iat«lleoitu0 Blbl iuiaatioiUBi )pre«<lle%aai foni^nt.

If tb« •zternFJL objMt la sot praMBt, th« obj«et «« known i& tha in«

tMntloB i« aot referred \o ejqr pertlouler sztMriUkl thlas but i« kaova,

sa It ««r«, nbBoliitely, It oust th«r«fi>r« be eoiuitituted In the iar-

telleet e« eslsting IndependeatSjr of tb« e«tu«I jtgreioel Mcivtenoe of

uay portieuler thlug, tbou^ not IndepMsdantly of the Intelllsiblo

quiddity of auoh real tldaga*

Ibe text Uian eo«e on to Cifflxm the dlatinotlon of thia

Intantion fron the intelligible apeeieat

Baao ctttaa lutantio iittelleota, otaa ait q.u«ai t«r-

aiaua iatelligibilia oparatioaia, eat alivd a ^^eoie
itttallistbili quee faoit iatelleetm in aotu, <|tt«B
epertet ooaaldanarl ut intelligibilla oiMiratioaia
^iaalpiUMt lioet utruoMiue ait rei intolleotae almi»
Ut«4a,

The inteatioa la hare given ita apeeifie neiaa, intaBtio iqtelleet tt.

whioh diatinguiahea it fran othar anrta of intantion. It ia diatin-

flptii^ed from the intelligible apeoiea «Aiieh infonaa the inteUeet end

redueea it to eat, »a the tarn fron the priaeiple of the intelleetoaX

operation, tha intvttion ia itaelf a likeneaa of the thine, but in a

aoMMhet differant wogri it ia not Juat a fozn reoelfed but e repre>

aentetion notlTely fonaed or eaqpreaaed. And beeauae what ia thua

faibieaad In the iutelleet ia a likeneea of the thing aooording to

ita aaeeuoa or intelligible eheractflr, the intelleot vhl^ fotfiiOBa

it knowa the thing resireaeated:

JJti^rnSI.Y

P«r boo ottla quod spooloo ifitolllglbllis quno oot

foiMe iotelloetua ot IntolXlesidi prineipluia, aot
•iBtUituAo »ol ostivioria, soqui^tv qfoodi latollootua
lnl«ntlea«ni fOmot illl rol aljnil«a} qoie owslo oat
aaunviodquot taLla oparcttur. ist ox hoo quod Intontio
iatiOIoettt oot ateilla trO-ioui rol, aotiuitur quod
ItttfldlootttOt feoBAiuSo hujaaMNU Intantionom* tmi
iUoi latoUi^et.

fMuft thio oxplnoatlofi ooaM other pXaooa whieli uao tho tam

istaatlOB without q^Xlfiesticm aaA iftieh, tokon aXono, do not giTO

aagr oloar iAdieatioa of tho amat aanao In i^ieh tho tana la anployod,

wro aooa orldantly to inoem tho "usdaratood iateatloa" ( Intantlo int<|I-

laotc) « Thoai

In Intolleatu In hebitu sunt olmllltudinoa tntol-

llclblliun ut doflnltlonea; aod quende aunt eetu
intollootso, atmt In «o ut foxnoo porflelantos, et
tuna IntoUootua fit OEonlno roa Intollootni ot hoo
eentlnglt par Intentlooaia, q«aao oonjvae^t Intolleo-
tw lntolll«lblI1.^9

Thwo la iB^llad haro acnao oUatlnctlon botoooB the porfootlng foxao

Bfid tho IntantlOB vhl^ Jolna tho Intolleot to tho Intolllelblo objoot,

Iho Intontlon la tho fomod llkoBoaa of tho thins in tho mind,

a, aolfllnoi .

Hm aooond of our «hapta(ra firaa tho coatre gontl^oa glToa

a dotellod dlaouaaloa of tho aaturo and funotlon of tho Inten^lo

latolloota .^ Aaoag tho Torlotta klnda of bolnga, thla poaaaeo raadada

uo, thoaa whloh hera Ilf a aro hl^av amd. aero noblo than tho Inanlnatot

and woong thoao whleh horo life tho bl(^o«t aro Intolllgent boln^a,

whleh htiva tha poNor of raflaotlng upon thaaaolTaa nnd knowing than-
 »

aolT0s. Th% huoan i&telloet h&t this powor arwi thou8))| tMiag th«

lo»Mt OMBfi l£t«lXis«n«>M, It auat dorlTa the beglnatog of its set

froa the outsids* Its into&tioii» tbSQf Is not entirely intrineie,

Ihe Msssiag of understood IntAotion Is then explc^lned:

Dieo stststt iatsatioaiaa intellseteaa Id quod iatsXleetus

in selpso ooBOlpit ds re Intelleeta* \'ua* i^dara in
nobis tte<jue est ipsa res ^ee intelligitur) aeaue Mt
ipse sttbstentiQ intelleotust sed est (iussdsM siaiXi-
tttdo eoiMspls in intelleofu ds re inteUieets, qguan
vooes exteiriotres si^ifieeat; unde et ipse iBteoctio
TsrbuB iateyiiw aonliie^ur, quod est extsriori vscte
si«niflOAtus,^

Ws sots that tSie understood intention is n likwoess of the thing kaowa

eoneeived within tl^ inteXIeot, It is not the thing itsslf , physie«lly

(theu«^ this does aot et &U denjr the intwitiozMl identity with the

thing)! smr is it the intelleet itself, in a ptajrsieal sense (thouc^,

bgoia, this edstlts of the forml identification of the intelleot oM

this latent ion) . Whet is asei* hgr esaeslvlae will heTs to be ecuBlnsd

shortly, nosoe li^t, hcwerer, is isnsdietely tturows upon the (luestion

whstt the intention is OAlled e word »nd idtmtified with the internal

word of oognltioat it is whet is foxaasd to eaepress the intelligible

eottteat of the thing kaoim. The aeaaiag of «a eacternfa word is the

aetvre or fonml ehareeter of the thing} but this taeaaing is laediete,

beeauss whet is directly signified is whet the aind oonceiTee about the

thing,**

ttiS teoEt goes on to explain the distinction of the int

tiott froB the thing «xnd frm the intellect:

mmms »Nttx3o.

M qvod pMMOlota Ittldtatio aoa At la sobla

q[ttlteB
MM iBtallMtft, Ind* nppMWl quod elltt4 Mt int*!-*
llaw< MB vt allud «•% lB(«Ill6«r« IpMR IntaotlonttB
l&t«ll4»o%aB, qittod lutttlleotttfl fs^t dwa aup«tr smn
opw r«ri««tit«ri UBfdtt aft alia* aeiaBtlea aunt da r*-
bus, at Aliaa da tataatlienllMa lotallaotia, rood cnitam
iaftaotlo intallaeta wm alt Ipaa Intalleetua in nobia,
aac taoo patal i^ood aaaa inlantiattia iatallaataa ia ipao
iatallitfi aonaiatiti aon Rutan i&tallaetaa aoairi,
aujua aaaa mb
aat auua latalligara.

Btthar tha thing kaom or Iha lotantlon «hiaii «a h«va fotnad of tba

thiag a«a ba «ada tha objaat of our istallaetioa. Dlnoa tha iataalian

ia a lifcaaaaa of tha tttiiag* oooa it la fonaad tha thing ia diraotly

kafoaB. Umb «* acoi raflaot, tomias ^Mk opatt ^a intaation itaolf,

aad thua kaoa it* Thaaa two aata of andarateundias era diatiaot, and

tharafora tha (^Jaata apaaifrlng than ara ^lae diatinet; th&t ia,

tha i&taotlon ia aat tha thiag of ahieh it ia tea iatawtioa, Iha dia-

tisetioa of tha intaation fron tha iotellaat ia rtuwa fToR tha differ-

«iaa ia thair nota of aalatcnoa. Tor tha intaatiaa, to ba ia ainply

}SL ^ uadaratoodi it haa ao haias othar thaa ttial* Tor tha iatalteot,

hflwanrar, tha eiot by ahioh tha infeaDtios ia undaratood ia not ita

aaaanti«l «et{ it ia nwraly an soeidaatal oparation, ia aa oueh aa tha

iatellaat aa aa aatira povar sKiata wtu. whoa not parfondag thla

partiaolar set.

A littla furthar on in tha aaaw afaaptar tha ialaation ia

aaid to ba idaatiaal with Iba ohjaats "latailaotaa antan ia intaUi-

saata aat istantio iotallaats at avhUB«'*^ It ia iBlaotioaally

(ttoutfi wt piqraiaolly) id«itifiad with tha thing kaawa. DiU ia latar

asplainad by aa aociavla: tha iataamel word or intastioa of maa ia aot

 PBg« 191.

8b«olut«l7 ld«atlo&l «lth the r«al'BMft&, but only In a ocrtala «fgr»

tut ttDd«0P«tOOft l

Vwrtmn snla hOBlnia son potMt dloi sia;yiU0it«r •«

absolute bono* —A veouadm quid, selXioet bcfao jy»-
tellectua : uade baec fislM e«set» '*baa» eat vwbuia";
•ed heeo T«r& pot««t ••••, lamia InteUeetwi est cr>
butt."**

Ihs intention or interasl word p r oe ssds frcn the intelleet

a

9» the inteUleible teom of Its opsratlont

Sst wtoB ds rations Intm^ioria Tsrbi ;pod sst Intsnr

tio ioksllseta, qiood proesdst sb int«IXig«Bt« sseutttes
•tiutt iatelXigetre, eun sit quasi tesniaus intelleetualis
eysrationist intelleetus sbIk intellifsgido oonolplt et
fomat intentionflu siye r»tloa«a inteIleet«A, ^uee est
istsvtms vevtoim,^

ItMran^ to ttnderet»nd Is not the sens tbi&ft as to foxta the intention

or eonosive the word, still by undsrstasding the luaovsr dees eonoeive

the t«ia of his knowing. The tsni or word tbus eonealTsd is celled

a oonospt Aran ooaiparisoa with natural oonoepticm or generation. As

long as the off^spring rtsaaalns within the aateraal woob it is said to

be ooneelTsd. Ilie oenoeptioa of the internal word corresponds to that

of the aataricO, off-spring in es ouOh as the word ramaina within the

Intellect ooneeiving. It is more like parturition or birth, hcarevar,

in as aaaoh as the word has a distinct existaooe firan that of the eon*

eeiT«r. Tet InteHestUBl OMMMption differs from both natural eonoep-

tion and aatuval parturititm in that it ooours wittMut motion or sue-

sessioat there is no greAual dsveXomant and fiaally si9er»tiont but

it either la or It Is not) and whM It la. It is all at ones in its

fun perfection and as distinot fron the smieeiTiag intellect:

ayaasfti ^* i'^.
C«wiAarandn# Mt
vtlaa c^uod id qftoH swarctur, quaat-
dlu in sMiiVBBt* nenet, dloitur asad opnoaytum, • •
In psolM, fOflBdiu eonoapta —% at in utaro elauditvr,
aoBdun habat ultinaa parfeatloiuKK, ut par aa wibalatat
a canaraiita, aaauaiua loaun distlaatumt unda oportat
quad la aorpoTbll r^^aaaratloaa anlosliws sllud alt
gaaltaa jurolla ooooaptlo , atqua aliod partua Ipaiua,
aaeuBduB q]aaai atlasi loao w^ar atur prelaa gw&ita a
eaMaranta, ab ut«ro graweatla «sradimui. • • Coneap-
tio AUttM at ptatvm iataXllgibiXla aarbi noa aat eun
aaktt aaa avi waaaaalaaai wtAa alanl a«na aeaaipitur
aat; at sioail dum portturltur, diatlnotua aat} aleut
qjttod lllwlaatur, aliaul dun lUuBlmitur, llluatlxietVB
aat, ae q^iod la lllutidaatioaa auaaaaato aulla aat.^

Althavgh a aw^ar ot daap «id 407 dlffleolt parabalasiaal

aad aatnpbyalcal pn>bX«M ragevdlas lotaXlaetiud ooneaptloa ead tha

aatura of tba tana of immamA oparatloa wpa laft unaxplnlnad In tha

pMiifM «4ileh w« bava juat ajEaolaadt It te bayond oar pvaeant purpoaa

•Bd tha aaopa of our imraatl^tlon to aotor Into than h«ra. Our ood>

oaarn la with tha loeloel Intantion, not dlraatly with tha lnt«nial word

ar dlraat latantlon. d& for an ondirateadlag of tba logical Intaa-

tloa thla «aEplr-n«tloB of Intantlo Intallacta will auffiea. Ihst It la

aa lanaaflat t«n& of tha :;rooa«a of kaowlag f^ad that it la a rapraaao-

tatlwi or llkanaaa within the Intallaat of tha thing known la elaar

fra« tha taacta atudlad.

Ihara ^r; bowavar, two furthar polnta rogerding tha

lataatlo latallaotu of intaraat to our stud}^, The firat of thaaa la

tha ralatlona of tha l&taatlon to tha Intallaot I'-ai to tha thing uaowas

tha aaaond la tha objaetivo slgnifloanaa of tha Latantlon, Bitii da«

aanraa a littla (additional vttantion.

 Pat* 193.

S« VmtolA a»l>»i<m of th» Int«fttlqo »

Aa mm pelnt«4 ovi la th« tests abors, th« ooiieely«d In-

t«Btl<m Is en nooidaat of tha Intalloot baoouuia its «iet of axlateno*

is dlstlnet from thett of tha intellaati

Hio (Nitan aastis nostinia eoao«fptas noa a«t ipsa toantis

nostra* asaantia, sad aat que^UUtt «oeid«ns ait qiaie
nao intelliaara nostnm ast ipsum ass* iatallaotus.^^

It ia b paaalier kind of neeiaasl, homyrar, sines It not only parfaats

tlia intallaat ia wbicft), it iiOieraa, but also ffffrnkt* aa axtranaous

bains.

As an aooidantftl tnm. parfacting the fom of a(m« his soul,

tha undarstood intaation la a quialityj but it ia e quality «bieh ia^

piles a ral«ition, ainca it is not oniy ca aaeidantel fom of tha soitl

but is also a likaaaas of tha thing knownt

la ralatiTis autan nMslBibas iaTaaisKM guod quaadm

asadna iavoBUBtur aa sienificmdasi r««p*otua ipsos,
tawt baa aaaaa ateUltatfat (^BtO/m Tave dd sigalfi-
ali<|aid ad <|iMid aaquitur raspootus* aieut h*o
soi*Btia iaponitur ad 8i«9iifi9andun qualitatan
Ittsa aaqiAitur quida« raapaotua* • ., siailit«
#«llflB hae asBSB v<gbaa« lapaaitur ad stgnlfleaadpi
aliquid absoltttun oum aliq^ raspaotu adjimoto.^

As a fom tha intaatioa has e ralation only to ths intal-

laat in whieh it iaharaa; but as a likanasa it has a ralBtion to tha

thing whieh it rapraaaatat

Idas • • yrapvistataa voaabuli fonaa dicitur;

soottBdiai
q:uod si ran attMOLdanos, idea ast ratio rei, toI aijaili-
%u4»« larattiaua aatan ia (^uibusdem fomis duplieom r*-
sp*ettaM vaam nd id quod s*eunduu oss fommtur, siout
soisatia r«q>ieit seisatamt aliuD vA id quod ast axtrn,
 sieut •ei«atlA r««piolt soibii*! hie t«i8Mii r«sp»etu«
aon MTl max tormsm oowwuals alout priaus. Hoe Igl-
tur amim tomn laportat Mlwa jseimm r«sp««tiMt •*
lad* o»t i^uod foxvM Mf^MV aotat hfiA>itudla«Bi eoasa*}
Mt Mia fMMb <suu»4a«Mdo cttusa ojua (i«oA MMuadHa
IpSMs fMRMtnrt alT* ft>rr.«tio fl«t p« aedtia lal^arwi-'
tlM, alout iB fonala lutriaaMlat aiva p«r aodm Ul-
tat Ionia, ut In fonda «BM9larlbus{ sod aiBlIltudo «t
ratio roopootvB otlMi oooontam he^Hnxt, ox ^uo aoa eenr
potit aia hiibitudo eaaaao.**

Sineo tho latantioa baa ita «xl«toaoo firom Ita roletion to

tbo intalloot, and ataada to the Intellaot txB aeeldont to aubjaet, Ita

aat of •jtiatonoo la to Inhero, Ita wao la l jaoajg» t wharaea, «^on TlamoA

,

tnm Ita ralatlon to tha axternal objaet its «4iola Intelligible <ttvarao-

tar la to be a llkoBoas, that la, to be a rtlationt

Notltlft • • • doplloiter potest eonsldorarlt vel

Bocuadutt quod aanparctur ad oogBoaeaetam, at alo
Inaat aogno aootl aie«% aooidana In aubjeeto. . ,i
Tti. aoauadott (mod ocMvoratur ad oo«pBoaolblle, at
ax bao parte aon httbet quod laalt aed quod jd f^X]^
alt.50

Thm latent lon» tb«i, la both an laihcriag tptallty and a relation.

CbJaetlTely oonsldared it la o llkenees; and likeaeaa la a relation

of agreanant In fom^ or of oneneoa in quality.*^ The form «p apeaie

reoelved into the Intellect la at onee the aooldental viunllty of the

Intelleot ^Ad the eeaentlal ouallty of the fhins IcBomi. To the aeol«

doalel parfeotlne of the Intelleot by tlils fom (?Ad quellty* there

follova the relation of llkeaoaa to the extamal (ri)jettt exjareaaed by

the Intelleot la liot, Ihia relKtioa aaat be a trensoendemtal relfr-

tloB of the team beaan a e It la aot aoaiathl^ n aoa aauiij to the f»na,

aa would be aa aoeld«Btal relatloo, but la really Identified with the

OM ftoZM, (iulddltatlT«ly i<UntloaX'ln tb« lntoll«ot and la th« thiag

aooordlat to th« fuU lut«Ui«ibUl«y of both i& that net.^ It la

et oae« th« torn of tho Intellovt aad of th9 tbiag kaomi; naA Is tboro-

for* alnller to tfaa thine icnotm fte«or41a« to Its wholo Intolllslblo

hotac.

Iho treasOMidoDtal rolatloa of th« fona In tho silAd to tko

thine la th« tmth of tbo eoneafpt, R«v«rtlng to th« dlstlaotlon of

tho balng ond tb« r«r«r«ne« of the TOuoopt, w« eaa aajr thnt It hot a

doxible isroaadln^: that of Ita aot of being, «hleh la founded on tha

Intalleet, «»d that of Ita truth, «rhiel^i la founded on the thine knoimt

>^li<iuld dleltuEF fund«rl rei. rsdleevl in ftliipe

aMta^MHrlea, ex quo flxnltaten halnvt. Eetloaaa
autflft Ifitelieetaa habent dupllocn f Insltatent ael-
lioet flznltateu aui eaaa, et haae habent ab Intel-
Xeettt, dettt alia aeold«aitia a aula aUbjeotlas et
flxodtaten a«ae Terltatla, et hene haheBt ex re oul
oonfmnaentur . ^

Bgr reeaoa of thla tmnaeandental relation of the conoept the alnd lt>

aelf atMide ooafoxoed to the thine, eod thar^iore In the tranaoenden<>

t&l relation of truth.

4, ObJeetlve r^lgnlfloanoe of the Intwtlon .

Of the tee aepeota of the eoneelTOd lntentl<m, the one

fUaal, aa parfeotins the Intelleot, the o^er objeotlve, na reive-

aectlne or alenlfyin^; the thine, it la the letter whleh aare dlreetly

eeneenui loale,^^ ^e noat uaderatund, than, Juat ehat the intention

repraaente regarding the thing kaewn, la the retil thing reprfwanted

ausm Y Pas* IM.

aeoor^xi^ to all tha ooaditlens eai d«l«sadaa%loaB «hl^ it h»u ea it

axiata outaida tha Intalleot, or only aeaordliis to aona of thmC If

not aeoordiag to all, than Juat wbat ia it nbout tha roel thlae vhiah

ia rapraaantad?

In atu4sriiig coy baioc v* aay eonaidar aithar tha set of

baijig which it axsroiaaa or ita fevnal ahar&otar ( ratio ) which aakaa

it «hat it ia:

Xa qiHOlibat avrtcB anta aat duo oooaldararai aei-

lleat ipsMa retiOBan epaaiai, at aaa* iBftm quo
ali^id Alioil aubalatlt la apaola ilia/

Iba ratio of r thing ia ita quiddity, aaaaoaa, or aatur* lo<Aad at pr»»

eiaaly ea intalligibla, thet ia, ea capebla of baiag graapad \ry tha

intallaet or racaoa, nad oonatitutiag tha fouadatioa for oonoapta that

M«r b« fMiNd of it, Wa Mj 9«ak altbar of Xhm latalli«ibla ^araatar

of tha thlag or of j^ iatalli«ibla ehevaatar. Ia tha firat eaaa it

awwa tha t^uiddity Tlawad ad^qfontaly and aaEpraaaad by tha dafiaitloa

of tha thiast aad la tha aaaoad eaaa it naaaa aooMi focnal or intalli-

dbla faetura of tha thiag, vhathar nooidantal or aaaaatlal, or aoBM

aoaatituaet aota of tha aaa«ioa «r qfuldfdity itaalf .^

^^ wtio intallaete or iatalli^ibla aapaot of tha thing

which ia «adaratoeA, aooaldarad aa mdaratood, la t>.a ooneapt or iap

taatiaa takaa objaetiTelyt

iBtallaatva aniai iatalligaBdo aoneipit at faznat

iatantioaaei, alTa rbtloaaa iatallectMft, iiuaa aat
latarlua Tarbaai*^
QSLf^m Y PlK«* X37.

Ih« oonosiTod iotctitioa, (>« objaotir*, Is th9 ob4«oK o« underatoodt

autan iittellbotitm inttuentum iBtalloatua oportet

la li)it*lXi(i«ite. • • IntftllaetttUi eat«ci in Intel-

Vh«th«r th« obJ»e« is a mbatenoe or oa «iool<i»nt, and whwtshor it is

grsspsd ad«<i)iately' or not, the objeotlve lnt«r«tion is e rss infllsste .

tbi-t is, tbs thing kaowa pgpseisaly as kaewat ^Ad sines tbs objset is

apprtfisctdsd sosordin^s to its tuiddity, ssssfuss, or naturs, ths oonospt

tekso, objsotivsly is elss e nature iatoUscte. .^

nxs naturs wbiob is knoim esa bs ]4Mksd st in thrss weyst

ss it ssists ia ti rs«Ll« ainsuler thiat» es it la in ths soul, or

aarsly aeoarding to its intslIlKibXs ooatMit}

Ttiplsx sst elioujus neturas eonaidsratio* TJas,

prout oonsidsratur ssoundvn ssss qiuod habst ia
sia«vlaribus; sicut nAtura lapidis in hoe lapids
•t ia illo Xapids* Alls Tsoeo sst eouidsratio eli-
eujus aetttrM) sseuadutt ssss suum iatslliglbils;
sieut natora lapidis oonsidsr«tur prout sst in in-
tcilsettt. Tsrtia vsxo sst sonsidsratio aaturss
absolata, prout sbstrahit eb utroqus sssst sseuadon
fSitm oonsidsmtienea eonaidsratur nntura lapidis,
Tsl eujuseumqus altsrlus, (jiaaajgnt sd sa taatm (suss
p«r ss smiptwnt tall netuvas."*

Ths last MBBBsar of ooasidsriae ths naturs, sailed its "absolute oon-

sidsrstiea", nsrits our sttsation, llbis taxss into ceoount nothlas

but what belongs to ths rsry notion of ths thia« end is nsosssary for

ths undarstaadiag of it — vhatsfvsr ^as into its definition. It is

ASt ecassmsd with ths aaaasir in which the nature sxiats or how ths

sansr of sxistsnss nffsets our understanding of it. Hhs naturs is

CBAPTgt T P"8« 138,

•aid to b« oosalAvrvd ebsolutely, naA <Ma b« exiled tha absolut*

astur*. It U what tb« thing la. Its quiddity or rnUo, regarded t^

itaalf • It la tha "fiomRl prlnolpla" whlob vet diaouaaad at the end

of Chapter III and aeeordlng to lAitii losle wa« aald to oonalder thlnfia.

Vlth thla ere oontrtiOted two stntaa In vriciloh thla nHture la found, or

two vejra In whl<fti It eslata, In thing* or In the Bind.

Ihia egroea with the eeD«r»l rirlnelple aeen before, that

la regard to sjxy being we suat oonalder Ita Istelllslble ehar»etcr and

Its sot of ezlstenee. In the de Sate et Soaentia St. thoama aaEeoinea

froa theae two pointa of lew the nature of a thing kaownt

Katura Tel eaaooEtle {sacunduo: quod algnlfleatur par

tBOdum totlua) potest dupXloitar conalderarl. Uho laodo,
•eoundoB retlCNuai proiurlam, et heeo est absolute oon-
aldensitie Ipsiuoi et hoo mode nihil est stub ds ••
nlal cj^iod oonrenlt slbi aeoundua quod hujuaiaodlt undo
quldquld aliorttM sibl cttrlbultur, falsa est attrlbur
tlo. • • Undo ai qvnaratur utrtna lata nature sis soar
aidarata poasit dlol una Tel plurea, neutnua oonoeden-
dum eat: quia atrun^ue eat extra inteXlestUB (ejus}*
• • . llo aodo ooaald«ratur ssoimtaB eass quod habst
In hoo val In lllo; et alo ds ipse joraedloetur par ao»
eidsas rations ejus in (jus est, slaut dleltur qwd heao
est albus, <iula :>oomtes est elbus. vtesvrls boo non ooxt-
TSfiiat betalttl la eo t^uod est hsne.w

Aeoordlng to tlM» ebsolute oeasidwetlon of the nature, nothing ean be

attributed to It »hleh la not lapUed la Ita definition, "hen Ita not

of being la ooasidared, then acoidenkal detoraloatiOBS ean be attrl>

buted to It bgr reaaoa of the subjeot la whloh that nature la found.

Ilxia haa a double iBQwrtaaoe for lojglo, first for the undarstandlag

•f what leglo treats of, aad seooadly for the uodorataadlag of pradi-
ai<\pTsa Y p««* is9.

estlon Hbout thing*, on* of the pnytieulHr polnta that loglo atudlM,

Th« Xattw d«p«aa« upoa the batog of tue real auhjeot In whioh tha

netura is found } the tormar, uptm tha baing of tha Mtura ia the mind.

Tor tha Datura axMreiaM a twofold eot of oxioteueat ona raal, ia

thlaga* end tha othw intantiimal, in tha adndt

Eaoo autiM satura habaft duplax aasat unm ia sin^lari-

bua, oXiud ia enina; at aaoundiua utrunq^a ooneaciuuatur
diottot aatuzvn nooidaaitia*

la ao far so tha uadoratood ruitura hea rata axistaaoa in singular

thiasa, eartaia raol eooidente will follow it axui ba pradieebla of

tha aubjaot hevinfi it. In ao ter b.» it haa intentional exiatenea ia

tha intalleot, Q«rt«tia logioel eeoiilaata will follow it from the manner

ia whiefti it ia understood* ^r the HOt of being of the understood

neture as mioh, is to bo ttgdarstooijl (**llBse inteationis intalleetae la

ipso intelligi oonsistit . • •» oum intontioals intelleotae asaa ait

ipsuB iatelli^ •'*^) , aad logioal intcntiOEia follow the sianaer of

undMr8tettdin£.

Kaoarled^O of the Intentifm

Baoaaae threu«h the eonoept the nature of the thing kaom

has intentional eadsteaoe ia the intelleot, that neture ervn be kaowst

and tha oonoept, es eicpreasiae the tranaeeadentel relation of truth

between the intelleot md the thing, la a MadiUB of ooafora^tgr and of

eosnitioni
Ca/PHR Y Ptg« 1*0,

Conoeptto Intslleotus sat nsdls imtttr int«ll<K>t\8a

at r«a int«ll«0t(«&, quia 4M Bwdlent* operatio in-
t«ll«otus pwrtlB^t ad nmt •( ld«o ooneaptlo io-
tolleetua tion aolum oat Id (^uod IntalleetiKi aat,
aad otlan Id (^uo rea latalllgltur; ut ale Id 4uod
intalligitur, posalt diol at rea ipaa at ooneaptlo
intellootuat «fe alnilitar id quod dioitur, poteat
diet at rea quaa dioltur pasr varbun, at varbum Ipaura.^^

The fUaotlon of the ooneapt Is to lead to kncwrladeo of tha

tbint, «hleh it do«a In virtua of Ita bola^ a llkanass of its quiddity.

It ia ficoordisgly that '*by whioh" tha objaot ia k3W«n« In aa nuob aa

it ia intantionalXy idantieel with tha thins aa kaotm, it ia itaalf

tba thine knomi. Lo^ad at in thia WRy« hoi»aiv«r, it ia not diatinot

froai tha thing but on* cjkl tba aeeM* But thara ia aoothar way in «hioh

it 9m ba Tiawad and in Mhieh it ia dlatlnet frcua tha thing* nanaly

M iMViag an aet of atsiatanea of ita »m in tba loind* In that oaa*

it ia known by & diatinot »et of undarattadlnj; which la one of ref Iee>

tion upon tba intelleetiva ao% and tha nadla inplied in it:

AXlttd eat intelligara raai, at aliud eat intellieere

ips^ Intanti^Mm ialallaetaai, (jiaod intallactue faoit
4mi aupar mtam opua refleotitur: undo at nliaa aeian-
tiaa aunt da rafbua* at »liae da intcoitionibua intelXaoo
tla.W

nila fbXlowa natureilly fron tha nmture of any aetiva powar, whidi by

ita nature ia datanalned to ita object. In addition to thia detandaa-

tion tha powara of the aoul hctTO a oartpin power of refleotion or turn-

ing baOk upon thanaalTes, oind throu^ thia they een know their acta

and oadia:
Si^SS&X 9m»uxs

Cujuclib«t pot Mile* tmiatB Tlrtus Mt tetanainata

•A Ob jeotUB «nai{ uod* wt aju* aetio jriao ot WPliii"
•IpiaitMr la <rtij><t<m t«idit« Ib m
vw* anibiMi in
objeotuu t«a<iit, bob poteat nisi per q,uHBlMi roditlo-
BMi, slout TldMMBui, (^uod Tlaoa prlao dlrieitur la
ooloram, at ia aetun TislOBlt ma* non dlri^^tvir alal
par jiiMflmn redltioaM^ Aa TlOaado ooloran ida'fc aa
Tl4ar««A7

tha l&t«»ntion of the faeulV ie dlreetad first of r>lL to Ita object;

aaA oBly 1a tha aaooad pluoa ejtd bjr coiuia<]umiea of its llrat Intaar

tloB la thara aiqr intaation of itaalf &xk& ita c^a priaolplaa nnd

iBBtrunanta*

Xa a sanM feoul^ aueh ea •i&i%, ibis powar of raflaa-

tioa U TBiy lj^p«rfact uaA Ita rcturu iaooi^lata. It la prinolpalljr

la thla raapaot that Intallaat dlffara trca aanaB t:a& enirpataaa It,

^•OBiwa Ita ratuzB x^/on aolf is MMBplatai

sad lata radltlo iaooMplata qmidoB ast la aioau,

oaiVlait* eutaa la latallMtu, i|ttl radltieoa oe
plat<» radlt ed oogaoacend^n aaaaatlaa mwai.^

Sat Icltur aupiMmia ait parfaotua gvadna vl%«a qai

a»t aaottBdan IntallaetuBi aam latallaetua la m^
rcflaetltttr. at aalpatn lataUlgara petaat.^

rw tba latalleot to Knov itad.f tuMI Ita turn oet It nuat

tliarafora firat know aonathlas alaat

Za aaaibua potaaftlla oIOm* poaaimt ootnrartl la auoa

aatw, prlua oportat quod aatna lUlua potaoitlaa
faarator ia objaotva allud, «t poatnodun la aaua
aatoB. Si «U» latallaetua latalllKlt aa lataUlgara,
friaa oportat poal quod lataHlgat no all<{ue», at
<^uod latallisnt »m iataUiearat
lataXll|;«ra cw>d latallaotus latelll^t, all*
oujua objaotl aat.^
Our liit«Xl«e%*a kM«l«4c» of its ova aot wA of th« pa>laoiplM of

tkat M% la aMttPdiBsly aoBS«q;a«rt upoa tk« kiMMXaAg* of soaw axtwiwl

thlac Thla la baoauaa tha huoaa iutellaet, baiag tba Xoaraat cud ooat

tavarfaet in tha aaala of apirltual baioKa, la dap«ad«at upon aactarnal

thlaga, 0fmii aatarial tbiaea. Aw tha laitiation of ita eoti

Vtm inttilaatua hvMuma, atai aalpaum oogaoaaara

paaalt, tasMB pflmm »<»»• initlWB ah axtriaaaao
MHlti qpla MUi aat iatalXlfva alna phastaaMta,^^

Whan tha net la Inltletad tgr tha reoaptlon of en intelUgibla

a§%ci»B troK. tha pbantaan. It la lad tiy thla apaolaa flrat to tha knew-

ladaa of tba thing of whloh tha apaolaa la tha likaaaaa, than to tha

ksowlade* of ita own «tot, and flm<>lly to tha iiarlnolplaa of thnt nett

Istailaatua autan aoatar In atata vlaa hoc nodo

aoB^aratur od phaoleflnata alout triaaa ad aoXoraa
• • .} am (tttiA*B ut oogsoaeat Ipoa piiaataaRMita uk
Tlaoa oocMsait aeloraa, aad ut vsooaaat aa qpmnm
ouBk phaatMBBta* tttida eatio latallaatiui aeatrl
irlBD tandit la ae quaa par phentaaaMita anrahator
dmtvr, afe dalada vadlt ed aetum aaun oo^Boaaaoduii;
•I altariua ia apaalaa at habitua at potantiaa at
aaaaatim Ipaiua laantla. iioa «nlm aoaparaatur od
iatallaotua mt ^iaata prlaa, aad ok aa qiuiUw in
obiaatvi fa^atwr.^

fnm tha aataal kaawlaCia of tha thing tha apaclfiad aat la kaoan;

aad tnm ttia apaeiflad aat, tha apaolaa whleh glraa It ita apaoifiea-

tion, tha poaar of tha aoul thua abla to ba dataraiaad aad to aat, aad

tha propaorklaa aad aaaanoa of tha aoul Itaalf farm kao«B. vihat Intaraata

aa ia our atudjr of tha Intaatioa la tha kaoaladaa whlob wa hera of tba

lataUlclhla apaalaa. It ia in tha flrat Inataaaa a owaaa of undaratand-

 i

(^;JTgR T P«8* 143.

lat« b«iag tlM toroMl tirlnolpls by wbioh th« lnt*lI«ot underctoods,

•Bd oaly ^ r«n.*««lT« tKaainctioa of th* i»«l ck>*B it baooise Uic* ob-

ject of knowladg* lt8«lf

Si'AOiM lnt«Iliglblll8 60 h«b«t ad tat*ll«otui» ut

<IMO lnt«Ill«lt l&t«ll«otus. . . 3*a <iula tat*!*
iMtus sapra ••Ipam r«fI«otltur, awMadoi MaklaB
r«flootion«n lottlllelt •! mum Intelllgv* at ap»>
oi«K (^ latttUi«lt. 3t alo spaelMi IntallMts ••>
eundarlp Mit Id qfuio intalligitur* 3«A Id QUOd lJit*l<>
ItSitur prlaD, ast rae eujua apaelas Intalllglbllla
ast ainllitudo,^

tha i^aolaa la aaid* tha tfbjaet of kaovladB** It aaa

ba katmnk ia tno «(qr«» aoeordlng to tha two asyaeta of tha intaXleetlTa

likeaaaa vbleh /iijuiaaia peiaia out la tha taxta aaan sbora dlatlBgalttt-

lag tha aKi«t«ie« of tha likanaaa la tha Intalleot end its rafor a&ea

to tha thlag it raprasanta:

Potaat aalm lotallaotaa eoavMrti Ad aip—imt tuan

ayiid a* habat, duplieitari aut ooaaidareado Ipsan
aaeuaAm qiaod aat m^ qi^eddnB la iatallaetu; at ale
aogaaaoit da aa iffiioA aat iatalli«ibila, val uairar-
aala, ral allqalA hajuaaodit aut aaoaadun qaod aat
aiailitudo rali at sio iatallaataa eoaaidart^tio 6am
aiatlt la apaeia* aad par apaaiaa tnaait la r«a,
eujua aioiXltttdo aat} aidut oeuloa par apaaian qvaa
aat la puplUa vidat lopldaat at aat alnlla da laa^laa
li^ida*! (ioaa potaat ooaaidaorarl aacaadaa qiaad aat tm
qpieadam, *! alBllltttdo rai.'^

Ttm apaciaa aaa ba atudiad, thaa, aithar ea a balag Ic Itaalf heTlng

Ita o«B aell||Bf aiiataaoa, ita ova oatura, aad pvapartiaa; or it oaa ba

studiad praolaaly aa « rapraa aat atloa of tha thing, juat aa a atntua

aaa ba atudlad far irtiat it la or fl»r vhfit it rapraaanta.

aSUPTSU V f«l« 144.

In •lth«r aas*, hewtfrar, th« etudar la refleetivo, ettteinlng

th« 8p«ei»a Mily (Mb««<iu«otly to th« cttnlalag of the ttiiag «hlob It

r«pr«Mn%«« nd in tfrwy eeao tho roMdrwd •poolae ''jad tho latantloa

•V9 •owrthlng in tho adad oalir «&d not in exfe«mel rwilitjrt

la oMdViui ««I«B ialMitieaibiis hoe tmmaadtm

T«nm ••%, (2mA tatiwtlOBM 1]>m« aoa •ml in
robun Md in aaii» tontuHu^

B«l thigr do haoro a basis in reality, the iHiaie being the neture of

thing whidi ia represented or to vhio^ the intention is referred]

Sed habeait eXitittid ia re reependena, aeilieet

netoraK, eoi iatelleettts hujoenodi intent ionea
Kttribuit.

Kinds of Intentia—

aaw this briatja ua beek to wlMl wee a«ld about the oubjeet

of logie H9 « retionate being, rad eapeeially to the seeead of the t«o

iaq;iortant twta frea the sentweea diaeuaaed there, Ceae^pta ( ooaeap*

ttoaea ) w«re diatiaipiiahed neoordiag to their foundRtion in reelityt

seaa here a reel foundation md aoa» Aa not; of thoae founded in reelitj

aena here aa lamatlnts reel {bundr^tion, and for sobm it ia only renote,

Ike subject of lofiie, we heve aeen, haa to be of the lest kind, a re-

tiooate being raneteljr fbuaded In the real. But a»at of what we have

eeid of the intent io intelleotn or the Terbwt intepius fite the dea-

eriptioa of the eoaeept with aa InMdiate reel fowidetloat

 Hif 146,

AUffiumSm mdm. boo qtto4 lat«Il««tu8 ooiwlpit, •&%

•iBilltudo vwi. •xistontls Mcira aatBaa, eicut hoo
i|WMI owMlpitur 4» te« mmUM ba— i •! %«lla e»n««pftio
latell*etua bHb«t fundfaMntWBi in ro iaa«dlet«, In^utm-
tvB rM IpM, ex MIS eoaf\n«it«t« ed lnt«ll««tttB, f a-
eit quod Intttlleetua alt Tcanut, at <]ao4 aaaMa alenifl-
eana lUm
iataliaetua, propria da w
dieatsr*^^

*1lMt tha intallaot ooacelTaa" la a aoaaapt, latanNil ward, or Intair

tlon. s.'a hara lookad at thaM as a "likaaaaa" In tha istaUaet "of a

tbias axiatlng outaida tha aouX.** Tba roal axtanuil tlxli« wblOh la

kaoMB, iqr tha fact that it la ooaftonnad to tha intaUaet (that is,

ijtfoittad hj tha acna fom) an4 thua laakaa tha intallaot (ia »ot) txua,

ia hara aaoribad as tha iaaaadieta rani fouadotioa of tha ooncapt.

flM Bt»«a wbi^ aicbifiao tha ooaaapt, that ia, tha iatallaet ia eet

('ilium intellaatuM"), ia, baoauaa of tha tonaal idaetity of oonoapt

aad thiag, proparly nppliad to tba tbiaa itaalf • thua tba ooua "aMa"

•iSBifiaa tba oeoo«pt of laaa aad, baoauaa of tha truth of tha oonaapt,

tba raal oaa,

Hm aaaaayl vbitti losia studiM ia aot of thia kiad. It

ia not diraatljr a likaaaaa of tha axtaraal thiag| aad aa a eoaaoquanea

ita truth ia not diractly fouudad oa the ontolQgioal tnifb of tha

tbias, but ia aena nor upon tba ooaaapt of tha thiag aa it ia in tna

It

Ali<yMMiia «at«i boo quod aienifieat aonaa aoa aat

aiailitttdo rai oxiataatia astra uniMm, aad aat ali-
quid qiiiod aoaaaquitur ex aodo intallisaadi r«B quaa
aat aztre aaln»«

Ita foucdation in tha rael thiaft ia tharafbra madiutad br ^ba dlraot

aoaoapt, of ubioh it ia itaalf «k oono^t; aad aiaea tha losie«l intaa-

tlon !• 6 llkMMM of th« diraet oeM«|il, vUA is • XikwMM* of %h»

•Ktwaal objoot, tbo lo«l««il tntoutiott U Midiatoly « llkmoM oar

iBtoBtlOB of tbo roal thing. Conso^uantly, its fB«Bda%lo&, tbotiiith aol

iMBOdlatoly taA pivslaotoly In tho rool, 1« aorvtholoM roaotoly obA

ottotiOj «b«r«i

8t bajtt«!30dl lnt«i%loalo, lieet proodiatta fundsianatuBB

BOB olt lA ro ood la IntilXootu, teaaiD rtnetttm fun-
•flt la ro Ipoo.

fbo dlertlnotion of Imodietoly saA MoAlatoly founded eo&>

oof%o ! vol! byevght out In a roply of tho Jo Po»og»i»

Xntolleotul roopondot all«-iuld In ro daplleltor. l/tao

aodo laawdlttto, quando idoUeot Intolloeiuo coaclpit
fomon rol alleujuo oxtro (OOMgii oxlotoatio, ut ho-
aials vol lopldlo. .llo iMOto aoAl«to, qoando Tldoll-
oot fellcjttid oo(iultur eotUDs IntolllsMidl, ot Intolloo-
tvo rofloiBfl ouyVB IpouB eoaaldcrat lllud. tKido roe
roopo&dot 1111 ooaoldorstlonl IntelloetiMi aodloto,
Idoot aodlbnto IntoUlfloatlfe rel.^?

9am ooAoopt lo iBmodlntoIy tho eoaoopt of ea oattwaal tblnsi tbo

otbar lo 6 eoaoopt of tbo dlroot oonoopt or of tbo uadorotaadlas tfdiloh

tbo Intolloot beo of that tblas. Ibla ooooad ooaeopt Is '*ooaothlag

vbleb foUowo" tbnt uiid«rot(uiAlB8« It proMppMoo a roflootlon upoa

tbo aot of UBdflrotaadlag oad tbo ooaoog^ or torn of tbet «et, end lo

Itoolf aa oxirooood tam of oocaltlon, that lo, nn IntontlM, of tho

dlroot aot aad oone^itt aot oaaotljr of tbo «belo pxoeoos or of tbo

vbolo Intolllftlbla cbaraotor of tho ooneopt, but of aoBo aapoot of

tbat ooMont aad aot. Ibat this swdlatod Intantlon la tho ono wltb

«bl«b loftlo la oonoornod Is arldaat fxoi tbo lllustr< tloa usod la

mirrmr p«c« 147.

this t«xtt

Tarkl gretln, intcllootua iixt*Illgit aatuxwa anl-

alls la temlus, la fiva, ct oultla allla apMlsbuai
•a 6o« ••qultur ^uoA iotvUl^lt im ut e«»w. Bole
iat«ll«otul uue lat«ll»ctue iat«tlllelt g«fuui, iioa r*-
•poadct ull^^iM rtts vxtra lant41«t« gua* alt gaoaai
••d lut»lllsMitl««, «K Qtta o«Mt(|«it«ff lata lataatlo,
raapondat allviue raa.

Iha Intantlon of gaaoa la ooa of tba aa»«q>lM whloh at* Ttoawa ooat

fratjuantljT uaaa to llluatrata tba aubjeot of logilo, Furtbanaora, whm

not
ha aaya that thla lataatloa doaa^oorraapoad ImaAlataly to sa axtariml

thlag, ha la aiiulvcdmtly atyias that la la k retlonata balag, aa wa

•m tha atibjaat of logla to ba« .'ad la afflndag that It haa a foaa-

datloa la rMllty aoao %b» laaa, ba la dan^rlas that l^^ls a parm flo-

tloa. Our lavaatlgatlOB of tha aotloa of latautlon h»a tb\a» bvoufldt

«a to tha aaBM aaaolualoa ea our atudy of ratlonata belas. '^9 aao

agala th«t tha auhjaat of log^le la • rfetloaata balas or Intaotlmi

ranotoly fovadad la rotdlty.

Or tha aaaa tokaa tha dlraat Istaatloa of tha aKtarael

thlas la axeludod «a tha aubjaot of loglo. Una faot that ao aaeh of

oar dlaeuaaloa hca eantarad upon tha IntalUftlbla apaolaa (aonatlaaa

rafarrad to f a tha Itrtalllglbla lataotlon) aad tha dlraot aoaeaiit oar

Intarzud word (alao oallad tha lataatlo latallaeta ) dooo not, howavar,

aaa thatthla Olaauaaloa wbs Irralafveat or aaaaaaaaary, or th»t it

aarrad only f»r tha pivpoaaa of aUoslaatloa* A aadlatad lotcatloa

aaa aartalaly aot ba uadarataod iialaaa tha lataatloa whleh nadlataa It

la oadavaloodi far it la a ooaeapt of oobm aapaot of tha dlraet

latontiea «aA d«riT«d tram r«fl«etl'oa uDoa this lutcntlon aai am

UMdMnrtflttiOag «r it.

Bttfior* tumlBe to r± mat* d«tHlI«4 «aeala«tion of th« tMklla-

t«d IntttBtion, w« iliottld aottt tbot thm ooao«iv<i4 int«nti<m or mnMNMW«A

t«ra Is not rootrloted to tb« first of th« tbroo aeto of roctoost aiaplo

mpgiMtomnBion, JUipMBt oai roaooalag aloe h«ro their toraiai, r>nA

thooo tonOAi oloo Torify tko aetioa of iatontioa. Thoro aro thercdToro

•ii^lo eoaooytiooo aad OQaQ>lox ooQcoptionst

Voooo enim iaeoei|>laxao aoqiio vwom aoqiM foloim sit&l-

fiooot} ood voooo ooi l oM o, por offiraotloasB out ao-
^
«pition«B voritotaa out falaitatoa biOiont. • • Bt eoai
voooo sunt aigaa intellootuun, oljalllter dieonduB oot
do owBOoptioni^o IntoUootaa. ubo oaia aimt aiopliooo.
Ban haboait ToritotflB aoqtto f«lait«t«ai« aod aolim Ulao
qufio oont OQ^ploxeo par affimationoa toI nagstioaaa.^

Ihm oiaqpilo or anoaapoaadod oeaooption la oeXlod aiapla baoauaa it la

tha aajraaaad t«na of tho firat aet of tha oiaA, whleh sreapa ttBaaa»>

jj^oaadad (toidditativa fanw aad la for thla VBa$m aallod tho **und«r>

ataadlM of iadiviaibloo*' ( iadiyjaibiliwa intaUiaaa^la ) • ' han aaavlax

^ttiddltlaa aro eoaoolvod Xry tho ooaqtoaltioii of alqpla (juidditloo. thoro

ia oonoelTod a aaaiplox tmrn eollod tin oouaoiAtieat

SlMlitttdo roi intalloetao, por ^>usi» iafonagtur ior

tolXootaa ad lotallicaBAaB . . . ao habat ia intol-
lisoodo oiotft intollifloadi prlncipiveo, at ealor oot
prinoipiuM oalofeotionia, x»a alout intalligo&di tar-
ijaia. hoo «»
aat priao at por oo Intellectual, uod
laiolloetua ia aaipao eoaeipit do ro intolloeta, aiva
illud ait dafialtio, alvo aauBtietio, aeeundua quod
poKitur duaa oporationoo iBtallootaa ia III da AaiaM.
Eoo aotai aia ab intoUoota ooaooptwa diaitur erban
iatarioa, boo ebiM oat ijaod aigaifioatur par voo«a}
 H«« 149.

•BiB TBx «il«rior •ignlfloct ipmm lntell4»«tuK,

ttttnwmm ipaius iatelllsibil«n, «iit ipmm liit«lli>
SW0i ••A (MtneaptuB iataXltotus que s»4iast« alg&if i-
o«t r«ei| M% ouB> dieo "hMW", •! "bono act ettlBal,"^

fli« oonc«iT«A InUatloa !• thus mba %• ba «ith«r « d*flnitlon (whi«b

la th« iataation of a aioyla (jalMity) or a pv^poaitloa (tha intention

of a ooaplmc qaidtity) . Tfais ia a p«iat of dootrioa of iaportoaea in

ttm apiataenlofly of 9t« tbOMM t«4 fVa(|a«Btl7 ta«ki^t bj hia,^

nia tam intantion evan axtanda bayond tha aiapla ooneapt

aad tha pcopoaitioa to %Am in tha oonatruot of tha aot of raeaoning,

tha a/Uogivit

'"ttanAoqua «ikI«i ratio aat oeaMa IntaatlMiia, aira

•aoasduBs (|tte4 aignlf ieat dafinitioaan ral, prout r&tio
aat dafinltio, alva prout rritio dicltur arattaatttetio .S^

VarbuB iatallaotaa aoatri • . • aat id «ul 4|iiad opara*

tio IntaHaatua aoatri torciiatttur, luod aat ipaum in-
tallaatna, <2n»d diaitur eoBeajp^io iatallaatuat aiva
ait aenaaptio al^nifioabilia peer vooaa inoMBplexna,
ut aoeidit <).u«aido iixtallaotua fosnat quidditataa ra-
ruBi{ aiva par voa«B oaaplaBan« tf»A aooidit fj[uando
iatallaotua ooBv>oalt cft diTidit. caaa mttflCA iatal-
laatUB ia aobia aat tili<juid ranlitar pvogradiaaa ab
aXtaxoi Yal aieut pMoradiuatur « prinoipiia oonaap-
tianaa aonoluaiomaa« val aicut oonoaptioaaa qaiddit«>
ton raruB poatari<MruB a (luldditatibua priorttBit Tal
aaltas aiaut aoaaaptio aetualia ab Iwbituali ooeni>
tioaa.V

Iba thraa kiada of aoaoaivad iataatioaa (thfovi^ aot rafaxrad to by

tluit aanot bad oaljr a* "aoBwitiaaK eoaatitutad") aoamrdiag to tha thraa

aata of roaaoa, ara vary olowrly aad moaiaotly aspraaaod ia a r^ly

of tha §mm
 P«C« ISO.

la •p«rlbtt« mtlools Mit eoM«ii«rwr« IpwM actuB rati-

Qttia, tml ••% int«lll«aa'» «trctioelaert, et ^liquid
p« lmjun»tt «««« •OMtitutiMu .laod qttid«B la spMu-
latlTB ration* prlao qulflwi Mrt daflaltlo) Mcimdo,
MUBtletlo} t«rtlo T«ro» •ylloffitnaa •! sroiBMAfttle.^

iMli of thM«, It will b« oMHi, «at«ra lato tb« ooa«ld««tloa of logle,

1b« lat«Btloa i^l«b !• th« oonc«lv*d tmem of Intolleotloa

!• oallod tho iBtwatlo latolloota. lijr mis lo samuA both that It lo

tho latoBtlon of what la uadaratood, and that It i« fomally Idantl-

flod with tha roa latallaetw . f^ut minathlag aay b« uadaratood la althaor

of t«o wsara» porlworlly or ooii0«.iU«iutlyi "latallaetaa dvvlleltar ^Iqvld

latolllglt, ae 111 eat jrlaMi, at as oeaaaquaatl,'*'^ i%at la aadaratood

la tha flrat plaaa la tha rael thlos axlatlae outalda tha aoult tha

aaeondery objaota of undarateadiag vrm lataatloaa «*iltib follaw apaa

tha Ma—r la whleb tba prtaazgr ob jaata era aadavatood:

PrlKa aalM Intallaata ami raa aatra Balaao* la

quea prlcoo Iniellaetua IxxtalllgaadR fwrlvir* eoanda '

aiiiai lataUaata dloantar latantlaaaa ooaaaqgaaet aa

atHB latalll^NBdlt hoa anloi aaoiaado latallaataa
latalllglt laquaatuBt raflaotltur aupar aalpaun, la-
tantgaiia — latallloira at aednn 4|ao latalllglt .^

Ihat aaytlilas e«a ba uadaratood la th» aaaaad plaaa at all

jraauppoaaa tba povar of raflaotlon. oa tha part of the Intellaet* Aad

aqr raflax andwpatMidiBg af tha lntaUaotlva aot, or of tha feooltjr or

of onaaalf , woald ooiJrtltuta a aav aaaaapt of "aomathlag uadaratood

ia tha aaaaad plaaa." But It la oat tha eoaaapt af oaaaalf , or of tha

Intollaet, or of tha aat of andaratandlast or avaa of the aaaeapt It-

 ,

••If &• ioEMfva ^ sias;!* r«fl«otioa Which !• ft«ll«d • —qui^^ aini tnt»ll«»-

%m b«r«, b«l "•& JjrtMillMi («r siag^ ' ••tlilatf*) wbiA foll«vs tb«

Mm«r of u&d«r«t«B4ii9S«"^ It !• witb "ttdags unMrctood in th«

•••mid pla^*'' la thiM 9ttum that l«el« !• •oa >f —A {"hogXeti • • •

habat • • • —Jttowm dlffleuXtetcn, oun sit 4t —•undo lAttfllocti*"),^

It ••» alao h« miid that logla auMidHrs "•••ei^ IntaetiaB*"

htmmaam th« ••cmida latalXepta arm oonatiiasa r»f«rred to bgr that aami.^

Jatf vfl9x kafPMlada* aduht h^ ealXvd a •••and lateatloa in

• «igr» •!&•• it la had aft«r th« dir^at kaoidadf^. But th^ raflmc

kaiBwiadg* •a««)kt hgr piqr«h«logy ouat b^ dlatlaguiahad fvon th«t of

logi*. SlBqpl« r^fl»otlen apes tho coboi^ ea balog la th« Intsll^at

•ad parf*«tiag it vauld halaes to payoholoffir.^ Iha "^aolatte^ of tha

soul" studies th^ aottl 6nd It^ prop«rtlaa (**9aaBioaaa**}«^ Aad aatwal

ptlloaoyhjrt af «hl«k pafahalogr !• a P«rt, emuildara thiac* aoeordlag

to VamlT aat of asiatMMa (''atm^aloua •! aaturttll* e«aaid«reat raa

••ouatan aana aaa***^^) • 1h« Intttlllglblo spoelaa «ad tha ooBO«pt er»

atttdlad by th« pay^boleslat seaordlas to th« eat at exlstenoa whleh

thay ex«rol^^ la tha soul ("eaaaadwa aaaa >^aod hcibet in cogaoaeaata'* )

whara th«y era aeoia«iit« t^ad laharlng duaXltlaa.*"

Loftlo la aot eaaeata»d with tha Intaatlaa f roa tha point of

Tlaa of tha aabjaat la vhloh It Inhoraa, but from thnt of the objaat

idileh It raprMMDts aad vlth whleh it la Intaatloaally idcatiflodt

tkat la, losia aaaaldara it a ralntloa of alisUltoda, aad looka at th«

a— ciDi la aa f w aa It la ad allad .*' It la tha vacy notion of In-

taatioa that It alMttld l^^ly « ralation of ona thlac to enothari

*Iat«itio in rstlOM Mie ordiaM qjumdm uaivs aA e]i««wi ti^ortfet.'''^

It Is not, ha»«<r«r, this rslntioa of slaAllteds taksa slatply,

«hlsh l«gi« studies. SMt la a tMasssadMrteX rslstioa, tbs vsry fomnl

saastltusat of truth itsslf i cAd aa saoh it is studisd by astaphyslos,

ysrtieulnrly ths asdapiiysios of kaowlsdga.

la studylag ttie tfbjastlra sigalfleeaoa of tbs oUreot latec*

ti«a «a fMwd thst what is rs iff sa satad la tha iatallaet Is tha iatelli-

ftibla eh«r<votar at netia>a of tha thiag iEaofm, nad that it is apprsiiSBdad

absolutely, "tteaordiag to its absolute soasidsrotloB," witbout takiag

into ceoount its node of existenoe. Tttough it is apprshsodad absolutaljr,

the aature not only does in f&ot exist » but it has two dlfferaat andes

of asisteaoe, oas la reel singular things, the other in the sotil. I^ow,

upoB its direct Qpparshensioa two differeat klnda of refloot ion o<ui fol-

low, one upon the proreaeaee of the eoaoepft. Idie ottisr upon its state

la the mind. Sgr a refleetlon v^ioa the i^kaataan tnm whloh tha Intel-

lislble ^peolea wna derived, the ititelleet esa kasw the alagular la

whloh the natare la fooadt

Ifoasslacolere eesnoselt par (piaadiaa reflwloasn,

pvant aellleat aMoa eocaoaendo ebjeetuat auum, cuod
est aliqaa aetura uniTerselis, redit in eosBltloaea
aal aetua, at ultarlus la ^hmIsh fjase eat aotus sui
prlaclplWB, at ultarius la pitaalaaaa a qiao species
eat abstraetai at sic eill^Mi eactaitionsBi da sla«tt-
larl aoolpit.W

i aaaslble thli« la present, though it is not luxiwa directly In

its slnflnlarlty, it is kaown by a reflection upon the pbaslaaBi aad

 153.

this 1« tb» Batttfl«l ««avl«tloa of %h« int«U«atlT« set. It wUl l»«

•MS thatt tbia la th« «MMld«retioa of tho MitiaM MMVdiag %o %h« ««%

of oziataDeo wbieh it exarolaes la tho ro«l, ntoraal tbiag. Tbo awte-

piqrstoa of kaawlodeo la coa c ar ao d with th« ocry— p— d— ao of tha aoturo

twdwtood aad tbo Dfitvr* oxlatlue la roal thiags*

Othdr aoloaoM will atvCy tha aoaidaafta tb«t follow upoa

thm raal oxlataaoo of thia aaturo; for »ooordia« to aaeli aoda of «cla»

taaaa aoaidaata follovt

Baae mttan aatum hab«ft duplax aaaat vanm la

ajajttlaribiia, alivd la eaUuit «* aaaiiadMa
MteWBiaa •oaaoqwaatur dlotiaa aatax«a aoaidaatia.^

Lagia will aWdr tha aaeldaata tbat fbllov ayaa tha aotiatttoa of tbla

aatara la tha aoal.

Mttaaoili tba aatura dlrootly kaoNB la de faoto uaiviraal,

it is not, howanrar, kaawa aa unlTaraal la tha dlraot (^ot; for it ia

flrat loMKa abaolvtaly. ^aaaladga of Ita uaiTaracillty followa upon

tha aaooad klad of raflaotlaa, whioh ararta ta tba aat of asiataaaa

abiali that aatura baa in tbe latellaet PAd to wbat follova upoa ita

eziatsiea tbara. uiaaa ita eet of aziatanea la tba iatallaet ia to ty

wadaratood ( ita aaaa ia iatalll^ ) , ita aaanar of balag ia ita naaaar

of baiag uadaratoedt aad ahat Ibllova upon ita not of balse ia tba

aaaa aa what fblloaa upon tba intallaot'a naaaar of undaratMadlac.

Tbla la tba asplaaatien of tha legiaal intaotloa idilab wa bara .draedy

aaaa idTaa a ouabar of tioaa. Lagla la aaaordiagljr ooaeamad witb vbat

bappaaa to tba abaolata aatura «a e raault of ita baiag ia tba iatellaat.

 TSuia tt»Mi not oontirtkAlet tk» dl«tlAetion mlr—df asd* b«-

tvMA lAglc aaA 9«]roholocy. Thou^ botL eonaldar tb« fbsk whloh !• in

tb« lntell«et, paycholosy looks at it as p«rf««ti]is tb* kaowtr, ••

•OBStbing whi«b h«pp«ui to tine iatslloot; lo^o looks raihor at «Aiat

bappans to this fana or absolute n&ture. In the one ease the miijeet

is the soul onA the reeeived turn is the aoeident; in the other ease

the underetood font is the sabjeet and the pg epT ties ahioh belong to

it ae a result of betas vmderatoo'j Rre the aeeliSento. this is not to

siqr that the nature itself is the subject of the seienee of losiot but

rather the properties whieh it has fron the smombst la vhieh it exists

in the intelleet are theoselves the sabjeet of lo^e. The nature, item'

erer, ie their subjeet, The apparent oonfVuiloa here between the nature

as the subjeot of the properties ttnd the pffopertiea of the nature a«

the subjeet of the seienoe of loglo «ill be tackled and, it is hoped,

dispelled in the next chapter, on the subject of logic ne a relation,

The fact that we snJce eeeidests a subject (whose properties

or proper accidrnts are in turn studied) does not involve a oontr«dio>

tiott, since the earns entity is net a subjeot ^nd an accident in respect

to the easM thiagt

Cob calai accidentia cjuodua ordine ad snlbstnntiflB

refsrantor, non est iacoBreniens id ijuod eet aoci-
dcns ia reepecta ad rtliquid, eeee etiflsa subjectum
la recpeetu fdterlus,'''^

Ae en suable a surface is taken. It ie on aeoident of a aatcriel

substaase, but is the eubject of such further aoeideote as color.

 P«C« 188.

lA aolano** n •inllftjr situation oMiy ooour. 3an«» amflli «• nH«fhjral««

and th« sblloaoplay of natviro, biiT* mabsteneos bm tliolr subjoet, Otlioni,

suoh «t8 tbo mattil •oi«B««i and logie, haro «« tlioir st^Joot eiooidvts

of r«»l bolaeos y«* Vh— A«oia«*« aro troatod as attltjoeta of propav-

tiaat

lA Ulia «tt«B aalamilla, qua* aast do aXiqollmt aaol-

dantibtta, albl]. prohibot id, quod roeipitov wt oabjoo-
twi roiq;io«%tt Mlieujua paaaioula, «0flii4 otiaa ut pao»
aiottva roapeotu antorloria aubjooti*

logia ooxisidara tha propiHrtlaa of tha undaratood namuca vfcloh

baloae to it lA «• auob aa It ie undaratood, tluit la, t^a j«ep«rtiaa

which it hea &a e raattlt of tha laaiiBar la lAlab tha iotallaot uQdar>

ataada it, end Hakaa tbaaa i^ropartiaa it a mbjaet. Qiagr er* eallad

ittlantiona, tha mev in whioh the intallaot looka ckt tha oatura whieh

ia in it by virtue of the eoaeept* lAf^c* atudiaa tha nature aoeordiac

to theae intent ion* ahioh follow it a eziataaea ia the iutelleet i%ad not

aaaardtiHi t* the aKiateaaa whieh it haa ia oxtaraal reality: "Logioua

. • • aoaaidarat istantionea taatntf* aad not *'raa aaeuadaM awn aaaa.**^

Bill tha aapa«t uadar «diia)i a aaiaaoa aoaaiiava thiaga eonatitutaa its

aubjeet,** The intentioaa vhieh fbllcar tha aaaaar of uadaratandiag,

than, eoaurtitttte the aubjeet of lo^ie.

a

i^it the aaaaar of uadvatmdiag ia, imi what pMrtieulw

Intantioas fbllev tha aaaaflr of aaeh of tha three eeta of reeeon will

be agained ia %km ftaal three cba^wa, Raare we need oaljr point out

that the abatrHOtiTa apprabenaion of <iuidditiaa In the firat dOt of

«B4«r«tejiAiiui glTM rl8« to th« liitMtioa of ttniverssllty '<nd it* pBr>

tiouler ltln4at th« Mopocltioii of judgpMot In tb« M«>a4 aet glvas rl««

to tbo Intactlon of ettributlon; ana tho dlsoomlTe proaasa from ona

tbiag to eaothar la tha third eet fOtmda tha Ictantlon of ooaaaiuaBoa.

Thaaa intaatlwut tha lat«iXaot attributaa to tha naturat

In eonlbua autan latantloniboa boo oawwanltar ann

aatt <$tt^ tntantionaa ipaaa aon aunt la rttbua aad la
aalMi taatum, aa4 habant allquld In ra raqpoadana,
aellleet nt-turoBB oui Intallaetua hujaMOdl Intanr
tlonaa attrllniiti alottt Intaoftio enarla ana aat la
aalao, aad aatam aalaalia, aoi pn lalaUaatun baaa
intaatlo ettribultur.^<^

It la not to tha nntura aa aoilatlae la rael thiaga but aa uadaratooA,

tiMt thiqr arm attrlbutadt "littjaanodl mia Intaatlaaea fMnant Intallae-

tua ettrlbuaoa aaa aatvraa IntaUaetaa."^^ Xf tha Intallaat attrl-

butad ttiam to tha aatara aoawpiias to Ita rml axlataxtoa la mna

aiafltr thing or ttilnga, it would ba faXaa; but ainea it attributaa

tlMB to tha natura ea it la la tha aoul, th«ra la ao falsityt

9«Bt eut«i qaaadm ratlanaa qulbua la ra lotallaata

nihil raapaadgti aad aa quorum auat httjuaoodl retloaaa,
Intallaataa aoa attribult rabua prout la aalpala aunt,
aad aolun pvout Intallaate^a aunt} aiout patat in r»-
tioaa caaarl* al apaoiai, at aliarua intantlOMw In-
t«llaatttallaB: aaa nihil aat la r«b«a q^oaa avat aztra
aalBMi. eulua aisiilitudo sit rtttlo ganarla vol apaeial.
aa ttmma latallaotua aat falauai quia aa quorum
auat lataa ratlonaa, aellleat gaana al apaalaa. aoa at-
tribult rabua aaMktoi qta>d aunt axtra aalnan, aad
aolSB aaiainaia <fMd auat la latallaata. Bi boa wlai
qaod lataUaataa U aalpaoa raflaotltur, aleut latal-
Uslt raa azlatantaa cctra aalaMR, ita IntaUlslt aaa
m9— intallaataat at ale aiout aat quaadam aoaaaptio
intallaatua val ratio, oul raaj^aadat raa ipaa q^ua aat
axtra enlnm} its aat quaadflt oonea!)tlo Intellaotua
al ratio, oul ra^poadat raa Intallaeta aaauadaa qaod
9MPT«T fi«» 107.

kMjMMOdl} •!«!% ratloBi bfoalBia Tal eonovptloai bo-

wAnim rtMpondKt r«« •xfera anlMBt ratieal «ro v*l

iatelXMta.^^

Ik*** losiMl iAt«QtloM er« r*nlly AOOidMits of the &atur«

or %hlag vlileh lo kmemi. ioglo, tk«i, oonddoro aoeldenta of bolns.

Ihlm !• Mid of tw part* of loglo, dlalaotlos onA flopliilatloai

Dlaioetloa . , • «t aiollltar aoidiiatioa . . • ooa>

Bidarntd acoidoAtia actlbus, aeilleet ifitentl<m««,
•t rvtlonos sanvia at ^pooiol, at alia tmjuanodi.^^

Thaaa neoidaoita ara not oonatdarad aa aeaidanta of bains jgft

1>ali>g.

tor thht study baloiMsa to sMtapSiyaioa, but ratitvar aa aeaidanta of baiag

aa Jouara. Thia balo&ga to l^io, tha "rational aoloiBoa". Ibua tha

iatantian of apaciaa ''Iwypana to" hiaan aatura, not «a tak« abaolutaljr

or aaaardtag to its raal aactarasl aadataaoa, but «ily aa It ia kna«m>

Btflimiaitttr araa <9Md ratio apaalai aaaiiat nattiraa

tiwaaaa aaawadw iUud aaaa quod habat in iateUaatu.
• • • Sia ansa patat q:tt&litar aaaantia val aaitura
aa habat aA ratiaaaa apaalait win ratio i^aaiai aam
aat da hia quna oonvaniunt ai aaaundmn aa«i i^aelutMi
aaa ai i iratlBaaa, naqua aaeuadiM aaaa <t«od lurtMft aartra
Mil—, ttt albadb val ai«radB| aad ^ da aeoidantibua
4naa oanaaQUuntur a«n aaauodua aaaa quod habat in la-
tallaatut at par bOM aedaB eonTwait aibi ratio geno»
ria rai diffara«tiaa.3L0*

Siailarljr tha intaotioa of attribution ia an aoaidant of tha thing to

vhi<A aoBwthiae ia attributed , baamiaa it happana to hava aeawtbiag

pradieatod of itt

Aooidit aotOM uniauiqua rai qoad aliiuid da ipaa

«pa affirnatur intallaotu toI vooa. Vmm r0» non
rafartur ad aeiaatiMi aad a eonrarao.^^
 tia«r it la not diffianlt'to mm that ouoh «oeid«ata or locci-

e«l tnt Ationa of the und«rs«ood aatttro wr« ratlonat* bolnci a* «•

hmf •••& tho flobjoot of logic anurt bo* tho oubjoot of whleh thagr

aro aooidoata la tho dlroot lnt«Dtl<m, tha yuattupp intalloeta. whlflta

dooa not ImTO balng la reellty, but, la ee far na It la affaotod bar

tboao lataiitloiia« baa Ita oslatanoo only la tho iilsa« 9vwi laaa, tbaa,

do tha lataBtlww tbaaualToa Uaya balas la roalltXt alaaa tbay ara

oaathw atap rawwrad frot tha rael, Wias aoaldaata of ea uaracl atb-

jaat ead lataatlooa of ea Intantloa.

AbA ral thalr ooataet with raallty mat aot b« oTarlookad.

If thagr ara Intaatlmta of »a lataotloa, thtif loois to that «hldi Itaalf

leoica to aaa Hirreara tha ra<:^I• ad If tbagr ara aealdaxrta of a aubjaat,

th^r partrla to a aatura wtleh la Tarlflad la aatura, nioa wa aaa agala

tlwt» tboueh thalr pvoxUanto foundt^tlon la only la tha aiad* tbay hava

a fouDdetloa la rettllty; sad thoutsh thla fettadatloa la raoota «Bd

aadlata, it la raal aaoathalaaa.

 n
SSxsSmUBm

Batlomrtw B»iag and LogXo»l lattBtiiw am H»l«tlv

flMi iiiVMni4sa%ieiui of th« two pnMMMtag ttKptw both In-

volTod th* dlMuasioa of r«leti«aa. Aftor •••lag that n««ordl]ig to

9t« Bio —i ttM aabj^ot of lo^e oust b« rstlottate being, v fouod

that r&tlo&Rte bolng eon b« only a aogatlon or a r«lotlon. -'^Ineo %h»

0ubj«ot of logle !• not Juat n««atlTO, bat aoafttilttg positive, it oust

b^, »• Mar, n relation, aiiallrirljir in fgmA to lnt«ittlOB«, »• dla-

ooTMTod thftt tlMgr M •••ttcttlally ralotlT^, Basloslly intODtioo —a—

"twidmiey to waMtblnc •!«•" a« to Ita torm,^ miA "lAplla* th^ or4mr of

•»• thing to eneth*.**^ Applied to th« Intellaot, iiit«ntion oeeaalo-

nally mo bm th« aet of the iataXIeot tandln^j to b«eoaie ita obj^et;

aonaibat anra oftMk It naans th^ rae^iTod foxs tgr whiob this teadaney

of eonf»VBlty !• aeoo««>Xlah«d; but oost oftaa iutontioa la oaed in

tho aanao of "undaratood intention," Intaornal word, or oonoept, whieb

la the intarnally flaipra»a«d oonfonnity of the Intellect to Its objeet

•^ tha lataraal tem of ita tatadao«gr« tlila mm»0fi% haa a ralc^tlMt to

the latelleot, wblali It lafmnw aad p«rfaeta, aad another relation to

the thlac kaom. Ihla latter relation la that of alMllltvde, by whleh

the e—— fft la •aaaBtlaUy ooaatltutad aa tha trana««Bd^nt(OL r«letl«i

between the lntelle«fe and the thing ka«im. The dlreot eonoept or f iret

Intaatimi la thorefbre eaaantially a rolr.tion to the reel. The reflex

eonoept or aeoond InteDtion la an intention of •'tn inteotiOA, and aho\ald

 .

BMorAlBsly te a relation of th« lBt«Il»et*s relHtlraa to tho rool.

It Hust noo T lly, thon, bo farthaor renovod tram voollty itoolf

This logieol lutontloa, wo omt, lo oa seoidout of tho eonr

colTod naturo. HwrthorliHi tliot It mot elm bo h rotlonato bolne*

wo Boot eoo irtuRTo it oould fit «aoaB tho x&iao oooituuxto omaorotoA in

tho ootoaorloo of bolac* ^itat Juot to rooiOl tho eatooorloo ouAgooto o

difficulty boeoueo "1»otag ao It lo dlvldod ftoeordiag to tho ton ooto-

oorioa** lo oippoood to that boing irtiloh hoo Ito oxloto&oo in tho soul:

it dooicBotoo oonothifig oxlotinc la aaturoi

la sttllo mkim yroodiowaoato poaitur oliquid aloi roo

oxtro aaiam OKlotooa* Umt mm rationio dividitur
ODstro OBO dlTlwn por dooon pvaodiooaoDta.^

Xt wottld thoroforo ooon thot ell aiiio of tho itoeidoala mat bo roal

boiag sad thflft a» r&tio&ato boing could find a plooo amooc thOM.

Ihoro lo, hovoTor, an exeoption. Oao of tho t«a eatooBrioo

dooo aot havo to bo rool boomoo of Ito vary notion it dooa not pooit

aajrthiac la roalitjr but sMToly a rotgard to eoaething i

Om eaaio alia tMMra, laqEaaatoni buJuMedl, alitmlt

poaaat ia roran aatura (qoantltaa oaia ok boo ipae
q[uod qaaatitaa oot, nllquid dloit), oola rolctio
aoa habot, ox boo qiaod oat httjuModi, ^pwd alit'iald
pMttt ia rovwB aatam, wia aoa praodiaat oUftaid .
**^ £SL «d^'^^ * ^'^* quaodan InTooiuatur rolcitioaoa
quao alhll la roiwa aatura f OBMBt , aod la ratloao
teatua.^

fhia dooo not aoaa that rolationo aro novor roi^ aad that thajr aorw

odd any aeoldoatal roality to tho aubotaneo In vhioh thogr oro found.
aMPTBin !>•«• 161.

If no r«latlO!ui w«r« r^al, rclstioa oould not t« listed aaong th«

MtiNlorimi: '^sl mai%mk relatlo non M0«t la rebus «stre niiwi aott

poaarelttr a4 ellguld xuum 6«bm vresdlettaanti*'*' But It ao«a nam

tli«l a ndatlon Is not rsal, or avon cuu tioelds&t, by tha vary ft^ot

thitt It Is 6 ralRtion. Jhnm the notion of rslatien w« eanaot ooaoluds

tbat It Inhares la a subjset as mi assldtttt anst* for It Is of tits

Tscy BOtloa of an aesidant, as aiioh» to Inhare la a subjeet:

later amrssi gsBsre ^tas coatlnentur sak seeldaiita,

qpiasdaa siffUflsantur sseiuUhm ratieosai aooldsntls;
rat is ealB assldsntis est Inssss x st ideo llle dlco
^mas slgnlflsaatur ut lahasrentla nlterl* sleut quan-
tltas et (putlitess sLUfintltiis eola sUplflefttur ut
elloujus la qoo est, et slollltsr qualltas.^

If sSMSthlae Is d«>l6aatsd cor parsditeted as an aesldsnt, tli«a It

nst Inbwe; l»ut relatlQa is xiot deslflRatsA as aa aesldsat, for It Is

not slffalf led tis soMstblog belooglna to Its subject, bat as io<Aia8 to

soiBStblas out aide tba sub jest t

jA elliuld Tsoro aoa slgalf ie«tttr ssoaadon retloaoB

aesldaatist aoa eala sUcalfisatur at ollqaid ejus
la 4U0 est, ssd ut ed Id a^od ea|tra est.

/A eallghtaodac eoMsple is used to lllustrato the dlff«r«n«s: kaowletee

U soasoas*s kaowXedBO of ssMitbia«| aa beias sa«ssas*s It Is en asei-

d«itt es b«l:« of ss—thtaa It Is a roUtloas '*3eletttl«, InquantUBi est

relatlo, naa est selwtls, sed selblUs."^

Irsa tkaivb relet loa Is ast dsstcastod as ea coeeldcnt, it

be aa eeeldSBt n«T«rtheless, aad inhere la a reel subject:

 Hlkil problb«t ftliciuld •••• lakteams i;uo4 toMs non
•icalflofttur ut iaiuMMnsi aiout •ilam atttio noa •!«•
alfieatur at jyo^ asmt«, aad ut j^qgant*, at tuMR
aonatat fiOtioBan aaaa la aitaBta. £1 alBdlltar, lloat
ad liliattiA uoa alBulfioatar ut lahaar^, tciman opar>
tat ttt ait lahearaiui* £t h»« qpiaiUto ralatle aat raa
allqittat ^imbAo Taim aat aa—naaw ratiOAaai teatun, tune
xiott eat iahaaraiui.^

Tbtti arwi whaa a y*I«tloa ia eeturiXly lsh«rant, wa auat

dlatiagui^ nfeet balaaea to It ia ao far aa it la en aeeidaat, »ad

irtiat balox^a to it jraaiaaljr a« a valatioa. Aa an aaeidant It la in-

haract in a aubjaet ead d^iMKidaDt upoa it; aa a ralatioa it ia Jxuit

aa ortibar to mtatMxism alaat

Ipaa valatio, qiaao aitiil aat alind «w» ardO ualiit

avaatuBTMi ad aliaa, taiud hAbat taqtumtaa aat aaal-
Aaaa, at nliud ia^anttM aat ralntlo vol ordo« laf-
qaaataa mhk aaaidwa aat, hdbat sjiwd ait ia sal^
Ja«to, aaa aitttaat iaquaatm aat rolatio val or4to; aad
olun gmod ad oliad ait queai ia eXiiad trKiuiiaaa» at
(laadMMada r«i ralataa aaaictana. Kt ita v«latie Mt
allftttid iahaarana* lieat bob ax hoo ipaa quod Mit
raittio.^

Ralatioa ia aot «iloaa, boiravar, aMBf tha aaaidaata ia

haTiac tbia tiwfbld aapaot. A aaaiMvable diatitsstimi MB ba Mda for

aaeh of tba othwa aa wall. Ihotti^ tbay hava ia aaaMaa tha gaaaar&I

BOtioa of aooifiaot with ita farmal aoaatituaat of iabaraaea, yat aaob

«aa h«a ita ova paouXiar aatura by wfaieb It ia a diatiaot kiad of <)•>

tarMiaetion of aabatoneai

la uaoqaofjaa aoraa praaiiaMMUtanu dtw inraaioi

ii

aoilieat rationan tieaidaatia at rntioaan proprivH

illitta gaaaria, aiaut maaatitetia val qoaXitatia.
Ratio antaa aaaidaatia laparfoatianvB amitiaati quia
aaaa aaaidaatia aat iaaaaa at dapandara, at eoaqpoai-
ti«MB faaava aua aiftjaato par aoaaoquaaa. . • • 81
CgAPTll IT !>««• 183.

Mit«B mumlSmrmma jrosvicn i«tioa«M ouJu«ll)>«t saiMrls,

VM<Ulb«l olloruB a«B«vuH, prawtw ad allquid, Ijaportut
lapcrfMtioAflnt qowtltaa wiai lud»«ik i»«prien ratloMni
ia e<M9Mar«tton« ad sabjsotwai Mt «Bln qaiuxtltiMi mat-
a«r« Mtetuilia*, qualltaa dlqpoaltlo Mbstaatia*, «ft
•lo pat«t in omltuB aliia.^^

Hi* tomtX ohamatcr of mi«Ii om of tho EtoeldMtaX o«t«0orl«s esn b«

distinguished froa that vdiloli it ttas eui an aaaidast. As sa aesidsnt

it is dsflasd by its proper naansr of olstias. As a ^artiouler s«aus

it has an intalliijibls obaraotsr of its own aooording to tho manaar ia

vhiob it nodifiss so—thing also, but ell aaespt raletioa, baeauss

tbair rmry notion invol'ras soeasthjng la a subJsot» sannot ba odsquataly

distiaeuisLad fraa thair eoeidsntal aods of baiac,

Msttoa of Kalc-tion

1km distinetiOB batwami tha p«rtieuliv fozsua ehfTeot«r

lAicb tha oatacsriss ham as distinct flsasva ead ths eennoa eharaetMr

Dhieh thsy hava fraai thair aaBasir of aacistina as aooid«its, raaells a

statasMMit aliioh ws not bafora, that ia res*^d to all bsiags «• aey ooar

aidar thair iatalliaibla «baroat« ( ratio ) «nd thair «tst of mistiac

(asaa).^^ Ibia is appliod to aoaidants gMMVally, ead ia of peiriicti-

Inr iapsrtaaea ia rsgard to rslatioast ter saOy oa tha basis of this

distinetion eaa wa pradieato ralatioas of ratioaata boiagi

la raliitioaa, siout ia oomibus eeeiciantibus. ast duo

osasidararat aeilisst ssss suhb, sssnadai qasd posit
aliq[ttid ia ipao, protit ast naaldaaa; at ratioaaa swa.
•ssttatMi ^fum ad aliad rafartur, ax qua ia «8aara
dstsmdaslo oellooatvuri ait ax heo rf^tioaa asa habat
qaad psast aliqguiid ia ao do qpis dieatuvt oisiit shmm
aliaa fomas absolutaa ax ipsa sua mtioaa habaat quod
 •litialA in M
d» t^ao dlmntur, peaeat. M
idao luva&i-
untur qtt««den r«lAti(»«« aibil poiiMit«a In d« itio w
dlountur.^

«• Hust flttoapt to dlaooTO* Just «ihat tti* aatur* or intel-

llgibl* 6harM%«r ( rHtlo ) of rolatlOB la. th« rmfj •lotpliclty of tho

notion aakos it herd to gfaap* lMa« «m of tho prtawcy <«»««» it

Mttnot bo proporly dofinod, Mlaeo o ftofinitioa oonsist* of eonua «ad

apocifio diffaar«ao««^^ Duoro is no hl|^«r smaut to whieh it ««n bo

roteeod. t^^o eon «iTo only fkppxoxlaato ^ymmywi «r oiiaiTolOKt oxproo-

(

•loan or ostrinoio doooriptioaa* as wto of tbo ootoflorlon or prodioo-

Mat* of boins, it in dintinguiniiod fra« tbo eth«r« by « ptortioaltir way

in tthieb wo mkm prodie«ttioan of boingo, m nay prodleoto awMthing

on boiag «h«t tbo attbjoot lot oad tbua «• b«vo oabotonoo. Or wo aay

prodioato aiwMiiTilm an boiag ia tbo aubjoott end tbat oithar abaolutoljr

or nott

aaua do anda vt praodioataa aaaaitar aoanadni qaad

fl

inoat aubjootot quod luidaa iiraodieat«ia« vol inoat

•1 par •• at abaoluto, at oonaoqinaaa oatariaai, at
aio aat (jaantitaa: vol ut oonno^aana ftanBaa* ot aia
aat qualitant vol inoat oi non ubaoluto. aod in ro-
i^poottt ad eli<>d. ot aio oat jgd sli.uid .^*

Iha aatapar/ of roUtion or «| aliqaid la ivodioatod of aonatbins not

on a paroly intrinaio datwaiinatiM bat in roopoot to aonatbing alao .

thia ia why it ia givaa tha n«Ba TT/yo^ -n or ad alioaid — to eoaa-

thinat for tbat ia ita diatinetira obaraatar, ita rctio i "^Toitria

roletionia ratio oonaiatit in aa laad oat ad altonaa."^^ If a rolation

ia U aaaatbint, tbat aaaMO to it, aa wo bawo aaan, froai ita boing an

quPTW n fug* lit.

•ooidont, not rUrvetly fran it* diafelnotlTH natur*.

Tb« %wa tt«*d obll<|u«ly 1b th« Bber* d^terlptloa of th«

9m%9mwi— to diatla^aiA bvtwMB r«lAtioa tmi qauitlty ead quality

la —Hii» iwM Atrvotly to vsiirMW thm twnml eharaotfr of rolstiottt

it lo said to oonalst im a rtm^syot to amMrthine oXa«t

r* rationo aat«B rolatlonls «et r—ptotim UBlua a4

elterum,^A

la vol«tioa« (sunt) duo, scilioot golatioala y—inn^

^iMl. <iM»sd altoruK rofartur, la r;ix> oauaiatit rola-
tiOBla rKt loi at itonn Ipaun ••«• roletloals, auod
bid»«t soouadua <]Uod la «li«a!tta r« ftmdatur,^'^

Tbla la an attoKpt to aacivoaa by aa apfvoxiiMto aymmfm trwuiforrod

tnm a pbyaloal roallty sa latmsiMo a»tt^^ai«al ooaoopt. ria«po«t

la dorlTod from tha phyaloal oparatloa of aaaiac* aad waaaa a ^,ook c»

rapayd . Oricianlly it siaaat a nook baok"; but mui teoadaaad to naaa

a "look orar or totrards.^ tLua tha ralatod bolos baa la addltloa to

ita aaaantlal aatura an addad parfaatioa bgr ahleb It "looka ta" aoM^

thiag bayaad Itaalf •

Dm aana offort to axplnla tb* aatar* of valatloa fTon tba

jliyaleal ordar la aaan la th* word "ralatloo'' Itaelf aad ita oagaata

v«rb, to raf«r« th* flrat a»aaing of r^imr* la "to aatnry baak** { aad

tba ooua riatio darlrad from tb* jwat partlolpla of thla v«rb, r ^y
,

twk m naaaa a '^aarias back.** Appliad to tbo«dbt, tba T«rb aaaaa to

aanry tba tbouekxt of ona tblag orar to tbat of aaotbaar. Tba tbiog of

abiili th* oaae«pt la oarrlad ovar to aonatblae ala* 1* aald "to b*

rafarrad". Mtd tbla a**d aat ba raatrlotad to tboutibt oaly, far thara
!• found e vaiufon ! things irtqr th4 «hmi«kit of oatt is axtrndAd to that

of esethor* Thii la mmm boarinc of oao thiae apoo enothav, mbo ox^

Altttttloa of tho thine to aoBOthlag oloo. Xho things, than, la 8?;iid to

bo roforrod in tho oonoo that It la no 1& Itaolf , «Toa iBd«p«tdaBtly

of our tbotti^t* Iho foot of & thliie*a bolne thua '^oarrlad orar" la

ttooordiasly gl^on <'S tho ratio of roXetloftt

la roletioao, aleut la osgalbua seoldantibua, oat duo

oaaaidarorot aeUleot oaao mum« aoouados qusd poait
«li<iaid la Ipao, pmmt oat (iooldaea: ot ratioi^ auM»«
aaatiuina vamm «d allud yofartur as ({ua la ^^momf da»
toFBiaeto oollocatur,-^

soeuBduB ratiqaoa ouaa noa b«b«fl qeuod sit «lic{ttid

sod aolMS cMOd ad oliud yofagK»M)r .^^

ttttoB, a«i«i atwadmai raticuuai goofevia

Ad allqiaid
oa iagnrtat <[Xiq»«si dopondantlw ad aubjootumi
lM» rofortur j^ aUgatid •SSfil*

Altbsutfi tho cMriLfiiaal —aalng of rofogri hoa groatly ro>

oodod as tho varb la uaod of rolativoa. it la aot entirely loot.

This apyoars fn» a aneh boldar axinrosaiea wAiioh 4<iaiaas drMs tnm

liqrsloaX taotlon la ordar to ooaragr tha elusivo iws aai ag of rolatioa.

Eo spoaks of tho riAatod thiag possii^ ovar to thnt to vhleOi it la

rolatodt

laquaatua ania aesid«is ost» h^at tiaod ait la sob*

Jasts) aoa autaai iaquaataa oat rol«tio vol ordo| sod
solm quod alt quKSi ia eliud trwaaiaos. at (taoda»>
odo rai rolcitao aaaiatana. . • quia auR ratio bob
parfioitur jvout oat ia aubjooto, aod prout traaslt
ia aliud.21

Bolfitio «tttaa noa aUPftifioat . • • ut ia subioeto

i» sod ut l£ traaaltu quodaa ad^allud .*^
TtiB Oo— not, of oeuno, bma • pHyaiood |MiMia« or iMoawtlan,^

but ra%h«r tluit •jhmuummi of tho r«l«toA thlag to it* taw whloh ecwwNi

tho thoui^t of th« p«ire«lY«r to pab* fiHua on« to tb« othor.^^

A BOM p«^obolei^eal t«m usod to oipXala rolatlon is

ow^arison ;

ltet i. pToprie roltttioniai oon &e«ipit«r ••euaduB eoa-

peuratlQiMB ad iXIud la i^uo ost, soA OMWidMn jguBBI^
tlflttwa ut all^ttld «xtr««^^

Thtwtfi tho first 1—aniBc ot tho word would bo ea set of tho rational

fnottlty ooHp«rta« tho subjovt to its toon, it is tMMfsrrod to tbo

Sttbjoot ooqpsrsd as itsslf oxsrsislas suob a rospoet to anothor. ^xad

this is porfoetly in ksoplne with tho atsaaing of ratio, whleb is ea

ahsolttto aaturo as intollit^ibls or as crauqMMI by rsasoa.

Horo Mrtafiqrsioal tsnis ara also usod* Ono is faabitudp .

It wsaas '*a haTias** — ths ONaasr ia whi<^ a thiag holds ttsolf or

•laaii. A rolatioa, than, is tho aaamr in whioh sas thiag holds

itsalf or staads with ro^poet to aaothart

Ipsao ros aatiiralsM oardiaaa st habitodiaaai habsst

adiarieoD.'*

RalHtiTn qUBOdaa snat iaposita ad sigatfiftMadum Ipsas

hrt>itudinas ralatiTas, • • fuaodan two sunt in^oaita
•d sidalflosadua ros guaa sraaoiivaaattxr qiBasdHi habi-
tttdiass.^^

Anothar is ordo , mis bsms to bo ;:)t. fhOMs* aoat aaturo sad jiiilo-

siiiieal so^rossioa of tha aatura of rolettion. I^ it ho oiplalas roal

roletieasi
CKAfrai y P«C« 168.

Ohb «aSM rslatie, (]tta« Mt 14 rafewi. •MMlstat la

ordliM ^uodiaa usIub r«l ad alliOB, oportet tot nodls
k«JiMM>41 r«latl«aM •MM* <9iio^ bo41« emitiiiglt ttWHn
rm ad alloia ordlaarl.^

A rael raXatlen eonsista la tba ordar of om rael thiag to anathv.

Bat ordar la not exalualTe to raal relntlotui. Oar aoAarataadlag mst

WgiB fMM thaa, tor all othar uodaa of balag are uadaratood fkva raal

bolaga Othar aodaa ara kaown by thalr dafiolaaoy fron tba raal aad

eotual. la ragard to ralatloaa, fUl, tha pwraly ratlooata aa wall aa

tha raal, haira ordar e« tUalr lataUlglbla oeaatltuant, wharoaa a

raal ralatloa la aa ordaor of two raal thlasag a ratleaata ralotlon la

aa ordar of two eoneaptet

slout racO-la roletlo ooaalatlt la ordlaa ral aA ran,

ltd reletlo rtttloala oobalatlt la ordlaa Intallaetuum.^

A quaal daflaltloa of ralatloa aa tmelh would aeoordiagly bo orflo aaiua

ad allttd — tha ordar of oao aatity to aaotttar*^ Ordar la, of aouraa,

»ot tahaa bwa la tha oeanrvta aanaa of tha ladlvldaala ea oaa laval

of a blararehy takaa oollaetlvaly, bat la tha i%batr«et ummo of **ordl>

atlOB**^} ead thla aot la tha aetlra aanaa, maealag tha opMratloa of

puttlag thlasa Isto a datasiaaad baerlag to oaa aaBthor, but la a fonaal

la, aa tha rmtf baarlae or ataadlas whloh oaa tlilag haa to another.

inm thla foxval «liaraot«r of ralntloa aa tha order (or

t) of oaa thlas to aaothar «• eaa aaa vAutt Ita alannta ara.

nrat, thara «ra tha two dlatlaot tflma ralatad, whleh aaa ba callad

tha "ii trm i a "! tha oaa balag tha aubjaot, that whl^ la raletad. tha

othar balag tha taan, that to whlah tha eubjaat la ralatad. i^aaklat
CHAPTtV '•«• 16«.

of erdar Sa gaa«r«l /iquisas poista'out tbr«« r«(ialr«Dumts: priority,

dlatl&otioa, AoA a roesoa or bnolBi

Ordo lA ratloae Mtn l&oludlt trl6« •olllowt ~

ratio-
1MB prlovlo ot posteriori*. • •—laoludit otlaa dlo-
tlAOtlCMMBt <iiui« Don oot oTdo Dllquoanm aioi dlvtlao-
tonn. 30d hoo obgX* preMuppoatt aemm ordinla nvam
•S^amoa*.— iMludlt otloB t«Ptio retlwMn ordlnla,
«i ^M oliaM «rAo In spooi«B trahltur.^

OrMr pTMRtppOMo iMltipXloitjr sad th«rof)9ro aiatlaotloa of vmdbttm,

far rolvtloa tb«ro nut bo two. Ammg thooo th«po 1« it o«ftHltt b»f«n>o

ad aftor. In relation tbo Mibjeot la ooasldorod first as tbat froai

slilsli tlio rolatiott starts, sad tho torn Is osasldsvsd sssoad as that

la wblcb tho rolotion termisetes.

Bosidos tho dlstiaet oMMbars or<lsr ro(]alros a rsasoa or

basis, nils gXwm us ths sooond alsasirt of rolatlsos, that weoerdlaa

to wfaioh or by roi son of whl,«h the subjeot lotdcs to its twm, Thla la

roforrod to as tho fbuadetloa or oettso of tho rolatioa. Sooauso of

ralatlo&*s ranotaaoss froai substantial rec^Ilty, this foundation aost

bo soas oth«r aooldsnt:

rolntlo hsboot dsbllisAisMB osss, quia oeaalstlt

taatua in hoo <iUOd oat ad aliud so haboro, oportot
t«sd sapor aUqpod aUud aooldaas fttadotar. fsls
pasiTootlora aooldsatla sunt sropiaqfulora sslMtaatleo
at Ola aodlantlbua alia aealdaatla Insunt.^

various aceidaata aro amad aa tha Ibuadstion, aoposlally (luaatity*

quality, «id aotloa aad passiont

ss^ms ^x* 170*

B«I«ti«M« ftnlMKtur m^p«r a&iquid quod •»% omtMm

IpMTua in 0«ibjMto» •ieut a«^«litn« a^pr« quasti-
tolin, •% 4toaialyB mpam pot««%ii1)«H« • • 3ialIltii4D
•nla siiERlfieRt relatlOBcm emuetm «« unit eta
q|kiali%«tia, qua* raletio rauuirit diatloeta mxppo^
aita; aat a«ta ainllltude raran dlff«a'aBtiv
^aalitaa***

la aoaaal&at dlffarwt tama thraa AlTfaradat basaa of r^atioa ara

nwiar atad 1a tha ooasMmtarr oa tba fc^ai^yalea. fallowing tha dlTl-

aloB aada by \rlatotla, Thagr Kf I. mutn ead lueatlty, S« aotloQ

aM paaaloa, and 8* naaaura. Tba Inat, howavcr, la not takaa la a

(jaantltatlva aaaaa, but oa tha aaalnHatlon of oogaltlva ttpprahaealoa}

Itmlt ar@o (riilloaoiihtta)%r«a attdea aoruni« q(ttaa ad

all^d dlouaturt tiumran i^lana aat aaeundm
at ^(aetitltwt«Ei« • • aaauadna aadaa aat pvout allqua
dlountur aaouBdun eetloam at paaalMMm* Tal potaB>
tlaM aatlTBA at paaalveai* • • Taartlua aadiia aat aa-
aaatei q[iiod aaaawriiblla dlaltar ad aaaavraa* /^alpl'*
tur KUtoQ bio aanaura at aMUMureblla naa aaouadua
qpiaBtltetan. • •, aad aawandwi ww>awrati«Ma aaaa at
varltatla, Varltea aula aolantiaa oaaauratBr a aelblll,<^

la ttaa a«M laatura /^foiaaa aiylalaa that vtallty d»«a aat aoaatltuta

a aapaarata fouadiRtlMi but la raduead althar to Botloa aoid paaaloa or

to (iUBatlty:

nelltaa autan ral» latjuentun hujuaaadl, noa raapi-

olt alal aubjaetxaa la qfto aat. XbAm awdiim Ipaam
uaa raa aoa ordlaatar ad allMtt, alal aaaoadaa ^oad
^paalltea aoalplt ratloaoR pataatiaa paaalvaa val ao-
tltrsa, prout aat prlaelplua aatlenla vol paaaloala.
Tal ratlooa ^uaatltatla, Tal allaajaa ad (jHantltutaa
partlaaatlat aleat dloltur allijald aiblua alio, val
alavt dlcltar alalia, quad babat uaam alldoaai ^uallta-
ta*.**
marm vi ?••• i7i.

Hw« quality is r«<tuo«4 %o etftioa dad p«Mio& ta aa ak«l), «s quality

follovs AitB aad torn la th« prlselpla of eotlYltys <v to qaeatltjr by

raaaoa of ita IntaitBlty, tba moto or laaa of quality* JLfctar tba rala-

tioa of aimilltttda ia aixpliilxiad to b« baaod oa <iasatlty baoauaa it

watna imity in (tunlity{ but unity ia tha i»riaoipla of nuBi>«, which ia

diaorate >4,UAntityt

siBili« (auBt) cftemm (juilitea aat utaa. • • Cub auttn

aaaa ait priaoipiuiti auHari at sMMura, patat ctiaa,
^(HOd iMtae dieuBtur ad aliquld "aauoaduw m
idaat aatiniifhiw ali^d sd
r ua,

gaoua maari pavtiaaMt noa

—
aedaM aido t«MB haao ultioM aiaa prlaia. Rm parlHaa
raXatianaa avast aa cuadum auBwrtta ad iwngua, ral aa-
euadMB mmaruB ad uaunt boa svtaai a
aanduin taam abaoluta.'^

naaahara st« Iheaaa OMita tha typa of foundation eaXlad

I* aad radoaaa tha kinda of foundstioa to juat ta«, quMrtitjr

aad Mftioa-paaaioa. In hia oonaMitaxy on tha Pteyaioa ha dwrlTaa thia

(with fi rafaraaea to tha i^atertiyaica ) f vna a rnthtr obaeura atatflewat

of ^riatotlo, ooyiac thnt tha fouadatimui «rm «i^af3^ twot

ttoxiBa antaa aupor dae foadatur ralatio ^juaa habaot

ordiaaa ad aXiud* aoilioat a^par quentitstaa at ee-
tiOBMu BHB (faaatitaa potaat aaaa wanaaro o^iMi ali-
aujua axtcrieriat (*£ana Mitan tranafuadit aetioa«B auan
ia alittd* Balatiaaaa icitar qaaadam fuadaatttr au» »
gufintitetaMi at praaeipaa aap«r anawvai, oui owm at it
prlao ratio minanmi, ut p«tat ia duplo at disiidio,
oltipliei at autanltipUei, at ia fOlia hujuaaadi,
Idas atiM at aiaUa at aaquala fuadantur aupar uai-
tataM« (gam* aat priaaipiuM anamri. Aliaa a«t«a rale-
tiaataa fuadantur aupcir aatioaoa at paaaiaaaau vai aa-
auBioi haa qpad aat asiaaa, aieut petar rafvtar ad
filiua quia s«gnit; ral aaeuadua potaatntaa af^aadi.
aiauA diMriaua ad aamai quia potaat mm oaaraara.^
 aantitjr la said to b* eapebX* of Wp^ljrlBfi to an oaKtcrnal tblas a« a

•aaaro, hj an lopllad ooatreait with its firat nnd obooluta fuiwtion

m§ tha intrinaio naaaora of the aiibfltenea la «hiflb it inh«ra«.^ But

tha quentity of oaa thing oan aarra as tha aaaaura of aoaathing alaa,

aa e foot ia appliad rapaatadly to tha floor of e room to eoHfUta its

lai^ttb* Tha <iU8&tit3r of tha toot thua boeoaaa a naaaora of othar

thlflss, /Jid boMosa it aasuras by rapaataA a9plie«tioa» nnribar (dia-

STCfta vMBtity) eriaaai «Bd tha foot ia aeAs tha unit, tha oga irtiioh is

r^aetad to astnbliah nmtotar, Qms unity, tha prineipla of ell umtoer,

ia a form of qoentity. And whan unity is found mans tha othor oata-

toriaa, aa qu&Xity« thOF "T* Mid to ba raduead to qucuotity, and onljr

thiMtft it aarra an a basia of raletion, Iha naaond fftnndation of

ralatioaa diatint^shad ia eotionrpanaiMi. T!t» ralation ean asiat

eithar from an aetion «Dinc «& lb«ra and now (an instcAoa iarasu]Kpoaad

but not mantioaad) , tnm a pant aatioa, or naraly f ran tha bebitual

powar to act or to ba aetad upon in n givaa way.

Rhan ha is writing indapandatttly, at laaat in hia letar

woxks, AqiOnas ttsvally nanan than* two foundatiMM, <2a»atity and notion*

pMSion, as asralusiTo. for instanea:

Ordinatur antan wna ras Rd aliMi val aaoundun quonti-

tatao^ ral noemdusi Tlrtutaa (tetiTam mm pansiTaA*
Ss hia anim aoliM diwbua Rttanditur «li(said in uw>,
ronpoot tt antrlBsaat, usBanratur ania aliqnid non
aolwn a qnastitata intrinaaea, aoa otlaM ab axtria-
aaaa« Par virtutaD atian aetivon WKHVMdqeno agit in
altariM, at par pasaivaai pstitwr ab altami par anb-
stantlMs aMttaoi a« q.iialitata« avdinatwr aliqfnid «d so-
ipSMn tanttn, non ad altanm, nisi par eeoidsan; aei-
lta«« wdii (i«ad (laalitaa, val focwi anbatantiidis
 i

ff*F?fy^^ VNi*m.

«ut a8%«rla« baWI retiOMn virtutls sotlTea v»l

•iTa«. vt ••eiMidUB (jiiod 1b •!• ooiuiidaretxir eHqtis
rtk%i» qumMt^tiB, proot tmm in mbataatla faolt Idaia,
•t wnn la <}ttRlltet« •1»11«, at sMMms, •!• nultltado,
dlaslall* at diTarmn la •laAm, at dlMilnlltt saouaaun
({HOd allquld m^la ral alma nltaaro eooaldaraturt alo
anlB alblua aXliittld eltaro dloltur.^

Dm doatrlaa of thla paaaaga froB the da rotwatla agfmt with thst of

tlM Pliyalea juat cjuoted axoapt thet the two foimd(>tloaa erm nat glTaft

as Baraljr tba prlaelpal oaaa, but aa tha oaly oaaat aad ttaa axpllelt

aaselaalOA of aubateaiaa and ^lutdlty la «ddad» Tha doubla gromda oa

irtilob (joftllty oaa sanre pw nooldaaa aa a liaala of ralatloa tstm tha

aanat ^uaatltgr aad uotloa or paaaloa; for not oaly caay <iuallty ba ra-

duaaA to qutmtlty, but It aiajr alao pley tha r6la of aa oetlva or

paaalra powar. c^ub«t«aea alao la lacludad la thla yyar iaeoi^ <l^fa|a

,

foaotloa «• a fOuaAatloa of ralatloa. la raoard to aatloa aad

paaaloa tha oofriiieala la thla tasfc la «ragr tram tha aatual aetlag or

andarsDias aad diraetad amra toararda ttia priaelj^aa of tbaaa, tha

aetlTa aad paaalTa powcra.

To tha axelualon of aubatenoa aad ^pMllty lMr« affti—

«a aaqr add that of tha four oetagorlaa tMhlah fOllev aotloa aad paaalon,

ahaa, whara, poatura, aad aeaewtranaat, «hl«h la aat forth la tha

paaa^a of tha Uaftaaiuralaa raaaotly eltad,^ Ttam tha axelualTanasa

of (luaatlty aad aatloai-paaaloa aa tha fovukdatloa of ralattoa la afflswad

both bf allfllaatloa ead dlraotly.

nxat» than, baooaaa of ;rlatotla*a third boala for rala-

tloa, ahlolh ha rafara to aa "—aaura,* tha ooafBmlty of aa appg dhaa-

alTa poaar to It a objaet? la aa far aa It Ispllao tha ralatloa of

mtvrm n pas* 174.

•imilltud* it i« r«4u<MA to quaatilky* «• ^^ b«r* mimi. 3ttt a* ««

op«r«tlon it la r«4uead to tha aatagary of aetioa, with that of

paaaioB antarias la ae far aa tba facuity ia d*t«miM4 hj tb* objaet,

Tbla ia obTloaaljr an axtaaalon of tba wanttiag of aotloa aad paaalon,

ableh propwly apply to traaalant eparatloa, uluvaas that of oogaitioa

Wnm «ho aabjaot aad t«na aad ttm fonadatioa «ar oauao aa

tha alanaata tlia raXatioa itsalf nrlaaa oa tha fonacd affaot, end ea

aueb ia dlatiaet trcm Ita alaaaata aad ai^aalally fraa Ita fBvadatioa

aa (oiy affaot ia dlatinot from ita eeuaa. Tf apaoiaa of tha ralation

la aXaa iaftaralaa4 by tba fOundutioa.

itatloaata aalhtione

Nov nftar axeialnlaa tha IntalllKibla natura of ralatloa

aad Ita alaaantat v* era ia a poeltioa to u&dsrat»&d what a ratloaat*

raltitlOB ia. Ia aaqr of tha toxta i^ioh ajq^lal&ad tha aetura of re>

l«tion, a diffaraaoa batwaan ralatloa aad tha othar aoeldanta waa

amtloaad* Cnly ralatloa oim b* h ratloafita balag booaoao tha othar

aoaldaata all poalt womathlag la the aubjaat, Md th*r«f«HPa era raal;

BBd thla, aot oaly froai thalr aet of axiataaaa { —99 ) whlca^* balone-

lac to tha* aa aaaldaata, 1* to laharo ia tha aub jaet ( laaaaa ) , but

•vaa froai ^air awa dlatlaotlT* natura ( ratio) aa a dienat f^ i* i«

of tha aatara of qaeatlty to poalt a Naaaure of tha aubataaoa 600or6-

iag to Ita maltar aad of (juellty to poalt a dlapoaltlon of tha aukataaoa

aaaevdiat to Ita fom.^ Both ara la tha aabataaoo par aa at abaoluta t*^
%h«r«<br« th«gr •*• tOMthias racl in tb« mbstaBM or otb«t«lM» thaor

•r* aothlag. aiAM thslr very ratio raqalrM their r«iiaity, it would

1M pan «»BtrftdietioB to spoek of retionat* qoalitj or (jUoatity

("qaaaUtM Ttl iiMlitM ratlottl^" ). mmalk^ that tbagr koap tholr

ratio la roaaoa tout 4o not mcist In roalltjr. Mot m, hovovor, with

rolatlont

RointloiMO dlfforuBt in hoo sb onailnw olllo renia

ganarllNW, quia as tta»m maA allorai caaMnaa, ax Ipaa
r&tloaa aul babatot quod aiat raa nnturaa, alcrut qtuan-
tltataa «
ratloaa quaatltatlOt at qualltataa a« ra>
tlooa (jualitetlat aad ralatloaaa ooa haSxmt quod aiat
rmt aaturaa as ratloaa raapaatua «td altarwa* Israal-
uatur aala ^daa raapaatua qui aon aiuit raalaa, aad
ratloaalaa taaitwi,^

A q(ttelity that la not tha quality of acme thlag aanaat ba ooaealTad

aM baa ao latalll«iblllty (ratio) t but a raroaat. aa outlook, ean

balaas altbar to tblaea or to tba Kind, aad atlU ba latalllglbla.

Iha intalllglbla «tiar<iat«r ( ratio ) of ralatlau la tbarefkHra ladapaa-

Aaat of Ita axlatwoa in thln^a*

It la baaaiiaa of thla that tb«pa ttrm mam ralatloaa wtilob

ara ralatloaa la raaaea only and oot la raalltyt

Ralatio alio aoda dleitw aaaa alliiuid qfum alia ant in •

la aUla aalM anftibua wwqwiqpa dloitw dapUaltar
aaaat at quaatiM ed wtB9 buub, at ^utoitttii ad rdtioaaa
qvddditatla MMtat alout aapiantla aaaMBiHi acaa aam
•iltoid pMlt in aubjaato, aft aiidlitav aamiadiw r»-
tlaMB attMB pooit aaturaa ipiandwi la gaaara qualitetia.
Sad ralatio aait allquid eaauadua aaaa own *iuod babat
la aubjaotoi aad aaauataa ratiaaaK aam aaa baaiat qcMd
alt allqttld, aad aolun <iaod ad allud raf«retur{ uada
aaauadii ratioB«a mum aott paait allquid la aubjaatot
pomptar qfuod Beatblua dialt quod ralatlTa albll pma-
diaaat da ao da quo dleuntur* lada atlaM aat qiood in»
 T«nltttr ali^dr«l»tuo in t^uo ««t taolun r«Xetlo
ratlonis, «t bob ponltur ibl «|li(mlA •witirtiw r«m,
•lAit soibll* rcfartur ad acl«atl«B.^

lh« relatioa 1« wld to hero eaciotoDOO or to bo ooBUitlklag eooordiag

to tho oslatoueo «ftLl<& It heo la tho oubjoet. If it jib no rool «xlo>

t«ioo la tbo oubjoot, tho rol£tioii OBkaaot bo roel} sad if it ham roal

oxiotoneo la ttM Mbjoot, it lo rosl.

Wo auot otlll, ho«oTtr» imwipyoot too ostvoBM, a torn ao

ooU ao a oubjoot. mio aaMOUi that «er a rool rolotloa tboro nuit bo

a roaX dlotiaetiOA bolwoaa tbo oubjoot aad t«m; etharwloo thoro will

bo la roaUty oaly <mm oxtromo, oroa tbourfli la tbovgbt it any bo lookod

at eo too, !Ebio lo oaid oxplieltly of tbo rolatioa of oiHiiitttdo (oblob

has a «poolel iatoroot to ao) i

Siailitudo quao o«t rolatlo rooUo, dlotlaeti<

ronai r»iulrit; aod oi <{aeo oat rtitloaia rolatlo y^
toatuB. ouffloit la oiailibua Aiotiaotio ratioaio.**

Ibia mxiili—ant lo not, bowovaor, roatrlotod to the relet loa of llko-

aoflo, bat la estoadod to all, ao «o ihall tfiortlr oea.

Qio dlBtlaot torn mat eloo bo roal If tbo relation la to bo

tttu«aiy roalt for Ita osistoaoo dojpoaia apoa both oactroBoai

rToprie rolatloaia ratio oioaiotit la oo quod oat «d

altonaii uado oooo ojuo froprlun, n\imA aiibotaatlao
ooperaddit, non oolum dopoadot eb oooo oubotantiao,
aod otlMt ab oooo alieujuo oxtoriorio.^'^

Booldoo thia thoro onot be a roal owtae or fouadatloni

aolatio habot quod oit roo naturao ox fiia eaaaa, per

^gtitm aaa roo aatoraleB ordiaan habot ed altaroat <iui
qwldM evdo aaturalla et roulla oot ipeio Ipoa rela^
tio.*
 Ub«t «i%«t rvlatlo qmod tit aUqttid rMl«, «k to
^pMd r«latl€MMBi oaus«t. Ooi Wiin in iili({ao iizr«mitur
•liquid r«Ble, p«r quod ad altwraa d«p«oAt«t m% oob-
p«ratar, time dlcliaui r*etllt«p eaip«rari tvI d9p«ad«r«
T«l r«f«rrl| sieut a«qa«lite« r«I«%i« r*alt« poaltinr
•K Tlrtttt* q:Miitlt«tU qtw« MquaXltat«n ewuMit,^

SiMlk a nal ftoundetiim cleftrly pi>M«ppMM rmil axtrvsaas; for th«r«

MB to* no (jtudrtlty axofpt la oobm r««l tbiac* aad th«ro o«tiuwt bo aetlon

and paooloa without aoMOthlag to u«t ant aoMfthias to bo aotod upon,

Aa ia augsaatod In tha aboro tasct, e raal boeidaatia ralatloit la a

•ort of dapandaooo of ono thliMc upoa aoothar. ^ia la trua la only a

vary axtaiutod aanaa «liaa appXlad to quiuitlt«tlva r«aetloaa, but mora

llt«i*&Uy 00 la raiatlooa baaad upoa action and yaaaloa* It oen ba

•aid la ganwttl, bowavar, tbat id^aravar a raal dapandaaoa la found,

tkara a real ralatloa aslatat

Ibl aalB oat roeila ralatla ubl raalit«p aU<i»ld 4a»

paodat ab altaro, vol alnplleltar rA aaeuBAai ^old.
n ffoftav boa aeloatlaa oat raalla vaiatlo ad aol-
blla, aoa aatan a oonvorao, sad aaou^haa ratloaan
taatOB.^

tha dapaadaaea rafarrad to la ttiat of «tia aubjaet upoa tha

tan. nila oonatltutoa a raal fOundatlOB. Oat alaoa tba foundatloa

la tba oausa of tha ralntlon, thora la aIoo a aort of dapaodanoa or eon*

•aqaaaoa of tba ralatloa upon tba fouadatlea. maoanrctr tba ralatlon

folloaa ttpaa anaatHilm tbat balossa to tba aubjoet (tbat la, a—a tbliiK

ableb tba aubjaot haa la rai«lity and ahleb la not aavaly attrlbutad to

tha aubjaet In tbouc^t), than tha ralatlon la raalt

CB.*PTW Tt P«ft« 178,

Oaais aala r«latlo (joe* ooa««^ttitur poroprisM opdr*-

tiooflBi alloujua rel, aut potaskloea aut <iUi»ntitf:t«i
mrt Ellqutd Uujtunodl, r«ellt«r la «o «ati«titi «llt«r
«alm ttMst in aolo lAtAlldetu, aieut «q>|>cff«l 1b m1«
•otU ttt aolbill.

Thia la iXluatrcttad laj tba fraquaotljr «uMrii aaaBpla of aolmM*. <\a a

ralatlaa of tba kaowir to tho kaom, it la raaX baomiM ooaaaqjuunl

upoB tha opoTRtioa of tho kaawart b«t ea a ralatian of tba thing known

to tho kaoirar. It la only ratioiuito booauao thava ia no raal action of

tho thlag kaomii

Bolatlo aoia aolttaitiaa uA aelbilo oonaoquitur aetionan

•elactia, noa mttaM aetioaam aoibiliat aolbila eniai
aodaa oodo —
bbbat, (^tt&ntun la ao oat, ot (luaado ia-
taXligitvir at ^laado noa iatalliitlturt «t idae rala-
tlo ia aoiaata raalitar aat, ia aelbiU eutaet aooua-
tern iataUoetim taattatt dieitur aaioi %uo4 lat«lli|tit«r
aolbila ad aoiantioEi relatlTo as ao quod aol«itlft ro»
fartur ad lp«(aa«^^

ia eaa aaa, than, th&t thcnra ar« earteia ro^ulvaaaata wbiOh

taiat ba caat if a ralatloa la to bo raaX. Xte olananta aM«t ba roBl.

That ia to e&y. It BHat haTO a raal aubjaot, r ro^^lly dlatlaet taaew,

BAd « rottl fOttadation* If raallty is lt.sicing in oiqrona of thaao, tba

ralBtioa is not r»ul| it doaa not ham axlatanoa ia tba ordar of raal

tlOaca. siaea ita iatallieibla aaturo la aojMvabla fran Ita ra«l

asiataaao, tha raletioa ia not deatrejad by a aafaot of reali^i ita

ratio rantilnaj It aasr bo tlwutftt of; aad than it ia e ratlaaate rale-

tioa ( roletio mtlwda ).

Hmvo aro four woya ia wbiok a raltttioa nay ba ladKlag la

voalitgr ead ba retlMuito oaly: 1. if thara ia ao ra«d foundatioa ia

tlM Bubjoat, a, if tharo ia no roal dliraraity of tha aactranaa*

 VI ftftin.

3, if OS* Of Hi* irtww 1« vtat r«al. Mid 4. If ea* of tho oxtrvnao

Qonoldorod as rolettod io Itoolf a roleitiost

St taoo oontlagit .^u^tuor raodis, aollleoft quod slat ro»

latlotM* nctloaia, at noa r«l» Ift y
aodo • • •» qaaado
rolatlo noa biA>a(t ulit^uid la rai natura supra quod fnai-
dotart at iado oat quod qiaaadovko oeatiaglt qpod rolo-
tio raeilitaar aot ia uao at noa la altaro) q^is ia uao
kabot lAtttn qjuMwIi mpra qjMM faadatiur, q|B«a aon babot
ia alio. • • ao«i|ado odp qtiaado rolatie noa habot all-
^pMt roaI«a dlTaorsitatin tatar axtratta, aiout ralatlo
ida£>^atia; ot idoo boe nUiiX iioait oooaaadaia r«n, aod
aolva oomrndtMB ratioaoa «t em dioiiur *id«a oid«i
idan". Twlto wiodo tiuaado doalt^otuz' relotlo ali(;iue
•aftia ad aoa oaa, ut (rw dioitttr quod aea mmn» pri*
oroo illia (2Ui fiituri auntt i«ta oala jarioritaa aoa
aat tdiqua ralatio sooiadMi roa, sod solun socaadum
ratiSBMii qulAralatio roalis oocieit vtrunqitto axtrano-
na ia aotu. ,ttarto mdo quoado poaitur rolatio role-
tloalat ipaa aaSat rolatio par ooipsaa rofortur, noa
por alinB rolatioKun* Uado ia eroetiaria pRtaraitas aoa
ooajuagitur sabjooto por allq^MOB rolatioaon laadli^.'^

fbm first vriy ia wbioh « roldtioaio aot raol but ratioaato

is bqr dofeot of ito fouadatioat tbo aoxt throo ero bgr dofoot of tho

oxtroaoo* Hio dofaet of fouadetioa io disoussod ia tho ssaao paasago

Jttst boftaro tbo words (|iaotod« pm oaaKplo of roal rolAtioa givoo is

that of oquality, founOod oa qutuitity} oasfttMV is that of ri^t aad

loft tsM appliod to laiaols, wharo tbo rolotioa has a fouadetloa ia tbo

divaraity of poworo of tho wiaal, but oboa ri^t and laft aro appliad

to smaattiing iaaaiaato, ouoh as a pillar or ci otroot, thore is ao roal

rolatioa booaaso tharo is ao roal fovadatioa ia tba aubjaet. Tba foaa-

datioa for thia axtriaaie dooeadaation la la aoaM aaiaal, froai obsa

tba dlToraity of poaition ia traasforrad to tbo pillar or straat.^

viion tba fouadation ia aot rod or aot la tho subjaot, tho rolettloa

oaa bo oaly oao of roeooo.

CIL0T9. ft *••

Oa« tef««t iB thn VKtifmMm wmy b« thvlr lade of dlstinotlon,

•uAi •• w« littv* la the relatloa of Idttatltyi ono thing la look«4 at aa

two MA 4Map«r«d to Itaolf • llila «•» b« 4mm bj tho latoUMt aaA la

aufflolMt to eoaatltttta a rafeloiuita ralatloa} b«t baomaa thara era

not raa3Lly tm> thlnga to ba raletaA to mm aavUiav, tha ralatloa Ofutbot

ha raal. Agala^ If omm of tha •MUnmmu la aaa-balas, tha ralatloa aa»>

aot ba raal« haaaoaa hcra too thora «ra not tao tanM la raallty, hot

oaly oaa, iMt alaaa tka Istallaet oaa loak at aoa-balas aa If It ««ra,

aaA by that faat It bea «xlat«Baa la tha latallaot, tbara ean ba a ra-

tional ralatlaa la whleh nea-balag la oaa of tha aslraBaa, Aad thla

*Boa-bala«" aaa ba takan la varlaiia aaaaaa. It ooald ba takaa aa ab-

aolatas aa, a.g.. If «a wara to ttf, "B^Uig la aara lataUlglbla thaa

aos-balag,** It oouid ba a ratlonnta balae auah aa tha &if—X— aaa,

iiwiiiiii(l to tha rael nan la tha world. Or It eonld ba a rani bolat

«h«B leekad at la oaa «ay, but aaraal i«taa aoaaldarad froai aaothar

pelat of Tlaa. la tha aaHO&a aaad la tha taort, ftetwa Ma ara la

tha raal ordaor, net just la tha ordar of tbo««jbt| but whaa lookad at

from tha polat of Tlaa of tha praaent tlsia, thar ara aot, and aa ara

aoft-balaga tram that vlaapolat.

Iha fourth aanaar la vhleh a ralatlaa falia abort of balas

raal la aat ao Inaadlataly dadoelbla froa th9 al«Mata of a ralatlaa

aa tha praaadlag thraa. iwt Ilka tha aaaoad aad third It too la a

dafaot la tha aoctrauM. ^haa a ralatlaa, araa a raal ralatloa la oao

of tha tOTM of a ralatloa, tha aaaoad roletlon eonaet ba raal baaaaaa

thara ara aot two thlaga {rjm) ahlA ara aaaparad* Tha ralctloa It-
 •

••If !• not na nXlqwia Irat only •& j^ all;gu4d , Thlaei «r^ r«lat«4|

but r«letioa !• not a tblBg. '%«n w* •cj tta% • i«Iatioa la r^aX. «•

te aot MU that It is a thl8«, b«t that it b«loae^ to r«»l thl&ga.

A raal raletioa is a r»sj?act or baariag of r^al thiags tiiaoia^lT^^ aad

aot MONily of th^ oAad, but it i^ not ItMdf a thiag. 2t i^ of •«•»>

thiag t£ •OMthiag} b«l aot •••thlaii » nkarefbre it e»aaot itsalf b«

r^I»t«d axo^pt in tbotii^t* fUrth«xanx« {umA thi^ i« th« point whioh

St. TbfiMM insists ttpoa) a r«latioa <toa8 aot hwra a r«^p«ot to • oia

thiae •!•• but it is, ^ its T«cy aatuva, a ra«p«et, thmf is ao ^•a-

tioa of Joiaiae it to it« oubjoet ia rcnlity beoaiuw it !• mer^iy th^

aaasr la whioh tba subjoot itsaXf staate in r«sard to MMBathiae •!•••

WhU^ ia tbtentfit »• oaa look upon a r«l«tioa •• a "•saaffehlac" aad ooa-

•quaotly ralat^ it to maMthiafl; als*, w« oeaaet without falai^ affirm

that it 1^ a rolatioa to ita oubjoot or to ito twNiu Thl^ iio«Id ia-

•olT^ tt^ ia MBi ilMHrd iafinlt* moeImii fnr aaah aav ralatioa would ia

turn h«T^ n relation to its wrt rw o, tmA 99 mk tjA iafinitf ;

Ma •Bia pet«st dloi quoA pat«rai%aa r«f«r«tur a4

•ofeJ^iftuB ««
p«r alien ralatioasBi •tlaa» quia
ilia •tin asdia ralatio iadiAsrot alia asdla ro-
latioa*, •t sio ia infiaitoa,^

Za racard to ratiaaata ralatioas, bowwvcr, aothlag praraata a potaatial

iaflaity aiaeo th« r«l«tioiia ar« aot afflBMid a* in thiaga but only as

thiakebls, aad in thought ohly potoatiaUy, for thigr ara n«T«r all

thara aatttalljr,^
 fl Tm§0 Ut,

.Another peaoag* naalys«« th* v«ellty or uareellty of r«lft-

tlooB with r«f«r«AO« to thalr astMBM, It i« « atodlr of tbe mtuelnoM

of roIMioos. BooMMO th«ro ar« two mt r — ,

i ead rolatiooo la oltlior

dlrootiOB can bo eoaaldorod botwooa tfcMa* tluroo eooblBatiofta roaultt

I. both roli^tioBo ««• rtntionato only; S* both «iro rooli wiA 3« oao i«

rool oad ono la retionatoi

Cun rolatio roQOlrot *•» MCtnat, trlplloltor •• bo-

booro potoot ad boo quod oit roo natur&o ot ratioalo.
IttaadOfiuo «alm oacvfetm^io parto o«t ro« retlonio
taatiai; (juaado oollioot arte t«1 hfdftitoio w»a pe-
toot o«M lator alit^ aioi seouaduM apprihaooioaara
ratloaia tantna. • • c^uaotaa tovo rolatioaoo auat
quaatuK aA atruaciiM wct roaaaa roa anturao} tiaaado sei'-
lloot oat habltttte iotor aliq[ua Aw aaaaaftwrn all^iuld
roelltar ooafonioaa atriquo. • • ^uaadequo varo ro-
latio la uno ait i-oT
aat roa aataraa ot la altoro
oat roa ratloaia tantua. St hoe etuitlaelt (taaadoouBp
qao duo aattrawa aoa oaat ualoa ordlnla.^

Tho flrat oleaa Intaroata us pertleulGrly. Zt la that of raituMl

tloaato rolr^tloBOa la which '*tharo oaaaot bo aa ordar aad boerlag bo-

twoon tho «tlvaa oatr«ooa axeopt t^oordlag to tho apprahwialoa of roaaoa,

nuraa axaajpXaa aro glTaa. Tha flrat la tha relation of Idantltjrt tho

•ooond, that batwooa a bolag aad aoofboingt tha third, ralatlona whleh

follow upoa tho act of reeaoat

. . • utpoto mm dlelaua "Idaa aldaa idm** Via

aaaimdiiw quod ratio apprah«a41t bla oil quod aoon,
taitait lllvd at dno; at ale cpprahaodlt <tu —di
habltttdlaav Ipalua ad aolpaura. ^
slmllltor oot do
oaalbua ralotlonlbua (jaao auat later aaa at
aaa, <^a focaat mtlo, la^aataa ayprabaadit
quAfPRiffi !••••«•.

It ibmild b« noted th«t nil of thai* ty^M of mtual rotleoato rolsp

tlona aro "aeoordias to tha apvrahaiuilos of raaaoa"; otharviaa tbagr

would ziot ba ratiMMta} but only tba lest "fellova iipoa tha BOt of rmt^

B«a,* ma la tha aoaa aaqapa aalon idii^ wa aat rafarrias to tha objaa-

tlTa aaaoad iBtantiona, to saadiataly foundad ratlonata balag» and to

tha aubjaot of logio* /«A tha aocwplaa fit Into tba aana pattarnt

"cwaui aaA i^aaiaa aad tha Ilka," Thaaa logleal intaotiona, tbaB» tof

ntttal rotloaata ralotlona followlag upon tha «iOt of vaaaoa*

If tha oubjaet of logia 1«, aa wa hera aaaa, a r&tloiutta

bails, 1^*B it eaa ba oaly a mtiooata ralAtiont

Ssliai lA his dicuotur od aliquld, lavaaiuatur

(jfoaa
ali(^ aaemtai ratioacB tanltn, at worn aaouadun ran.
:MOd noa a«t ia aliia cnaribuo, (foia alia gaaara, ut
q;aantit«a at (^ualittia, aaauadum j^goveitm rAtloaaa ai8~
aifloaat ali^d alleol liriiaaraas, l>i •»quaa dlauatur
ad alitittid, aigaifieont aaoaadui vnprltm ratioaMi ao>
lim raapaatun od aliud. ::tti 'lUidaB raapaetua aliquaade
aat ia ifaa aaftura r«naii vtpo^a foaoido aliVMW vmm
aaeuBdii «ub aatmi adiaviaaB •vdiaataa auai, at
Inviaaa laoliaatloaMi habaat. lit hujuanodi ralatioaaa
oportat aaaa raalaa. • • liquuado varo raapaatua
aigaiflactua par aa q[aBa dloimtur ad aligidd, aat taft>
tuu in ipaa apprahanaloaa ratleaia ooafirantla uaaai
altari, at taaa aat ralatio ntiaaia taatuai aiaal
ova aoHparet ratio hoainaB imiiBBli, «t apaolaci ad ganaa.""

ma lialtotion of ratioaata baiag to ralis^lon la tbia taxt la «ada aai-

Taraallj} abiitavar is ratioaata auit ba a ralatlon, :>inoa nil baiag la,

by aappoaitioB, to ba found In ons of tha taa aatagorlaa, aad ralatloa

ia tha only oaa of tha aata^ariao that will edait of aaiataaea ia

CBAPTIR ! Pa«« 184.

tlkmuJAt only and sot in reality,' mtiooAt* hwim o«& b« only a r«le-

tioa. Tb* dlatlnotlon battw^m rMl «ad VBtlonat* ralatioos niBd* h«r«

Bgaia oontrlbutM la ItMlf ao am li^t <m tb« mbj*0t« But the

•xpr«Mioa of th* rbtionat* relation is Aig^tly dlffavsnt from vAuit

«• have a«t elMMlMret '*it ia only la tkm v«ry epprabaaaloa of raaaoa

•o^pariag on* thias to lOi* otbor," And tbo axsKpla glTan, thouitli

brief, ie iafbrnntiToi "a« when roaaea eaapagoa aea to «alBiil« aa apoeiee

to cMma.** spoeioa ead cmna ava, of eoorao, logietd iataotioaa.

"Mm* ead "naiaal'' are nooordiagly to be trakaa, not in their reel,

but ia their logietil euppoaition; it is aot a real aea vhieh is oo»>

pared to « reel aaiael, but the obsoluto nfetore (or ratio), men, ehiob

is ooapered to the absolute nature, (oaiaHl. In other words, intea-

tioas, not reel indiriduels nre ooa^pared. The ooaperisea (taken net

la ea eetiTe sease ee the aet of eooparias, but objeetiToly %is the ««gr

ia vhiAi the natures th«DSOlTee stand to one anothor} is the rationate

relation.

This is eleerod «p and reinforeed in one of the replies in

the s«M article. THe diffemt kinds of raltrtiosa i«hieb follow upoa

the operetioa of the intelleet ere diatiaoaiiriied. Bad one ie said to

be ratioaate, the oth«p reel. The latter is the relation of the inter-

nal word to the intellect froa ehldi it proeeeda. 'iiaoe the word is

prodaosd bgr the operation of the intellect, there eea be no relatioa

botveea the word and the intellect wcsopt ea eoaaeqaeat upon the epore->

tion. ant this relatioa U real es beiveea effect and cause. The
 ,

•th«r r*latloa eon0«q.tt«nt opon tlk» l&t«ll«etlTe 07>flac>Btlo&, this on*

rationst*, 1« **!& th« thlnsa UBd«r«tood th«Ba«lVM*t

IMLatlOBM «jiiae ««aa«q|iHUitMr aoloi •paretloiMB lat«I>

l«etua in Ipein r«bua lnt«llMtia, sunt rttlctloa**
mtiOBls tantum, qiila seillo*! e«« ratio ndinvwilt
iBt«r teas voo iat«lloo%(ia. sod rolationos qtuio oos-
•ot^uttntur operatioa«n iatolleotuo, ^uao mnt intor
trarbua latoIXootuaiitar sorooodUwo •! iXlud a ^w» pro-
eodit, noa aunt rolstionoo ratitmia tantua, aod roi;
quia et ipao latolleetua at rctio oat q,uao4aBi rea, *t
aaipBTatttr raalitaar ed id <{W>d pveaodit int«lli«ibili-
tar, aioat raa eorporalia ad 14 q«od ptoeodit oarpara>
litar.M

Tha rationat* ralatioa which follova upon t3ia aat of uBdarateadiag la

la tha thlaga uadaratood , 1%^la doao not naMi la th* axtarael thing

vhi^ iutppana to ba known, but in tha thing pr^eiaaly fm known, that

la, in tha obJaetlTO aeaaapt. int<dt ralettiona «f tattributad by tha

ictallaot to tha aatura aa apprahatodad. thagr ar* th* ralatlona whlob

raaaea "darlaaa" ( adlayaolt ) batwam tm> thlaga aa uadaratood — bo-

twaaa two objeotiva ooaoapta, Tha word adlaprapit la th* ona whloh «a

found uaad in a mwliar of tha aa>at axpllolt tazta d*alia« with th*

loffieal iat*ntlmi aa^ th* quaai-faetlT* op«r«tloa of raoaaa in pro-

dueing it.

In tha Moot iavartant aiasl* t*xt on th* laelaal ralation

Aqiaiaas daaarlb*a thla raletion in th* taaaa Juat aaont it la b*tw**n

oonaapta. IWo differ*nt kind* of ratioaata ralation ara aflaia dia-

tia^aidhad} tti* fIrat ia inrantad by th* int«llaot ( ordo adinyaptua )

tha aaaand foUowa tha uet of kaowlaa bgr a oartoln naoaaaity. Ithoutfi

tha artiola ia partleularly intaraat*d in th* a*eoBd kind and go** into

It at gr*»itar iMgth than th* firat, end it ia tha flrat kind ia whioh
«• ar« •spiMitilly lataoresteA, stlil, beosus* th« irtiele srtlele has •

bMdPlac ttpo» o«r Qiwatioo and th» ooBiynot of t)i« Moosd klad with th«

first throfws addsd light upon It, ths whole artiols Is worth t^viotlac*

first, rat leasts rslatlons srs distlagul^ed fro* reel, thso the first

of ths two kinds Is dlsottsssdt

Oisiit rselis rslatlo eossistlt la ordlns rsi sd r«a, its

rslstio rstloois ooaslstit la ordlae IntsUsetuus; <ittOd
quidsB dupllsitsr potsst ooatlnssrs* \3ao nodo sssundua
quod ists orde est adlnTsntus psr latsilsotum, ot sttri-
butus si 4UOd rslatlTs dlelturt st kujvusnodi mint rsla-
tioass tgnm sttribimatiir ab intsllsota rsbos Intsllsotls,
pwvl smt iBtsllsetss, sisat rslatlo ssssrls st spselsl;
hss sola rslstionss rt^tio ndlnvsnlt eonsldsrendo ordlnsa
•J«s quod sst in latsllsstu sd rss qufts Mttit extra, vsl
stiflB ordiasn iatsUeotaua sd ionrissH.

Uma Vf sssond kind Is distlaguiiMsisd sadi lllustrstsdt

Alio nodo soswdun quoci hujuiimodl relBtlOBSs ooassriuun-

tur aodos la(slll<;sadl, Tidsllost quod IxttsUsetus in-
tslli«it sliqmid in ordlxM sd ttlludj Host lllus ordlasn
lAtollsstus BOtt sdlBTSBlst, sod Msgls OK qusdaoi asoso-
sltats eonssqwttur moUuRi Intelllssadl. hujusraodl rs-
'>:'%

IstloMS intsUostiis BOB sttrlbttit si quod sst la latsl^

Isotu, ssd si quod est la rs, £t hoo quidSEo oontlOKlt
sosuBdiBi q;aod sliqus bob hsbsatia sooBBftiw so ordlaso,
ardinets latslHawBtur; llest iatsllesttts son Intelll-
f«t OS hiUksrs ordiasn, quia sis oasst falms. /ul hes
sntssk qiuod eliqus habssat ordiasn, oportst qi»d utruaqus
sit oos, st utruKqus distiastOB (quia ajuadsa od ssipswi
BOB sst ordo) st tttn«<|as ordiaabils ed aliud. usadoquo >

SMEtsB iattilsstus sssivit ali^ps dMS «t SBitiaa q]ssrai

sXtsorm toatBra toI asutnai sst mmi slout em aesipit
dao ftttBve, vol uana prasBsns st aliud futuwt, st la-
telligit uaasB oum ovdiao ad aliud, diesas altenss ssss
pgrius altsroi uads Istas rslntioass saat ratiools tea-
toa, utpoto aotiM intsUigoBdi eoassqusatss* waeadoqus
sto asslpit BOMB ttt duo, •! iatsUigit sa vm yaim
ordlae, slout eua dieltur »llc«ttld ssss idsn sibi{ st sie
tolls rslatlo sst ratloais taatva. ,uaad»qas vsro aeelplt
all qua duo ut ordiaabilis sdiBViosM, latsr qui^s bob sst
ordo tosdlus, iBBo altorua Ipsomn esssstlBlitsr sst ordo;
sleut euB dielt relHtloaom Roelders SBbjJooto; uads talis
 rvUtio r«iuti<»i« eA quMviwiLtte ftlltid ratioals ••%
taatUB. vaad»q:iM T«ro aoelpit allquld oun ordlne c>d
•llui. ia%aaa««ii Mrt tflrmiiuui ordiaia altariu* «a Iimmb,
UMt ips«M aoa oriSMitvr «4 idlud; sleot eooipl«ndB
Mibll* ut t«ndn» or<lials Mi«itla« s4 lp«wi{ «t ale
euM <|ao4am ar41am «d Mi«i%laa« iww
Mibllis rsIatlTa
icaiflMt; •! Mt ralailtt ntloais tmittm.^

AXl rtitlonata ralatioiui OMWtvt la an orilar, not of raal

tblas to r«bl thing, aa 4o raal ralatlona, but of ooneapt to oooeapt

( Intallaettta ).^^ Thl» ralatlon een ba eoBtrivad, a* It war* artlfl-

elelly, bjr tha Intallaot aad nttrlbutod to thlaga Iumwb {traelsaly as

kaoaa; or It oaa eirlaa aatttrally ia tha latallaet froai tha axtranaa

whloh tha lataUaat ooasldara. Ihove^ «ia thlags ralataA Ao not tha»»

salTas hara an ordar, tha latellaot uadatnitaaaa than aaoordlae to an

ordar aad attrlbutaa thla ordar to tha aoKtroaaa, not aow a£ nadaratood

b«t as tbir «*• ia thamaalTaa. Ttii9 latallaat teas not uadarataad than

to hnTa thla ordar but, ewara of «hot It la telag, conaldara than a£

1^ tlugr raally did* Vae to hava en ordar thlags anst ba ra&l aad tha

ralatlea ntst ba raal. Sat la thla oeas thara Is a dsfaet of roAllty

la tha axtranaa. Tha axcemplaa ars faadllart !• balag to aoa-baiae or

aea-balag to nos-balas, as jvssaot thlacs to fotwa, or fatvra to

ftttura; 2. a thine, to itaalf , es la tha raUtloa of Identity; aad

8. ralatloa to aubjaot. Za tha leat lastaaea tha aoctraBSs vf aot la

raallty wrdsrabla, but ^n thought of as sa^. / fourth laatfuiaa,

also fasdllar, la glran. But It has a dafaot In the foundetlm rathar

thaa la tha aactranss aad ao la ratloaata fMn ona aide. Ilkla la tha

ralatloa of thlas knoira to kaowladtfe.

 .

A* f irat kind of ra^toacits rolatioa, vtiioh <Ur««tly oen-

e«m« our iovostli^tloa, is alao aa oydp Itttolloottyit, maA vraa aaro

pviforljr tb«A %f ao oottA kiiid; /or this ia rogerded not aa an order of

thioga, but praolaoly aa an or dor of ooaoopta* Aad eltbou^ the oon-

eofts ero obJeetlTO ooaeopta, roa lnteU.oatao, the ordar of the paa j

iateXloetee la not oejuidarod aa Wlaaglmt to th«B uadw the focMall^

of roa. but aa attrlbutod to th«a vndmf ttie t^xaalXty of tatalXooteo

(«*attrlbuiiatur ab intolXootu robua iati41a«tiat piawt suat tatalldetae" )

It ia aot the aatoroa aa abaoluto or aa if thagr bad asma raitl axiataaoo»

but the aaturoa aa oaaealTad aad havlag tba ooadltlaoa «hl«9i tbia oon>

eaptloB lc9>oaaa upaa thaa. Ibaaa ralatloaa are ooatrl!iad bjr raeaoa

("baa anSai ralatlaaaa ratio adintratat") by attaadias to tbo ordtr of

tba a«tura ifbioabL ia ia tba intelleot either to real exteraal thiOBS

or to other aaturoa aa tbay ara ia tba latelleot ("conaidarRndo ordl-

avft ajua tiuod eat ia iatolleotu ad raa qoaa aaat axtre^Tel ation ordi-

aaa iatalleetuuBt edlanoan"). That it ia a retioaete raXatiou, aad

tbarafbre a ratiooate bein« (j^a r«ti«(de ) , is clear aot oaly from

ita beiOG olaaaif iad aa aueb. but ».lao fron tba faet that at least one

of the aoKtreBoa ia aot a real thiait but a ooaoopft. Ihe mabjeet of the

relation, the aatara Utalleata aa iatolloote> eaa hare ita bein« onljr

ia the istc^Ueot. and tharafora bgr defeat of reality in the aubjeet

the relatioa aaaaat t>e reel, llxat aueh relationa partcia to logia

vaa etiuivalaally affliMSd ia aoaa af tba tozta aspUiaias locieal

ralatiaaa* Not oaly ere tbeae ralatioaa ooatriTed ( adigyant-.a ) by

tba iatalleet, aa logieal iateatioaa are, end follow upon the operation
wMtm n Met im,

of the infc«Il«et am lo^iecil Intoatiofts do, but gwiM and spMl** ar*

siT«D •• MBMqplMi. Om of tho taatto wbi^ qMko of iomw Mid •pooloo

atfht bo iB%<rjflrotod so a—iilag that sonao «ad opooleo ero Just tho

oitroRM, oad that tho rntlonoto rolstiom 1« botvoon th«B("oieut mm

•yft retio booiaoB iotecdl, ut spoolMi «d gonto**^). But In tho

othor toxt 1* la eloair that opooioo muI nmn» aro thonsolToa rolatlotw

of rooooB ("Kt id«B o«t do oaalbtto aPol«!tl«aib«o qiooo ooiuio<iuuiit«r sotioi

ratloalo, «t gOMM ot opooioa, at hujuoaoAl**^) • sutto rolotloaa, th«ro-

foro, which foliow vjxuk tha set of uadoratendlfia, «ra darlaad by tho

latoUoet, aad aro roXatloaa of objaotlYa eeaaopt to rani thing or to

obJaotlTa aoaoopt, wo aay rlf^tly cell lO i^oal relntlooa.

j

fsroi «diat hno boa« aeld It rtioiild alroa^ bo oIo<ur that

losieal latoatloM aro auoh rolntlona* lh«y aro qwkaa of la tha aamo

way} both foUoa upon thm aet of undarattm^a^t ^^ ^* dovload by

raaaont ganua «ad q^ooloa, ohleh »v logical latontloea, ara logleal

rolatloac, Intaatlona la iCMwal ara aoaaatltOly ralatloaa, ao wo h«nro

aooai

Zatoatlo la retloao aua ordlBMi qfimtlbm ualoa ed

aXtarai lag^ortet, Ordo autflci ualus ad alt«nm
tmm aat alal par IntoXloottm, oujus oat ordlaaro.^*

Iho dlroot latentlon la on order, a roal traaaoondantaJL ralntloa, of

tho latoUaot to tha thlas kaom. Tba raflax latent loa la aa Intoo-

tloa of tha dlraot lataatloa, aad hanoo a roletloa of a rolatloa; aaA

tHUk a ralatlOB* wo hbTO aaan, eaa ba oaly ono of roeaoa.

CBAPTffi n r«8« 190.

It will tMi SBd* mfma waaem appiatmA thet logloal iDtentloaa

arm ralcttlons ot r*Maoii «h«i th* iBtentlotui pvop«t to •«oh of tho

thro* eeta of rmmm aro oxantaoA la tho iiMct tbroo A«Dfk«r«. Mmuh

whllo a briaf iaapoetlOB of aoam of th« t<ata vhteh Indieatad tha

aubjaot of logle will thxobr furthar lladtit on tha baarlag of ralatioaa

ttPM logleal baiag and logleal inteatimie.

Ibm pa»a a»a at tha bactaning of tlM omwma%u'$ oa tha athlea

wblah dlatlagulahad a aaparata doaala for "ratioaal pbiloaetftiy*', daalg*

Bctad It ea tha ordar «bl«h vtkatm aaka* la Ita oaa aatt

/•liaa aHtan ask Qti», (jaam r«tlo o«aaidiraa4o fnolt

ia yraprie aata, poka aiai ovAlaet aaaaayliia adla- wm
Tiaaa, aft aicaa a<maafik»nu ^iul« aant aieaiflaei- ynn
tiva*. • • Qraa flMt«a quae ratio ooaaldaraado faelt
la fsvprio aata, partlaaft a4 ratlaoalaa {Alloaojjhieni,
•ajiui oat oooaltenra ordiaaa partian oratioaia aAia-
ioam, at onUaam prlacipionm adiavioaa at a4 ooaoltt>
.66

8iaea ordar la a ralatloa,^^legla ataAlaa tba ralixtleaa la raroon'a

acta; and thaaa ralntioaa Bf aot foaad thara raadf-aada, but va-

aoa Mikaa than ( faelt) • ^^ad it doaa thla by ooaaldarlut; » but ooa-

aldarlag «bat? It la aot primarily tha ordar, tha ralntloa, itaalf,

b aaaaaa aa ordar anat ba tha ordar of walhtBai aad if It la la Ita

oaa «iet, th«ra mat ba aa objaat for thrt r>9% to ba aaarelaad upoa or

It aaaaet axlat. wbet ranaoa ooaaldara la tha flrat Inateuoa la tha

raal thli«a oMatioaad Just bafiora tha vorda ^itaotadt "li-at qoldaa a«4o

qaaa ratio noa faelt, aad aolvn ooaaldorftt, aleut aat ordo rarua

aaturclltn.'' i^y eoaaidarlag reel thla^a flrat of etll it aao font

•iao«|i«« of %h«M, and than 1% him ihm MoMvIa whioh it ma ord«r.

B»fl«ilT«ly It e&n than kaov the ooooapta, end In oozisldarine thosa it

evAara thaa aaA nt tha soaa tlaa kaowa tha ordar «hl«h it la aateblliAt-

iae* ^f "it la ttta pcofar fuaotlon of Jttmm to aatabllah ordar' «af

*te kaow «rdar**.*^ It la thla ordar, thaaa raltntlons, whldh erm tha

aiibjaat vkiali loelo atudiaa. Thaaa ralatlaoa ara lUuatr&tad flrat

tj tha ralatlon of eenoapt to oosMpl. In tha aaaond a«t of •waapl^B

tha flrat ralatlon la that of attribution or pradloablllty, tha order

of tha parta of a aantaooa to ae^ othM*; that la, tha raletlon of aab-

4aot and pradieata. althw aetual ar potaatlel. Tha raletlon swntloaad

a« tha final axaBt>la la that of oooaaquanea, tha ordar of pracslaaa to

•aA othar and to ooncluaiona* aueb raletloaa ara tha ordar v&loh

"paortalna to ratloMd jltlHaotiy* oxB which it oonaldara aa Ita aubjaat,

A ralatlma onlttaA awng ^a abova aom^plaa, and nadar«% an»

dably, ainoa tha Hat nakaa no pratanaa at belns aoii9l«ta, but vhlah

navarthalaaa la la raaaon*a own uet, la tha relation of eoneepta to

axtarnHl things. It la saentionad In a paaaaae of the ooBDwatary on

^* ^*rt Kenaanelaa qMOtad in pari wban IntaBtleaa ware being oon-

aldaredt

HujuflBOdl miM InteotlOBM Gvi^WM^*"} ftonaaft

IntallaotuB ettrlbaaos ••• aatttraa lotelleotee,
aeeuadHB quod M^parat Ipaaa ad rea, qvee wort
extra anloan**'

Ae kaovn nature la the obJeetlTo ooncapt. ^en the intelleet

thla nature to the real extamal thlnsa. It form a raletlon, and thla
r«letlon la tb» iat«alio& of uBlvarMlilgr «ltl«ii It ttttrllmtM to th«

Atun •• kamm.

In th« Ilsbt of our imrottigetion of loglonl rolationa and

of th« tmo tazfea juat eouMklMM wa b— r fullar 'i^^aalng 1a a peaaaga of

tha ooaaMMtarjr on tha Poatarlw y^aalytloa ahlifti wa found to ba rothar

ai^Xlelt la ragerd to tha aabjaot of logle:

;ula ciraa oaala quaa la r^Mia auuat habak aatotlarl

mtlo (loglaa autan aat da oparatlOBibua ratioala),
lagiaa atlaa arlt da hla, i|UHa oonaoala muM aa»lbM«,
Idaat da tataiitloallma ratloala, auea ad eakaaa v» m%
habant, Nea autam It a, (jood logioa alt da Ipala raboa
eoHHUBlbua, alout da mibjactla. Ccmaldarst anltt logle« »
aleut aubjaeta, ayllmUwaia. awtttlatloaam. craailaattta.
attt «Xlqttld bujttaBodI.ev

Kara latautlaaa ara glTaa aa tba ayibiaat of loela, «ad tba aylXoglaB^

tlM pvopoaltlon, aad tha pradloeta ora aaaaft aa aacaaitXaa. '<ut tha

qrlloglan la thut ralfctlon of praniaaa moatt ^amalvaa aad to tha

ooaaXtulon th«t tha EtMoe apoka of; tha joopoaltloa la oaa of tha

"raXntloaa of eoaa^pta oaaac thaaaaXvaa" aad ta aa orstlo, vtleh la

aa "oraar or raXatioa of Ita parta"! aad tha pradleata la a eoaoarit

aa ordarad to aaothar* Hum tha lataatlaaa clvaa hara oorraapoad to

tha raXetloaa aaatgaad to Xoglo la tha paaaaga of the t>thloa .

Tkk9 a»at aoq^Xlait pa«aa«a of aXX ragavdiae tha aabjaot of

Xocla »as oaa fvoa tha ooHMntery oa tha fourth book of tha featartaraloa ;

•m aat dapXaatt aaa aolXleat rstloala at aaa Baturaa.

tea attta* ratloola dleltor propria Am illla latanr
tloalbua, qoaa retlo adlnvaalt la rabua oonsldarbtla}
aleut Intontlo ganarla, apaolal at alaslllva* qaaa
CgJOTBRTI !*•«• Its.

quidMt apn lavaiiiuatur la vmtmL aet«ra, a^d ooaald*>

rstiOBMi ratioDla oeiuwquimtur. St httjuaaodi, aollleet
«ui ratloolSa act propria mibjootun Io^Im*,*'^

Th« propar a\d»Jact of logio («bl^ la irtiot wa bfava baaa Inraatlgatiac

thaaa Muqr pataa) la a«ld to ba mtloaata balna aad Intaatlooa. Tha

lotantloaa ara davlaad by raaaoa ( ratio adlxwranlt ) In tha tiiijica ooa-

•iiaorad (la rabua oongldaretls ) • Thaaa Isttar fjt* tha raa Intallaetea.

tha ohJaetlTa aoaaa|>ta» to vhl^ %h9 IstantloM and ralatloaa ara attrl-

butad.*^ Iha IntaalloBa ''follow upon tha aoa«ld«Qr«tloa of raasaB"{

for whan raaaon raflaeta upon tha muuMV la whlah tha abaoluta aetura

of tha thiag kaaaa la wlthla tha Intallaet, It alM aaaa how It migr ba

r«latad to tha thlaga aad to othar eonoapta taA thua davlaaa thaaa ra-

latloaa or Intantlooat «hlA It ettrlbutaa to tha aatura aa It la la

tha latallaat. £nmplaa of Intantioas Inatanaad ara gaaua aad apaolaa,

ahltih wa fouBd to ba ralatloaa. Aad au«h Intantloaa ara aald to ba

ration* to bal%a. But va a«r that If a ratloaata balag la to ba aajr-

thias posltlTO aad aot s aara aagatloa, It ean ba only n ralntlon of

raaaoa. 13x1a, than, la tha propar aubjeet of tha aolanoa of lo^lot

tha retloaata raletlma of oonaapta («hatti«r alapla or ooo^laK} to ax-

tarnel thlaga or to otbar ooneapta, whloh raaaon alaborataa oonaaquaatly

upon Ite oonaldaratloa of rael thlaga aad ettrlbutaa to tha nuturaa

vbleh It has auiealvad traa thaaa rael thlnoa, but In vlaa of tha atata

whloh thaaa naturaa heva frai balag la tha latallaot aad balag kaom.
 PaC« 194.

K>«T III

m jaramam or ai gun ^cis oy HBft3<ii

legieal latantlona nd rslatloas fbllew ^poa th*

of kJiowliia, locle la eeBe«aud with th« seta of bugMa

roaaoii, Ibis ooaoagrn dooa aot« •• «• mw la Ch«9i««r XII» Ivply lAiat

»• attttr tlMso eota «• tlio aubjaot of tho Mlanoo of losla* tho w£b^

joot la tbo latactloiui MUd roletlona nhlob fOUow upon thoao aeta* B«t

alaoa Ita dlraot eoaoarn la thoao IntMxtltna, It auat alae ba ooaoarnad

ladlroatljr witb tba aodoa of kaewlaft vrtildi datwadaa ^«r — aot ao sMOb

with kaovlng aa aA aatlvo pioooaa, tia with tha aoadltloaa sad datacadaa-

tlana ahlOb that proeaaa a«ta upon tLa ooataota of our thou^^t nhan wa

look at thaa praelaOly aa la thouiijtit. 2^ thla roeaoa, tba battar to

undaratond ahat thaaa latantlooa and ralatloaa «aNi» «a onurt awitna

brlafly aacAi of tha thraa aeta of hvnaa tboac^tv aliq»la apprAaaalmi,

jmllrrTiTl, and raaaoBlas, to •— what ita soda of kaawlas la. i&uat thla

ia^llaa x«^&rdin& tha thought oontant, aeii ooaaatiuently ahet la tha

latwtloa pxopar to aa«b of thaoa oodaa of kMwlac. ainea tha Intaof

tlon la aaaantleUjr a raletloa, thla atudy will IbvoIto as «Kenluntlon

of tba alianta of tha ralAtlon, Its subjaot, Ita taro, and oopaelally

Its fouadatlaa, aa wall na tha ooaowiuaiit focwllty of tba ral&tloc

Itaalf,

Aa It la aot tha Intaatloa of thla lovaatlgatloa to anolva

a aoqplata traatlaa on logie froai tba wrltlaga of n, ThoMa /-(ittlnaa,

Wt MiMly to dlaaovar aad dallMlt tba doaeln of leglo, datarulalng

 Pag* 19S.

what it! 0ubj«et U uad «platalng this subjaot, it wiU aot hm a«M»>

•axy tor vm in this final part to dfftarala* all tba kinds ant spMiM
of Intaation portaiaiag to oacb aet of rooaoat a briof tniioiry into

mmdix of tha thrao kinds of intwitioa taksn gansriecAly will suff io*.

ran this anoh is undsrtakaa aoro to illustrata and furthar axplain

aOiat tha logionl intantion (tha gasMS si^bJsotiiB of tha saionea of logie)

is, than to axplaim aa«b kind of intention for its o«n B«ka.
 ffig vnvmati of javnemLTix

nk« first of th« thTM aet0 of r«iaoa la "tbo uBdOTStaadiiic

of iadlTlalblM" { ladlTlalblltuw Intalllgtntia) or staq^lo appr«hMi8l<Hi.

Wo boTo aXrway mms that bjr thia net tha iBtollaet ppprabanda tha

latalllglbla eiiaipsotav ( wtla) . <iui4;dlty» a^tura, or eaaaeoa of tha

ebjaet la an abaoluta mumnt

Qtoadoana oparatlaana iaitallaetaa a«t ladlTiaibllltai

iatalll«aatiai Inqfuaotuai aellloat IntaUaotua iatal-
licit abaoluta oujuaqua rai quldAltataoi alva aaaaatii
par aaipacna putn q^uld t% bootfi val quid albun «!
quid ollVld hajOOBOdi.^

wa nuat sow aamlaa wxra fully vhat It mmw tbat tha quiddity of a

tblag la sraspad hf Itaalf ( par aalwwaa) «r abaolutaly.

Abatrtiotlon

If ona la to uadaaratead buBMn aoealtloa at all. It la bli^ly

li^ortsat to raoogslM tha llmltatKma end iaiHirraetioaa of tha humaa

iatallaot «ad of biMMa Datura itaalf. Un ia not a Ti^an apirit, b«t

baa a aatavlal bo^, aad Im kaawias taakm uaa of bodily avgaaa.

Th0tt4^ bia eoe&itioa ia not liaitad to tha aanalbla r.&a doaa riaa

to tha ijxtallaotual ead iHaatarial laral, it narar antiraly aoaepaa

eartaia lioltatioaa iavoaad ^ tha natarlal ooBditieoa in whioh tha

iMMtarial faaulty onat oparate.

Ibaa^ «• bcva an intallaet, wa ara tba lovaat (Ad aost

ia^arfaat <«oas intalllKaat balnea, and auffar tha limitntiona of

its floclriasi* tepwd«ae« vpoa m bb4r and boAlly ortona; b«lag 1b •

bo<^, but not op«r«tia8 «-» th« font of • bodily orgaa, it is by Mttur*

suited to tho iMDBtorinX oogAition of natarial thiagsi

Bi9 igitur, vm hUHe&s sit ultima in ordiao sub-

SBlaMt
statttiaruB iatalXoetiTenaa, miaiBS partioipat da Tip-
tttta intallaotlYa) at sieut ips<t quid«» saou&dua
natumm ast aetus oerpsiris» ajos latallaotiTa petantie
non ast foetus oivuii oerporalis» its habat neturalam
i^tituaiBMi ad oagnos—nif —
rfWaAitMi art aaoaibiXium
ariti^aa, <|aBS soiit adims aocdiosolbilia sasttnAun susa
Bsturam pvoptar aorw raataviiOLitatan, aad taoaa eognoaei
possont par ^b«tVttStisi&«a saasibilim a jhaBtaaaatibtts.
M «ila his DdMS spffasswdi srlt«t«i esnvasit Datttraa
hmuuMi MdaM* saowdm quod ast fbxna telis corporis t
^(ttea ankaii smd ttaturalia s«ai|>ar MBMSt} taqpossibila
sot, quod oaSaa tamaaa bttjusmodi eovpori «ftit« oogoos-
eat da Tsritato ravuMt ttisi quaatiaa potost alavari par
•a qiuas abstMhaiiis a fkaataawatibua intalli«it.'

fba object propoartimxed to the nature of our iatallaet is tttus esse

to be the truth of oetarial and aansibla thlagSt «hi<A:i, by reeaon of

their BHitsriality arm not knowable as thagr axiat. Ibagr eaa baeoaw
by
iatallifiible only ^Obstreet ion froa thmt natariality* Our Intel last,

therefore, asseasarilir apprshsnds by abstract in« freai pliant asos.

This tbllows fnsi l^e faet that the objeot of a pewor is

proportioned to thnt pcarar*s naturs* Msons sscnitive pomrs we ean

distiagoiah three lerala or grades: sense, operating in natter, pure

spirits entirely free fron onttar in their being, their epsretien,

end their objeet, snd hvEmn ooi^^^tlon, nbleh stands aidavy bstwssn*

Beonuae it oparateo in matter, the prinoiple of incliTi<}ucation, am—

knoars only partioulnra. Pure apirita kaoa ianatariRl things in en

tarial mummt* Ihe bwan intelleot, being imaatarial nnd yet the
faoullv of a MNd iaftoiBiag • Battrlfil be4r« pvopMAy kaows ftonaa

•xletlBfi ladiTiduetsd In iBBtt«p, tvtt not «• tb«gr kt* in sudb aiA«t«r*^

AlttMtt#i th« iBt«Il«et is tt« faeullir of a aool whloh «Ei«ta

la and Infonui aattor, it is itsalf lanotirlalt "iiM fOsna OBnloo la-

atarlalia."^ On the gaaaraX prlaolple th«t raeaptlon la elwaya t&ooord-'

las to th* noda of the r««alT«> {*Gvm mmm quod raolpltur la ellquo,

raoipl&tur la ao par aadaa raalpiwtla. • •'*^;, tba tora of tha tblag

kasaa mat ba raoaivad l&to tUa latallaot ficoordlaa to the lntallact*a

owa MDda «f aadatwaa, that la» iNHatarialljrt

Manifaatum aat ania <4U0d amam (jaod raclpltur la all-

qpB, raelpltar la ao par mdum raelplaatla« sla aatan
aoanoaoltur uBMaquodqua aicut fonoa aat la oo«Boaoaata.^

Opoviat Kflttarlalla oo^iidta la oaiBoaoanta axiatera,

ttM Biatarielitar aad K)e«la laoatarlsllter.^

Intallaotua aaiaaa bunaaaa iiabat aatarai aat^ttlMtidi

oognltloaaa laaMtarlalaBi ex oo^piltloaa oaterlallua,
%uaa aat ^•v aanawai*^

Baft aanalbla aattar la tha prlaolpla of dlvlalon, Ilalta-

tloo, Had ladiTlduatloat

Par atarlaa a«t«B daftanalaatur fasnae ral ad allquld

9

iiaterle oub <.iU[<ntlt«ta datanataata aat prlnalplva

lodlTldoet loala .^

tf tha tmu «r t;ulddlty of tha thiag lowaa la raaalTad Into tha InteX-

laat without IndlTldaatlzig aattar. It la tbara "ahaolutelT^, e4 "aat

fraa* fraa tba raatrletloa aad ladlTldaatlan lavoaad upoa It In Ita

raal, aonorate azlataaoa la thlnga} It la aot there aa in thla or that

 :

p«rti«ular thlat, but la Itsalf, fiMMPtfiis to Ita «wa lfi««lllglbl«

tt«r«iet«rt

AalJMi mlaB lBi«lX«otl¥& eogeoMlt ran ali(|Uiai in aua

aattura •b«»lttl*» puta lapldai UuiaaatOB lapis ab*Mt
soluta* Srt Igltur fbnta IsplOis ataoluta •aeiui'dua
propriOB ratlonoa fanaal«i la aal»a IntidXaetlTa.^^

Ibla **8baolttt«" (cmspliifi of tha qiuiddltir, tbla "aatilas

trm^" froB tha iaAlTiduatin« «>& Mitarlal aonditioaa la whlab that

VUldity aadata la raallty, la abatrnetlos:

Cojaoacara Taro id quod ast la matarla ladlvidUAll,

BM i^cvat oat in tall matarlG, aat ebatnOraro twmm,
a atorla ladlvldMall, ;|u«n rapmaaantoat jliaataanata.
SI idao naoaaaa aot dloara quod lataHaotna aoat« ln>
talllslt aatflrlnlla abatMhande a fHaataaBHtllma, at
par natarialle alo ooaaidaratit la inHHitarlallun all-
qualan ooflBltlonan davaaima*^

Ball^ fy«a of tha Itsltntlon end unlatalllglbllity of BUttar, tlia

foxs or quiddity baaeaaa intallisibla:

Spaalaa anlai rarua Intallaetarua flunt intalliglblaa

eattt par hoe quod a aat aria ladlTKbisll abatrt^baatur.^^

lanaaltaa aula Katarln oonfart aaaa Intalllglblla.^^

It ia not tha slaeulavltr* «« mflh, of tha natOTltd thlas

whlah ataads la tha way of ita balag garaapad by tha Intallaot, but ita

aatariality

Matarla aaia lapadit lataUaatun* alaoalara varo aoa. • •

SlaffiaarltMi aaa l^^adlt latallaatuia* tad atarlaUtaa.'^v

1 hM aala allqald aat Intallaatwa In eota luod aat

laaMtarlala« aoa aatani as boa quod aat uBiT«r»;la;
aai Magla ualvaraida habat qtuod alt IntaUlsibUa
p«r hoe <2iwd aat ebatraataa a prlnelplia mBtvinlibua
indiTidaaatlbaa.^
CaAPTBR Til !*••• iOO,

But lA M MMli «• th« slagul^irltyof etwlai tblnsa «aBMNi aot f^nm

th«ir font to«l firoM th«lr 8Mitt«ar, th«lr siniBXanty !• tl*d up with

tb«lr aBtcrlelityt aad h«ae* »itk their ualntAlli^ibllity. /• a OMe

••(^ttne*, «b«i by n^atraotion the fom ia fraad of ita indlTldaatlac

iKtarial oonditiona, ead ia "abaoluta,** It la ao Uobw ala^sulear but

auoh that Ik eea raxiraaaot ezgr of tha lAdlTldOBla of Ita on apaolaa.

Tha abstmatad font of aaa doas aot rapraaaBt Jttm oar Janaa, Patw or

Fault but ROB ebaolutaXy, wbatavar la aaaantlal to oaa aad ae w»ra*

Ihle la tha aena ftor all IndlTlduitl man; it ia totmoa. to (vll: *Nstara

la Bm aonaidar&ta aaaamla aat."^''

Tha UalTaraaX

Tha oe—amlty of tha aetura apjrahandad ia aot a foraal

aaawttity tram tha netura Itsalf , tr^wraly aaoordlag to ita sbaoXuta

ooaaidcoratioa, baeoasa that la aaithar alagular aoar eomnoa:

UaA* mi (joaaratur utrun ia^a aatuM ale aeaaidarata

poaait dloi aaa vdL pluraa. aaotruBB aoaeadandMBi aat:
qiala utrunia* 9u%, extra lotallaotttm C*i^ • *^ utnua*
<^e poteat albl aeoidare.^

Ia Itaalf ttia abaolute neture la oaly potai^l^lly oaa or ncogr. Bat

«• ura apaaklas of the aature «hl«h la in feet oppraiiaDAad by the ia-

telleet aad tharefbra de faoto uader the oeadltloaa liqpoaad upoa it

by ita exiataaoe la the aouJL (though «a axe aot yet apaakiag of the

ooaalderetlea of thoaa eoodltloaa by the iotelleet) • For the Intelleot,

by recelTlas the fom laauKterlally, randara It eoBaoa aad ualTaraalt

9LXnM TTI Ptft Wl«

cood «at«a
Int«U«etaa
W illi ••% aeitur p« latalleetua.
«iiIb fttolt tialv«rMlltat«a In vabos,^^

Iht Intttlleet eppr«ki«Dd« only \mlvw«allyt

lit «al« MBMS partlouXariUB* int«lleotu« v«are

XA «Mi o»fMO0Olt s«u«« aatttFlalitsr «t coner«k«,

laMBt«rlalit«r at aliatottot*, quod Mrt oogMM«r«

th» «tel« avawMBt ^tEW fer is vttll mmmtA op In th*

ktnry on tb* da jnlwt}

Bt>— Mt Ylrttt* la orgMO eoarpMrali} IntallMrtiui

•so oat Tlrtua iHMtarlalla, qaaa aoa a«t h«t«Mi nil-
ottjua org«tni oori>oreli8* UnmqoDdqvta taxtma racipitur
in allqi^a far aadtat aul, oognitio «ttt«» oanla fit par
boa, qood aogBitim aat allquo woAtt la aoganaeanta,
aoilioat saonftAm aiMilltudlnaa, Has aagaaaaana in
aattt, a«t Ipami ao«nlt«i la aotiu Opcnrtat Igiter t^uoA
»mmut aorporalitar at natarlalltar racipint alalll-
tadlnan ral «ia«a aaatltuar. Intellaetua avtaa raoiplt
aladUtttdlnau mjiuB qpod inta]JLl<it«r» iaaos^raXltar
at iHMtas'ialitflir* IndlvlAoctla sutan nsturiia eoaanuls
la rabua eox^ortllbua at natarlHXltma» aat ax natarie
aorpor«ll, aiito dataBraiaetia diaaoaioaitaia aontantet
unlTaraaXa aiitaa aat paor »batr«atiaaaB ab hajuflwdi
atarla, at aBtarlalibtia oonoltifkaiboa ladlvidttaatllraa*
Uaalfaattai aat Igltur, kivod aiMllit«4a rai raaapta la
•anau rapreawMtat ran aaawUhu quod aat alngaXarlat
raaapta aatan la latallaatu, raivaaaaatat ran aaamdaa
ratiaiMn aaltraraalla n«tav«at at inda aat, qmad aaaana
aecaaaelt at nqMlarla, int allaataa vara ualT«raedle, at
baxvM aunt aolMtlaa.^

Mbaa the unlTaraelity wbldn tba Intallaot txrlana about la

aaid to ba la thlafta ("agit ualTaraslltatam la rabua"), tbla doaa aot,

of oouraa, a«aa tkat the ualvaraid aa auah aalata fcnMlly la oonarata

thlaca. Tbo doatrlaa la olaar Mid oftaa r«paatad tbat ualvaraala aa

m»rtmnt '••

•xlat oaly In tti« soul: 'nteHrwrsnUa* ••miii qaed aunt ualY«r-

•alia, aea •naft alal la mdIbb.**^ )%•% la aanat la that tha nettuNi,

vlilob baeoMaa tmlTaraal tgr tha lataHaetlva appcrabanalon, hac raal

•oclataooa In thln«iat

Ipaaa entoa aaturaa, qullma aooldlt Intantlo unl-

Mraalltatla, aiust In rabua*^

llMR Ifitallaettta lantatariedltar oogaoaolt aatarlallat

at alfl^Iltw natttvaa r«nm, qn** alncnlarltar la
rabua axlatvint, Intallaetua ooenAaelt unircraailltor,
lAaat ebaqua aonaldairtttloaa prlaelplanai at aaoldan-
tl«B IndlTldoalluiR.^i^

To apaak In thla ms of tba natura whiah la opprahandad,

aa a tialTcraal, la to apaeik of tha unlTcrael froai tha Tlawiiolnt of It a

DMa4atl«mt

Httla meo lQt«(Llaotul hmo Intollaotua li;taUlglt

aanua, aon raapoodat nllooa r— eoitva lanadlata
tiam* alt s«Miat aad lataUigaBtlaa, mt qjam oeaaa-
4alt«r lata tntantlo, raapaadat allqiaa vaa.*^

If oatora 8/hl«Ai la apppabaadad la da f»«te unlTaraalt and thla la

tha point of rlaa from which wa taera ao tat baan rafarrlng to tha

ualTarasl, not frtm that of tha nnlTM^aal, adrartad to ea aaeh — froiB

that of tha ualTarael tnkan tarmXly, ' dlatlaetloa la aoaordlagly to

ba aada bat aaan tha netuta whiah undarllaa tha latantloa of ualTaraalltsr

bat aa aonaldarad In Itaalf , aad tha aaaa oatura oooaldarad as balas

ualTarael, that la, rraelaaly aa undarlTlas tha lataatlon of unlver-

aellt/t
 lteiT«ra«l« aapIloit«ar potMit sMlpl. QM
avdtt pve
ip«« netttra, eui lnt«lleetus »«tribuit IntwtlosMB
inlTavMlltatisi at ale unlTtrndla, ul ganare al
apaoia*, aubdkaatiea rarun algniflaact, at pvaaAlaaap
t«r iB quid, ^ttiteal «alB ai|soifla«% aubatantie^ a jus,
da <tm pvaadleatur, at bcno ainilitw. Alio ae^ p»-
taat aaaipl tnlTwacda loquAatuM «at ualTaranla, at a*>
aiuiiua cMOd ooaeldarrtur aalmtil vol hoM> ut uoitt la
mltla.^7

nia natora takaii 1a itaalf is tiM abaolttta aatora vftiiab

«a oo&sldarad auffielantly im Obaptiv V, It Is tba «ftlT«rs«<l eoa-

sidarad MKtarlallj^ cwly. ^liao it is ooasidcrad &m tba uaiT«raMl

facMtXlj (whlab naana thet it U takaii along with tha latoDtloA of

unlTaraalltx whlsh is lopoaad an it), than it la no laager atmaldwad

in itaalf, but afl«ordiM to tba HMuar of OBtataneo aMik it baa in

tha aottl, in aa auoli so it is ebatr&otad froai slngolara and la appli-

aabla to aaflart

Iota autam aatiuni« «ai «dT«iiit intantio onivarao-

Utatia. p«ta aatura hoMiaia, habat duplas oasai
umm qoidM mtari^le, aoettBtea quod oat ia owtaria
aat«rali} aliud laitan ianatviala, aaawndwBi quad aot
la iatallaat«« ^^oeiHidMB igitur quod babat aaaa ia
ataria naturaU, aoa potaot ai adraaiva Intaatio uni-
Tara«lit»tia, quia par aatarieos iadividuatur* .'dvanit
Igitar oaiv^walitatia intaatio, aaeandoi quod Bbat(a-
hitur ( witaria ladindaeli. • • Rallnquitur igitur
qpiod aatara bi— am aoa habat aaaa prrtatar prinoipia
ladlTidaaatla, aiai tantua in intallaetu.^

Vmdm tha intanti<m of uniTarsaXlty tha netura ia lookad

at not aaraly aa horiag it a ova intalligibla dataraiaatioaa, bat aa

having a oarteia aoda of bolng aa wall. It ia lookad on aa baiag oao

aad aasaMa ("!« ratioaa uniraraelia aat uaitna at eoNDaaitaa'*), aa

with all tha intllTiduiila ^vhiob hHTa tha acdaa intalligibla

4«t«raiMiti«a« ("ul sit unum siuld ocuilbua aonNrwdwaa"), asA as bsiac

on* lik«MM r«prss«ottag mexqr ("3*4 li«b«r«t r«tlM.«ai «MBM»itatis

n iiaiiiB qpMt «M«fc nw iii m rsprsMMHilativwi plariuM,").^ Urns it Is

MCMPtsA as ons dsrlvlng txvm tBoayt ''Sle «ila selm est vmua ds BuXtls.

prottt Intelllsltttr prastsr larlaolpla, tpllms unyn In Iattlt(^ dlTldltur.'*'^

It Is ons oT«r aad ebors ths aamrt

QiK»d auldvs uaiv«ranl« dloltur ssss • • •

ffPBStsr Mttlto. , Qoa >iuldsni ssoundum esss, ssd
ssottBduB oeasldsTtttlonsB latsllsotus. qful eoa-
sidsorat aattupas aXlQ,UMB« pula hosilais, oon r»>
splelando »d ::H>eraten st PXatosMU 4ui>d stsl s«>
cu&dua ooasldsratlOMM Ixitalleetus sit umia pr»«t«r
BuItH, tamsa sssuadus ssss sst in osnlbus sliiettlQ-
rlbtis unun st ld««« noa quldsn WHasre, qjaasl sit
sadsM bnnasltas whsvo osdiliM tiswisiiii> ssd sssuadott
ratlOMK spsslsl.^

At ths umm tixam It Is appUsabla to auv nad sxlstlag la

lUud <iaod sst sosssias sst slonl apud naltiA*

Boo tails ast ratls OQanuals ut^ds anltls prtntf
dlostur at la bmIjIs axlstat.^

It la aot* boarsnrar, maetljr ^s notu^l oxiatfmoe of the

to*m la Magr or Its astoal attribution to aaqr aHUsli the IntaUaot

Qoasldars la this lofdoal refloetleat btit raths' Its aptaoss to be la

'I

HilTorstae • • • est antns la plurlbus Imraalrl.^^

lAilirsrsalo est oossuas aaltis;boo anln dleltur

ttalTCPsalo (pod aatot sst anltls laessa at ds aaltls
praedlearl. • • Uaivarsale est qood aatvB est plu-
rlbtts laesse, aoa nutem quod plurlbus Inest.^
1h« ualTCOPMl !• of MOh n xuatur* '
(
'*aatiin 00%'") thut it e«A b* in

ugr dlvtlQOt aubjaeto* In otb«r w«rAs, tk* a«tttr« &• nppvtbMdad Is

•MB to b« a likWMWi Mt oaly of tbla or of that partiottlwp IndlTidual

but opt to MTTo ns A likonooB Of MNqr oth«r««

Iho f irot Bonao in n^ieh tho uniTcrsal i» aaid to bo iii

thiago. 68 Just oiQplAi&od, is thet tho fons »bioh is in tbo intolloot

as unlYsrsal has its voal exist oaoo in tbiags. that is to tnko tbo

uniTsrssl natflriaUy, not forsmXly. fboro is also a sooond ssa so in

«ki«k it ooa bo sold to bo in things* ewon if wo tnlto tbo univsrsol sa

flMSMl; but than it is not in the ro(4. extompl things, but r ether in

^l*^''** SB, ^ttt"** ( jyi& lysis robas IntoUootts) | sad this is to scqt that

tho foxBud uniTorsnl is in the objootiTO direst intsBtion, "^an wo

ware oKanlaiag rolotions, wo »tm that thsgr «sro said to bo in tho things

kaowa ooaaoqeasat upoa ths oparation of tho intolloett

Rolatloaos queo oonssuuuntur selaai opsratioaan

latollootns la Ipsis rebus intallootis. aval
rolatiooos ratioais tanttaa,^

Taklag nhlngs" ps "* things kaown" wo oan sey that oven tho fomel

onivarsel is "in thlags"» end not directly in the aind. For it is

not ettribtttod to tbo soul oar to the iatelloot aa mut, but to tho

tblag or aat«ro whie^i is ia tho intolloot aooordiag ta tho asdo of

exiatanoo whiOh it has thsro.

Lagloal rolations wsro said to bo ettributod to things

whieh are kaowa, jroolsoly aa kaowat

mfimnni p«f. »oe.

vt httjuflBOdl sunt r«letleii«« qua* attribuuotur ab

lnt»lI«otu r«b«ui Intall^etls, proiit suat Int^lsotat,
sioat r«l»tlo gffiMrls at spMl*!.^

Hm relRtlona >;ivfln ca aakiS9l«« er« foranl unlT«Er»^Ia, g«Btt« «Ad

p«oi««« In th« aaa* wegr lo«;leRl inte&tlOBfl or chnr ot«r« ( iwticw )

er« ettxltmtod to thlae^ la &» mxA ns thagr «ir« kaoMnt

1» (giMnai auBt latee rotiooM, sellie«t g«nM •!

•9«el«8, aoa attribult QjitQlloattta} robua MOUBdMm
^pn4 svnt «xt»i RiilBMB, sad aolun aawiaitai qtiod aunt
In lntaUaotu.3^

n« iBkwtlon of ualTtraellty- too It ottrlbutad to tba thine or natura

M ayivabaBAaA} "Intalleatna Rttrlbuit IntantiCHMMQ unlTara&Iitatia

MilttVaa appm^anaaa, (iuaa non b^at la rabua aortre •nlaoK.'**^ Iba

aaaw «ma aal4 tlao In tha t«cts i«hloli Olatlngulahad two •mauti of tb«

unlTwaalt It la althar tba aetera vl^ or without tba Intaatlon of

unlTara*llty, but In altbar eaaa It la tba appriibandad attura to wbl^

tba IntaatloB la nttrlbutodt "netwra eul latellaotaa ettrlbult lataa-

tlaaaB unlvaraeXltatla.**^

tba Ixttantlon of IftilTaraaXlty

lahan wa apa^ of tba ualTaraaX togmXlr «• ••& tba epporo-

bandad aatiura as vodarljiac tba Istaotloo of ualTaraRllty, dlatlao-

tloa la aaoordla^Ly to ba mda batwaan tba Intention of ttalTarafOlty

aad tba natura Itaalf • Ibla la dona la a r*^ ablcrti, tbaugb looct

la of attfflalaat liyartaaaa to juatlfy Ita <}uotatloat

 Cmk dioltur lat«ll««te«i la Aota, ftm lapcnrtaatur,
BolllMt r— 4u«i« InteUlf^itur, at hoo quod wrt
IpMB ia«*Ulgi« »l slaiUtw «aB diftitiir uaiT«r«al«
ab«tKLOtUB« diao intellisuntixr, •ciliovt ip«« notinra
r«l, vt abntraetlo •«! unlT«rsBlltas. Ipaa ieltvr
aatura «ui sceldlt ir»l int •1X1(1 *! abatMhl, •!
lolMitlo ttBlT«rw(illtfttl», ami ••% alal In slnsnlarlbttai
Md boo Ipaun quod ast l&t«Ulgl «! nbstrahl, vel Ixt-
tcotlo uiilT«r9»llt*il«« Mt la lat«U.««ta«
Lt boo poB WMu a vld«r« par «laU.l« la aaaau, Tlaua
aaln vldat ooleran pcol alna ajua odora, 3i avflB guaa-
r«tur «bl alt color aul Tldatur alna odora« snnlfaatwa
aat quod oolor qial Idattav aoa aat alal la panoj aad
<3ttod alt alaa odora pareapttia, hoe aoeiait al ax pnrta
laiUt latituuilwa la Tlau aat slallltttdo aolorla at aoa
odorla.
alBlllt4KF bwutBltaa qEoaa lBtalIl8l1tur« aoa aat alal
la hoe Tal la lllo hoadaat aad qood hwaaaltaa appro-
haadatur alaa ladlvldaallbaa oeadltloalhtta, q«K»d aat
ipauD abatrahl, od good aaqultur lataatlo valTwaell-
tatla, aealdlt hi»ealtotl aaettadon quod parolpltar «^
latallaattt, la qmo aat aladlltvte aaitavwi apaalal, at
aoa ladlvidaaXluBi jxrlaolploroa,^

Ilia dlraat «bja«tlva InteatloB ( lataUaetiMi jy| £Sl&) ^" ^^

Jttat the tblas liilah la kaoaa (vaa <maa latalll4ril%iy ) aar la It juat

ttia aat fegr ablflh It la kaiwa eiad aalata la tba lataXlaat ( Ipeutn Intal-

ll£l)( but, aa It wava, a aom«altloa of tha two ( yay latallaota ). a

aaflkia It la aa abaoluta aatura ladlffarant to axlataaoa la one or maay.

Bat alnea It eaaaot (ia aueb axlat aaeafpt la tha Mini, It la 6m faeto

abatraat aad ualTeranl ( labatroetum ualvaraala ) • la Ita ragftrd, thaa,

«• eaa dlatloealab tha astora wbloh la epprahaadad frota tba aoda of

Ita apj gahaaaloa.

i ao aa object Iva lataatlon Ita aet of being la to

be undarataod ( Intalllttl ) • «Ad aa havlae that eat of aalataoaa by tha

flrat oat of tba hoaaa latallaet, Ita balas oadarateod la to ba ab-

atraatad ( abatrafrl ). But to ba ahatmatad la tha aaoMi ea to be ualrer-

aal (at laaat aatarliUjr). siaea tha aaooad objaotlva lnt«itloa ri^arda
th« Stat* wbi^ th« iiatiaM h«a aan r«suXt of tb* ao4« la wUi<^ it is

WfOanloodt thm ial«atloa «tl«b follaws uinon th« eravthtnslmi of tb*

•aturs by ebstruotion Is oas of imiTsrsiaity. Vtee tqr rsfleotion tbs

Utelisot knows th* maaamr la whi«b the anturo is komm «uiid ths aods

of sxistsiiss wlxleh it sxsErolaas la ths iatsUoot as a oonso.,tt«oeo.

It knows ths ii^stmotstf aeturs ss fipplloabls to asiiy laditldiMls. Ths

quidditstlTs font of Mm, for lastaass, is kaosn to bo an^rsfe^sodsA by

ths intslleot without the ladlTldu^il ooa<litloas of asttsr ('*q<io4 hu-

aaitss epprahsadntur slas iedlvldue>Ubiis «oa4iti«ilbtts<*), ernd this is

to szist ss sbstmetsd ('*quod set Ipsusi rt»»tyshl" ). Ths a»de of exls-

tsBoo «hieh it has as a rssult ia one of tmlTsrsality) ead this is

sdTsctsd to by the logieel refloetloa or soeoad latsatioa of the iatel-

loot ("so^iaitur lateatio unlvsrsalitntis" } • Ibis intcation of uaivar-

ssllty Is an aeoldsat of the form or aaturs as kaosa ("eesicllt huBaal-

tati ssouatkn maoA psrelpitur ab latallaetu ' ) •

lbs latsatioa of uaiT«rsality, slaes it ia a logieal iataa-

tlMi, is, of oo\irss« a rotioaats bolac, aa objeetivs s sso ad Intsotioa

stiately fouadsd la ths rsol, aad a ratloaats rslatioa. This follows

ttsssssarily froa vdiat ws havs sssa of lOftisal bslns la gsaartil. It is

aat aoosssaary to flsnanstrats this la p£<rtiettl»r hsre. Ws assd oaly sail

attoatioa to a fsa polots. aad sspseiiUy to sxasdas ths aaturs of ths

loftieel relatioa \j9 aa aaalysls of Its slsBMUits.

As a loglsal iataatioa ualToraality hns its IflBSdiats fbua-

datiOB ia ths latelleot oad a s41ats fiMndatloa la ths real. Kis

issMAlets Aniadatioa is, of oourss, the dlreet inteatloa or object ive

(RiUPTIR VII flgt lot.

eonoapt, vtileh la %b» kaamn aatxtf* aa knmm, It« ranota foundation in

tha ra«l la tha amm aatura, not aoa aa Iomiu but aa axiatiag lo raallly.

Thia waa adQ^lioitly aal^ racarAiag laglael lataattaui eaaavally, bat

jriaaurlly of tha lat«itlo& of uniTarsallty, aa waa atom by tha ozMjs^la

u»oii, ga&ua:

Ali<{uaa4o awkam hoe quad algBifloat mbmb non Mt

alJdlltttdo rai axLataatia aztvn aaiaMfo. aad aat all-
quid <4ued aMMa<tuitttr aoi aodo lB«alli«andl raat qpaaa
aat astra aalaaati at hajuanoili aunt Intaatloaaa q^aa
intallaattta aaatar adisvaaitt aieut aiffilfiaatisa
bujua iiHainia ffl»ia aoa aat alBilltttdo aliaojua rai
axtra aalaada aoKlatantla; aad ax boa tsoed istallaotua
lAtalliclt Mlaaa «t la pLuriboa opaeiabua. attrlboit
ai iJrtaiitiaaan «a««riai at bujuaaodl intaotiottia
llaat pnmijmm ftadawenlwa aoa alt la xm aad ia Intal-
laata, taiaaa rcMrtua faadOBaatun aat raa ipaa, Ubda
lataliaotoa aoa aat ffilaiMi tfiai hMm lataatlonaa adlavaalt.^

«a acta astiia tbut tbla iotaotloa f»llewa upon tha

of ttad«rat(.adlas bat ia not diraetXy pve^oad by ^«t aat, othandaa

it would aot ba dlatia^^iabad by tha flrat Intantioa, But tha flrat

Intaatioa ia affaetad bgr abatrnotiva ^prahaaalcm, nhioh ia aiiiply

tha aat of abatmotion. '^imathlac aora thaa t'alat thaa, ia naadad for

tha aaooad intaatioa. Furthamora, tha flrat latantlOB ia abatr^at.

Mara ebatreotoaaa, thaa, avw i^ advartad to raflaotivoly, ia aot

anffiaiant to oonatituta t)^ intaatioa of uaiTaranUty. Oy losing

at tha undaratood aatuvo in ItaalT «a oaa aaa that it ia aot nadar

nay aatarlel ooadltioaa; but thia doaa not ranrael it to ua jtrt ia

pluribua , (''or that & omq>«riaoa of tha abatrriOtad aatura to tha maqr

ia whiflh it OMy ba found ia lioaaaaaxy. Ooavarlaoa ia, of oouraa,

aatlva rafarenea. with thla rafaraaaa aa aa oat, lo^ia ia aot dlraatly

ca.iTca VII f«0t aio,

oofie«m»dl; but It is «eao«rnMi k i«h th« mlntlon lta»lf of tl<« on*

fom thet !• nn>r«li«ad«d to th* mmjr Inforlors is whioh it ma^ bo found.

It is not the cwre foxn as a font of tho intelloot, or e

oensidoretion of ita flzlsteneo thsre, whleh :4Toe the ufiiversBlity.

under thbt Bspeet, as vs ssm in the «h«pter on intentions. It is re-

ferred only to tte intelleot, nad is « pertieulpcr quality of e p»rtiou~

ler intellect* But it elao hes e referenee to the thing of vvliioh It

is • likeoesa; nnd this reference or rel«i>.tion is lli^eness itself. I^e

OMMspt fwoHklly ooMtldared is e likeness In the intellect of B0ins>

thlac outside tlie intolleet. Likeness is itself *i reliction of fMiosl

unity. Ihe oonc^ is a real treasesodsatal relet lea of the likeness

of the intellect to the thing. It is neoording to this relation of

liksasss to the thing which it represents thnt the oonoept Is unlTer->

ssl; for by reflection it is seen to reDreeeot not only one thing but

ft

quae est reoe;:<ta in intelleotu potest duplioi*

t«r ooneidsrarit t*1 p«r conpnrntioasM sA ran sujus
est sinilitudot «t sic hebet uniTsrselitatmt boa
sain est slnllitudo hosiinis secuadun conditioaes
iadlTiducntest sed ssoundum noturoa oosBMnant tsI
per ooe9>QretioBam f^ iatelleetuB in qtio hebet esse,
et sic set (juid indlTiduatum, queBadaoAin intelloetus.^

Ihis sens doctrine of the relr^tive nspect of the uniTersel

end its fonutl constitution by a eooparlson or rel^ition is ezpreseed

even sore fully end pointedly in the de Bate st Esssntie i

Rslinquitur ergo 4,uod ratio spnsini aofldBt

aaturoe hunaaa* sssnaian illud sss* iiuod habet la
aarm ni *h» eu.

lct«ll*etu« XpM wis aatttfs bwnaa heb«ft •••• In

iBt«Il«etu ab«traetiBB &b oanllHUi l&diTiduaot&bus, ««t
i4«o bab«t ratittt<a iral fnw— yd qaaia In41vl4a»
ffum Mnt «ac(n uiUieai, piwMl Mqaallt«r ••% >iBflll~
tucto oaalwB vt Inducans in ooealtioiiMi onaliait lnqua&>

nas boo 4004 tblooi rolgtloooB hiliot «4 oaatlo

IndiTldua , intollootus (idlmrWit rotlcacn opooloi ot
attrlbult albi • • ; iotellaetus (•&]»} ost .jui agit
twlToroulitatoM in r^uo. • •
Mqwavlo b«oo notura IntolXootft heboa% rgtlonoo
ttnlToroallo oooindiBn ;\ipd ooaiwrotMy a4 goo j{u eo otpl
: ,

ortri tttliBii quia oot one oiallltMo oanlum} %amm

•oeuukai q^Md hdbol oooo la hoe intolloetu «! la illo,
00% opooioo quaodMR latolloeta pay(ie«I«rlo. • • fion
**^ m>ivfo«l it&o illitto fomeo ommiBni boo oooo q|uod
l
,

babot in IntoUoetu, oo4 ubftw qwo4 Jfofogtw sA SSSL

ut slnilitttdo rviau^

Ihlo poooago Io«roo littla doubt that Aqulneo bald thut ualvorsallty

la a preportgr of tbo naturo «o kaoHa* naA that it ooaaioto in a role»

tloa to aiaay IndlvldttAlo or Inforlora.

}eiTu:t tbo oobjoot of this ralatloa lo, !• aloo oloar trtm

tblo paaoooo so »oll eo froM thooo oooa abovo ia tdileh it «>ao oaid

that tbo intolloot attribufcoo tho i&tiuitlon of ualTWoality to tho

kaooa aaturo er iVpMhiadod fomi for it ie tLo aaturo ao aadorotood

«hi«b io roforrad to tbo aaagr thlago. Boaoo it lo tho approhondod

aaturo nhieb ia tbo oubjeot of tho rolatloa} «ad that io tho oaao aa

ooriod t^«t it ia tho diroet Intootim tekon obJootiToJjr which io

roletod.

Tt.o tMA or tonw of tbia rolation aro cdoo ouffioi«itly

ovidant; ior ti o uadovatood aaturo U toapa r ad to tho OKtveal thiafo

of abi«b it ia a likoeooai
OUITKa YII »NI« »».

AllqiUBis maim attrlbultur •! (ualvorMli) vie oon-

•Idarttte (i«au&dia« mm
qiiod httbet In latttU«ctu},
4W>4 iMrtiMt a4 mUr
9p«niUoiMMi iat«lle««ttB, «l
•1 AlMtur (itBd tooao a«t isrtt«dlMbil« d« iwltla, !•
univoraal** •!• spmIm. Huiuapaedt «b1jd iutantlOBM
twamt iB%«l.lM«ttS ttUrltKMM m^ iMiliire* iii%«ll«e%M
ittmaMM qjM* <«pag«» IpMm n| MS, ma^ aacty a—

Ih* nntuM U MBpferad to rMl «3Bt«ra»l things, Irat wnetly aa rMl

aad Mtaraal; for ttao VMlity of the thing to whloh tb« eoaoopt ooi>-

99&pomam is rather a probloa for «pl«t«B»iogr th«i for logic. In tfco

PM0O80 qtwtod frwt tbo do m» <^ jMOHtio. wboro tho Mao OKparoMioa

«M UMd ("mitura iBtolloota . . . oaqMnratur ad rM qut>a aint extra

Mlwww**), it vaa bXm Mid that the noturo h»a « rol&tlon to Indlyldttela

("rolatloaan habot «d ona»la iadlTldua** ) • It la r&thor m iAdlTiduela

or aloigulara thrm ea rani thinga that tho UBiTareal looka to iB tom;

*^ iodlTidual nad alMttlay ara aouaa of aaa<writ latatttion rathar thaa

of fir at lAtaatioa, muh as "rael thiac," for thay aionlfy the thins

unuar tho intantloa of alngulerity:

ladlTidMHi duplleltar potaat aisoifiearl: vol par

twn aaomdaa lat ant Ionia, aieut hea mbmd iadi-
wkitmm val aiaguiara. q\iod aom aleaif io«t ran aiaa»-
Uamk aad Intontimiaai aiaeularitetia} val aoma fiM*
IstaBtiooia, cui Movenit intaatie pertiottltiritatla.^

MwfiOTar, tha ualvaraal naad not ba rafarrad to ra<a thiaea

dlTMtly at nil, but oagr ba waaniarafl to othar iinlTwaala whloh ara,

hoaavar, iMa ualTaraal aad ara aubordiaatad to tha fir at. A ganaria

uniTsraal aagr ba ooaparad to rMl tixiaga as aapar Ma iag thair aatura in

aa iadatarffiinad w«y, or it My ba oeaQ>arad to apMlM M oantnining

wmmm p««* B^s*

ri "B9K toe quod lttt»Il«etu8 iBtvlXiftlt aaiasl ut Ui plwlbua »!)«tl«tma «

•ttribult •! lutMitiMMK fltatrla."^ ll«si4M tli« kmmm i»tur« in the

od* of MibstoM** e^anus b44« e relation to its Infcriorst

Hetio g«a«rl« addit ordiaMi ad contanta Mkb ao,

<Ittl qaldaa ordD Uyortatnr Id unifoadtfit* ajiui

ad axtarlore. rnao «ut«B uniitoimlttitaB ^b«t p«r

aetoa Intalleetua.^'

Siaea it i« not only ranX thiasi whiob ara aostaload uadar tba lataa>

tiOB Qt «•»• but alao uniTaraal Intwtiaiui ot tbaaa as apaaiaa, wa

aan snore eptly azpraaa the tans of the raliitl4B as the Infartoyy rather

theft «• thiaae t tor thle tedoa Rp^liae to qU relatione of uaiTerealltyt

"Itttelleettte apprebettdit ut utnaa id in quo oaaia Infariera oejaTanioDt ."^

Dm tats of the relatioa of ttBiveranlligr ew aoeordiagly )»e

eithetr reel extarnal th&ate or other eoaoepte. But erea the re«OL thiage

to the \mir«real aetiire ere not Tle»od rracisely t^a real

hut uadar the lataBtioa of the node ia «hl^ thaf poaaese this
tuider i^e inieniwij of
aoture, that ie, siagiilftrity. It eaa therefore ri^tly bo said that

ia either oaao the t«m ia the nature under a leee ualTeraal intention

ead ee ia «a ixUTerior of the univarefdiaed mitura.

T^e foundation of the relattaa remaiaa to bo asaaiaed*

Beeauae the leeioal inteetioa fbllows upoa the aaaaer of aaderataadlas*

and the bmumt of uadeNtaadias with vthieh the intestioa of unlvarea-

lity ia coueeraed ia abatraetioa, we oi^t ia a true aaoee aagr that

the abetx«iotive aet of tho iateUect ia ite foundation. If thare were

q)aeeti(m of e rod reXotion, thia could not be doiMi, beeauae the fouo-

dation anat bo la 41m aalbjeot} it ia that in the eobjeet aeoordiiie to

mArtmixi v^ m.
Dhltfi it U Mi^avMI to th» ten*- But alns* th* rttlBtimi in qu«itioA

i» loel«d» ead t)Mr«tiiKr« ealy rntiooata, the fl>ieid»tiMi awtd not b«

in th« Mibjcet, H» is th* «aB« of tb« rttlRtioB of th* ttilnc kaowB to

th« kofovlede* of th* iaiair«r. Th« fottbdetion in this iaateiiAs is ths

op«ratiOB of ths kaomnr mA not sons sstivity of tti* thing known*

ViMB, howsTsr, ws looiE at ths intiisvtts nnturs of ths rsletion of uni-

srsnlity, eB4 M« that it is ons of siailavity or fwsl nnity, it

bosoass i^psrsBt thst ths sflcs fom aust b* fOmd la both subjsot naA

tsra in sueh s wsgr «• to hs ooa^mrabls} and that is oijaiTelant to spying

that the foxia nust bs in both In sueh a vey as to 1st its saa«ttsss

ai^oar. i^^^t rsvoals ths sasisassi of ths naturs ss in ths Intallsot

and as in tha Infsriom to «hioh that nature Is cosq^arsd, is ths annnsr

in Khloh Ideiet nature sxists in t^a intallsot — as abstraotsd firaai all

iaAiTld»*tli« OMditiona. Its abstrcetnsm lets it appsur as (Tss of

4ill diffsarMBliatien or of llmitaticm to this or that, end as apt to

eppl/ to tills cr that or ths other withoist diffsrsnes* unifonaly.

Per ths qptnoos to r<q»rsseat BMoy, and the unlfioarailty of th* nature

to all iadiTidaels is ths fomal sffset of ths abstraotneast "St id**

kabet rationack unifonasM ad omia Indtrldoa*'*^ This unlfonaity trnkm

fosaibla ths soiisilsnn o(f the eao nature to aajr infariore md fomalljr

fsvBds the relation:

Propter unifomitatan ratioftie imrenton in intantione

q«a* fit i^opter rsnotionsa a atsirialibuB oonditionl-
bus ot esMi diversitato, ciit mum is ng^i"* »^^ ••^
hoala** soot enus hooio *t ucmb anifflal*"^
 Ratio oMcrls eMlt oHHams ad eaatants aub «o,
qai q[uid«B ordD Uvoartatar la uaifteHitata ajua
•4 «Et«rl«ra* Kaaa avfan unlfnradtat«B habat rme
aotua Intallaetoa.^^

Iha abatmatoaas ttad uaii^xnl^ aoaaa to tha nrttura fro« tha aet of

tha iatalleet, Khiob la abatreotlva apprafaoaalea* Boomaa of tbla

vuuromlty tha epprabandod ttaturo haa «a ovd«r or raletloft to Ita

lufsriora. Jut fron tUa uali'omitjr alonst It baa It only f^4aa«Dtally,

aot fonBaUy; for tha eet oeT tba latallaet bgr wliiab tta o^tuva la ab-

•tvaatad la not aoavaratlTa but abaeluta* Tha ralatloa arlaaa oaljr

vlth aoethar aat of tha latallaet, a oaaond iufeaatloa, whleh la ro-

flaotlva aod ooaQwratlTa, by «blab tho oaa aatmra la rafiNrrad to mqr

lafarlont

NBA aat unlTaraalltaa llllua fonKta aaamtom hoe aaao

m aoottnawa qiao4 rofartur
<t«ai habat la latalXaotu, aoA
aft roa ut aladlltado ranu.'

Ihua tha aatura la aaaa to ba aqualXy rapraa aatativa of all Ita Itt-

farlora ("pirout KoquAlltar aat aladlltado aanlwtf*} aad aa ona 1^ aaiy .

Tha Uaiadlata fou&dRtloa of tha ralatloa of ualTorsallty

la tha abatvaalBoaa or unlforsilty of tha aypifiliaaAad natura; or, aa

«o aay alao acgr. It la tha aatuara aaaordiag to tba ooda of axlataneo

ahloh It baa la tha intellaet. 'EhMra la at tho a«aa tla« a ranota

foundation la tho rool, aa *• haTO alroady oomi la roflpvd to tho

logiaal Intantlm. Kxla la tha aaa* aatura aa It axlata la roal

thii^ai for It fwaado tha obJaotlTa flrat intaatloa whlOb In tura

fO«aio tho aoeoad iataatioa eeoordiac to Ito aaaaar of aslatlnd la

tha adad. Thla aooond iataatioa la « relet loa of that appraboadod

natur* to it a Infvariora, whotlunr rmX thing* («• ladiTidMsls) eat to

•tiMr !•«• ualT«rMl (i wmji ts.

ftm mttuf of tho rolntloii «Aio)i rostalto hao elrwi4tr ^m

ladleatodt It is oao of siaillitndo, whleh la • fom of unity — unity

iB <iaBlit7 or fom. Tho lnt«iition vblAi fbllowa upon tho not of ainplo

•pprohanaioa la aeoordlngly ono of twmA vnity. It is tho unify of

•no with aHmy, or tho likoaoaa of ono to sMiqr,

Althou^ thor* aro aBay tovsao to thia roletion, it roeniao

ono rolation atill. boo«i»oo tb* sailtlplieution of tomo dooa not mul-

tiply tho rolattoa; osnly tb* aultlplioatioe of tba aUbjoet or of tb*

fOundetioa dooa that. / thing oqual to ma^ thlaea haa only one ro-

lation of o^iuality, or e aon hea oaly^ rolation of aonahlp to both f^ thar

and Biothar.^ Hanoo, tho locieal iutontion of uniTaraolity, though

taralzuitin^ in aesy, ia nororthaloaa e alAO-A intention boesuao it ia

tho rolation of ooo natuM aooovdlng to tho imo awnnor of oxiatlng in

the intellect I

IttkolloolNUi paprfoetuo per ftonaaa petoit alaul f«rrl

la AiTWM* oA qpMMioo axtowlit ropvaooautajkio illlua
fnrnamx ot arad Mltao Intcntioaoo aac pagrto ojua in
qiioa facrtur int«aiootua, eod una ox uaitat* Inlellootua
0% fonao.^

oaToraelity is thua oooft to bo the rolation of likonoaa of oa* affpro-

handod fom to waaa \\

 fug* tl7.

la atii^rlttS tb« MOon4 kiad «f locieaX iBtaaHon, wtxiofc !•

that of Bttrlbatloa, wa mutt ooaaldar first tha aaoond eparatlan of

th.« intallaot, judipMBit, nnd than tha int«ntli«a Whitii falloaa «pea It.

Iha aaaaad /at af Ufadaratsadiag

Iba f irat aot of imdarttaadlag la alj^la epprtb«gi9ioa,

vhloh St. Tbmmm 4aai«iataa la taehaloal Aviatotallan tas«liiola«y sa

IndlTlalblllUEi littaUUgantla. Iha aaooad t^ot of undvateadlas !•

Judypamt, to uaa Ita ourraat daaltfoatios. Judlelua la uaad toy Aqialaaa

prlmrlly la ragupfl to praatiaaX, aapaclaUjr. mraX aattora, but la aa-

taadad alao to apaealutlva ooHfpaaltloiia.^ HI a Mira ft>a luwtly \ufA

tom for thU aaoaaA aat, bavatar, la a—aalttaa aM dtyjalaa.* f9

by tbla aot tba al^pla objaatlva aonaapta or latontlaoa Aarlvad froa

alapla aj^iprahoaaloa «ra ooablaad or aapetr»tadt

Vtaa teaxwa opMratlmaw latallaetaa aat ladlvlal-

bllluB UtalllgMtlai l]ii|«B«twi aelllaat Intel-
laotua latalllftlt abaoluta oajvaqaa ral qulddltutaa
alra aaa«atlaB p«r aaipacn, puta quid aat bOfl» val
quid albWK •! quid eCLlad bnjvanodl. Alia T«ro opa-
rat la lataULaatua aat aawuKlnm <vied hujuatnodl al»-
pllole eonom>ta alaul e—jiBiilt at dlTldlt.

Zt la alwigra o aaaparlaon of a^irofaoadad luituraa. ^oa b/ tbla

perlaoa tha latallaat peroalvaa that tbajr balo&e togathw, it is oallad

aoivooltlon, and abac it paxvalTaa t at tha^ do aot. It la eeUad

dlTlalont
 ijHiaAdotjU* dloltur ooi^^ioaitio, q^«iidoqu« dloltur divl-
•ie. (ieapoaitio q{iiid«Bi, 4a«ade ltt%«il«etnui emp«tw%

a«l id«a(tl%«%«M r«vuiB, quarun muA <iono«ptlozia«; dlTl-

lit «9yTCb«atet rM •••« 4iT«r«n0,'

Th*r* «v« mam polnfea that dM«>T« «BWWina%ion la tbla t«et; Init b»-

t099 •OBsidisrlad th* mMl ft>uad«ti«ft and r«f«r«ae« of this t^ot, lat ua

its BfM«Mity aftd Its fUAetloa*

M— — Ity of tba s»o<»nd ot

Hmvo would bo ao aood Hi ell of this eosq)OOltiOB aad

dlTlslon v«ro U 00% A>r tho Isqporfootioo of btmaa uadoretaadlaK*

Sijqplo avproboauioa eloao would auf floo if tttHoa c^sarthonolon w«ro

aot m Ualtod 'Uitt laaoapl«to la Ito tpmtpx

31 Intellootuo otatla la «p]ir«it«B«loaa qulddltatlo

mbjootl b«d»«r«l aotl%l«a d* oaailnui qiaao poMnnt «%-
trlbul BUbJeoto vol rmaatmrX ab 00, vmnqfum iotel-
iU««k iwiinidi ot dlTldwiAo, aod oolm istolll-
soado qjnat <ial« oat.^

CoBpoaitlaaa «laat dtTiaiano oyua aon assot si In

boo l]»aa (1004 da oliqva flyprobOBdovafl jiuld ost, h«b»-
roftur q^d oi laaaaot vol aoa laoaaat.^

Qui? latoUoet would gtemp ararythlae la a alaglo Ictultloxi ("uao tn-

talttt oaala ooaaldorarot'*).

PS tho faoulty of a aaul vhloli la tha foxn of a aatarlal

todUr tha husiaa latallaat auffwa aooM of tba liadtatlona aad ooadi-

tiaaa of aattar, 7«hllo It aharaa with latolloot la geaoral ita orloa-

tatlOB to tho quiddity of tbioga aa Ita objoot, tho objoot proportioaad

to ita ooa Bt«to la tho quiddity of matarltil aad aaaaiblo tblii«a. But
la M Bieb M aatt«r !• th« prliMlpl* of •psratimi aadi 9«rti«ult^lwk«

ti«B, with th« rttsolt ttuki it eimnot b« ttbar«d ^ aByaogBStlTe fiaeutty,

•&A tMMuiM tb« tlilas wl^leh it IndivlduallSM oeaaot. In ao far »« It

U Mtwlsl, InfozK faqrthiJts ala«, araK a feeulty wboaa nntura It is

t« t«ka oa tha toxu of othar thiasa; for tbla raaaon tha q/iiMXtr of

thMM aatwld thtacs oaaaot ba apyariixanda<t ascapt la ao for &a It is

4«BBtarlallsa4 Iqr tha «b8tre\etlTa satlon of ^a InteUaot. h» a ooe>

aa(iU«Ma» tha ain^rohMtaloa of tha h«nn latetllaet is ai>«tr»etlTa; aaA

haraia Xlaa its U^STfaatlMi)

aoa lntalll«^atiu* aial aa cpiaa am anat

Ottod aHttsM
sa lBtaUl«ibUln aad fiuat liitalll«lbllia
iatallaetUM, aat iaparfoetas aadtts IntaUlgaadi.*

It la aot apsrshaaailaa as sash ahiflfe aroatsd tha uaaaaslty tor tha

ftirthar tiOts of ooavoaltion ^md of diacurslTa rofasoalng, but tha ah-

straatisa «hl«ii ShMmetarlsas htama appnliaBSioa. StOB ttxla thara ra-

Sttlts tha dlslntasratloa of tha intalllitlbla date, tha fraetloalufi of

tha objaot:

lataliaatua aoa aolun alatlt la rabua, sad ras la

aultaa lataatloaaa dlTldlt.^

latallaetus ftttt«i aoatar, ^le laf tnam gradusi taaat

la sttbstantlls Intfaiaatiulibas, adas partiaulatas
aialXltudlnaa ratiuirlt q^d ualanlqaa aosaoaelblli
pgroprlo oportat raspoadira propria slnllitttJe la
lpse.8

fha flrat affect of AbatrsotlTa ^fralMBSlsa is tha dls-

ladlTldnallsatitta of tha obJaet« ^at aadsta as slaoalar, dlatlnet,

sbA divorslfiad is «r»apad by tha InksUaet wlthaat ita siagolnrity

Bd diTMPslty vjoA th* amvmpmwtns dlff«r«atl8f io&t i% ! kacwa a«

Boiaa and oilIwmI. This* of m>ur««, tlMWH^ 1% !• IraMrladg* ftaA Is

OBcfUlt is a «ry lap«rfMt kind of kaa»l«ds*»

I»t«Uiff«r« t^Iltiuid la HMWil , •%<»>» In •p«olaU»

•9% lap^rfeet* nllqidd oogiiM0«r«.'

QWd WttMl MfBMOltVU* lA nnwilllli t(.B««B, «£» piOP-

f»ot« ee«noMlturt i^aorantur aaim oa qua* ffuat pm«-
eipua lUltts r«i, aolllect ultlnaa pmffetloan
4ttibus p«rfl«ltur paroprlus aaae •la«| uad* tUl
««saltl«Ba nagls oooinoaoltur ros io potastla ^pia*
ta ao%a»^

1h« MbataadiaX qalMlty nloa* of th« thing la knowa la a ualvara^ vayt

aad 99m this wgr b« kaom mra or Iom eoafa««dly, la faet wa da

flrat craap It ooofaaaOly aad ladatarstl&fitelyt «^«i o^^ Intair, If at

(tU, arrive at a diff«raatlat«4 aad dlartlaot tfraiip of lt{ for eaaarlo

kaaiAadga pvaoadaa apaeifle, Aad mm «duw 1^9 sabatnatial qtulddltgr

la distinctly graapsd la tha apsrshsaaloii of lbs spsslsa, tbotidh this

is yarfaot kJWwisdR* of that (middlty. It Is not parfsst knowladga of

tho ooBsrata bai« whoso q^ddlty Is kaomt foir that si^ss kaowlodfls

oaly of ths anbstcnoo oeoordiag to It a floraal rtrlnolploa, but not of

Ita ladlTldttaUty or of Its aosldsats.

mm this tha sssood offaet of ebstrtotloa follows, whlsh

U that ths (lalddltlos of substaass aad aooldssEts «rs kasm ssparataly.

First ths sttbstnallal quiddity of tho thins Is kas«a{ aad It is knora

"abaolutoly* , wltbovit »aythia« alas aoraspt what balsnss to ita o«a

lataUl^bla sharMtsr or is ineXudod in ita dofinitioa. Bstaoas

aoeldaota ars not Inoludsd la tt.s ratio of the 9iU>stf nea, thsy ors
Bttt arM|»d iB tlM qiiidAitbtiT* ^nsntuMMian of th« mbstaao*. Aftvr

tk« mbstanaa is ^anuip*il, ih» ae«ld«ftt0 »r« stad* tb« ebj««t of kaow^

l«da«t th«lr quiddity alM la gra«p«d» end this abmlvleljr aatf Ind*-

psBdMBftlj of CTWiTthliig •!••, Jttsl BS ^« Qoiddltir of th« aubstane* was

Zatallsetas h—aws aoft statin la prlas affMhsft-

siona sapit parfastm rai sogalt ioawj s«d pdrlao
sfforaiUHidlt all juid ds ipsa, puta ({uldditatan
Ipsltai r»i» uttas sst primna objsetwa iBtsIlsstas}
at dsiads IntsUiffit propfiattatss st aaeidssitia st
babitvdliiss olrsiwstaatss ml ssssBtlm,''^

XataillsetMs aostar dlvarsas aeassptioass fwnsst ad

srti j sst iMi St aooldsMiy st ai
dlvarsa aesidMstla.^'

BMildafl grcsj^ag tha aeoldsftts ssparatsly frc« iOm sid»stsii««» oitr

Intallsst gna^B IdM aooiaants sspaarataly trtm sadi othar. avsn tl>»«iiJBi

tkiOr Milst tscstHw in raelltyt

Uslta suit ooaiittsta ssounAsb roe, qttoanKi

sat ds iatsUssttt altavlust aivA alVm st «i^«ai
eo&j\ua«UBtur in allquo sttbjaete, at teaaa vam ooa
•St ds intaXXsstu aitsrlus} at idae potsst uobb
•iQsVKtla intallUd slas alio. M
bss sst
intaUaetoB assa sbstvaotoa ab cdio*^^

this oust bs so bssauss vbatavar is ipraspsd as having a distl&et rwtto

•r qalddity, auat bs grasp sd Iqr a dlstlnet nst of aj^rshsasloii, aines

tha Intallaot otmsot at tbs saas tiao svasp aaagr things ns naagr,^®

Ihis dsas tat asosssarllj nsaa that assidsats aro graspsd

as vitbotxt aabstnaea, for thsir dlrsot ayprtfiSBaiSB Is la tha eonorets,

M« Scgat v^ts vattMT thatt whitsasss* /4id &lthou£jti whits iapllas a

matmnsi !>««•<•«.

MiJ««t» «aii«h 1« th« oubstano*, tt do*« not afMn Mbatmo* dlraotly

but only IndlTMtly aaA tgr lapUeetion. "^Ummm, cm tha etlMr hand,

dOM OBt OMn «^«t««« at all:

/^Itattut la pamadteamantia dioltur, aolMB <2ttalltatan

•Icalflaat, l!oo Mit«i wanian albon aigBlflaait aabjaataa
aac ooaaa(iu«ati, inquaatum al^lflaat slbadlaan par
odaia aaeldaniia. u&da oportat «s»oA ax aonsa«iaankl
laoludit In sul ntlaaa aubjaotum. Sm
aooidantla aaaa
aat laaaaa. Albado aaiai atal siftnlflaKt aoaidanit aoa
taaan par aadam aaaldantia, aad par Bsodm «A»a%aDtiaa,
ttida nollo node eonalsalfloet 8ttbataatt«a.

<Bm aaaidml aaa iadaad ba grafvad in aithar way, altbar as a idkola

daalgftatad in %hia eeeldantal vrsgr, or aa a fttm alaiM* Tba diffaranoa

la in tha kind of bostreotion,

ttn klnda of abatraatloa ara tHatiasaliHiad and auat ba takan

into aooouAt la tha atudy of our noda of aad«r«tMidlag« Or tba flrat

kiad of abatraotioa « vdaola U gnrnt^A, but la a oaiTarael way, witbp

•lit ladiTldaatiag eonditlooa. It U sraapad aa aa iotalligibla, Sy

tha aaaoM klad of abatreetlon a form sOLona la graap^A apart froa tha

aiibjaet la ^iA it iabaraa, but proolaaly aa a partt

Doplas fit abatraetlo par Intollaetu*. l&a quldan

aatiaadimi tfiad ualTaraala abatnihltur a partiaalarl.
Hi aalaal ah hOMiaa. Alia Tiro aaaaadaa Qood fonn
abatrahitw a aatarie} aiaut fonaa elrauli abatro>
hitur par intaileetua ab aaad BBtaria aanaibili.^'

It la aeaordlas to tha aaaond hind of nbatrvotioa, by whieh a foxs la

aenaidarad without tha s&ttar of tba aonpeaita, that the tan abatraet

la oppo aad to ooncrate t

 Bom%m poiMrt la eb«tra«tl«M wasiAcrar*
I&t«lX«>etvui
la ooaorvtioiM oosaoMii. liSai «aitti «o4ao««at
)|ttod
m
rM h«*«B»«c tntm la M««ri«n, %«Mai VMOlvlt «e»»
positua la utrtnft]^*, et <ioa«lA«rat ipa«R feneem pmr

Qa aaaalblllbai] ad •Isnin.eeadm aiapUoae fanum

aaaialbua abatoeietls utinurt *& algaiflMiadai ir«ro
i«« fl«(baia%«itM utlaaur oonlaibua ooaer«ti««^'

lv«i tlsouili ttaia tjpm of abatmetloa of fbTna la aot found la ovary

•99riiuMUKlo&, still It !• frodttoot* oad &a aay —— |Nros€nt« a iwoblan

for tho wplaaatloB of kaooloOfiO aa a «diaXo«

Hm fiaal kind of aaparatloa In tboiaelbt offootod by efeatme-

tlTo ejqprobaaaloa la tluit of bolaga tnm tholr partleuior &ot of bolnc*^

MMt la graaipod bgr a alalia «ppr«h«aalos in ragard to bala/pi la thalr

q(aiddlty;and that holda tvua t^athar tba balag la <maatlon la a aub-

atimeo or aa aaaldaat* Out tha quiddity la graapad abaelutoly, aeaor-

dlas to tbo abaelttto eoaaldaratlon of tba aatoro*^ /43d tbla unaar

of oeoaldarlas tbo aaturo ebatraota froM axlataneo oltbaor In alagular

roel thU^a or la tho IntoUoott

f«rtl» vaoEO oat oonaldoratlo na^irao abaoluta, prout

abatrahlt eb atrotiaa oaaa (ral la aingwaarlbua Tal In
lutoUaeto) .^
Patot arao ^aod aatara bOMlala okaolata ooaai dT ata
abatrahlt a ^lallbot oaaa.^

Vwm. If It wwo not aocpraaaly atatod that lA&a abatrf>etad 'quiddity la

efpratoi aad wlth««t Ita »ot of axlataneo, thla would naturiaiy bo

oenoludod frea tha faat that It la graapad apart frea tho IndlTldusla

aad without tha IndlTlduatlnc aaadltlaaa la wblflli alona tha natura

(HApTa nn Hit iM.

Itt thcmght What •xi«t» to6«tti«r la VMllty, larMMfils only partial t1«w«

or aapasta «f tha rani thiag rAi.9h i« kaemi

iBtallMtua Taro aa quaa anait la atmi «onj«iiota, ixf

twiiiii diajuaatlja a«eip«ra potant* (iiumdo asm aonaa
la alt«rlua retlOMB aoa oadlt,^^

gwM ante oo&Jimota mat in ra, lutaardm dlTlaim

oogaoaouatur,^"

Ihaaa Tiam of Xh* raal, baomaa thay am nmf, oaat ba obtaln«d •ae>

eaaaivaly, ojoa «rt«r tha o^ar, aad tbua tha aogaltloa of our tuaen

iatallact fella «Bd«r tha vlclaaltudoa of tiaM:

IsMllaotea Mi M^ra taayaa qfuoA tvt

ottia oorparaliwi ramH, Sad Ipsa plaraXltaa
^paalaonn IntalliclbiUiMi oataaKt lelaaltudlaMa
iBtalllglbiUvB op««tl«nn,
laa ttwatto act yrUr «lt«nu«

la our qpprabaaalM boftti objaoia ea« «p«r8ti«m f>ro mltlpUadt

lataUaatM flaoMMlvo aulta ooaalAtmtla

•IbUa Mi% aaaa vmb t«jituB aparatioaaiu mm mdm
oparatlMaa aaottadw «b|*«ta dlffaraat, •portablt
divaracn •&»• oparatlOMs latallaotaa ^am ooaalAava-
bitur prlaaea, at qua ooaaidarabltur atmaiHim,*^

Iba problaa that a«oordiaftly ('>riaaa ragardlac our eoioltlon

la hov wa eaa kaav ^a raol thins *« it ia, thut la, aa ona, «a «xla-

tiag* aa lomioiia of aattar aad (tont, of aubataaaa aai aoaldaota, ell

auww mi vti»

•xlfltliig taa«lb«r la one r«nl fRib^ACt, wh«n our lyiP^t—ta> «Mlf8M

•aa di»lKt«cv«tttd 1% la** «efl^ iBt«Uiglbl« ebjtets. as Uqs na «h«M

waor ebjMt* r—iln »aB)r» w« oaaaot icaaw tb«K lU ad th* Mm tiaw nor
•• ypr—ttttag oaii r«Bl thine* s«mi furfeh«r opsrotlon is asssssnty

whleh will reiBfeSBrafts, mrslhssiss, aasut snaarstias in full ooasoiousasss

tela aaaljrtietilly nnrsbsMMt aftsr ths nrst HBdiffsvanllatai snap of

baiag.

fttaatioa ani Batwra of JvAaamit

Altli«tti^ Mflgr thiaga s«anot et tbs a«na tisis ba kaosra aa

mutr» ^V ttatt ell ba kaoaa If ^«gr aaa ssaNliow ba bvou^t into tha

aaeta Tiav (ffld ba aaaa aa oaa* Uaoauaa no baiae eaa «t tba atm» tltm

ba iafOntad wltb >Nra then ona foas of tba Bamn kind, «ad oU iatal>

lieibla (q>aeias ara of ona gsnia in ragnM to tba iafomatioa of tba

intallaet, oaly ona apaoiaa aim ba praaant to tha intallaet i«t ona tlaia.

Aad thus only so atasb omk ba aimiltaaaoaaly kaown em la rapraaaatad

la ona apaclaa.'*

Via srobl«n« th«a, la to fiad oaa iatalliftibla apaeftaa

tbat will unite a«v«ra diffarant onaa ia aaa* way ao thai th«ar ao

iM^or «ra aaaa aa msay but la asna aaaaa as ona* Vot tba aaaa thiag

aaa ba mar tnm mm yoint of now «<ad oaa tnm aaothar, aa tha parta

•f a wliela aay ba loaitad at a^parataly or thagr my &11 ba rasardad

%a«slh« as saa wbala**'

 !• Ciwjunitltta lay Cmmtatimm t

Th* iiit«ll««t muH mmmtum ooturtvuet «& latalllslbl* i4u»l«

out of ttm MparstiiA 4«te of (rinplo •Karobonoloxi} It «•% Join tho

sb«tr>'0t«4 naiuMM. Ibla it teoo by ooagporiag tbom with om aaotbcr;

for tbo tarmo of e ooaipariMm «ro« by Tirtuo of tho ooap«ri«Oft, now

DO longOT two dlotiiict thiagi, but thagr avo oooa as on«. CorrolatiToo

wo kaowm togolhor:

..ui oiiis owiyMP wt ioaoB dnofUB ooaoidarRt, int«n-

tiOMM •A vtnwvio dirlgit ot oixul iatuotwr utrun-
.80

In UBO rniMi rolativo oo% Intollootwi oltorlus ro-

lotiTi.*^

IhoB «4kon tbo intolloot sooo oonoopts m» rolfttod, it oooo ^on dm obo."

By oomftriae, tho opfiMhottdod aatoroo tho intolloot greopo tho %«rao

of tho ootqporiaon to«oth«r{ it oan porMiro tho likonooo or aifforoooo

of thooo a«t«upoo sad apfvohiBd thoir icMetity or oo&jiuiotion, thoir

diTorgonoo or ooporation.

Am oa oyorotioa of tho intolloot. JudcMot io bIwots o

oUp o oi tiOB, slaoo it briago too eoaoopto togothori bat ttoa tiio point

of Ti«> of the opfTobondoA aoluroo it will bo oithor oosfwaition or

diTiaioa, aooerdiaa oo thay m« pareeiTod to bolong toftothor or aoti

SI ooaaitannM oo qooo aiuit eirea intoUoctun oooaa-

Aon oo, oaB^ar oot OQavoaitio ubi aot Taritao ot
faloitao} qfooo mamsamm iavaoitur ia latolloetu aioi
par hoo q!aoA iatollaetos ooBpamt uaan siavliaaB
ooaoaflwi altarl. iod ai rofomtur ad rmi^ quaadoqiao
dioitur oaopoaitio, qaai^to(pta dleitiar dlTlaie. Ooa-
poaitio -laidaB^ quftado intellaetua oonparBt UBUa
•oa^ w nm altorl, ^aai 'fflBfuMl^ffiW, ffftjuiytiyiy^
dl^atm nil i?»«» U7,

%«it vt «Kpv«luNil«« rM MS* AivwM*. par huaa n

•tiai aadMi in voollMia afflnmtie dleltur aeavoaitlo,
ia^faaaliMi aMijnnatioaaM ax paria ral aicaimoati
tlo aro dlaltiir dlvlaio, iaqtta&taa ai^iilfleat

Qy Yiirttta of tlia aoqpariaott ahitfli tha latallaot nakaa b»>

tvaatt slBpla ooneapta, it jolas than lolo eaa iBtaXllgibla objaet,

oaa tntallaetuft i

In 1111a lotalll^ilblllbuB in qtuilbua aat T«r» •!

falana* aat j«i ({BaadaM aaqpoaltlo liitallaettUBi«
idaat rarun latallaatamait aieut qiuaado «x nailtla
fit ali<)ttid ttOMU • • iJBtallaataa natn Uweaplaota
prlaa aaapavata aanpoalt, at faeit ex ala vmam lar
taUaatOM***

Tba ualtlBg or "niewyaaitlOB** of tha dlvarao aonaafia 4»— not daatroy

tha dlatlAatloo irtilflh thagr hara in raaaoa bjr Tlrtua of thalr appro-

haoaios aad fraai thalr amx Intallialbla aharaotar. aad 4»aa not fom
as abaolttta uAity of thaat hut It doaa ^faat e ualoa batwaaa thant

«0«ppoaltlo aat qutadaai Saltatlo imltutls: woda at ualo dleltur^"*^

A ttftioa wdcaa dlraraa thlsga ona. It d»aa aot oaka a alalia unity,

baaaiaa of tha dlraralty of tha alaBantat but It oan affaot -^x onlt

«lil«h la aUplr aaa, aa ^ppoaod to « unit j^ r oarteln aaaaa ( aaemtdmn

oald) • A pila of roAia, la aa audi aa It la jg^ pila, la n unit; but

only m a aartaln aanaa. / potantlally dlTlalbla balnc, taawarar, au^

mm (t llna, or a aaa^oalta balac, aa a aatarlal aubatanoa ooopoaad of

Mttar aad fom, la truly aad al^ply oaa { laagi atapllclt«Br tbontfi net

alaplax) • uaion aaa hara bo^ of thaaa aanaaa. Tha Inttar klad
of union la aJLae ••llod ooawtioat b««ms« %h« oloniaiita oxlst toe«th«r

•• on* and nmeoX— on* sot of boln«.^

'Sb» eooposition of tho mouiA e«t of UBd«r«t(AdlB8 la auob

• ttaltlng boeauaa It algnlflaa tha obJeotlTo uniaa imA ooneratlon of

tha aaturaa nqpraaastad by tha aoaoapta. It valntagrataa tha raal enA

tlaaa tha aattiraa* Daaaoaa Rbatmatlva eqpfvahaaalan graapa

la mlTavaallsad aad ka— oat af thalr Inferlara, aat «a«l-

daoka sa out of thalr aiibataBMM, Jaapwi anat put bMit tha saoldanta

Into thalr aobataaoaa aad tha qulddltiaa lata thair lnf«rlora, ea a

faa lata Mtttari

II pvoptar hoo» on quaa aoorauta iM^elllglaiuia, oportet

aoa la aaoai vaAt«ara par aadiiw lawutiattloiBla val dl-
laloala, aaHBtlatloaian fomaala."^

yenoa or noturaa that «Rlat tosalhar in ona aubjaot (*qiiaa

«aia aaajaaata aool la ra**) ara i^prcfeaadad apart ("Intardua dlrlala

aocBaacutttur") •** Wn thla raaaaa. If va »ra to kaaa tha raal thlag

ua it la, «8 aaa aobjaat and ana balng, va auat »•• it ralntagmtad,

with aealdaata In tha avibataaoa aad varloua aaaldaota jolaad la tha oaa

balafti

IntaULeetua aoatar dlvwaaa oono^^lanaa fbraat

:iiaUL
aabjaataa at aaaldaaa, at *>& oogaa-
dlTaraa eoaidanttlet «^ i«i«o dlaoarrlt da ooenl-
tiaaa aohakaatUa ad aasaltlanaai Aaaldantla; at itarum
ad boo ^lood li^tioaraotlaB onlua nd eltarva aataaaaat,
anpaalt apaalaa iaa all<rn» at aalt ga nna <aiw(t» i
at ale la aalpao aaoat lab ilia fonBat*''
 flkm w kMv • ifolMl^ U tba iaiiTlAual la «hl«i it «xl»ts

ttd Ml aMidMi la its MbstiaiM, «• know thut b«lits m «o&«v«t«. sIhm

v« er« apaekiag of tb« ttocttition of s«uill>l« b^ian («hl^ i« pyopor»

tloaad to our t^tur«), the rt^l objsot of otar kaoirl«d?« will b« e <mh»>

poslte bttlnc, harlBg a fwm in Bsattw, « rw—oa aatur* la ea iadirldual,

•MldMt* la m\mUm»9» Owe kae«i«4s* Hi«t rMogalM and la mm wigr

r«produ«* thl* ooB^oaltlen aad oeaervtlctti. Xbls !• whet ju^csaMst <to—,

tf joining tho aalT«rsal oonoopt to its laforlor, Jud«eMnt r«iMK>dae«a

la tha naaar of tho Intolloot, tho otHcpooltloa of aottor eaA font la

tho roel thlasi «ta4 Iqr Jolaiag tho ovotmsd of aa aooidont to that of

ito oulbattaoo, tho oeaecroto wholo la ropvoaiooA. wo aro eantloaod,

bflwoTw, oftalaot aoonming that tho ooapooltloa of tho intelloot is Juot

lUco that of tho thlng| for tho el«n«ito whldn go to oonpouaa tho roal

thlas oro roally dlotlaot, whiroaa tho thiaco oi^pilfloA by tho eeaeopto

okick aro Joiaod ^ Jiiftp—nt, aro aot roaUy dlotlnot toot idoatifiod

la roalltj,*®

Hm lBt«Ho«t dooa BOt prwtaaa to Idoatlfy tho aaturoo la

tho ftbaoluto or abotraot f»**« hut 4oo« pareolTO snA afflm tho Idootlty

of tho thiato «hi«i hovo tbooo aaturoo* ftm abotr»otlo& by whiflb tho

ualTaroal lo dorlTod 1«, aa waa oooa la tho laat ohs^tor, aa abstrao-

tl«i of a wholo, not of a part or aaroly of tho font. VImmtfii Htf <iald-

dlty la apjrAoadM aport fr«i oqr iaaiTldaal oobjoot. It lo -.i. — ^^^

'
--•-'-?t , it la Bot apprahondod uo

without tny oubjoot »t cXI* la tko ooaajiooltloa affootod by tho intol-

loot tho oon»a oholo la plaood la a dotoradaod ouibjoot. This la tho

ooaorotloa aoooooMry for truth:

 t

«Wf«nu
Ow «!%« lBtttll«o«tts ma^^&itimm tonmt, a««lpit
duo, quoanM uaiBi •• htb^ ut fonwd* r«sp«ettt elttvloai
uBte aeelpit lA at la alio «si«t«Bs, propter ^\»d prtf
<ie«ts tonoatur tonmHtme, st Idao, si tells op«rtttio
latolloetua «d roa dtboat roteel oievt ad eaooaa, opor^
tat «M>d la eoaiMMitia aubateatila Ipaa eeayoaitio
ftnna ad aatarlaa* axit ojua ijaod •• habat par aadaa

ad aubjactm* raqtaadaat quasi ftmda —

tommrn at oatariaa, val atiiai oea^oaltio aoeldastia
aa at «ttuw
varitatls, aaapoa&tieai, qiutt intallastvs iatarios
fanaat at asprlait t«oa.^

t, Taattnoay of Coaiorata yadttenoa

Drat tt9 feet thnt tba l&tallaot raprodueaa in Its oim vigr

tba eoaeratioa of tba rackl aitaraal thing nhiali ia kaaan, wa aMi •••

tbet ^ara is oaottapr eac^KiriaoQ baaidaa ^lat of ona eaaoapl to aaothar,

aad this la tha ooapariaoa of both of tba aonaapts to tba rael thiag|

ar «a idteuld aora aoooraitaly aajr that ttia awieapts ara oeaparad to

attoh other by ooBpariag than both to tha tliiag whiflb aoeista in rae-

lilgr* nia qpyrabaadad aaturas wa Joiaad ar aaparatad soeordinK

to tha aoapositioa of tha rael thiaet ^ad tha feot of joiaiat thaa

ia tha toatiaeagr of tha iatellaat that tha aoapoaition of thasa ooa*

oapta oorraapoeda to tha oonpoaition of tlia thing.^ £Qr Joiniag tha

aaaoapta ia thou^^t tha iutaUaet taatlfiaa that tha iutaUigibla

•bjaota ahiah thagr rapraa aat tin joiaad ia raalityt tha thing ia ir

tha oQ^MSlta aaaaor of axiating ia vbioh tha iatalleot rapraaaafta It,

Hm rael aaistaaea of a ooavosita thing raaulta fraa tha

iltioa of it a A«aaalst

Qnaa aaafoaitwa hsbat assa,

gaibus ooapmdtur, uuiuntur.^
B^pttlnlly, tb« aup«rv«atioa of th« fMB iqxMi t1i« n»tt«r e^8«« th«

«OHpo«l«« to ^•t "JStanm 4at mm Mtwia*" eod "fMBM faolt «•• la

aetu"*.^ Ibis bolds tm*, vlth nodlflo««l<m«. wbcthtr tho fom U

th« stibatattklal fom end tho nsttor !• prlao aattor, or tho tern lo

Oft aoeiaoBtal flam cttd tho oottor lo tho oiibotoBOo tokon no ooeead

Bttw.47 nio thli« will thoroforo bo olgnlfloA hf the intoUoot so

oxlfltlng, iB thct «et In «bl«h tho IntOIloet laitotoo tho "acgrogatlmi

of tho prlAolploo'* of thit thlag» riz,. In oc»:90oltloa, sua only thoroi

!\Q>loz oot oporetlo lutellectuo* Utto <iiaoo dloltar

latelllgentlfi ladlvlolhlllwi, cptm oognooolttir do uno-
qttO'^tto ro iuld oot. lln Toro oot %iu eonqprnilt ok dl-
'

Idlte oellloot omuitlf'.tlaiun iMsotlVMB vol nfflyno*

tlTaoi fOaBondot ot hao <ittld«Bi diino oporetloaoo diur
httsquao oont la rolma roopoadoat* Prteo q!ialdo^»por«-
tlo roopislt IpooB Bot»«B fol» oonnUtaai <ittOB ollqua
roo latolloeta alleittOB cradam la ootlbuo obtlnot{ sIto
olt roo ooB^Ioto ut totvt ollqpiod, oIto laemplote ut
para toI aooldoaa* iToonwds oaogotlo go»lolt Ipowa
oooo rol« i|iKKl viuldwt rooul^t os oflsropttlona prla-
olylomai rol la ooayooltlo.^

Slaiplo aypMhooolOQ lo oonoomod with tho aotum or iialddltor of thlago

toaoldorod In ItooiLf aad roflnrdlooo of Ito ootaal ladlvlduetloa, ooa-

orotloa, or oalotoaoo* XudgMat, by roprooorillas tho actual ooaero-

tloa of thli^o, poolto la th«tt^t tholr oslotoaoo; thus It ''looka to

tho aot of helag of tho thlac*"

la oar oot of oogaltloa tho thlag lo kaooa throutjh tho

•odotoaeo whlA It hao la tho latolloet; yot It Is kaooa la Its ova

oot of bolagt
fljCTB^i^^

•M* 4«ed bak«f% la oofliKMioaot*, nihilaidJBUs «oca»«olt

ipmm •MinUhai •«•• qusA luelMt «istvti oftgaMMalcRi
iottt intcUaettta oogaoaolt IaplA«B aaanadun «aaa
iBtalllgiblla qjooA hab«l la InlaUaetu, inqpaatwi
oosooaeit a* latalligaraa aad alblXenliuui ooeBoaelt
lapltfia iB pieprta aatvm.^

If thia la trua of all oosoltloa, InoXttdJng aiqpla apprahaaaloa. It

Is partloularly tiua of tha jadciawil, i4iar« tba a«t of balag i4vl^ tha

tklag baa In tha Intallaot la tha ooiunloua alen of tha liOt of bains

«4Eilah it aataorolaaa la raallty, end wliara tha wmj aet of «clat«ae« of

tha thing la kafom. la tha judgaaat aana of tha wovda la thla taxt

tftfca OB a na« foroa; far tha raflax kaowladga of tha «et of afxlataaea

«tilah tha Objaot hoa la tha latallact ("aaattaAaa aaaa latalll«lblla (|ttoA

habat la Intellaotu, laqueatua oosaoaelt aa latelllgara") la aot Joat

aa aaaaaaoyy but aa aaaaatlal part of tha Judcwnt. Nat oaly doaa tha

thli« kaam aodat In tha latallaot «ad tha Intallaot uadarataad It,

but tha Intellaat kaamB ih»% It uadarataada, aad tqr balag «n?ra of

Ita OMa aott It la aoMra of tha objaatlva alsalfloanoa of ttxst aat

aad oaa Mdta Rfflnastloaa about tha thlag

S. JUlLiaiMea&l
itot only doaa tha oeaq^eltlon of Judsaaat ragpraaaat tha

^^^ <OMy»«ly « aa It la, but bgr It tha latallaot la amdra of Ita

adaquata raptraaantatlon >.M taatlflaa to It. t^ar thla raeaon truth

la faaaally In tha Jurtpiaat, aa waa livHoti la mm of tha tasta «4ileh

wa hara alraady aaaa. flaaauaa tzuth la foraBllr eaaatltutad by oo»»

foimlty or a4a^gaatloa. It oonalata aaaadstlelly la a ralotloa, aad thla

vq|!ltiT^9 aof tttaa ons t«m« I^pt. mwvry ooaflixnlty or llk«a«M, ha»«v«r,

la truth, but only tb«t la vAiioh th« liit«llMt is ea« of the tarai.

abA th« iBt«lX««t BMit «rt«r inio this rsXatlon la a awaasr pivopar to

tkia latallaet] othsswlaa tha oonfosctlty of tha Intellsot to somathiaf

•Isa would In no vngr ba dtlotliv^iultfiad froB uv athar ooaAinaltgr or

XUcanata. But tha assBsr prepar to tba IntaXlaet is to aoafom Itaalf

ta tha othsr by Ita own opamtloa, end, aoraovsr, with o«uMiia««iaaa

of whet It la doing. Ita oonfon^ty la tharafora an eetlTa ooofonsa-

tlant It la not itaraly tha ateta of a4a<|a«tanaaaa hut It la adwquetlon;

and tha ada qfttatlon la OMiaeleaa. whan tha IntaUaot oottforew Itaalf to

a thing aaA kaoaa Ita ada.tuatloa, hy that vacy fset It afflrr^w or «t>

taata It; It efflraa that tha thing la aa ttw Ictallaot rapraaaata It.

Qaljr th9m la thara truth fcHmelly, This, hoaarar, oooura only in Jaig*

ant i4iaa tha Intallaat Jolna or aaparatasi for la judg^ont tha thing

whloh la rapvaaaatad la oaa auMaft la paroalrad <^d ottaatad to ba

that «»hl«h la rapraaaatad la aaothar oaaaapt. Thua not only ara ao»>

oapta aeaparad with othar. but tha eo^poaltlan aada by tha lataUoot la

aoaqparad with tha thing tmd afflmad to ba ndacEuata to tha thing.

A alapla oonoapt, the^u^ a llkaaaaa of «ba thing, is not

thia oetlva eeHparlaani end ao tmtti la not ilMiid ftHraally thara, bat

only In jajgnaati

C«n all(|uod laaoaipXaaRai ^al dialtur val IntaXll-

git«r» ipaw «aUaB luwiil aiiiii, (jaaattai aat da
aa, aea aat ral aacjaataa aaa ral iiiaa<{Balai a«a
aaqaalltea at laaai^ialltaa aaauadoa aaiparat iaaa
diaaatar} laoo^plana aatas, <fuMm aat da aa,
aaatiaat all(ju<a4wi>aratiaaaB tiA apj^aatlOMH ad
u UMa da aa nao rmnm oaa falaoa dial potaat.
flBAPTBt Vin '••••

iaaoHplaacl hA rm 9m wattm MapMltioBls aiit dlvl-

Umi^ la al^^l* «fpr«hmuilen th« liitAI»«t Is ooafbnMd to th« tblag

and th«r«fi>r« la tnw, it la Ilka It u» asytblas ta Ilka Miiothar, but

ttot pttoparly na Intallaet; it doaa aot la that opwretlon know ita oira

oo&roniity. only Juilamaiil glv** tbla kaowladea of tba truth, aaA

tharaltora only it glvaa truth fomsallyt

31ottt Tarva pw parlua Imraaltur la IntaXlaettt vpum la

r^bua, Ita atlaia per prlua Isvanltor la aota Intal-
laetua oant>oaastla at dlTldaatla <tum la aotu Intalr
laetua (jalddltAtaa ravum fonaatla. V«rl aal» ratio
aoaalatlt la ada^qaatlaoa ral «* lnt«aiaetuas Idoai
autaa aoa adaaqioetur albl ipal« aad aa^aXltaa dlvar-
mai aati aaia Ibl prlao lavaaltor ratio arltatla
la Intallaattt «a>l irlmo IntaUaatua laalplt allquld
proprlun bnbara q^iod raa antra aalma aoa ha^at, §9A
all quid «1 oorraapoadaaa, Intar q^uta i^taaquatlo attwadl
potaat. latallaatua aatoi fianMaa (ftlMlUitaa, aoa
habat alal aiBlIltudltt«B ral axlataatla aacfera aalaaM,
alaut at aanaaa laqui^ntin eoalplt apaalas nd aaaal-
bllia; aad <^iiaado inolplt Judioera da ra opprahanaa,
tuBO Ipaoa JudlolVB Inlallaatua aat q^ueddaM inroprlua
alt <fM* wa lavattltur aattre in re. 'lad <iaaado ada*-
qpaitar al qpod aat aockva la ra, dleltvr Jadlatvi rmnm
aaaa, luaa aatMi judleat Intailaatiui da rm apprAwaa
<iaaBio dlalt qaod ellquld aat «! aoa Mt, qaod aat
latallaatua ooBponaatla at dlvldantla,'^

Truth (Uid fnlalty, va aaa in Chaptar III, «ra daflaad by

tha aKiatanoa or noo-axlatanea of tba thlag,^ aad, thoii^ In tha in*

tallaot, ara eaaaad by tha aslataaaa of tha thlnc*^ Tha fomality

of truth raqcolraa both tba axlataoaa of «lia thlac kaoMa and ita ad*>

qpiata apprabaaalaa by tha Intallaatt

mtstmmi »••• »•

Rstio «rit«tis la <feiobua ooMlstlt; In esse rftl «t

ia apparfhaatiow Tlrtatis oosoDseltiVb* psoportiouHte

Tor truth is fonwlly oaaatituttd tgr tlMi opcntion of tb« liit«ll*et

«A•^£uetlag itaalf to tbm sot of odotmeo of tho thlnct

SlBllitor dloo do Torltato, qaod hobot fUBOMMgattaM

la r«, -aed ratio ojus oonplotur per aotioaan iutol-
lootao, <tiMaiAo oollleoft aypgpiiioAdltiar oo »»4e quo
oot. • • Tcrltoo ftmdatttv la omw vol sMglo <eum la
qttlddlteto, slout «t miamx •atlo ftb oooo lapoaltuF)
ot la Ipao oporstloao latoUootua ooelploolla
rol olottt oot por vp^mAm sladXttllOBaB «ft IpKM*
plfltur ralutlo odao^ptatioalo la ($iA oonslstlt ratio
orltntlo, Oido dioo (viod ipom oooo rol oot .^-..^ _
orltetlo, oooMftdoa quod o«t la ootsaltloao Istolloettto.

nio Ibanl ooBOtltuoBt of truth i« ''tho roletloa of ftdooiMtloa", and

thU Is fouod "la tho op«r«tlott of tho Intollset taklae tho aot of

bolag of tho thlac no It Is Iqr • esrti^la Uitsolag of itsolf to thAt

set of bolag."

Hm ttOt of bsias 4mm aot satw oxplleltly Into sla^lo

^pparohoasloa lAsro tho qgsiddlty of tho thUf U rsstooontod, but oaly

lato jud«asttt, tTaloh, tgr afflnsloc tho oos^oi^tloa of things, ooar

solottsljr posits th«a la ssastMOot

Prim oporetlo rooplolt qpildditatsn rolt soeunda ro-

splelt osso Ipslus* It quia ratio TvltBtls fundetur
In osao, ot non In qulddlteto, ut dlotun ost, idso
srltBS ot falsltas pvoprlo Isrsaltar la soowkda
opsratlono, ot in signs ojus, quod sst onuatiatlo."*

OatU tho rolatloa of truth Is twrntdly sstabUsbod, kaow-

lodtfo eaaaot bo said to bo oonploto. It mqt ^ aoat f^nisMBtaXlj

ipi s

sad la prineiplo, but not in its fulfillJMnt, Ihus tho prlaeiple or

start lag poini of taanHi «»gKltioii.l» twmA la alJVl* ttpprcbenslon, but

its tarn !• Jud^antt

la <iunllb«t oogBitlOB* Am 4Mt oottal4«r«r«t

•oUiovt priatlplvB •% fliii, •!• tamtflwa.
PrlaoipiwB qai4«i ad apf3r«baB«ioB«M p«rtia«t, tar-
wAmtrn i|k«i •* j«Mll0ium{ Ibl Mila oagiltlo parfl-
oitttr,®^

Oogaltlon la oooplatad &i)d tiutb %• praaank wiMa t^a oeovoaltioa of

la affaetadt

Intallaattw nttam noatar, eqppraiiaodaaie iaoeoi-

plaoMt Boadom partlagit ad ultlaMi mmi parf»etlaftan«
<{iila a^ue aat in potaotia raapaetu oonpealt Ionia at
dlTlaioala. • • *Jmd varitaa aoaaa<|altttr iatallaetuai
aoatrom la aui parfaeta oonltleaa, iiaende J«d vme/am
ad aaayosltioaaB parraait."®

II. m» BwroBifxcw

Tiwaa ef tha raanad Oparatlaa

Altbou^ aoapoaitimi ^ad diviaion la uaunlly apcdcaa of aa

aa oparatioa of tha lataiLXaot, fraquantly aoa aaaaot ba aura whathar

tha tarn daaigaataa tba oparation or tha ebjaetlYa tana of tha opara-

tiaa. Aa laataaaa la tha atataaant that o aanpoaitiea la trua or

falaa,^ or thAt aoavoaition la aa teitotloa of ualty and la tharafora

a uBioa.^ /«d aoa>aftlaaa it la olaar that tha aard haa a paaalTa aig-

Blfioatloa aad tbat it la aot tha rat of <iaayflaa<Hwg bat althar tha

raaultlng atata of aoavaaitiaa or alaa tba aaapaaita itaalf thet la

(• An anavla of tha fon«r la 'tha oaapaaitiaa ahleh la ftoaad

U • »i««ri«l thiac,***^ tililtfh U tOM (jualilgr or stst* of balas oe«p»>

•!%• rethar th«R th* a«t «f OM^paaaAiBC* 1S^« VMuItlac a«90«lt« b«iag

it0«lf oust be avant bgr *'ea^p««ltloa"' itfi«a «r« sptMtk of • oonpoaltioa

lOiieh !• and*, fwwK t, or «a9r«M«d, 1% 1«, la fact, iapoa«lblB to

9pmk iibout tho oaapooltloa nad dlTlaioa of judffaaat without laplylaB

that i*Mi U iBiimll aaA AlTidod or J«i«a«« ^a iadioatioa of this

la aaaa la a wamhmp of tho taoEta qaoto4 rogardiag tha jud0Doat, whl<Ai

yaaaod «U.t« aeturally froM tho aotiva co^>oeitl«a on tha pnrt of tha

latallact to tha ''propoaltlon'' or '^aBUDClatlaa" «het la towamA hy It.^

WW aa anaolatlon la tha alga of tha orwunwiadfag oaA dlTldlac t^iloh

tha Intallaot doaat "aiuntlatlo algalfloct eoaqwaltloa at dlvlaioaaa

latallaotus.**^ la aa aauft, thaa, bm tho propoaltlmi la tha latal*>

ilftlbla alga iftaA tina of tho ooaqpouadlag opoarstloa. It la Just tf

objaetlra oountarpart or aaqpraaaloa of tha aot of judsiagt It la tha^

whl<^ la ooavooadod*

Ihm opooratlon of tha latolloot la ocavowaAiaft or Judgiac

la» wo acar» aa aotlTo ooa^arlaoa or rafavonoa of oao ^pMhaadod

Sfttoro to MMtiMr, Ttm propoaltloa la just «^ paaalTO or obJeotlTO

rolatiOB that la sat up hir thla aatlTo rttTaraaaot It la tha ralatloa

whlob tho oaa aetura hes to tha othsr cts a rsa«It of ths lw^>^ll^lHL

doaa by tha latollsot* Iha iwayafiat la tho oparstlon by whlflh tho

latailaot "dSTlaos** tha ooHparatlTs lataBtlwi «Axl«h la cellod a

yoaltloo. Bad tha raUtloa dsrlaod la tho latoaklea or propoaltlaa

Itaalf • v.'a oaad oaly teko la aa obJaetlTO ssnso paraetloally anrary-

thiag that waa salA about jud^aant, aad tha poropoaltloa la alraa^y
 Juvk a« It !• th« fosetlOB of jud«nuil %o usUY « nolti*

pXioi^, «aBbl.iBe th9 lnt«llo«« to grttp tho Mdigr «• ono, tho proposi-

tion la tho obJoetiTo unity of tho wmafr mULib it tbmm gvoapodt

Iat«lloo%M qiuadb oonoiterot propeoitiOMn, ooa-

sidorut Mato tttuama} ot idoo inciuattlwi omt vnm,
•iiBul intolXifMBtUTt tkai ictolligitur taa piopo>
•Itio qiMO OB Ola ooMrtot, • • Hon «U« oiaBl in*
toUiffiiBtttr laqeuiiatUB bobont ordlnon dlotiaotiooio
adiaTieooc ood lafwantuct uniuntur in wm pg oponi-
«iOM.<^

Xt io tho "iidUttOtt of tt8it7<* or ''union*' whioii to offootod by^

position^; it i« tfeio "oniBtinbXo" whioh io fortiod hy ownyoundlnj oad

imitl^ opooioo^^; it io tho mum intoUigibilo imioh io aodo whon tho

ifiteUoot JoiBS too intoUiic{ibloo,^ or tho latoUlgibilo oowlon»

ohiih io bmii^t about by tho oeaporiooB of ono thing with nnothar.^

of tbo Tropooiticy

Ono of tho (ipjr<l!kOBdod naturoo ohiab aro joinod in Jttdpwttt

70
io ondorotood of tho othor or paid of tho othor; and it aooordlaftX/

io oaid to bo prodioatod of tho oth«r«^

Tho aot of prodiooting io ^Ton tho omibo prodiOfttion ;^^ but

tho OMM law oo«M alao to bo tukoa in a paooitro oonoo as tho piropooi-

tiOB fbmod by this prodioating.^ Iho kmmm aaturo that io said o»

prodioatod of aaothor io oallod a yrodioato ; the thins hnovn of idii^

tho othor io prodiootod io or^XLod tho o«ibjoot » 3ineo e propoaition

io oiaply tbo objootivo prodiootion, it is ooqioood of a oohjoot and a

 . ,

pr«dle«t« (*'anistl«%io aoii«tlt\tltur mc aal>i«ato «% pmaAlMto"^^) , and

U f»awA %9r joialns th* pr«die&t« to \k» MibjMt ClM* . • • iiifli&ifi-

Mt im Uioa— propoaltioftls, qpum. miim aAlnTColt «MiiJWftM prea-

dlMtaB MkiMto**^). 1hi« joining Is Mslly a ooavcdrlaon ("In Intel-

iMffeu •QHpaa«Bt« at dlvldanta oonparatiar i^readloatwi ad aab jaetuB*^^)

tha obJaotlTa ooootarpcrt of tha HOtiva eoaparlaon of jud^MBt C'lntal-

laatua acavavat uum aUq^aaB oaaa^us (OLteri"''')

IB arary aonpoaita tbara la a Blxtura of potaoojr floA aat}

althar ona of tba parts is In pota&cy %o tha ottiar aa aetter to fom,

or tdl era ao to tha abola.^ t^aravar thmrn la n f&m» aa su^ it

Is an aat, bad vharavar thare la a subjaot, it la In potanay to that

ttf altieh It la tha subjaet.^ Afid this is Tsriflad not only la tha

pigraleal ordar, of aatoral oeaposltaa, but also in tha iatalll£lbla

ordar, of tha latalUftlbla eonpoaita whioh ia tha proposition. Itor

in a propoaitiott tha subjaet ia to tha pradloeta »m tha dalaralaabla

to tha datandalBS alamant, ea nattar to fonat

intallaotua aovoaitiaaaa toatat. aeoipit

i«0, quarvB uBMi —
habait vtt fozsaela raapaattt al-
tariuat loida aooipit id at la alio a^staaa, pvoptar
quod praadiaata taaantur fovaalitwr.^

pyaadiaatiBi aa^paratur ad siabjaetuB ut foiwi ad

ataviaa} at almllitflr dlfforantla ud sanost «c
' aataM al mtaria fit wnBB aii^llaltar.^

Ia tha iwijiailaiwi aada by tha lnlallaet batwaaa two dlraot objaatlTa

iataatioaa, ena is rafardad aa baiae In tha othv aa a form in a

att«r» oad it ia thus pradicatad of that othar, baiag "appllad to It*

la afriiBativa pradloatloa or "raonvod fna It" in nagstlTa pradlentloai

ca/JTHi vni p««« MO.

IB onl pr«po«itioa« Rliquau foxswn aigidfloatuM

pn fra«diec(tan (int«ll«otits} apjilMct alloul r«l
•iCBiflMtm pm
attbjeotua, t«1 vmaam/k tlb <$m,^

lliaa bjr an aaalogtml appXiestioa of oaittir vad A»m to lataXlavtoud

oonpeaitioa, the pradlont* mttmi as ^a fonaal part of tba propoal*

tiOB and tLa aubjaet e« th9 matarlalt TrQ«41oatum aat t^wal para

fbnaalia aaa&tlatiooiB, oubjaatm attl«M aat para oHtarlcilla ipslua.**^

It la aot «rithout reeaoa that tba aubjaet of a propoflitloa

U MllaA Iqr tha aaaa mmmi aa ttia •stologioal «ftja«t vhloh raaalTas

a ftem or datanaiaatloa, whaftbar aobataaflal or &«el«laiitel, wa wpmit

•f priaa aKitt« aa tlia mbjaat of tha aabataaliel form, tha attbatenea

aa the aubjeot for seoldaBks, aaA tha ouppoaita aa tka aubjaet of

aetieaa. IJaaaoaa H^e propoaitloa la a bmmnm of aogaltion. It aniat be

a alcB of tha roal bains ^loli le to be kaoim; Ita ooavoaltlon ouat

alsBlfy tha ao^pealtlon of tha reel thine, sad Ita parte In aoata way

raf leet the parte of the real ecHposlta. In lOMwlne ve plek out a

tliint •>* want to know aoaiet.bln6 ^bout lt« ^han wa dlaeoTM' thla aoRie-

thlac about the thine* «• join It to the thine* laaklne e eoatpoeltlon

In thouebti we efflxs or predleate of the thine what we h«Te oaaM to

know ebout It, fund aaoa^Ma thla pradlaatlaa latanwlly ea aa eaan-

eletlea or propoeltloa. In the propoeltlon the auhjeat will rapre a aat

the thine whleh la hnoMB, aad U&e predleate will repreeeat whet we know

•bout It. Ihua the aubjaet wlU et«nd for the auppoalte, and the pre-

dleate wlU atoad fv aoae quiddity or nature uhlah belaaee to that

aoppoalte md whleh la eOMa wajr we find In Its

 TWtBiw la aubjMto posittas t«a«tur Mi%«ri&li««r,
iim% pro aapposite, poaltui v«ro la pm^dloeto
twwiiir fbautUtw, IdMl pxo luelwrs slcaiflMtft*"*

iir tti« faot of pr«4ie8tion lb* pr4Mle«t« i« •Igalfied ••

UiM iA «te Ml»i««tt •l>«M4iM«m Bi^f •lcBine«t«ir iaM«* oubjMto.*^

And ifa* aubjMt !• Iflniflwl ps that la nAltth BWJhlag •!•• is or !&•

liarMt ^SribjMtuM «aniitlatloai« slgiilfloatiir ut eul lrfiaar«t flUquid,**^

«M(th«r tb« rM latellootw r«pr*MBtod by Vbm cubjMt lo aiagiilar or

tmlYCTMa, itt oltlxcr •*•• tb« pr«dlo«t« i« r«g;erd«d am b«lafi In it:

qptla •nia wpw

«nintlatur Bli(iuid 4* allqtua ro;
VMPMft Mit«i ^|«(B«tai sunt unlTsrsalla, (juasdm slasu-*
larla} asossss sst quod (pwatoqiM SBMStlstur allqcuid
lassss vsl aon tassss alioal aalT«rsaXmB« qoaadoqas
•TO aliottl siasttlarlon*®^

As a oons»itt«ao«, aU proyoaitloas that are act B»dal» but whioli slastXy

afflm or dsar ^« fvadlsats of tbs subjost, ara eallad '*ps«positlMUi

of laUaraaoa" (ds to»sss) t '*PropositioaM ^piaa aodalas aoa soat, di-

euBkur as inasss.**^

lassB^ial wad .ssldssital rrsdlostlsa

A listlaetion is ainda la ra^uTd to the wtqr la «bl«li tlis

yrsdleats U si«alfisd as bslii« la tbs subjast. It asor bs la tbs

sub jaot assantially ( ysr ss) or nosldeoitaUy (jyg aosldsas ) i

Par ss autM
disltur tassss allq^d aUsal, (laod
—
Insst si ssmimfct rot lc a iwsprias dtfialtlsaist
fMstsr tes s«t«i q!ai««al4 iasst allsul dleltur
lassss pw Rssldaaa,*)^
 J
CBiyyai nii fu* ««.

flljthiag is Mid to bo la iaaoth«r «NM«itlelly «h«ii its definition

or ratio ia ineludod in tho dofinlticoi or ratio of that othwr. If not,

that thing oaa bo in tbo otber only by addition to ita ooaoaoo, and

tbarofora it is in tb« otfcar only as an aosidant.

ninoa tha disjvnetion batwaso bsSag in the d^Tinition of

aaotbar r.ud not baing in its dafinltian is eaBq;>lata, ahetaw is ia

•flotbar o«a ba tb«ra in no otbar vmy than aithar aaaantially wt aeai'-

dSBlalljr) and va most noaordineVj |>radiOffta osa thing of anotkar in

•as of tha asaa two w^fst **Qnw qaod ftaadiaatvr a«t jdraadloattar par

sa etit par saeidSBs,*^ thasa two asdas of pradieation ara —patinda*

fiPSfSMtly and at laagth in tha works of at, TltqBas A^piinas. Dor our

purpoaa a briaf aspXanation will aoffioa,

Ona tbii« is aaid to ba pradientad of (saothvt assent inlly

or substantial!/ (£5, jw) if it is in tha subjaat «i its sna eeoount,

baasttsa of what It ia« and iredioatad of tha aubjaet Iqr raason of its

dafinition or fsnail oharaatsrt whatovar is in the aubjaet la aagr other

wsgr or pradioetad of it for aoiae reaaMi outaida ita own qfuiddlty, is

predioatad aaaidaB(taXl7 {p<r aoeidsas ):

;,'uidqttid iaast UDlcul<4ua propter aaipson per sa

dicitur ds SOS qu0d rmf nm wopter seipsun inest
aUeui, par eaeidans dieitur.^^

tm m m^rni fraadias^ar aiX^tU m ali«ii» fasd

ynattasitav wi m
flMHMHi yvmnsM ysvMMMt
i^ttod Taro oon sxmndsw pvapriaa retioa«ii praadi-
aatir, sad pcopter rai idsntitatem, non atiM
praedieetur par aa.'^
ouam Tin p«c« a49«

tlM miming «f autojMit nad of par«4l0st« la In «hol« or

in part tf •fiDW, tlw pMdloetion is ^SS, S3L* ^'^^ ^'^ <><>* "i^^u^ ^
two diff«r«at vagra. fbo prodioato aogr b« la tho dofinition of ^o Mb-
joot and bolcttig to ita ftom, aa liaa ia iaoliidad in %rXtMgiM» or animal

iB MMtt «r tba aubjaat Mgr b« in ^a daflnitioa of tha pradiaata. da-

ai«B«tiac tha propar aattw ia wbioh tha fiettm at^ibutad to it la

lavadf aa aoaa la tha propar aubjaat of aiwbaaaa, line of elraularitj,

awfaaa of oolor. In tha first aaaa tha pradiaata ia tha apaalaa,

gaaoa, or apaelfio diffaraaoa of tha aubjaot. In tha aaaoad 9M9 it

"
la b propar aooidast, or propwrty" in tha atrlet wmuf*^^

Tbm pradieatlon la aealdaBtal «h«i aaythiag ia pradiaatad

«if aaotLar thin^ i^leh ia mot ita propav Mdbjaat aad idiieh doaa not

laoluda It in Ita dafinltion» ^lia will uaunlly InvolTa aa aaaidaot,

aa ahaa aa aoaidast ia pradieatad of a aabjaet, or an eeoldaat of

aaothaor aeaidant, ov whan tha atibjaet ia pradiaatad of ita aaaidant*^

If aa lafarior ia pradleatod of ita mtpariotv, aa TOm aalaal ia e »

that alae is aaaidaotal pradiaation.^ Ubat thara la ia aoMBoa ia

thaaa aodoa of naaldantal pradiaatioa ia that tiia pradiaata to— not

baloas to tha aubjaet in rirtoa of tha q^iddit3r or asaaaaa of tha aab-

Jaat, but far aoaa raeaea aictriaaie to that aaaaa^, but yat in tha

aubjaat in aoaa wiv{ tor otharaiaa it oould aet ba pradloatad of tha

aubjaot at all. For tha pvadieatloa to ba tvtta aad juatlfiad it aaat

ba foundad la tba thiaga rajraaaotad by tha aubjaet and pradiaata. «a

hava alraadjr aatad that ia aaaaatlel pradioetlon tha Juatiiyiae oeuaa

of tha pradiaatioc la aa iaalualon of tha istallislbla oharaatar of

 I

344.

th« pradlMt* Im ttuit of th« tubjeet, or « «»—« of mmsioo. Ia

MOlAtolal pv«41e«tiwi tti«r« is ao mtob obmmm of mmd«« but oaly

Maw i£ <*»«*• o niw— in tho «oa«r*t« aubjoet.

a—l I4«itity and a»ti«Ml DivwmilQr

tngf sffintttiTo predioetloa •mum%9 an identity of tbo

thlBg sisBifiod Ml tfbjoet aad that aigaifiod h-m prvdioate; for «lifit«

99tBe ia pradieatod of (oiothar ia aiQBif lad «a idaatlienl with that othar:

"Cnod «oia pr^adioetitr da nliijuo Biip^iflee^^ir idflt a«M> illi.***^ Tbia

•oaa bagroad «)Mt was said ia rassrd to ludflpmit . Ihara w aaw that
tha aaqpoaitim laeda \ff tha intelleot aignifiea tha eonpoaitioa of tha

tbias kamm aad dnara ita truth fniex it, ao that ^ tha eosBpoaitioB of

Jadpiant tha ooaaratloa of tha thiag kacam ia fittiady aigaifiad.

Thara it waa e (joaatioa oaraly of tha ta« apprahaadad aaturaa t^aloadag

togathar. Mow «a aaa that thara ia aeaa kiad of idantity, aot ia tha

abatraat aaturaa, but in tha aoaarata baiag haTiag thoaa aaturaa; for

tha baiae ai^aifiad in tha oradieate is tha aaoia balag aa ia ai^aifiad

in tha aubjaot, thautft daaigaatad Croai a diffarant fomal pviaeipla.

It ia tJk idantity in the eoncrate. ^^athar thara ia « forthar iAaati-

fieatioa, dapanda apoia tha aoda of pradioatien.

Ia yar nooidfMi jaradio«tioa« ea ima aaggaatad abeva, tha

pradieata ia ettributad to tha aubjaat baaavaa of aa identity of tha

thina to ahioh aaab rafara ia tha ooaoraAa ("pioptar ral idaBtltataor*^)

there ie identity of aubjaat only, (\nd not of nstura or foam; thigr teem

Laally oaa or ooo ia aitfijaott

miaakftn. p«i» mb.

"""^ ^tl^y wwyo quM oMi mart wuk auKtun.

AivaraM, •iovl SoomtM, •! ho« albvn, at boe
ieoB. • • lUMiAn • • • ounrwtttBtor ut slot

BMMtts* fh* oubjeot aiA ]«r«dl«»t« w <lw— tniitfa firaoi dlfrarent fbmw,

thigr o«Aaei b« aabs^antlelly Idwkileal or Btuply onm, but er« Joia«d

aeeid«nt«a.ly or, bm It wv*, extrliuiloallyj

P«r «o«ld«ns (Mt ^M— proposltlo) b<>c »H^ •art

bono* Id oata <piod Mt par •• aui^potfitiK hoalai**
afia Mt pan hu|M aenlaia altewu
slftiiinQiitittais
AlbuB MlaiwlMi qiuaitvtam alg&lflMt vm wnBum
•i«&mMfl nsMU 1^ elbadia* «ttt«a at rajbjMto mw
nt UBM ali^Iieltw, TMi« ta»a mmm
•Vaum «op«lat
auMB aubjaetUB ifUMi axtrlnaaoum.^^

Hm epprabaoAaA JBuatitMa aigalflad aa aubjaot anl yradiaata ar« not

Idaaftlfiad baaaiiM 9t ajbat tbay »ra (gpoptap mIpm ar aaamiOan Bro->

prtan rtttlo»a») but baanuM tbqr heppan to asiat la a ooaBoa aiabjaat.

Iha oaaa of pap aa pradleatloa la dlffarant* Kara ttia

Idratlty la aora thigi aa asiatMAlQl cna la tha aukjaat la i4il«b tha

two i^ppMbaaiad aaturM feM^paa ta hava thalr bata«{ It ia elao aa

aaaaatlal Idaatltjr* Oaa nntura la pradieatad of tha othir baaauM

of ahat It la la Itaalf ( aafoptw aiaayfi) , bMaaM It raally la tha

oth«rt "UBuuqttOdqiua aat Tara Id quod poraadloatvar suhataotlalltar da

M.*^^ Iha tao ora oaa la raollty ("Ida* aaaaadua raa**^^) «id aat

raally tao dlffwaot &«turaa or aaaaaoM but oaa. /< eaaua aad Ita

•paalM aad anraa tha aiaculara of a apaalaa hsva tha aaaa aMoaM, aa

Maaad aalmX alcaiiy tha a«a mibbi aad a mb la both

aaloal by tha aaaM a«d»atcatlaX foxmt

 ,

bob •&t nliud

tefl&i'tleiilbtts ponuituri qjnle
p«r •rtli BnlBMl •% hoBO.^O'

Bm» lib —aw fteOM •HtartMURdiall b«b«l qwA

•it MlaaX •* quMI sit lMa>| mm •!» mbI
uaias r«l pXur— roam** MiMrtaBlialM BMamtm
,«^ 4i^,— X04
I I"*

BM MW t • «alT«Ml is 4Mi«Aat«« frOA te« MOW Ma«Dti&l fOZK Ml

its inf«rior«a it ia prMWt in ali of thmn parfMtljr Mid in th«

•«»«i "(Tetui) vttiTwul* <ulMt euilibvt p«rtl aobjMtiTa* •MinduM

•••• ct p«rf««t«tt virtutou «t idae propri* pr&adiofltvr dt part* Ma.'^^

A* a aa — lu aa oa it ia pvaiioataA tmiToaaUyi **TBiiva«« Mdm jraaAiaa-

t«r Sana da apaaiabaa, siaut at spaeiaa «a indiTiduia.''^^^

It 4oaa not naaaaaarlly foUow, lammmtt fren tha Idaotitar

ia aaaaaaa of tha aubjaat and pvadiaata ia pay ja jKradieatloa, that

tfca pradiaata IteMaUir mid aiplieitly ai^if iaa avarrthiag that ia

la^liad in tha aubjaat, aiaaa th« aubjaat aoatteiaa wra tbaa ita a»-

amea} and avan thia aaaanaa aaad aot ba aignifiad axplioitly in all

ita intaUieibla notaai

Ad tea quod aliqua pfraadioatio ait par —aaa apoitat

^aod praadioatuEi par aa eonTaaiat aubjaato aaeMBd mu
aaaa qpad ia aeaiaa aobjaati iaplioatar, aad aoffioit
ai aaowndaa aliquid maim par aa ocmvittiat, aiaut
ratiaaiaHPi par aa aosr«iit haaOni aoa in<|iiaat<i
habat aorpfoa, aad lnqu<«ttM aniSMi habat t «ada baaa
•at par aa "baao vatioaiaatttr**^^

Mma a uaiTtraol ia pradiaatad of ita infarior tha dif-

faraaea baftvaaa mabjaet and pradieato liaa in tha faat that tha pra-

diaata ia uadatamiaad in ragord to tha infarior, inaluding in itaalf

ttien^ iailstlJiotly, «fhat«v«r !• -Matftlnvd la th* infwlor as mktltt

iottla rtspMttt Indivlduia aleiit nKture snutX* r*-

«pMttt Q>«el«i, lad* Mt (}Uod» tloot Id quad Mt
flMin, wont pgrMdlMlur d* spa^At lapIlMt is mm
•IfiBlfloatlMieB (]uatarl« indlstinota, totwi Id gfood
ifftMaiMtt* Mt ia «pMl«, lt« «ftiM Id fMd Mt
•pMlM* anwiniftw (xood p««i«dleatur d» ladiTldao,
•port«t i]iiod «is&l float totm quod MMatlolitv
Mt la ladlTlAio, XlMt lndl0tliiot«; vt hoe amis
MMatla cpMlal alcalfleetur mmIs* boalala; uad*
hooo d« do^mtm |ra«dle«tttr,*^

B«ttk MOdM of pr«dlo«tloa« eoeidintal a« woU ca MSMtlal,

«r« beaod txpon ualty In th« roalt the propMltlM aedo by eooQioaitioa

oa the part of the iatelleot reparMeata ttie reel uaity of that wblob

la sredleated with ^et of whloh It la j?redle«;ted:

Pveedleatlo aala eat nModiaa qiied aaoyletur par

eotlea«» lateUeetua ftaagoaantla et dlTldeatla,
habaaa fttidaawat«i la re, IpaMMUltatMi eerai
qoorun uauB de eltwo dleltur*^^

If the thlaga repareaanted )qr aubjeat sad predlaata are ualted la

reallt/, thve la h reel identity batirMB them* Tat la m» saMft m

ttxay are repreaanted aep«rately m aubjeat and predloete, thagr are

dlatlaeal^ed la reaaaa* There le therefore a reel Idaetlty bat a

rcitlOBel dlatlaetlQB betweon the thlag algalflad by thm aabjeat aad

tlwt alffilfled by the predicate,

ma la veil annlyced la aa article of the 3>»faa^^t

Xa qfaaXibad psapMltloaa afflzBf>tlvn vara, opertet

^od iveeiieatuB et Mbjectua algalflMSt ld«i aa-
ran alluuo oodo, et dlTwaaa aa anadua retloam.
 a

l» aoaidantai jr«<io«lioa th« dlToralty i« tfnimm b«eau«« th« aubjaet

•ad pr«ileat« mrm dnoadUurtvd tram ddivara* tweam, bull %b» raal idntity

i« not oo app«r«nt« It ia aot as aaMatlel Idantity but «a idantity

la tha aanarata auibjaot. In par >a pradiontion, oo Mm otb«> band,

tha idaatity ia aoem ototrloaa baaauaa it ia baaad on idantity of

— aaaa. Iba diraraity in raaaoa ariaaa baoauaa tha aaaa aaaaaea ia

^>prabaadad nooording to diffarant tovamllti^m and diffarant maaifao*

tationa of ttia natural ea tha natura of men ia both onlakal and ratlaoaX

and aaa ba t^nxapad aoowrdlsg to eithar aapaet fKHind in tlia aana oq»>

poaita aaaanoa and aonarata a^Jaott Jasran wtan tba aubjaot end pradi-

aata ara parfaetly idantiaal eeeordin^ to tha ai^lioit fomd maantnc

of aaob, ea vban wo a«ar» "UaA ia a x«tiOBcl Aaiagal'* or "A gagnaat la i

an artiela of oloWI&ii^, wa atiU diatineoiiSi tha two in raaaon in as

Mh aa wa traet tba ona aa datandnabla end the o^ar aa datamining,

tt« «• aa aatarial* ttw othaar aa taamlm In thia «ui in tba praaading

tha rationd diraraity ia aisnifiad by tha diatineticm of aubjaet

and pradloata; tha raal Identity ia ai^Ofiad by tha oanvoaltion whiafa

tha intallaot aafcao of tha tao and nffism,^^

"tli BO" aa tha 3ian of CaMMJtlwi

Iha amvoaition and afflnation of idaatity ia liada by tha

vwbal oofula tg^ ba.^^ lliia ia tta aooood of tha t«a wawnlnta whioh

ara aaaionad to tha word to ua. Tha f irat taanBlng ia tha aet of raol

baiac aa it ia datandaod aoaordiag to tha tan a«tagoriaai tha aaaond

 nU PHI* S49.

la th« «f«ratiga mtA Mt of %h« lBl«llMt biy whl^ It uudtrstanAi aad

«akM th« oonpealtloa of e jpwpooltloBS

BMM duqpUeitor dloiturt q[a«id»q^ oala o«a« ld«B

•«l qjmA ao^M •lias quaaiHiM aKkvi alCBlfiea*
oaavoattloiMa Moatiatiooia} at aie al«nifloa«
aa«un lataUaatua*^^

Br thia oopula tba IflAellaot ai«Blf&aa aa4 aaaanla to tha truth of

tha aoapoaltioa <• oad of tba piopealtloa tonmtit ''T^eltur a<^ija.

quad alflBifloat Tflrltatan eoaipealtlOBla la propealtleoltiua, aaeoatea

qpMA aat dleltur oopula."^-'-^ To ba not oaly al^joifloa tba oenpcHiltlon

aftd tba truth of tha pvapoaitioa tut la Ita fbnal eeaatltuanti

Bm* cs»t«a, la ao ooairiLallt aoepoaltlo Intal-

<|j

la«tua» ut einFlniiBtlo, oonpoaltloMM (juMntaoi at

la41oat,U<^

Tha oo^poaltloB aad aaiaa alil^ It laAloataa la that vhleh la In

thlAcat tor In alsnlfylag tha truth of tha aoiqioaltloa whl«ii la anda

tgr tha lataUaot, to ha algnlflaa tha Idrndlty In raallty of «hat tha

IntaXleot jolaat "Ooavoaltlo &ttt«B latallaatua aat alonn Idastltatla

i^ Mkias tha aoapoaltloa tha IntaUaot undaratanda tha

avibjaat aad paradleata alanataaaoualy aa aaklat mm Intelllglbla aliola:

cmaado (latalleotua) aoavaalt, fit uaun lati^l-

dblla, at alMa lAtaUl«ltttr ab UtoUaatu.^'^^

Our l&talllelt ]>ropoaltloMB latalXlglt alanl

aubJaotuB a* yvKadleHtua.^^
Qusnm nil »»«• «ao.

1b« auHjAOt «ai pv«4iMr%« •an b« -ondflnrtoed as oa* b<M«w« th« pgr«di-

•at* Is imdaratoed In ^« aubjaet, and th« aet of b«lag ( •—• ) «.ttri-

butvd to both lo ^o istolleet Xm tho al«n of tbe not of boliMS In tho

ndbjoet ( InoMo ) MHVoiMd la roaXlty bgr tbet vbleb is prodiontod.^'

'Bau tbo oopoXa alc&lflas tba eot of balag of tba iataUlglbla eo»-

pealta in tta intellaots bM tbla aaqpoaita, tho proposition, aigai-

flea tha rani extemel ooQpoaita booordias t9 its tot of baiae*

'Sf raaaoa «by to ba la uaad »a tha oopola alraaAy aaana

rathar elaor tram irtmt h&a just baan said. Aqaiaas o^Ieias airaa

fUrttiar. la aovooita bain^ in tha rsaX ordav, fos* is tha eet of

tha aattav aad of tha eaaqpeslta, pflBrfaetiag Ittia potanojr of th» nattar

and ooastltutiag tha oen|>osita so that it is oa* bains* an^ It is

vhet it la in rirtua of the form.^^ Or laftenlag tha a»ttar not onlj^

doas ttm fWRB asastitttt* tha aoa^oalta la tha ord« of asaanoa, but it

wdcas tha thlag oKlat, fiivine it its eat of baiagi *4uia foxBM ast

foriaatpivB ssaandlt naoasaa ast quad saouadusi qjuanlibat tormm hirifti-

tM, habaas as^foalitav assa diootur,"^^ la ovdar thot tha torn, wgr

aonstituta tha aeavesita in net in tha ordar of assanaa, tha ahola

ust ba aoBstitutad in i^ot la tha ordar of asistaaoa* tl^at aet la to

ba; toot to ba la %b» ast of ell oeta; nad just as tha fom la tha

parfaotioa aad ast of tha aattar, ao to ba la tha pavfaetioa aad aet

•f tha whola ooapostta, twm aad nattar toosthart

ast iatar ooaiie parfaotiaslEaiBt quod ax boo

patst ^fnai. astas ast s id st parfaotior potantlo,
Qoaalibst (itttan Dnna aiflaatn noa iatalligitur la
asta aisi par hss q^sd sssa paaitur. • • sad hoe
quod habot asss, sffioitur notu asistans. Uada. •
CBAPT« fin p«e» «».

•st porfttctio omnlua perfect iOBum* !Hmb iatelll~

Mt quo4 «i auod 4lM
qnni sit w
fttmlliui.^^
—
». sliqalA •ddntwr

Jttct as la til* r««l er4v to b» la the ultlButte ooi of thlast

and tha aat 1a lAilab oaapoalta thlaga hnta ttxalr realty, ao In ^a order

of tteufib^t Rjad aognltloB It la thnrai^ « «ot to ^ axarelead In tha

mtallaot tbat anqprahandad aaturaa w eoavawiatoA aai SMda Into an lar

talUslbXa aoa^poalta* as «a aav ooaearnlag judgsMBt. It la tlvarafora

aat flttlag that In our as^oHMaloa of tha aonpoaltloa of the latelXeet

and, tbrou^ ia>l8, of tha real eonpealta lHiing» that wa als&lfy the sot

•f tha aeaqpoalta balag hjr tha varb to bo, Takaa by IteaXf It algnlfloa

reel aadataaea* tha "abaolata eatuallty** of tha thing of »hleh It la

pradl08tad« iM baoauaa tha thlaga of tha nataarldl world vhloh fom

tha proper object of our htBMa Intallaat axlat «• eanvoalta, wa uaa

thla vairb to alfi&lfy oeav'oaltlofts

Bee TMtouB agt eanajgatflaat oaMpoaitiaoaa, fola

MB aw prlnolpalltar al«aifl««it, aad ear aoaaa-
qoeatlt al«Alflo>t aala ytiao lUud tiood eadlt la
InteUaottt per aodUR eotualltstls ebaoXvtas am
aat. alnplloltar dlatua* al«alflo«t j^ ectn trntu
atldae alialfloait par mMhb varbl.
iilo T(WO rctxuaitaa, qttw priaelpalltar alfl-
aiflaat hoc TarbiaR aat. aat eaamaltar (tctttalltaa
fMla ftenaat val aotaa auhstantlalla Tal aealdata-
talla, lada aat (juod oua TOlUBua al«»lflonro (i«
aaa^aa ttawa vol oatva aataalltar Inaaaa alleul
aoibjaato, alffOflOMua lUud par hoc Tcrbwa jg^»
Kt Idao «K aottMcmaatl hea Tac^usi mj;! alsalflaat
rn— Itlfwi— ^**

fh9 aoapealtloa whiob la algalflad by to be la fun fliwatit ftUy tha real

mtaltlaa af aaaalbla thlaga* Aad be aaa aa o«r Maaaar of kaowiag U

gMfMBtin rag* set.

•ff«ot«4 b«tli bgr tL9 Qoavosltiiw of lt« object and t^r our own eonposlt*

aaturo, emA an«l th«reforo b« fegr MnyesUlon Itsolf , iho to bo whlob wo

•Tfixm •IgBinoo dirootly tho oanq;>o«ttioii of the Intelleot, wbloti is

the repyeeitettoa bgr the intelleot of the conpoaltlon of the thizm

kaoea, fhme ttxe peeltlAa of the oopula Iqr the intelleet, by jolalac

subject aad pretfioatte, eoaetltutee a proposltloa, whlob is e el^ of

the nfBiMdlHfc opvatiwi, or eet of kaovlag eoBpeeltee, called Jud|^>

aentt end thx«rae^ this operetioa it ie the sign of the thinit known

•eeordiag te the wtuamf in tt^loOi it «d,sts.

The wattle to b£ aigttlfiM %h» e«t tM^ Im of the thing known,

but not neoeeeerily aa being is the real o«dMr, but in iA«t«r« wior

it esiete ("eo ande (juo eot**^; for vAurt ic avprataended aagr not

acBiat in reitlitgr (ee vhen we a«qr» *V«n ie « a^eeiee")* end if the

copula nlmqra repveeMited the thing ea in tho roAl order, it would

often be falae. But since iMiything of aliieh a i«i^sitio& ia fofitoi

uat esiat et least In the aoul, the cepola mat signify at least ansh

an act of beings

Ms svsvWI ^ssd saaper reepoodeat aibi esse in re

nnl— , oua ratio Taritatis eoaipleatur in
aartra
rations aBlwae.^^

aciateatiei ted AttributiTO Propoeitioas

Csosarnlag the msaning and fares of the copula a distino-

tion oust be made between cKistantial aad ettributiTo propositions,

«i«i the T«rti t£ be is ths only predicate, aad the preposition contains

only a sub jsst aad ths varb to bSt as "Sssvatss is'*, thsa the J|£ be
 .

u«% hw It* primstf wtwnlng of eotuel aKi«t«a«« la realty:

•dur •tumHw M| hI em dieUur« "8o«r<;-k«« Mtt**!

f«r aihll
qpaod nliud liit«ndiinui sianifleare, ^aM
qjMA 8MM1IM flit lA noran Mtw*,^'*

la ibis OMM to ££ ^* ixrodleat^d wltbout >|UHllfiOHtioa» sad ««a t;htr*>

ftor« lunr* oaly ita prlaoipal aaA yorl—ry in—nlwg of tb« a«t of aotued

rvttl b«li«t fiDV i% poalta tha aubjaet abaolutaly, sad wary absoluta

poaitlas al«Biflaa aoaalhlne oadatia^ la aalura (*tMdo taiB poaltio

obaoltita ellqttld la r«Brua uatumi aatatana aisoifloal**^^)

But abaa tbara la e prattoata baaidaa tba vwb t£ b£, wMoh

la tbia oaaa aanraa to Joia tba inradloata to tba aubjaot aad la piro-

parly eallad tho aajiiil«» tbaa tba varb ^ b£ doas aot ALraetly danote

tba aslataaea of tba avAtjaet but ita dateraiaatitta la tba ante of tba

pradlaatat

QaaaAaqua wmo (aaaa) neo pmadieatur ptr aa, qfaaai

prlaeipala praadieatun, aad qfumi eoajvaetua prlaol*
paU pyaadlaata ad aoaaaataodaa ipaoa aubjaata, aiaat
oua diaitur "soeretaa aat elbuar aoa aat intwtlo
lo^avitla ut aaaavat ^Joanrtan aaaa la raram aatura,
aad ut ottrlbttat al albadlama, iaadl«\ta boa viIm ja&.»

Iba pradloata ooua ar itdjaotiva la tbla tMrn la tba prlaalpal paradloete,

avt tba T«rb iS.^t ^^ tba Jolalag of tba pradleota to tba aubjaot,

tbua datanalalag tba aobjaat W tba pradloata, la vbet la dlraatly lor

toadad by tbla pradlaatlaa.

Wum «a aptk of to ba aad ^t to ba In tha aanaa of tba

trutb aad folalty of propoaltloaa, end aay tbat tbay ara rafarrad to
^minm^^^ p«g« 264.

th« «acist«noe and aMir«gclst«ne« of tb* tbiafl •Igaifled, it is not th«

cibMlut* TtH •xl«tttae« or DOi»-«xi«taae« of the ihlas «ftUlob !• in

^UMtioa, but tho ooxijtuietion or ••poration of tbo thiaffi atcBlflMl

by tho mibjMt (iod prodioate — tho «siat«iifl« of tho thing (or tarn)

signified \xy the predicate in the thing aignified by the sttbjeett

San eat antem intelllgeadaB (luod lute qjaoA dixit

(PiaiMeiiiae) t uod et «l dwed aoa eyt ait referen-
dOB ad aeljn aociiitentiMa vel noa exiatealifln aubjeetl,
aed ad hoe <iviOd rea aignifioeta par pmedioattw iaait
fl BOO insit rei aignlfieetee par a«tbj««tun« Ba»
am dieitur* eorroa eat a^^wa. ai^tifieetur luod nea
eat, eaae, quDonria ipae eonrua ait rea exiatanc*^'*

Bttt einoe e toxm deaa not exist in a auAtJeat ualaaa it ia» asd nothing

is datWBlaad eM«pt in eo far as it is, the eaciBtenoe of the sobjeot

at least in ttouflht ia inplied by the oopuXat the aobjeet exiata in

the Bode of the predieate« It ia with thia asdnl d«terBin»tioa of

the aubjaet rather thtuj with ita exiatenee that logic is ooneemed,

"far the logieiaa eonaidera the asds of predieatlon end not the exis-

tease of the thing** ('O.ogious «iim oonsidarat adna prasdieendi, et

aaa axiato«ti« rei**).^^

iKisteatiaX i^xtpoaitions aa auflli are not properly within

the oaapstense of the losieiea* uut ainee he atudias propesitiaas

geawiealljr, eeaaidsrine their fim end aani>oeition, existential pro-

positions eater into Uis stiidjr uerely i»s propositions* In the striot

sense of ccopositien as applied to nttributive propositions, th^ bore

no oooposition for logic to study, since there are not tee apprebsaded

%o aaipata aad join. And while they signify the a»st basis
mivrm yiu na*

ooi^Mitioii of ctll in the r«ttl ortnr, 1ih« ooapeflltl«n of n substAUO*

with its eet of b«ias»^^ thi« MHpMitlM as mm. pm%»inB to Mt«-

pbyslos, not to logiie. Loeie '*studiM thtags •OMvdiac to tholr fomsl

prlAOlplos,"^^ Mpooielly tbo "fom of th* iftal*'*, tho ^4dity or

•nmnMB, «ai ooiuii<l«rs the relntlons betweea tbe«« in eo f«r na thegr

re affrelMBAeA; but beeeiiae the net of beiiie is not a tamutl prlnelple

or QUiddl^, it doeo not offer lofilo tantbmr tern to ooiq>ound with the

eiibjeot. It is only in • f«ir es it is oi^EDlfied in words thet it

takes OA a e«rtain siniXarltj with the oampo8itio& «»hleh lo^Uo studies,

and thus eaters iater the uoeidenteil aBwetn of logie, thot of the ev
temel si^nlfleatioa of ixiteations. The direet oonoern of the lesie

of the seooad act of r osteon is the attributive proposition, In whioh

one ayprehoodod nature signified by the predioate is attributed to

another opi^ehendod naturo oiipKified tqr the oubjeet.

The l^rue end the Pal^eo

We hare elrsatfy soon theit truth is in the oonposition of

the intelloet and that the oopuln to bo e«istitutes the eosvositien

and sigBlfios its truth* The proposititm itself thus eonatituted is

said to be true in as mmIx as it la the oign of the truth of the in>

teUeett

?«r«B per prius dioitur do veritate intelleotus, et

do ezaintiatioao dleitur intjuantun eot sigOHn illius
erltetis; do re autoa dioitur, inqfuanttM est eausa.^^

AS the iatonul eaoroosion of the ede^paatioft nado by the operetioo of

th« lnt«d.lMt, It 1* MDm soropMFljr Mid to b« true tbnn th« opwntlon

ItMlTt for it 1« not tb« •poratloa •• op«r«tion whl4Sh is eonfoyia»4

to tlio thlBg, but tho obJoctlTo •Igoifiofinoe of ^at op«rfttlont

Cob oaltt varltca latelloctus sit aAoo^Ufltio intol-

Xoetuo Oft roif oooanduB qmed iatoUootuo dieit oooo
(juod oet Tol Xiao ooao (juoA non oot, ed illu4 in in-
tellootu voaritAO pcartiiMt qpiod lutoXloottM dieit,
aoa od oporatioooDsi qua iUud dieit. Nea oain od
oritatOB istollootua oxicsitur ut ipMB latoUigiaro
roi adaoquotttv, eiai ro« totsrdUR oit aBtoarialiOt
intellir,cre Toro imniitorielot »«d illud qiuod iattAloo-
tno latelli^ndD dieit en eognoseit, opertei oooo roi
ooq[aKtuM| ut ooilieot ito oit ia ro oloiit istoUootua
dieit."*

Ikot io eacjro o o o d by tlxo istoUeot throm^ ito oporfition io the pqco>

poflitioa or ommeintiodB* 'EMo io tho boiag idUefti io oquiTalent to

the true, «bo io %hm ooooo of Yerw oad ao^ eao in tho oonoo of felogp .

vhiob ia dietingkiiOhod tram mjg, ao roaX boios* dindod aooordlae to

the ton eetoflBXloo*^^ It io & boiag oonatitutod by tho operation of

the intoUeot adoqaotiag itaolf to tho thiag kaomi. It ia tho vaam

iatollootua. tho iatoUigibilo ooBploani fti iwoi by tho oooipooition of

tho iatolloot.^^ Ito whole cot of osiotoaoo ( oooo ) to to bo tvao

(oooo veraa):

«i dieit, IMMO oot alboo,** oienifiont hoe oooo

Ten»; q[ui dieit, "nea oat rlbuo," eigaifioot hoe
oooo faXoi**^^

Cum eaia dioiatto aliquid ooao, aisaifioaatto ]»po-

poaitioaaa oooo Toraa* It mm dioiano aoa oooo,
aieaifieagaio aoa oaoo erm
• • •{ aieut dioinuo
qiaod Joeratoo oot Mlboo, quia hoe varan oot .Hi

Ito whole fuaotioa ia to ai(snlfy the truth of tho intolloot in ito

litiOB of olnplo olofnaato.

mtrtmrui ?••• at?.

Alttiouflli It la of th« vcrjr Msano* of tho i^opoaltloa to

bo tzuo, fllaoo It Is tha vary •xnr*«0«4 eosfonolty of th« hwn la-

tolloot to th« tblJis fcaom In tho ooaervto, atiU this kind of trutb

1« qjolto aeoldwtal to tho tblag vhicSx is kaovB, olneo tbo foot of it*

boiag kaom tgf ttio hVMU latoXloet la so way oonatltutaa or ooiUflaa

tba tblas itaalf ; end thua tha propoaitioa la a&ld to ba pradleatad hy

aaaidastaX pradlaatiimt

81 attt«a (Wt) »ealplatur prlao apdo (aaeuadun

^E*^ ^ww at aat dgBlflaast acM^oaltlaiiaEi wo-
poaltlonla), aat da praadlecto aaaldactall,^'"

It la Bot et til aovyrlalag to find this afflnaad, alnoa wa bera elraa^y

aaan that th«a la no raal ral«tlon balvan a tblag that la kamm end

tha kaawlaiea ahlah tha huaan IntaUaat haa of It.^^

A Batloaata 8aU»

A» an Ifltflrnal aociraaalOB of i^at ^a Intailaet IcBowra by

anpaaltiaa, tha pnpoattSas U aiat a rara balag agO-allae la natxtra

h«t has Ita aslataoMa aaljr la tba latallaats

lUaA aat Ita ana alout trarun In t&ll

q[pia«
tiaaa aaaaUtaaa, aat altarai ab hla duaa frapvta
auBt anila, (joaa aunt raa astra wnlwiiii.^*^

H fo altlaala par latallaatvi aMpaaaBlw at dlTl-

daatoi fonnataa ooapoaltlo In Ipao Int^aeta exlf
tit, oon In ra (}uaa aat extra aalBMOi*^^

It la rafarrad to as a pvoduat ( opus ) of raaaoa adatlag In tha nlnd,

aot In raelltyt
Quvtm nil f«tt

OtmpMitlo jwopoaitioals noa ««i opus iiatur««» Mid

oyiiar«tioni« •! intallMtaa. . • ?:t q^la rwfm •«
falra» ooBsisti^ i& oaaqpoaltloMj Idao . • • Ttrugi
•t Mimn aoa •«% In ratoos Md In eunt*.^^

Attd its sot of cadLsttae* {—soj la not soRaorels^d la ooturtt but only

In tho soul as it ooBvottada aad dlTidsst

a— • • • dieitur • • • ttae ando, Moufttai qpiod

•St oo2:ul« T«rlMilia si«ptdfio«a« ooapositioasm cuju»-
libst.]Nropesiti«iiis qua« aalns fMitt uad* hoe osas
noo Mt aXiqttid in rartss aatura, sad tentUR ia eetu
aalM* MnpsBMEtia vt dividMtia.^M

nran thia it ia aridaat that tha profoaiticA ia a mtiooata baiag

dariTinis mm raaaoa aad aslvtins ia raaaoat aad Craa mist waa said

abaut ita l>aiag ttia obJaatiTa oountarpart of tba aotiva raf«r«ioa or

awpart aoa aada

fl tgr ttui iata]le«t ia jttd8lBS« wa saa that it nost ba

• ralatiott, and a rationata rale^tioa*

niis t^pmam fusrthcer troa tbs ta9t that a preposition aat*

praaaaa aa idaatlty of aubjaot aad {xradioata, as «• berva B9mi, wtathar

it ia Mral^ tua idaotity in ax^Jaet and in ausdatr, es ia aeeidantal

pradieatioa, or ia asa anas, s.a ia assaotial jradicatioi. yor ttiinsa

to ba idantieal tbagr mst not ba two, but ona thing swaly riaaad n»

t«D« Itedar ita two aapaota tha thioe ia eonparad with itaalf end tha

ralfition of Idaottity sat up. But bsMuaa thara ava not tao rsaUr

diatlaet tanM* ttis raletion batwaaa thaaa taoms aaimot ba raal, and

oaa ba only a rctionata ralation.^^

Aaaly»l> of th» atlctlon of Attrtbutlcn

It is not partloulorly difficult to distin^ciaidi tho olflMOts

of this roletion. That vfttieb ie r«l?'.ted or attributed to KMMittLtas

idM is ths prodiestot "la intallootu oeaqpetMBto st diridSBts oqagpsTft-

tw prMdiestiM sd sutojostum.**^^ Ihm x>r«dionte is lOiMrsfDrs ths sob-

Jsst of the reletioB, and the subjeet of the proposition is the t«n
of the relation. In temdnolesf *bis is soBOfSHhst ooafasing» hat ths

sswtn i« elssT} tbs paradieats is related to the mhjeet of the pro-

positisft, sttd tttst iftlsh is related to soewthiae else is ealled the

snbjeot of the relotion. Sinoe the suhjset and poredleate of e proposi-

tion slcaify the swe thins ia reality, the sactr ws of the reletioa
are not recdly distiAOt« but only rationally so*

Ibe fbandstioa of this ratiosats relation aust he loc^sd

for, as in the ease of all losisal intsntimxs, in the operation of the

soul npon «hi«b it foilcms or in (what is ths scass thing) the aMumsr

in whi^ tiM sjiaPihsadsd nsteves esist in tbs intelleot through this

operation* In regard to the first opsration of ths intelleot* lAiltax is

abstraetiTS apprtiisiisioa, «e sew that ths nature apsrshended eiiste in

the intelleet as abstruet; its esss is ahstrahi* Ihe sesoad opvation

of the intelleot is to oesipound ths abstraetively spprahended natures,

KhiSh it deee by seeinc mm ia the othstP as its funnal dsiamlaation,

fM sMb astares are joined together, cjid one eoiqiesite aet of beins

results, whose eet of being is to be oonpeaed, ite ojwhi is oospoxd *

Ja a trus ssnss the opcretioa by idiiab the intelleet Joins the natures
on b« Mid to b« «!• feuadatioB ef th* rvlatioa MliiibUibtd, whleh la

th« proposition.

B«t boMUM loele la aoro peopvly oonoamuid with tbo objoo-

ftliro aapoet of tho rationeto baiag amtatltttta4 than with tha aatlTO

aaA piyafcftloKiaaX e«paet of the oparatloa wbiob aonatltutaa It, wa

anat look «k tha diqpoaitloa la tba aubjaat of tha ralntlon for tha

DMBtetioft, Bara it will ba tha fflaniMr la wtxitih tha epprahandafl fom

rafvaaaataA by tha pradioata of tha pxopoaltloa aslata la tixa Intal-

laat ea a raault of tha op«ratl^ of Intallaetual eoatpoaltlon. It

aslata aa jolnad to tha ap|v«ban4a4 thlag ai«alfia4 by tha flid}Jaat la

aa aneti aa it la parealTaA aa a fam datanaiaiag It. «« thar^isra

aslatias la it Eia la a aattor. 'fka p«rtlattlw dlapa^tlaa of tkla a|K

inr dh awfl ad aatura, tharafara, ahlcdi fouada tha raXatlcm of attrlbutlaa

la Ita foar walwaa a la rasard to tha thlae srapraaaatad by tha aobjaot.

But It la act tmtmly tha turn of tha ayvrAaadad aalura aaaaldarad la

Itaalf t It la Ita apindiandad wtlatanaa la tha auppeatta w^paaaat ad

by Hf aid) jaot and afflxnad Iqr tha latalloet throudk tha oopola to ba

that ooaatlttttaa tha reletloa.

Iha foxBal affaot of ttila «fflxnad liyMMW or ecwpoal la tha

ralatloa of attribution, by whlah tha pradlcata la Jel&ad to tha auib-

Jaat aad whloh ooaatltuftaa a aoapoalta aaa ratloala la tin* Intalleot.

Siaaa thla ggg^ ratlonla la aa laatwant of aogaltloa

aad a alga of tha thine kaoaa. It will hera Ita rasNfta fotmdetloa

la tha thine. '^Mt ea tha ualt awda by tha latallaot la a ai«B of

tha unify lag ai^niiaaaloa of tha Intollaet, ao thla la turn la tha

•l«a of thft unity of tho thing kavroi

Pmodlentio Mt quoddna 4ue4 oonplotur p«p

flolat
Mtiwm iatoUoottts «M««MnlU d
«in4«Bti«»

m
luftb«u fuadoBMtua ia ro, ipaon uait«kt«K oovm
«• sltMio dioitur.M^

ant alaoo tbo unity is aol « porfoot fonaal unity ia th« intolligiblo

clwarMt«r ( ratio ) of tho things (far tlMir am nt Iswrt rntiano diS"

tine ^e ) . it ia e unity in tho eonoroto, an axareiaaa unity, th o oot

;

of boina «lii«ai aakaa Vum eoa. Ihorafora judonoa* "loaka to tho eet

of boiag of tho thia«t"^^ aaA tho iatantioa faoMA by ju^l^BMit, tho

proposition, aisaifios tho auuiretion emd tho eaqpoaito sMmar of oxiat-

iag of tho thine known. Thus, viharoes tho intontion of unlTaroolity

aeasoquont upon siapXo apprabaosion la founAod r«aotoXy upon tho naturo

of tho thine luwan, tho intontion of attribution ia fOundod upcm its

asiataoeo.
 JSSmBJiBmbES

lEs uaraxnoB of coKif. uw.cji

lh» thlr* Opwitlca ef R»mmi aad If ^•o—l%y

BMld«» alnpla apjrtbtosiott and JuJaimit «Imv« la a thlrA

•f«atloa of r—mm MLoasiag to th« iolallaetlT* fi»«aty» aot as

iBtallaot* tut |vap«vl7 m r«aaoa« Ikla &a dlaouraiva aw aoaiag«^

It la aaaarl UkI aa tba aotloa of tho l&tallaot paaains trtm oaa tblas

kaowB or ooasidarad to aaothart

Aattoeiaatlva eat noatra oonaltaretlo qaeado i^ uao

•awiiAarato la allud tgiwaiama, • • SatioaiJMtio
tmUm aat q:al4«i aatua Intallaatua tfWMauDtia ab
«M la aUud.^
Dlaaiirrara pionria aat ax wo i» aognitloaaM alt*-
viua davanlra.^

Slatanin aetua ratlonla quaal quidoa BMittia da uno

la altwiin parraalMia.^

Tha naaaaalty of thla ratloxtal paaaago ov dlaoouraa taeiitm

fiPOB tha aaaa aouraa aa tha aaoaaaity of Jud^aant, BoMOy, tha inauf-

fleiaoey of tha flrat oparatlon of tha huaan IntaUaet, aUqpla mppf-

hanaioo}

Patat 4Bo4 aataodaa pannranlt g^uod IntaUootua noat«r

intaUigit diaaaarrando* at ecHyaoaado •! dlTldaaia,
as hfoo aoillttat vaoA am atatla la jrlaa appniMaaiaaa
aliaujaa prlai ^Tprahanai. potaat laaploara qtiidQUid
la ao Tirtuta eontlnatur.^

our approhvaalOB la ao wa«k ad lagtarfaat, tha kneMlade* whlob

hara aa a raault of It la laaufflolaKl Iqr Itaalf • At tha haglawHig

of tiM pTMOdiac «bept«r w« •zanlavd th« •ffeota of «b«traetl«a and

ttm freotioBlse of kasMrlois* «fal«h ro'julroa Its Miatocnitloa Igr

iltloiu O wwtl— tli* Mng^Niltloa tbnt Is to bo SMdo i» apptfodatt

kiaoo it is not. r>ihoa both of tho tblass appHtmOiU fell dirootly

aadsr tho soaooo, tbsro is llttlo dlffloulty in aooortalaiag ^«t thsy

oro tof««hor in roaUty, and thcroforo aro to bo oeabiaod in tbeught,

or that th«7 aro smwrato in roality and to bo disseoiatod in thou^^t.

If wo soo a piak tlmm, «o eon vlthoait foar of orrer aff Im that it

is pink, and sliailnrly affijn that a a«n is stoat* F!et so easily,

howoror, ean wo af fixn that «io smo asn is wise, sinoo wisdsn dsos

not fell under tho observation of senso,

ir^or two reasons, than, «o nood a asuHMr of kaoviag bogrond

simple spprebension, and aXse beysad judpsnt, in as mm3a tm it do-

ponds upon sinplo apprObianeicia for its aMtterinls, Ttxm first roeasn

is that wo aagr oeao to further knowlodso beyond what is h»d in direst

i^irshension. Wo mot usoslly got further kamrlodgo about Ito* thing

«lii#i is epirahendod, suoh as noo-seosiblo neeidonts, pvepertioe, and

ipooifio diff«raaeo. /vad wo oust bs able to got kaowlodgo of thincs

n^hitti wo do sot apyrehond thro«||i the ssasoo «t elX, whether they are

thOBMlTos ionaterial and sM»-soasible, or aeroly Mt jg oisnt to our

seasee. for our apprehension is o|»eorod end beoadod iqr «ho liaito-

tiOM of tine and opooo, end so wo SMOt havo a Moaer of knowing which

thooo liadtatienst

Ratloeinatur bono disourrens et inquironde Iwsiao

iatiOXeotuali per ooatiiatiM e* teog^ olieotarato,
OB koo «oftd oogaitionon a eonsu ei iaegiae aeelpit.*
 tnm %hi« liaitetion of tb« ol>Jset of our Bpvr«h«tt»ioa

•rlsM oaotb«r roeaon why «• wurt bur* a nuMMr of kaowlag feiyoad

•pj^rahwuaioa Mid JttdffMOt. Ofton «• era oot ocrtHln «b«tli«r two things

«ro to b« jeluod 1a j«ad0Mnt or not. r>lno« aolthor apprdaoBaloa nor

jndjiaat la thla eaa« aaa sIt* ua ewrtltada. «• aaat liava aasfthar

aaaa of kaovlac Iqr whloh wo eaa nrrlva at ooartaia kaowladga of whathar

or are.
thlaga ara^aot to ba uadaratood togathar. Our latallaet can ba data^-

Inad to ona mmimr of tba oontre^dletlon oa Intollootual gnraada

•itkar liadlataU or aadlatalyt

Intallaetua poaalbllla datarulaatar ad boa qaad

totalltw adhearaet u&l pnrtl • • • ^nandequa Isf
adleta, queado<iua OMdlatat >J—adlata . quendo ax
Ipala latalllelbixibaa atatla varltaa pgropoaltl*
omsa iBtalllelblllutn lAfftUlbllltar ^ppeyatt; at
baaa aat dlapoaltlo IntalXlgaatla prlaelpla, qfoaa
atatlB oogBoaeuntur aotis tanoliila • • •} at ale
as Ipao quod quid aat, Intellaotua ISBMtdlata datar-
Inatur ad bujuanadl propoaitioaaat aii^ata Yara
qoaado oogBltla daflnltlonlbua taaralaarun, Intal-
Xaatua datasBlaatur ad altartai partem oontr<?dlo>
tlenla, Tlrtuta prlWKrua prlaelplorun; at lata
aat dlapoaltlo aolaotla.^

Ihaa tha qulddltlaa of tba two things epprabandad ara grftapad with

auffiolaot elarlty for tha Intallaet to parealva that thay ara Idaa-

tleal or thet tha ona la Inoludad la tba daflnltloa of tba otbar, tba

aasaat to tbalr oonju&etlos la Inoadlata. %«i audb arldanaa la not

praaant, wa aaiat orrlTa at It thnmtfi aemtbtng alaa, or eDOdlntaly.

V« start froM sonathlag wbldb is arldast to us, ••e tba ooanaotlon of

aa«b thing with this, end through this with tha otb«r* Baaauaa our

appr^iaaslOB Is so Iqpavfaat, tbva ara ralatlTaljr faw psofoaltloas

 ^
p*«* tas.

to lAiOh w« eaA giT* 1—<t»lf 8M«Btt for this rmmu v» Hurt arrlT*

at kWNrledg* Madlatoly.

ii»ll«a in R—wdJM
Ihu* to pzooood froR on* thing vAil^ «• knm to tho kmam"

l«4go of MaMthlng ola* whlob wo ot f lr«t do aot know io to roeaont

RatlooiafiTl MitaB o«t pvoootero do uao iatdlooto

o4 allxid, oA Torlteton intaUigibilMi OOi^smmUbu*

CoffUtlo disourslVB oot oogaoaewo vaam eognituB pn

allud oognltUM abooluto.*

Ihla prooooa fzoa ono thing to eoothor, rotiulrod by tha laqKRrfaetiott

of our apyv«lMUloa» la itaalf iaparfaet, aaA ttio sigft of •& laparfaet

iBtallaatuaX neturoi

IB UqwrfottloiM islolloetttelia natvuraa ptrovanit

nnioolBattlYB oognltio. B«i qvod par aliud
oitur; alBua a«t aotum ao (jnod par aa ooipMMOltyr;
M ad td (|Md pv alltid Mt BOtOH aatoro •ognoaaaatia
atfTiolt aiaa ao q^od fit aotiaii. In ao^dtiOM ratio-
aiaatiTB fit aliquid aotvn par nlitidt qood iiiit«& in-
tallaotualitar oogaoMitar par m ost aotoa^ •% ad
ipMM aogauaoairt— M%«ra eognoaoantia auffioit ibaquo
aoctariori aadio. UMo aBBlfoatiai oat quod dafaotivua
iialdMi iataUoetua aot ratio.

MMlltiac ia knovn in a MOHMr proper to latellaot, it la known

of itaalf, and not tbroui^ aimathlng alaa. Tha laaa imn llataly tha

•ridanoa of a thing ia pcrealTad, tha laaa parfaotly it ia kaoam*

KMVladga «hi«li ia gainad b/ tha indlraat procaaa of raeaoaing, than,

!• an i^parfaot aort of intallaetosl kjunrladga.

rffin'iinii^n lift

rt* t^papfMUlcMi of rcij[aonlng i« fuFtb«r ahora tram th«

feot thnt it 1« • fom of xootions

BBtloelMitl* mxUm o«t quitaK awtua lnt«U««ttt«

tnaMMrtU •]> UBO la tdlud.^

Ziif«riorM laAsIlMtua, •oille«t hOBiiiiwi, p«r ^uaef

dMi aotiHi •! AlMHnoM ltttttll««tttalis 0]Mrtt«i«il«
»«rfMti<NMB U
«Npi«loa« T«rlt«tis aiipiMiaivr.^

Mvlus avlMi ill* lq^erf««tlimis Mt ^jtaeatvi ad »•->

MMl««»«i iiMWTCMi, tit owMtair ••vlltttto.^

iUid floor a balag whlib is ia potaa^jr, as is hvnea rseaoa to Icaowlsdgs,^^

otioa is aa "set of tba taparfast,**^ This is, of ooiirsa« not a looel

aotiaa oa th* pert of ths intallaet or a aatMrial <ibMg«« But thara

is a sttoaassiTsaass ia kaoaladgat tha startiag paiat is kaowa first,

tat not yat tha tanaiaus, vft^i^ is ori4|iaalXy ualUMarat than, ihrofs^

til* aDtioa of raesaaiafia %h» intallaet arrivaa at a lEao»la<[ea of ttilst

Disoursus qjuwfli aotoa aoaiaat. Qaais aataa aatas

ast d* uao priori ia aliud postwius, Onto disaursiva
aotaitio attaaditur saouadua quod as «li<|ue prius
a*to d*raaitttr ia aoaaitioaaa alt arias pest«ius aoti,
quad ^us
«rat ii*0t«B«^^

la our eoeoltloa th«ra is a aartaia likaaaas to tha aotioa affaetins

a aatarial abaaga. Just as tha art of tha buildar iaflaaaoa* tha

httildiag, aad tnm tha art a aotioa of aoastroatioa hagias, whi^ tar-

iaata* ia tha taildim, a* firaa kaoaladg* poBsas B ad thar* is a aartaia

otioa to n«tf kaa«rl*4g*t

Ad siaUitadln— aotw ordiais, oai la astihaa

aortariarilms ouisidaratur, attaaditur atiaa qui-
4tm ordo ia raroa aoeaitioaa; ot pa aipu* B aaaa f
dm quod iatailaatas aostar qaiii aiailitudinaB
 Pi«« M7,

astvs halMft, disourrau d* prlAoipila la eonelusio*

iiM« SI id«o alio aote dlolttir prlaoiplun, uoto
jtrlao InnotMelt.

TiMi pviwt kM»rl«d«« la eallad a priMipIa of tha aaw kaowlaA^ ia a

mgr oonpi ab la to that 1a whloh tha art la aald to ba tha prlaolpla

of tha building*

Iha atartlof; polat of our nm ksoaXadga (rafarrad to aa tha

prlaolpla or prloelplao) la kaoaa at tha boglaaiag of tha prooaaa

•Ithar of Itaailf throvt^ a alalia l&tallaotloa or aa tha raault of

a prarlooa iff oaaaa of raaaoalas. fha taralaal point of tha prooaaa,

tha ualaomok Xraih to tha kooalaisa of abltfi tha preaaaa taada nA la

ahleh It oonaa to raat, la oallad tha oonelualon.^ It la tha kaav-

laAca of tha eoaelualoa irtilt^ la aeu^t la rtoasalac* vaA m our reer

aeaiag la aaid to ba ahovt ooaeittalaBas

attlaataarl a«taa prapria aat davanira as una la

aognltlwwa eltaorlua; uada proiprla da oaaalualoal-
bua rdtloelBaeair, qusa as prlaolplla Inaotaaouat.^*

Ma raaaoa to tha eoaelualon, aad va do thla fVOB tha prla-

elplaa* Va do aet laaadlataly aaa tha aMMlualoa la tha prlnelplaa

or thnra would ba no dlaoouraa, no aueaaaaloa, no raaaaalagt

81 aala Intailaotua aoatar atatla la Ipao prlaalplo

Idarat oonalualtmla varltatan, raaquaa lataUlgaorat
dlaaurrando at retloelaaada**^

Ihaara la a dlatlnotlon batvaoa kaovlag aoBMflhlng la aaothar and kanrlag

—tiling ^rap anethar, la tha flrat aaaa bath »rm aaaa la oaa aat,

and tbara la no dlaoouraa; In tha aaoond etiaa tha two ara paroalTad
 tUttvrt nwlflB aogiios««r« elit^d lA aliquo, «t aliquid
•s ollqttoi tfumlo Mda allquld in et]Li<iUO oognosoitur,
«M avfctt f «rtwr •og ww la tttr«in({a«, •leut ji«%«t
4MU1AB Hliquid ooewMitiir In all^iuB ut la foam 909-
MMAlblli; «(t tail* OegBitlO BOB ASt dlMurslTB, Stot
difr««f , (iMBtiai ad hoo, utruK allqiftid TidMitvr la
j^raprlfi apMl*, t<U, In %>«ei« allcna; tIkw «alm son
dloltw «eaf«nr« B«qa« Tldwdo lapidan p«r spMlaa a
lapld* aeeapiaa* naqu* Tldando U^idMi par ajua spa-
elm la (<p ttalP vmiXttaHnm* Sad ttia* dialtur •Xl<|ttld
as li4ua oognonel, q^aendo aoa aat ld«Bii B»tua laUkruar
>

tpm; sad prliao s»rv«t\ir in allud; uttd« hi« «at quidm

dlaoartua, nlevl patat in daBpaatstttloalbaa* Frlao
«ttlB Intallaetus f«rtur la prlaalpla |aalv^ naouadario
fartur par jrlnelpla In oonolualaaaa*^

la aaflb a aiagla gva^ of oaa thing ia anatbars wbct ia al^

Bifiad bf tha pradiaata la paraalTad to ba in tha thing algnlfiad by

tba aubjaot, alttiar a aa aat ially ar aaaidaatalijrt and tharafera it la

nat a diaauralra opariatioa.

In raaaaaiagt hoaafvar, thara ia Kaouiaa auoaaaaioa* Iba

priaeiplaa ar friaiaaa ara firat kaown in thasaalTaa, tban tram than

tha ooaeXuaiMi la kaoant

OHiia ratiocinana alia aaaaldaratioaa iatttatur

priaoipia at oanolusloaaa.^

aalB diaitar aolm latallaatiia da una ia aliai

dlaaurrara, (|ttaado dlTaraa i^praliaaaiaBa utroaqua
apprahaaditt aieat iatailaatua aoatv alia aata ap-
prahaadit aauaaai at affaatuai at idao affaotuM par
dialtur diaaurrara in affaotun.^^

Th* aianjla glTaa ia tha knoaladga of a aaaaa aad thM tha kaovladga

of an affaet, which aa aaa about throu^ tha hnflwladga of tha oeuaa.

fhia aoMnpla vaa not ahoaan at raadoai, for it haa a daap aad baaia
MHMetlon with ^« prctblw of Muoaliw, M «• «h«U iM ihMPtly,
fli-igf Utar* Is la Alsaonra* a oao—aim of «ot« of eoih

altloa, it !• not «h« mvo Mwo«Mica whieli ooaatitutoo roeMaiag, '«$•

een haive aaeoowilTft aots of oogaltloa «hiob sro totally unralntod, mMI

la that otisa va do aot raaaoa at all* Tha auooaaalTa ttata of aaaimt

to poroBiaas and to ooneluoion anat ba oeamaetad; It nast in som

ba ^w aaraiflBt of tlMMiilit» «&4 ^vrafora t^«a anat ba ona aebllat

lit aala aatua rntleala quctal quldon aotus da uaa la

alind iMwaaiaaat Hum aat«i aat oMbila q^d
•ioaa MadluB partlaglt ad tvraiana.^^

If alMt la aoilag la aot oaa b««t anqr* 'ttui aotioa la aat ana but

aarMTBl.

BaaauM raoaonlag la da ooaol\iiioalbtta« it 1b tha truth af

tba ooaolualoa aiilob la tbo aoblla. Xa ooaa aaaaa It lo pvoaaat all

tba irtiilo. It la In tha poronlaaa virtually COaaoluaio ... aat vlr-

tuta la aula prlaelplla**^) or potautlally ("OoBalualonoa la prlaelplla

auBt la pat«atla<*^*) • i ooaladsa of tba e«Mlualoa tpm frott yatwor

to aot{ tbla la Ita notion. Hot aby thla Motion? It eimnot ba bap*-

bisaavd or tha ooaolualoa will bo thoud^t of only p ar oooldaf^a aad ,

tbua oaaaot rrtirTiil aaaant or rIto oartltuda.

niara mat ba aena raaaoa why tbevdht paaaea fkoa tha

prlaeiploa to tha caaolualoat *^ ^ba oonelualon paaaaa from potaaagr

ta aatt

Parfaata anla eagaltlo oonolualomai daa axlsltt

aalllaat prlaalplerua latallaatiah at r«tlan«i
kan prlaelplua la ooaolualaaaa*^
 .

aurtm ix pae« s?o.

IMtturally tliar* muft b« aa undapflMidiiig of Hut prmiM* m a ]»••

raqulsit* of tho drcorlas of tho ooiifllttaiwii but a ag«ro uadoratandine

of tho pTCBlooo la tbCMolToa, aopcari^toly asA abaolutaly, io not

oo0ii|> « Iho voaaoa «lil«9i ttmn tlio oeMlttaion froo tbo proilooo lo

0—thtat boolteo this.

Vbotbor wo BBdwaftaBA '^poaaoa'* la tho tost juat ^uotod as

a faeulty of tho ooul oapoblo of sucdi a aoronoot of tbouti^it, or as a

BOtlto QV oauao that piroaiita ^^(^ a aoY«MMit» ia olthor oaao tho steto-

aat will bo tnio aaA aypUeablo to tho pinAlon ooafrootlfis uo.^ doth
a fAoulty ty ««ii«h tho ooul nakoo tho traooltloa, aad a aotlTo for tho

faculty oro noooaaory. TOxm aotivo oopoolelly iataroota ««•

Offipatloa ia ^ooi|l^M
VhOB it la a(^i4 that tho eoaeluoloa io oontalaod virtual ^
la tho proBlooo, it io iojpllod that tho laraniooo ooatala tho {srinolplo

of tho notloa whliMi tonoiaatoa la tho ooaeluoloa} for "Tlrtuo", takon

ia Hbm brood anoo, "Moao tho iirlaoiplo of aotloa or ^lOtloa" ( "vlrtao

al0ilfie«t priMlyiw aotua vol aetloalo"^) . It io la aooio soaoo o

prlBOlplo of offioiaol oavoalltjrt "Vlrtua dloltur aauaJw VM»d oat

poriaoipiua Dotlonia at twiot so «c parto oeusoo offieiontia.**^

Ia roaooatag thsro is not oaly a ooeooooioa of nriaoiploo

sad ooaolaaioa, b«rt thero lo a oaoaod p aooago of roaaoa fraa kaawlodgo

of tho prlooiplos to kaowlodgo of tho ooncluslon:

mmmi^ p«s*m.

la •olwitla «ttUi nostra duflax est diseuirsua. Uan»

••eunduB «»oo*«aifMMDi teyatun; aiout oun, po«((|aMB
lat»Ulg1«w ali^d la e«tu, oonrwrllaaa ne« ad la-
t«Uls«Utai allad. /^llua diaoursus Mt eewindqa eai>-
aalitatwu sleut «iai par ;irineipl« parvaaious la aor*
nltloaaa aenolualonwi. • •
flamadm diaovrmui praMopfMdt prlaMRi pteaadanlaa
aaln a Forlnolplla ad oooolualoaaa, aoa aisail utrutoqua
aoaaidaraal, Dalate« (^ia dlMMrma tails ast pcoa»>
daalls ds aoto ad IsnsttBu IJbda maaifastum ast quad,
qmaads osiaosoltur prinua, adhue l^sMrntvir aaounA«tt«
n sis sswitidMw am aoeDossitur la prt«i» ssd aac prias.
sst» qmaada iaiwidmii Yldatar
la prlao, rasolutls affeotlbiu la oausast at tune oas-
•at dlsstwsMS.*'^

Althsoitkt ths ^afla suaoasslvaa ass tf thUdciag flrat of %hm prswisss

aad than of tba aaasiaslan Is yr ssi^pos sd aad Is aaesssaary ftor rmr-

soalag. this doas not fociaaUjr oonstltuta ths ratlsaal dlsaouras; It

Is ratbar tha oaussd passsgo of tttoo^t fraa prlaelpXas to tha eooolur*

sloa «bl«lk ooaatltutas It. Wa find eadia la tbls tost ths dlstlnetloa

Ustaaait ssslas soaBttilng j^ aMtbar aad saalag It fraa aastbar. If va

laMsdlataly scar tha saaalasloa la ths pramlsss, thars aaiOd bo ao dls-

ooarso, bosaaso wo should, U a slagla aat of kaoalag, gtwtp tha aoa-

aluslon. But roasoalae roqulras a saooassloa of aots. Aftor «• hanro

graapad tha prlaelplas U thassalYoSa thaa «o soo tho aoaelualoa If

tha prlaolplos, la uMaii It la rlrtually ooatalaadi aad this Is what

Is aaanl tgr sagrlng that wo kaow tho aoaolttsloa flrasi tho prlnolplas.

Bosidss haawlag ths ssaslasl oa fftsi tho prlnolplos wo assaat

*^ ^^ fc—g— St ^* prlaslploss

Prlao allqitals Intalllfilt Ipsa prlaelpla somiartiaa sot

Mtaa latoUlglt oo la lysis ssaslaslsalhas
(laod assaat It ooaelosloallnas proptar prlaolala.
**
cgAfwa IX faitaft.

It aiqr i^mhmpm mrpria* u« OBWidwt to find it Mid h«r» that v« know

1

th« priaoiplM ia Vtm •MMXtt«ion« IM* mou to bo just tho oppooito

of ittAt ««o oaid dbOTO, that vo fiztally ooo tbo ooMluoion in tho prin-

oiploo. tiMt ronlljr tbo oorm thiB« io ooiA twon tno diffwoat TioiK

poioto. It io oacplniaod that «o kaiMr tbm priaolpXoo in the ooaeluoioa

ia no «Mli M wo ooowt to tto OMMluoioa booouoo of tbo pilaeipXoo*

Mmb wo ooo tbo fttroo of tbo pari&eiploo i» ooojoMtiOttt wo ooo that tho

oonoltuiioa fiDllowa} that ia* wo ooo that wbao tbo pvioeiploo oro tikm

to«otb«r* tbigr iaply V^« ooaeluaioa* Tbua tbo OMOluoioa io ooon to bo

ia tho OBMbtood jviaoiploo. Dut at tho oaao tioM* ^Amkl wo thua ooo end

a oa at to tho oojMluai<»i, not Hbaolutoly, b«t prooiaaly «o folXowlag

fMo tbo priaoiploo* wo ooo both tbo pviaoiploo togothor ia aooing tho

ooaolaoioa.

Ibio BOt of aooantias to tbo pariaoiploo boowuM of tbo ooa-

eluaion io not a plunlitif or moooaoioa of «ieta, but oao aoti

Idoa «it«M aottto oadit oapor objootwa ot b^mw

ratioaflB abjooti» aiout oadaa vioio oot ooXfurio
ol Inaiaia. • • ?t oat alniXo do intollootu, quia
ai abaoXttto prinoipiun ot oeaoXtiaioaoB oonaidaret,
diTcraa aot eonaidaretio utrioaquat ia boo outan
qmod ooaoXiaaioai pvoptor priaej^la aoa aat it, oot
WMO aotao iatoXXoetua taatiai.^

Tbm tmmtal priaeipXo io wprooaod biro thnt tho omo aat ia diraetod

to tho objoot of tbo aot aad tbo ooaditioa uador which tho objoot io

jroopad, aa both oeXor Mid Ilitbt aro ao«i ia oao viaioa. Elooahwo

tbo ratio eogaoooaadi (a a aoaya tmt rwtio objooti) ia «KpXaiBad to bo

ir

that ia whiib a tblM i* kaowai aad ao ouoti io aoid to bo tba fom of

tbo tbiat ia 00 ftiv eta it ia kaowa, booauoo by it oogaitioa io aado

MtUAll

IUL«d la q[tte alltjuid Titetttr, Mt ratio oognoMMUdl

Iliad 4B0d la mo Tidatur. Itetla aakaa •agaottand l
mt fi»BM r*l ln<itt«BtuB Mt oogalte, q|«i« p«r •on Cl%
Mgaltio Mtat tad* aioot «x B»t«ri« «ft t9tmm Mt
VMB ••••{ It a retlo oognoacMOdl at r— ooitaitn auat
una oogaitaai dt yroptv boe «trl\ui^(ttaa la^ttOBtan
httJaflBodl, Ml aaa oeflEBltie ••maidMB babitiaB at ••-
euodua fkOtuBU^

Both tba thl]« aad tbo oMiltlM of ksMlag tho thlae om graapad la

tha ataw aet of oogaltlon, Jtiat oa tha nattar aad tlio foi* of a aatarlal

tkiv aaiat In oaa net of aaUatanea. tbla la raaXlr t^ •*•• point that

waa aada abora vhara « diatlnotioa waa «Rda batwaaa^MMMthiag tnm womm^

thlBft alaa nad kaowlas it iJft aeaattiiBS «]aa* "Xbara tha poiat la quaa-

tioa «M tha aadivn la wMtih aoMthiag la kaoaaj hara It la tha fomal

aoadltioa udar ahlob it la kaaaa. But la althM eaaa it la tha rtttlo

nnianaaanai. that la ahidi tha thine i« kaoan. la raaaoaias tha two

ara alaarly Idaatlflad, tvt tha pflaeiplM aza tha aadia hy ahlah tha

eonolualoa la kaoaa, «Bd thalr paeullar foraa, whlcb laeda ta tha oo»-

oluaioa aad arokM aaaant, la tha Mpoat oar forraal eoadltloo undar

«bl^ tha ooneluaion la kaoim aad aMantad tOt aa «a ahaU aoaaidar

aoM* l^t tha ebora t«xt partloulerly onphaalzaa la that tba aMant

to tba oonelxuioa baaauaa of tha prlnoiplaa la a aiacla eet. Thia la

tha fozaal eoavlMaat of rafaoalng.

Tha prlnoiplaa oonatituta tha foaud Mpaat andar whlQh tha

ooneluaion la kaovat Juat aa lisbt* that undar vhlab «a objaat of alght

la aaan; for tba eoaelnslan la kaeaa la tba ll«ait of tba prinolplM

juot '4a oolor la aaaa by rlrtaa of ll^t:

 rag* 874.

aiout «u%«n fonwlla ratio TislblUs suiiltur «»x lu-

mXn»t per iutxi color vldekur* It^.. fomtilis rtitio
Mibllis aeolpltur wmduai priaolpla, me (laibva
ellv^uld soitur. • • Sinl «bIb (ieibilift) p«r mm
friaeipls selbUU.^

Aft«r th« IntMllMt grata tha ivlnolplaa In tbanaalvaa. It la onrried ,

tbrouftb tha aMiiatioa of thaaa prlncipl.«a» to iha oaaalualodDit

Frlaa mlIb iBtaXlaotoa f«rtur la parlncipla taatoa

aaauadarlo fertur par priaeipia la aaooIualaoaa.M

lAtallaatua davaolt ia ooaelusloiMa par piriaaipia

qfaaa aaAla dlautttor.^^

It aagr paftu^a aaoa atraaga that tha a«a» pMMiaaa idtotild ba oallad

both tha priaeipia or atntrtlag polat and tha aadlua of tha oparotlaa,

aa ladaad it would If ttiar* qfueatloa of e slngla ain^la wtlty. iJut

tha praniaaa aro w>ra than osa (at laaat iaplloltly). aad aa^ la lt>

aalf a oe^poaito bolas. IS^agh tba^ sr* undaratood flrat ebaolutely,

aad ao ara tha atnrtlag point, throu^ thoir own ooavlaxity aaoa ia

ralatiea (aa «a ahell eoon aaa), thagr load to a nav aanpoaltioa, abiOh

ia tha eeaeluaioa*

nva diaaouraa or aueaaaalMi in thou^t whioh ia oiiafaatari*-

tio of raciaonine la not a awra aaeaaaaioa but a aauaad aaeoaaaion, p«fp

aauaiditataat . tha eraaaeEt oaaura baa aua a of th* praaiaaa (arfptar

prlnelpla ) , Aad tha ooaolaaioa raaulta from th* pr«kia*a aa Ita

Oufjiaitionaa, idaat propoaitioDaa a^llaclaai, aaaft

amiaa aaaalvaiaaaai*^

Oacaitio horaa pHaeiploroa aat aaaaa aa^kitioiiia

Hi* oocelusioB, M «i «ff««%, i« ««wi la ih« pmhImmi •• its Mua«.

1b« TiaioB of tho eoAOluslofi Is «h« kain*l«Ag« that «M tevitit tturaui^

Ottt. t%«n ttint is r«a«hs4, tts «ls«>«rs« ossssst

Tsndaus tsko disoursos sst qjoaaito ssamAn TiAsliir

ia priaot VMslutis sffsoti^as la ecatsas; •% tuas
esssat diseursus.^

hXl raasoaiag is thus sssa to bs a aovMant of tlMVilit fNm osuss to

affset.

Is it not felso a aovsoMBt fMa affsst to esuss? 8t* tbOMt

•asM ta 999 so; for ba asja that to diaoaaraa^to affaata aad tnm
affaots to emiaaa lyalesfia oalj to the isttilaett not to saosat Ti»>

oturrara aoim a oauais ia aauaata, at a ooatyario. aoa aat saaaua aad

saasus »9& soluB iatallaotua."^ fha aanaa aad affaat aptdcan of bsera

ara in tba raid and phyaieal order rathar tbea in tha purihaXogiaal

ttd laeiaal, Vihat ia kaomi ia aoaa raaX tliiac, as tha eaaaa of aaothar

raal thias, atit kaovladta sa tha asusa of fUrlhar fcaoalaioa. Thsra ia

quastion of tha ohjaatiira wssBlng of a pevtisolar dlaaauraa idwut aauaa

Md affaat, not abovt tha ygoaaa s of tha diaaavaa itaaif . «hs« a raal

eauaa ia kaowa frosi b raal sffaat, tha raal affaat ia tha 9aaiM9 of tha

kaoaladea, Md tha knowladga of tha aauaa ia tha affaot of tha know-

ladga of tha affaat; so that, ahsa tha pioaaaa ia eeaaidarad, than that

frsa aSiish saaathiag aiaa is kjuam, whather it ia a raal aauaa or raal

affaet, ia tha aauaa of tha k90wlad»a of tha other. Iha oparntion

alvsja rr—mi6» t99m aauaa to affaot} wheraaa ia regard to tha objaota

of the operntiofi, knoaledsa Mgr paaa fras an offset ta a aauaa.^

mmmp^ **•«• ^^e.

7bm tmamiiatk in kaafwl«4e* ! aot oaly uaAovtooA by eompsrl-

«m wltb real o«i««%loB, but 1a aoMi «My 4«pm4« apott it* Bgr bwlag •

at«rlal bodly aui is • part of tb* nartwial MA <ti—ting worlA, in whioli

potwiqy Is ooiwtaatly bsiac Mdue«A to Mt. Bmsom bis liaowiag i*-

panda upon bodily aiaaa for it* initiation, it too paoaaa ttam petanoy

to aat.^ It th«r«f«ro roquiroa aa aoiinMia mum, mA it baoonaa

aubjaot to tha loas of diango. FurtliMnaoro, baamioo tha thiaeo of tha

Mtariia world fom tha propor and pvoportiaaad objaat of aaa'a ioww-

ladga, ^a hmmm aaaMr of kaoving noea aa artly raflaeta tba auoeasaiy*-

naaa and drMBi<M ot tkMt world and tho anwatiea wlxiA offaata it,

la two waya, tbaa, tanaa ao«aitiea ia d^paodasl apaa roal aaoaatioa;

firat, ia ita boine, aiaoa it maat ia part bo aactarnelly aanaad, aad

aaataiTlj ia ita aigaifiestion, aiaoo it imurt rairaaani the emiaetion

of tka tbiass tbat it proparly kaowa.

It is aridaat tbat tba roal oaaaotion rafmrad to ia effi-

oiaat. Vlian praniaaa ara aald to bo tba eauaa of tba ioaolusion, is

tbia alao affioiaat OMiaality wbiah U aaoat? Mhilm affioiaot aauaality

ia mxth a ooaaaotioa olaarly eoald not ba usad ia aaaotly tba aceia aoaao,

as tba production of a Batariel produet, ia wbi«li by tbo aotioa of tbo

•§lta(^ a fOm la iatroduoad iato • Buttor, aovertholaaa tbara oaa ba

a» d««M that St, Iboaaa undcratood the oaaaali^ of tha praadaoa to

bo ia aoaw aaaao affioiaat. Ibia ia aaoaioltly tani^tt

la oaai aolMtle dlaoaraiva oportat aliioid oaao

eauaatuBi am priaeipio auat ()uod«aodi
•fflotaaa woailiialonls.**
 Pat* S77«

AlttMUgh thtttm ar« oth«r a«p«ot«.uiMl«r vfeioli ^« pmmIm* e«A b« •on*

•idv«4, la r«gar4 %o th«lr Ul«tl<M»aX fore* «h«er iir« r«da««d to thttt

flMMM of oauao irtil«li la "tbo yrluolplo of BBOtloa sad of roal"; In oth«r

vorda, tbagr aro afflola&t>

^wi««» T«ro dleuntur aaaa eauMB ... quia • • •

rnant prlaelpi«B Hotua at qulatua. . . rropoaltlooaa
qaldan quaatw • • • ad ttm lllatlvwi Ipaarvn radur
ouBtttT ad baa gaana oanaaat aan prlaolploB dlaauratta
retlosUa la oonolualoaa aal ex propoaltloaibua,^

It la for tLla ra(4M>n %het tha ooaolualoa la aald to ba la tha iivaalaaa

not oaljr potaatiell7« but alao Tirtu&llyt tw, aa wwi aaaa abera,

''Tlrtua'' Inpllaa afflolaol eauaallty* Iba prlaelplaa «bl^ thua con-

tain tha ooaoloalon com ooaparad to afflolaat eauaaa aMlag la tha

aaturttl ordar. In «bl«fli tha affaot, bafova balag bvotae^t Into eat,

aadata virtually:

Principle aiit«i •• hd»aat ad ao«altt*laaaa la

atmtlTla, aleut aausaa eatlvaa In nattireXlbiMi ad
oooa affactna (xmda la 11 rfayalCMnni jrepoaltloaaa
(^flloglanl pemntuar In aaaara eawaaa afflcleatla).
Sffaetua flmtan, aataqnaaai produeftttir la f^otu, preo-
aailatlt 'luldaa la oauala eatlvla vlrtute, noa eutaa
aat«« quod aat alaplleltw aaaa. 'it slsillltar aata-

qiuai m
prlnolplla danonatretlTla dadue«^tur aonal»>
ale, la Ipala quldin prlnolplla prnaoognltla preaao^
aoacltur eonelualo vlrtuta, noa entan i^etu} alo aaia
la ala praaaadatlt. Bt ale i^tat qaad nm preaaoa-
aoacltur alaplleltar, aad aaouadum <iuld.^

Baaauae tha pxwaiaaa contain the eonelualon Tlrtually, «ften thegr 6f

kaoan, tha coaelualoa elao la kaoaa la a way <— not eotually but

Tlrtually. But It la flao baeanaa of ^la "Tlrtua" or force of tha

pranlaaa that tha aoflBltlea b teeaiaa actual.

mam ix im» tvt.

u« wgr Inquir* ham «•»• ps«pe«i%ioa« «nrola« •fflel«Mjr*

It matt not b« forcoflwi that, b«lBg retloniit* bclass, th^r «zl«t only

by Tirtu* of th» op«rfttloB of tho intelloot ••< Mdjr m laas «• «b«

iBiolloet is op«r«tlae. Ihiqr avo but tbo objoetlvo aspoot of tbo

•MjttMtiTo or disJvBotiTO omnparlMA iHido by tbo latoUoot, Ib ro*-

•ooiag thtgr mmtcIoo off lelaat omiaalltr oaJly on tbe p r tnuppooltlon

tbnt tbo adai aMkM • ooapttrlaoa, noH of nlaq^o oosM^ta, bat of

pvapoaltioaa, Tf Intalloot aoayaw tb* aoaoliuiioft to Its prl&aiplaa

(*1B intallaottt rc:tio«laMit« oea^aratur ooaolunlo a4 pvlaelpia"^'') tmA

wMULUhM la Its om a«t as ovAar of praHlaan %• oaah otbav end to

ooneluaioaa ("QMt wtam qfOMRi ratio OMMiid«paado faolt la pvoprlo

aettt, • • • priaoiplovMi adiatrieaa st ad eeaolusloiMr'^} • Olvao tbla

osapwatlTa AOtlTlty oa tho pwt of tbo iatoUoot, tha fraalMM do-

tanaiaa th<«t itetiTity to aaaaat to tbo oonolualoa* Ttau tbelr offl-

elaaay la baaod upon tba afflolaacor of tbo foeolty Itaolf • Juat bov

tiMy dataraiaa thia offiolaot aotlTlty will bo atBMinod la tha dia*

eaaaloa of tha (^rlloslai, to irtxlAi wa turn lanotlataly.

ftw alwt baa jviat boaa aald It la apparaat tbat raaaoaiae

la aaaaBtiiOXy a aoaqMrlaoa, aa aotlva rafaranoa, eoeduatad by tba ltt>

tallaot. i)ut avwy HOtlva rafaraaea Inpllaa an objaotlva ralatlon of

tba thiaga tkM aatlvaly rafaarrad. Tbay tbaaaalvaa ataad la auflli a

raletlon (althcr la raallty or la tboanlbt), aad tbat ralatioa Itaalf

aaa bo atudlad, <%an wo apoka in tba laat eftiaptar of lad^MOt aad

tba pvapoaitlaa, wa aaw tbnt jtidgaant «aa •aaaotlally a ooovarlaaa of

apprib«id«A BBtuna, and tkaM th* {WoposUioa warn ^wt th« relation
thus eoastltttted bvtwMa th* Betvur««» th« ooe slgaifi*4 •• ai^jMt and

th* other oa lurodleato. In reeaoaiag tht oporstloa Ic egf^in « kind of

•oaporiMB} and tiMro in ooAatitutod bjr this opvrattos an objootlvo

rolatloa idxlob Is oolXod tbo lorlloglMi,

Hist tho ^jrlloclMi Is scsMtbias ooaatltutod or pvoducod fegr

tks iBtoUoet «• luivs slrsadj sssa aoro than oasa*^' QBdor tba altar-

aatlTo aaaa arwwntatlo It la aaid to ba aa lataBlioa*^ ObTloualy

it follows upon tha laannar of VBdarstaadlas oalled ra^aoaiag,^ and

throtti^ raoaoBlng» on tha eth«r tao aadaa of aognition, alapla eppra-

hansioa and judonaot; toe re^aonisg, bains Mnplaoc* aakaa uaa of ^pra-

haaalona and Jud^MOta.

That tha sylloglflB ooastitutad bi^ raaaaalag la ao^posad of

pr«ilaaa « nd a eoneluaion la avldant firan what hea baan said. And bo-

aauaa tha praniaaa takaa iodapwadantly do net aoastltuta tiia qrllogiaB,

but rattMir tha prauiaas aa oonjoiaad and giwine *%»• ^ tha oonaluaion,
tha Bost lapOTta&t thing to oenaldar la tha oonelualon; not, hovarar*

in itaalf and absolutalya bat praelaaiy aa fblloinn« ujxm tha prwiiaas.

miaa tha oonolualoo la thua eanal darad, tha ^ranlaaa tatm said to ba Ita

aawsaa* f^a hava alraw dy disamwiad tbla in ragard to afflolani aaoaallty.

But thara ara othar klnda of oauaallty invelTad, Iha prailsaa ara also

tha mtarial oaoso of tha oonolualoa. Thla la brought out in a pansaea

in tha eoHBantacy on tha Phyaica ahara tha fmir kinds of eauaas ara

balag dlaavssad* It is pointad out that la tha •ma* wmy aa a whola is

ada up of ita parta, ao tha pvopaaitloas ara that out of whiab tha

oonelualon Is aadai
 t

CBJUPCTH tX Pt»

UMlibail pturtM aoat eeustf totliws at MVpealttcHUNi,

IdMt propesltlooM ayUoeiaRl* •ant emuM ooMlualomwt
•t «»!« lata hafeta* vuai ratlOMMK OMiaaa, yvout dloi-
tia aawa id w q^ fit aliq[ii&4«^

aiMb a aauaa I0 tha sMtariel eauaag maA ao tha pvopaaitiaaa of a

ayUoglai ara tka aatarlal oeuaa of ita eonelualon,

fbia la dlaauaaaa anra fully la eaotaldarlng e difficulty

alaea ^a MBtarlBl ecusa Bnwt ba la ttia thlag ooaatltutaA, Md tlia

yranlaaa axlat apart tnm tha ooaolualoa, htm aaa tbay ba Ita mtarlal

oauaa?

It«i pataat •a— Atblva 4a boa qiuod dlelt quo4

pvopoaltlOBaa awBt BHitarIa aoaolualonla, i^^tarla
anlm laaat al ottjua aat nstarla: uacto aapra aotl-

fit all^d «
flaaaa oauaan oatarlalaB, dixit quod aat as quo
laalti^Ofoaltlonaa aiitaK aust

Dia &aammr la that thay ara tha netarlal eauaa la aa andh aa tbay oo&p>

tula aad aupply tba tataa of aSiloli tba aoaolualon la eoagAaadt

Sad dlaaadvB qued ax tanilala propoaltlooun eoai-

atltttltur oonolualot unda aaouaiw boa pvopoal-
tlooaa dlouotur ostavla aoaolualanla, la^uaotum
tanalBl, tivti aoat awtarla pvopoaltlaMun, auat
atl«i sHitarle eoAOlualoola, Heat noa aaouadun quo4
at sat aub ordlao yropealtloMait alaat at farina
dlaltuv MKtarla paala, lloat aoa aaiwmiMn <ittOd at»t
aub fonMi fttrlaaa.'^

Iba tanaa aoatalaad la tba i^anlaaa wrnkm up thm aoaolusloa, aad ara

tbarafora ita Matarlul aauaa. But for tbla to ba trua tbay auat ba

racerdai —tarinlly la tba pvapoaltlena aa vail. Qtat la, «a aaat

locdK at tba tama ahl^ ara aoataAaad tbaara, but not at tba fora nndar

uhlab tbar era la tha propeeltloaa. For la tha eoaalualea tba aeaa
ca/jTut IX f«ii» SSI*

%•• 8tan4 la a dlffwaat form, la as naflii •• thigr ar* tli«ra la a

fwfttniitlon not fooad la altbar of tha pntalaaa. Thla 1« lUoatretad

fMM tha «u^la of flour ead braud. Tha aattor fron wtiloh braed la

ada la floor. In tha laraad jMtarlalXy tta awia flour la praaant, but

la ao looser uad«r tha fom of flour* 3o la tha ooncluslon tha aaM

t«atwi a« tsf found la tha praeilaea Brn praaoat, but aot aadar tha f»m
of tha praBBlaea.

< Ithottili tha aaaa tama ara firaad la both ttia aoaalualoa

•ad tha prcalaaa, ««• do not apattk; of tha eoaolualMi balag tha aattw

of tha pr«mlaaa» but rathar of tha ^rantaaa aa tha aatt«r of tha o«a-

elualoa, baoauaa wa eeaald«p tha ooovoaltloa of tha a«^poalta r&thar

thaa of tha alanaata aatarlae lato tha oo^pealtaj aad la thla aaaa tha

ooaolualoa la tha aoavMlta of tarm darlvad fMa th« pranlaaa, aad tha

pr«daaa ooatala tha t«iaui aaperataly:

Idao tsawa patina dlaoatur ptr^paaltiatMa aatarla

oaaoluaioala (juaa a aoanrtraa, (luia tamtal qjal
oonjuagoatur la eonolualoaa, aapearetln poMatlur
la pra«ilaala«

IMM tha tama fMad aaparat^Ly la tha praalaaa a aaa aa»>

poaltloa la audai and thla la tha aaaelualon. Tha pranlaaa atead to

tha eonelualon, wa hora aaaa, na both Ita aatariel sad Ita afflolant

aaaaa. Tha pramlaaa thanaalTaa anaMhoa affaat tha nm aoahlaatloa of

t«ma.

Mmb wa asmiaa how tha pranlaaa era afflolaat, wa aaa thBt

thalr affielMt aauaatloa dapaada upaa thalr owa fei«al MuaaXlty. A

propoaltloa la • acaaparlMa of tha pradlo«ta with tha aubjaat; aad

thla la a OMvarlaoa, not of «9ty foma of tha niad, but of tha aaaalaa
of th« •ul>jMt aad pr«dle«t«. fHkat Is OMSt by th« pvsAioate Is

pMfd to iftat is BMwat by ths subjset, TiM •pfnlxmnfA nitturs star

Biflsd as prodleets is cNMparsd to tbs aprrsbandsd tbiag stcslfisd ss

s«kjs«tt sad this sei^srisoa Is mds sseordlMg to tfes toflaltiOB or

fMMl ssMtitMBi of sMh.^ Iho fosM sv sstom dssliBstoA bgr tbs

prsAlesto Is sssa to bo is that v^iSh is dosl^sslod bgr tho subjoet.

Vbsa this sidijoot is Mdo tho pvoiiosto of sons other sAjoot asd is

thus sosa to bo is onothor suJbjoet» all it oosdoins ftHnsally, bolcoss

to that s«l»Jost as tvoXl. TLus tbo fotm iadiostod by tho iwodieeto of

tho first propositiMi Is soso. to bo in tho subjoot of tho sooosd pro-

fosition,

All this in»ks tbrout^ fbnaal eausality* booauoo it is

throoeh tho fUBMd dotondnatioft of on«ii tspns that ono Is soon to bo

ia tho foxBal dotonaintttiwi of anotbar. But tho fMsaX uaity of tho

first prodieato aad tho soooad mftjoot is oot iJKasdiatoljr p«rooiYod.

AMthir torn iatsrroBss bsto ssa th«a. aad thrsvi^ tho aodiatioa of this

tsam tho two wo sooa to bo idsotifiad* this oeovro «hoa tho proposi-

tiMS sro osmhomA*^ Bti^ ^« fonwl idoatitgr of tho two oactroaos

with tho seoM aiddXs ta», sooa absa tho ffof ss i ti—s sro kasoa suo-

oossiToly aad ia ooajuaetioa, is a aotiTo for tho iatolloot to pass

oB to a ass sanaeietioa affindag tho ido&tity of tho Mt> SMS» Hum

tho fotMl oansality of oeeh of tho t««M aad of tho pfSfsattloas ia

whiflli ths tanas aro joiaod, oxoreisoa offioiaat oamaolity ia tho

•rdsr of thooi^t. Usvod by this aotiTo tho intoUoot soos ^ to asks

tho am idaokifioatioa, affimiag tho osiststtoo of tho oao SKtroao la

tho othor.
 TL» ooAjimetlon of tb« tcnw of tk« oenolaaion is aot

SVM|p«d loaMdlatalyi oth«r«la« %t,0f taould b« no naod for rattaonins.

It la appr«h«B4«4 oaly nadlatoly, brld«4id by %b« aiddl* t«ra. To

mmkm thm exoMiag of tbla brtdftt aotim of thaoifit 1« roqulrod, nio

otiott is • Bwparlooi^ oad only tqr it la tlta raXatlMi of tlia t«ma

la tho oo&elualoa uada.

Iba OQBAliialott, aa on anBMiatioa* ia a ralAtioa of ita

pradiioeta to ita aubjaet* ^<a tba oo&aluaion ia oonaidared abaolutsly,

aa an •ottnoiation, thera ia only tha ralatloa of ettributioa to teka

into aoaount. But vfaan wa aanaldar It praaiaalj aa a oonduaioa, tak-

ing Into eeoount tba bmummt in umioh tba ralatloa of pradioata to a«d>-

jaat vaa dlaoovarad and darivad, than mi auct «eaald«< ita raletloa

to ita prmtlM^Bi and hara «a bava tha ralatlon of «nmmivmkM • Tm

tba ooncluaioa follewa upon ( ooinaa<fl^tur) tba jprantaaa.

Tba Ralatlon of

bat ia tba ralatlon of eonaaquanaiff It la OGBplas, fbr

it ia a ralatlaa of ralatioaa. '

Ito tba aonalnaiaa la a ralatloa,

wbleb ia ralatad to ttia praBdaaa, «blth ara tbaaaalvaa two dlffaraot

but ral«tad ralatlona. i^an tha irialaaa era aaaa to ba ralatad,

baviac a aaaHOB t«na aadiatias %«o otbara, tbaa tba ralatloa of thaaa

two to a tblrd ralatlon la paraairad,^ Iba ViVfi. ralRtion ia tba

aoaolualaa. But tba ralatloa of tba aoaoluaion to tba two prwlaaa

la tba ralatlon of oonaa qaaaaa,**

tba a^llaslMB la a ralatlon of ralatiena, wa oaa

axyraaa tba a^aa aetiaa la a dlffwaat wi|r, aaeardlag ta tha tavaa

 { ,

r«l«t«d la Mt«b pvopMltioa aad in tb* «1m»X« agrUaelMi* lb* ooBoiuaioa

U th« r«l8«loA of its pr««iOA%« to its •v^jsst,*^ qm of tb« jrodMa

is th« rolatKm of this prodieato %• Hm Bl«4a« t«rttt ^« otb«r, th«

Mlatios of tho alMlo tm to tho mI» jo«t of ttio ooaelusioa. iiroK

%ho rolotioB of tho two proKiooo thwo foUooo tho rolotiMi of tho

froAleato of tho oonelttoioB to tho aubjoot. 1!ho volntioa which for-

bUj ooaotittttoo tho qrlioglai io aot tho eonoluaioa itoolf <tbe re-

lotiOB of its prodier^to aad oub j»et, oeaoid«ro4 «• o mto onoaeietioa)

Imt tho rolotlott bf ohieh it foUovo tern tho proniooo.^ Thio is tho

ttOtl«lo4 itemtr of tho sitfijoet mi prodleato of tho omaclusion pro-

oisoljr OS noAistod* And this is Just tmothar wny of s^rille thot tho

roletioa of oonsoqitoBOo is tho rolati<m of tho pronisoo to oci«h othor.

It is ODt tho nsro juxtaposltitm of tho tvoslsos, but thoir rol&tioa

through thoir oooBon t«rm. Iho rolatioa of tho oonelusioa to tho pro-

Bisoo is oao «ad tho sens rolatioa as that of tho praaaisoo tocoth«r«

for tho emiclusioa is ooastitwtod hgr th«t roletioa, from tho sxtrsmo

tacao that Iqr it aro Joiaod toe«feh«p«^ Huts tho ooaelusioa follows

froB tho rolBtiOA of tho proaisoo*

^hsa %ro oaalyso lOio rolatioa of ooasoqcaMMo, «o ooo that

ito aubjsot is tho ooaolusioas for it is tho ooaolusioa ahioh ia oo»-

ao^uMt apoa tho yr«iAsos aad ia thio rolatioi is r^atod to tto pro-

isoo. Tho pr— isoo, it is oridsat, oro tho tana of ttiat rolatioa*

niat thay aro too doos Bot ailitato asaiast tho uaity of tho roletioa

far, as «o oao «t tho oad of OhS|)l«r VIZ, tho nultiplioatioa of tavas

deoa not oultiply tho ralotioa* Tho fOuadatioa of tho roletioa of

o«woqttoaoo anst ia sobs saaso bo tho oparatioa of roesoa, ainoa, as s

Io«leal latMitloa, •mumomoo* followa apoo %h« oparetioa of th« aoul.^

nils opflratiott is pas of dlaeourao or <MMioa wmawti aad fhl« aov*-

•Bt la • MapatrlMB of ttn paroptwittoaa (thamolToo oampaaeimnm firat

a«pwpataly) which aauaa r««aeii to oo oa to eaothar

aM, tiKi^ la tha aoaoliialo*,^ llila aauMtloa in thwi^it la tha

poyilMiloelanl foiwdatlon of tba ralstloa of ottUMquaiioa.

loftio la oora dlraetXy ooaaMmad with fomel prlA>

olplaa (Old objootltra iat—tiaaa thaa mi%tk oparatlOM of tba aoul,^^ wo

mat find na tha f)ooikAHtlo& of the raXatloiia irtiat tbaora la about tha

paropoaltlona thamaalvaa whlflb wriLaa thaa e aotlva for tha dlaouralTO

oparatloa of ronaoa* 1hla« va bora aaan, la ^a "virtua" or foroo of

tlM fvopoaltloaa la ooojuoctlott. Upoi aaPHaioatloa thia tuma out to

ba tha fonul laolaalon of oaa aattra — la tha alddla tar* Had of thla

Iddlo tarai la the other axtr«Bet ao that abaa tbeaa two fomal laelu-

aiaaa are aaaa toeethar, thagr ere aaaa to be the oae fiaaasl laelitaloa

of the Xeaa datamlaad tarn (the predicate of the coaclualoa) la the

fid
ore detenaiaed (the auhjeet of the ooaolualoa) ."^ Thla It la whleh

lea the latelleet to fonaaate the oeaelualMi asjreaalag the eala-

teaee la the thlag deal^paated br the a^Jeet, of aliat la aaaat by the

predicate.

Ttm raaote fouadetloa la the reel for ttila relatloa of ooa-

aeiiuaaae eea be traeed la both the fooaal aad efflaleat ordera* la the

ftaaal ordar it la the eaaplexlty of the aeture of the thlag kaowa

aeeardlag to «hl<^ Ita eaaeaee (the fei« of tte whole) la aw^oolte,

poradttlas dlfferaat fianMtl Aaraatara to be dlatla«MliMd ase within

the other, ead the eaaanoe itaelf la la a aubjaet.^^ At the aaaa tlao
th«r« !• a fottiidRtioa, r^al tho«fl^ r«n»t»a for ttui r«latlott of ooac*-

giiMin la th« «rd«r of •fflelwit •aiwalltsrt ond this is aor* prop«rl]r

to b« eoiuild«r«d «• fbUBdiag tho rolatioa of ooasoquMioo tb«t tbo

AmmI BWMtj fiBV %h« popoxiaAto piyflhalBgttel, fmndatlan la aotioa

ttA •sttMitloa. aiaoo all oo^^Imi and oa«qMMii%o bolags lutvo fOt«a«y

la tholr nsturo as wall es sot, thejr nitst ban—s «bs% thagr «r« ligr

affleiacl aansallty. Our eogaitioB of tbaa aust la saas way rsprasaat

both thalr oei^laalty eod thalr 43rawiaa. Qila It doss bgr rsasoalag

aad His saassd aotimi it iavolTss. AaA bssaass v« ouraalTaa avo n part

of tha *f'*t*fg aatvial aorld* ws «rs s«l»Jset to oousatioa. Just as

ths rast of tha ohanging world, ws taad to otar psrfastloa sucoeaaivaly

aad aadar tha iafluanoa of thiags oatsida of us. avaa our iianatarial

oscaitioa raflaeta our aetars aad, ttursai^ met aatura, tha dsraaaian,

«haB«a» aad ssusatioa of ths world prsfortioasd to our kaaolsdgs.*^

11ns ths ralatioa of cosssquoMs la fsuadsd oa affielant

eaosallty, first of ell ia ao«aitioa, aad ^aa ia tha rsal aatarial

world*
 Thw* rcMlM oAly th« tMk of drmriac %««««h«p «h« dovtrla*

of Sl« Umbm Aqulaao «k ttio dOHBltt of l«ci* Mtf tlxo aaturo of logioel

toolBs wht«li «• b8?o Aloiovorod, ia or4«r to mo It In agpo«t«r unity and

brlag into roliof oom of tto onlloot for.turoo*

f|t lo LQglO?

L«gie U an Intolloetual dloelpllao or habit nblflb It !•

iM«4 to clAoaliy. It la an art ia aa noeh urn Ita parpeoo lo to dlroot

Of«r«tiOBO» thaoo nhiA it diroota boiag tbo aoto of roaooa itoolf •

But booaiiao aa art in tbo strlot oanao« aa a aoBtwaioaJL art, diroota

tbo oabiat of aa aartarnsl HBtariel pro^tet» iosio oanaet fit barot far

tbo <q^oratioaa of roaooa abicOi logio diroota do aot tavaUaeto ia eaqr

«grt«raal or wtorial tbiag* thiitfi «biqr *», in aa aaalajwia ooaoo, ooa-

atiWto imaaaat and laaatarial tamo, oiMb aa dofiaitioaa, pmpooi-

tiooo, aod qrHosiaaa* W aactoaaioa of ^o word art to inelttdo babita

•idiag aiMb laaatMrial jvodaotion, logio oaa ba oallad a libaral art.^

At tbo oeaa tiMO logio io oaXlod a oeiaoeo{ bat hari* too it

will aot fit into ordinary olaaaifioationa, for it baa afflultloo to

all elaaooo and difforaoooa fraa all. It ia liko f»etiTO aoianoo,

wbieb ia aoabaaioal art, is baiag pvoAaatiTo, but diffaront ia proda»-

la^ oaly aa l--~-n*'it and iMaatarial tara* In ita diroetioo of opvntiono

whiob baro ao aatarial p>o4uet, it ia liko anral aoiaoeo, but diffaro

U tbat it io ooaooraod witb tbo op«r«tiano of roaooa ratbar tbaa of

villa BQT ita ordar to tbo ootpatioa of tnitb for ita own oako it ro-
 ;

MBblM «pMia«tlv« MUaMs. Y«t 1% ««M0t fit into Mgr of tha thro*

•zeluslT* dlTl8lOB0 of apMUlntiT* •tl«ne«, ClMorly it la not tha

liaioaophy of natura baoauaa It la not aoneanwd with tMtarlnl aaA

^lla teiaga; aor la It BMntbaMitlM baacaaa wt amioaraad vrlth dla-

«p««a or aoBtloMns qiMOtlty. Tlwailh It riaantMaa atta^ijtlas la Ita

acamBMM tmA unlTarsallty, It la aatprasaly dlatla^ilahad fran It.

For wltaraai natejiiyalOB la noiMon with ell apaoulAtlTa aelaaeaa la ooap

aaniad «ltb knoMliig raal thlnev vltbout proAteifig than, loelc atuAlaa

oaly tha laatruaanta of kaotrlaaa* tA praau a aa what It atuAlaa. la

thla loslo 41ff«ra fron all otbor aelaaaaa) for ell other aol«ieaa ara

dlraatad to tha kaowUdga of acKsathlae other ttea kaewladco Itaalf

but lOQio la aoaaaraad with kaowlaAsa, Ttiaa la a eart^la •%!»• logle

uat ba slTan e QlcMW bgr Itaalf* dlatlnot fraa oil othor aelaaaaa*'

But haoama It U aiAordlaataA la Its flnrlity to tha 41a-

o«f«7 of truth, whloh la tha aaA tf ^paeulntlvo aeiauea, logle eaa

•lao ba a«ld to ba raductlvaly apaottlatlTet for It aappllea to apaou-

iMtloa tha laatrutaaota aad tha galdaaoa lAileh It aaada.' Siioh guldaaaa*

la aaadad for thraa dlfforant eoftnltira &ota of tha lotaUaot, aliq?la

afprHtaBaloa, Jud«MBl, aad raaaaalag, aad tor aaoh of thaaa thara wUl

ba a diatlnet port of logle* Tha logle of raoaoalag la dtvldad af«or4-

Ug to tho —niT" la «blflh It attalaa truth, B—anotratlTa, aaalytleal^

or ittdloatlra legle laada to eartltuda la tho peoooooloa of truth} dla-

loatloal ov iaroatlva logle loada to pvoMbllity, aad oophlatloal logle

ImJs to laio Mro iVpoorNMfl of truth, Hia third kind ena ba aoglootad

oseept to ho oa oao*a gwara agulaat it. Iha other two aarra a uaaful
pnp9m* Dialtt«tlM argOM f3reBi.g«M»el m oeaMoa prlaoiplM. Thwir

Bn>^iM*i«* ^ ^* putloultkr probUm la hoad mar not b» el«adE>l]r 9«r-

e»W«4, M ttet oaly « pxobabi* ooiM>Xiwi«Mii !• drsMn* DaasjBMtratiT*

MMLMBiat, on tho other hejoA, oetkoo uae of priselplMi prop«r to tbo

•olwieo oar to tho <pio«tloa undor 41ooaaol<m, appl/lBg f> aoro gMorsl

prlnolplo to tbo :^ootloB at band tbrowtfi o partloulfir prlnoiplo.®

It would not bo eorroot to oagr tlwt dOMnatreitlTo lo«io

koo UM of 9«rtleuljur jviaolylooa booouao thoro la • diotiaotiott

botvooa foro foA oppllod logic, itaro logle ( IokIoo dooono ) otudioo

tbo InotroBMnto •• yvoooturo of tboofllit ^oarotlooUy* I^rias dam

eortaia oosdltions nad nonao tor tboir opplloetloB, Out tbo qppllo«>

tioa Itaolf a la 00 for &0 It boloaeo to lOfslo at sll, la eaUod opyliod

lode ( Idgjoo ttt<no )> Puro lodo la e ooloaoo, evoo for dlalootloia

aad aovblatlo^a reeaoalag* Appllod oo&mo la aet. but aero roooaiiloa

aa art* 1t«n a^^loatloa of dflaoaatvetlTo loglo boleaga to aolaaoo,

but aat to lof^o Itaolf s for, aakla« uao of pgop ag jrlaelploa. It

ipopaarly boleafla to tho povtioalor aoiaaooo doaliac vltb tbo aubjoot

aattar to w&lcb tboao pvopar pvlaetploa belong, r^alootioa oad ao^ia-

tlaa» boMorar, alneo tbagr do aot «ao prlaelplaa proper to anjr pnrtlou-

lor aeloaoo, rotela their own epplloetloa. Iberofore, dlelootlea la

^tiftk flMnrotiOil itad eppllodt and ao alao la aophlotlea; but deaoa-

atvetlTo lo^le la only tbooratioal.^

Ibla dlatlaetloa Muat bo bone la adad If oae la to uadar-

•tead OBvroatly tbo woard "loglo" ea It le often uaod by a%, W>—aa;

for be oftea apoaka of avsaiag loglaoUy or by lotiloal reoaoaa, aad

oppoaoa auob pvooodure to arigulag danoaatretlToly or aaaly-

 1>act MO.

tloally. In aacb mpm '^•ei*'* ajMBS Aialeoties; for it r«t?<la« its

•m UMi) but lagU doM lot aiidt* «•• of dtwarmygitloat it ta«niXy atudlM

it MA •amwMida Ita rules.^

Tho SttbJ-t of LQglf

aoM of th« aoat onlli^tatttag «iplwuitloiui of lAiat loAie Is

f»Qn a th«or«tloal point of t1«m» ooeur 1» pnsssess Mhiob dlstlneolsb

it froB mstaj^sies** fbmt^ tbs t«o seisooos havo oucb ia QonsDa,

botb boiae unlTsroal &Dd «xteuli&s Ito all, thiats* BMtaplgrsios studies

tboso thiacs as roal aad as b«iags» wharsaM logie is eonaarcad with

tbiass oaly la so far as tb^ fall woidaer oartrila "iBtaatloaa" of tbo

Intallaat. oartf^ia Tlami idtlflb vsaaoa telt.os of tl.i::aa* D^ssa lataa-

tisas ara elao rafwvsd to as rationata boia^^ <awfcia ratioals) bo>

sauaa thay do aot «ist as saeb la aatura b«t bavs tbalr baiog <wly

fr«B raasea, followlas iqwo tba anuuMV ia vdilah tho iatallsot u&der-

atnada. Oltoso iflkaatloas or ratloaaita boiaga ara vbat logio diroatly

studlast tbagr fom the "aubjsst'' of tho seloaeo of logio .^ X^gis will

sttt^t tb«a» so* iataotisas as esoos asd sposios, dofiaitioas, propo*

sitiMM aad arllOflisas, tba ooBtr«iry, tho a»do of irsdisatioa, »jid tha

trua ctad tho felao*'

For ;^. fhOMS tho mabjaot of a soisass is that kiad of

boia« «biob is studiod aat liiooo prepsrtlao era sstt|0kt« la its prqpsr

s«M it doas aot asaa orarytbiag that ia oagr wiqr oatars iato tho

sidoratioa of a ssiaoos, but tho partieular WRpsat uadsr «hi«h tho

saisaoa aoosldsrs ths thiags with «dil«h it doals. ISiis partioular

•miptH da%«ndBM th« kloA of bsiag mmIAvoA aa< fosmaiy ooiuitltu%M

tha g—ttB eMbJ<w»i» of tho oeloaoo.^

A aaBri)«r of paosagoo la St. Pio— a siqr that logio la eo&ovftad

vltli Um Huroo aoto of roeaoa, aiaq»lo ^pprilMMlont Jirilpiwt, end roa-

aoalag* Tttoaa nota sra ovta aald to bo tho *prop«r awttar" of logie.

Doaa thia jaaaa that thigr fom Ita ''eabjaetn It ecua&ot, boomaa tha

anbjaot la axplloltljr aaid to bo iatoMlMo or ratiooata boiaca whleti

roilov ttpea Ihooo oota. Clonrly wbat follcwa th«i oanaot ba Idaattflad

vitk th«^ aad tho pvoAoota of oporationo aro aot tho oporatlmw tba»>

aalToa« Tkara la ao ooBtradiatlOD la tha otataBMBfca, boworar, booeuoa

logla oaa and onot horo a eeaeom for tha op«ratl«ui of roaaoa wttheut

•tttdylBg th«B aa ita aubjaot. Tha lataotloaa whlcb aro ita oobjaot

erlaa from thaoo oparatloao ead aro dotMMiaod b]r tho bhuumt of thooo

^paratloaa. Logio aoat tharalbra noooooariljr tidco tiio aodo of tha

oparatlOB iato oooooat* /«d wbaa it la aeid that lo«ie la tho ooioaeo

bjr whiah raaaoB ooaaidcra tha ordar ia ita owa neta, thia atimf mmt
ba mdaratood to ba ia aoMO mv Idantifiod with tho iataatlona or

ratioaato boiaga whloh Xogio jooparly otudloa • U

tetitaoto BoiM^
artiowta boii« Coao oowtrtlaw (juod aat tnatun U MOto")
la froijoontljr diatiaiwiAod hr (jainaa tram vt\X bain^ ''whltii la dlTldad

aooordias to tho taa eatoaorloo.*^ '^o nrot^MOtly ^oak of thiaga «hi4di

4» aot oxiat aa auoh la aatoro. Bllndnaaa la aa omaiila. It la ratbar

tha ahaaaaa of a boiag. aifiht, thna osMthiag poaitiva itaalf. It has

iio»>b«iiig in Ita TMty aotlon. ^«p* ar* othw thlagt, however, of

«bi«li «• spMk «iv«a ttaB«|li ItMgr 4o aot re-^ly •xiat, th«t do aot hair*

aott-heing la %h«ir ooticMH. Jjof f lotion au«b •• « uoiooni mouIA be atttAi

a rutlQiuit* boiag*

IhOttt^h Btt^ thiaga «• fl«%i«M «Bd iariT«ti«iis d» aot edat

in roellty, they do eadiot st loect la ttMHii^t. Tbla la anough to onlca

Hum baiasa la at laaat a aaooadary and eoalocDua aanaa* Baeaaaa th«er

her* thalr baiag ia raaaoBa wa aall tlUMi ratlOB«te balnea (ytla nr

tlonla) «

Lesia la not aoaearaad with tha kind of retlooHta baiag

aliiili baa aon^azlatflaoa la ita defialtloa. fha atydsr of nagntioaa

aad privatiasia baloaga to ««t«plqraiea aiaaa thagr «em tha oontrt^xy of

baiag ika b^ag ia ita priaazy aaoaa, which la tha dlraot aad i^laoipal

aubjaot of ootc^lbyalca, imd ooatverlea belong to tha mtam aaianea*

Logie anurt tbarefore find its aubjeet ia poaitive retionata baiag«

«hlofa la not daflaad bgr ita nanraxiatanea*

Tmo kiada of poaitive noa>reAl being are diatinotiahad, one

of tffaiab ia e pore fietioa without aagr fbvadatiea in reality, aadh aa

a Ohamotv ia a draaait ead the other of «4iiOh haa a reul foundation.

Pure flotloaa crtaaat be the aubjoet of nsv aolenea ainee thara la

nothing outalde of then to be daBMwatreted and nothing to found oerti-

tude* Ihia aaaaot be the aubjeet of ttie aalence of logie, than; ea-

peaially ainee logio ia oordared to the kaowledge of thinga*

Mat only by elialaeti«»i but alao baeaMae of the deaorip-

tioa givaa for fauadod aoa-raal being, are we led to find the aub>et

of logie ia thia kiad of poaitlTe ratienate beiag; for it la lllua-

tn%«d Iqr th« oinpl* of th* iat«itloa of unlTcrsality end Of siwoIm.

Addltio&ttl «a«iliiBtlOB tf this kind of ratl«B«to biAag with a fmukto-

tion la royalty r«iv»iX0 thnt e Aurtti«r diatliietlOB oaa bo auuio wlthia

It. Tho OBmABtlon of asMO ratlonnte bolns* !• && r«i?llty iagniodletolyi

ao tho ooaeopt of aun la iMMOilatoly ftoittdod upon rool «»• fto o^cr

rotiOMrto botiMPi i4il<ih hanro « HouBtetlon in roallty, tiio fo«iidatl<m lo

only iMkUato or rwnli. suoSi a boiag lo tho latoBlloa of 8«Bta. An

old fflBlllar axHBplo boo oeno b«ak| «ad It oooura In e dooorlptlon

orx •ImlXiir la «arproooloa ead la notion to thot glTsa for tho ottbjoot

of logiot thlo kind of rstloooto boiag lo doilaod bgr tho Intolloot ead

XOUoro fvoK Htm atmm of uaAorotaaAtag. Thoo tho oabjoot of ioigic lo

to bo rationoto bolae witti a voHoto fottadatioa la tho ronl.

latoBtion

ftrthor olarifioatlea of tho oidijoot of leeio ooaoo ttam oa

ooBMiaatlOB of tho notion of ''intontioa'*. BaoieaUy it moons a toa-

doMT W oanotblBt oloo. Sosottnos ths torn vofors to aa aot of tho

will or of tho intalloot. r;ooaoioa»lly it dosigiot ss tho intolllgiblo

spsolos by ohleh the Intollaet lo Infosasd and aado liko mm» olhor

thiac* i>^ro fiFoqnontly. ao iatoatlo intoUoota. it mobs tho iatwaolly

eenoolTod ^nd ootproosod torn of oogaitlon. ad finiOly It is uaod of

locioal intoatioao.^^

O««nltion lo, aoeordiag to 3t. fhwuo, a font of toadoaoy

by oiaoh tho kasMT, wltbOMt eoasia« to bo hlasoXf, booenoo aaaothiag

oloo, A oo^nltlTO fBOttlty is a eopoeitir to t«dto on tho fsm of aaothov

 ,

C9MCI«ff W6« S94.

b«iji«« lb« font r«e«lT«d into tLe liitell««t la orlled ths IntAlllgibl*

•p«eiw, iiy it the kaoMr i« glvan th« fonaal or int«lligibl« d*tv-

isatiOMi of th« thing kamm.^^ Tbu« Informod tbo kaowar «etlT«ly •«>

pr««sM or ««t« out th« pnrt of ^« thing kaoim, m that tho aooldontnl

•ot of th« iBoamwr b»O0B>nn one ila intantlon) with the act of tbe thing

kniwflu The exiareeeioa within the intelleet la oalled «ia inkernal wevd,

intMitio intellects, or direct iatentirai.^^ ftlm intentimi, expreaaed

tf tlie kB0Mr and eiqraMiac the thins kaoMa» baa a two-fold relntioa:

it la « ftoCB or quality parfeating the knowtr r^nd n reliction of like>

neaa to the thing kwnm. Viewed in thia lettar reltattioa, eeoording to

lAwt it asireaaea, it ia eaaaBtinUy the relation of truth, the •^e-

qnation of intellect to thin^.^^

iOt«t thia intaotian of the infetaiect cKpr ea a ea coneerning

the thing ia it a quiddity or eaaance -* «het the thing ia. Mthough

eaaaoee Beena the awa&ar ia whloh a niTan thing eauHroiaea ita net of

esietaoae, and HCtuiaiy exiata in ain«;uler roFtl thinga, and, %(han known,

alao exiata in the intellect, nevertheleae, in direct apyrahenaion it

ia graaped hy the intellect Bocordlnc to ita "ahaolute eenaideration"

without attention to either of the tee perticulnr audea in which it

aaaata. ispreaaiag within itaalf the eaaaace or <iuiddity of the «aing,

the intellect kaowa, in a aore or leaa parfeot nad diatinct way, the

fUU inteUigibility of the thing.^

Ujpan thia direct apprehenaioa of the thing r>ccording to ita

aa%«re, two diffaraat kinda of refleotico of the intellect enn follow,

one upon the pluuilaaM end tbrou«h thia upon the ealatence of the nature
COWaJBHOri rag* 898.

tm amm !tr'"T wi««rlal tbiac* .nod m»tknn upoa th« wagr la «bl^

«kB% wmtxBtm «a«ta la th« IntsUeot.^'

TSy latttr kiad of rsflMtion fiminAi %f 108l«>l intwition.

1^ r«fl*«tlag vpott lt««if th« lnt«ll«et «ca know it» onm epcretioa «aA

tk« Midia litvo]LT«4. LO£jio I««T«« %• posrAualogir th« r<^«otlon upon

tho op«r&%i<» •• a p«rf«etloa of ^« int«ll*et. 1% is oonotniod T?ith

what !• oacproMMd la tbet op«retion, th« aaturo that is kaowa. Whoa

%b» latelloot !• evnro of iio« th«t Bsturo oxlsta ia tbo latelloot,

•ad alMt bi^pana %e 1% ca a ooiiMNjfaaaao of Ita oKlatlag tl;>«r«, a

logloal or **«aooad*' lot cation ia fonMkl.^ Tha partioular oensotjataooa

of ita axiataoea In tLe iutelleot ara aoaidaata to tba aatura abitfi ia

tbaara. It ia thaaa aooidaata whieh logie atiidiae na ita aabjact.^^

ft9V f'Tm wkiaratooA '*ia tho aaaoad plaoa"*, aftar tha thing Itsalf ia

ka0va« uol tor thia roaaoa era aallad aaoond iataatiotui.^

aiMii lataatioaa t^a iixtallaot attribvAoa to tha aatura,

not aa aKLatint ia rmtl tbias^a. but praoiaaly aa kaoaa oad aa it axiata

ia tha aoul, .ai ao logia aoaaidara aa ita attbjaot eartuia aoaidaata

of baia«, not aa balnc, but «a topoaa. 'Hurt aufb aooidaala nf i«tio-

nata baii^a ia olaar fiam tha feot ttuit tha Mtura aa kaoaa aaiata

oalj la tta iatallaat nad tha aoaidaata «hiti& fellow upoa ita asiataica

tharo oaa hara rani aziatanao «nraa laaa.^

Mavartholaaa, va anat aot eaaeludo froai tha f&et thet lo«i-

aal iatastioaa osiat oaly ia tha iatallaot that th«gr ara puro foxaw

of tho iatallaot withaail uqr oontaat or thet logio ia '^foniAl" in tha

thet it takaa ao oooount of tha thinga that ara kacnra. If tha

ccBcugqii Tm§» ate.

dlstiufstloft war* f6ro«d upon u* w* riaould bcr* f wm that for S%«

H> — loi^o la ratlMr ")Mt«ri«l" thas "fnaal", alaea 1% eavMacirUy

takaa Into aaaamaft tba aetwraa of tha thiaga knoim. It is only ba-

e«uaa tha natara of apna thighs !• in tha Intallaot thnt 1oi;1m1 tBta»>

tlOM of it «ra tweamAi end Hum*, aa aotidanta of tha netura, eaa w

ora ba eansid«rad without rafareooa to thair aubjaet thaa e rael

aaaidMit MR, Thara i«, howavcrg a aaiM im v^icjh et. fhaaaa apaeka

of loffio aa fbaMdi it oonsidare tbo fonui of thlasa, ttiair "fbaaal

yriaatplM**, nthar tthaa tlM aattor of thiaga or tha ««y ia «hi^ tha

thiaga axiat ia ratility,^

BalatlMi^

Aa a taiBdanv to awwrthiagalao, intaatiea "i^^liaa tha ordar

of oaa thlag to tacXtm*, But tha ordar of oaa thing to aaothar ia r*»

lation. 1%ia ia what «a buva aaan tha diraot intantioa to ba: tha ra>

letioa of likanaaa batvaaa tba intellaot &od tha thlag* Staea tha

iwai iataatioa ia aa iata&tioa of tba diraot intaatioa, it mat ba

a ralatioa of a ralation. Iba uadarataadiag of iataatioaa* than, ra-

fairaa tha atikly of ralntiona.

Ika mmm toalda traa of vatiooata balagt for thia kiad of

baiag ooa ba oaly • nagatioa or a ralatioat''^ vd aa lagio ia aot

ooaeamad with aagwtiaa, Xo^xioal balag wiat ba p ralatioa.

Ralatioa ia tha oaly ona of tha taa aatagariaa that will

adalt of ratlonata balag* Ml Xtm raat poalt aOBMthlag ia aatura,

•ad tharafora w klada of rael bala«« Ithoui^ a raletiiui eaa ba a

 — a

Mai ••oldMit, 'Old for this r«K«B» v«l«tioa flnda h plaa* woat th«

o»%«girlM, It is ao% lUMMsarily vmI, Aqstiiaea 4iatia(iai«h*« »>t wM

th« «Biat«ne« ( — ) of & thiag aaA its fotasl Auupsotcr ( rutio ).

Hitnih a ralatioa Mgr. IJLks otb«ar es«id«ots» taava its bains in a rsal

sotojaot, its toxml ohnrastar 4o«s aol asawnd this, sinoa ralntioa doas

sot posit aoastbiig t«l is tamAy "*%• soawthias'** Zt is Just a vatard,

a baarJBg, or ui ord«P to so—thiag awtsids tho subjaott it deas not

of itaalf poait ^aytbing in tha subjaot.

If a valatiOB is roel it is boOMisa its subjaot, its tare

«ad its fooadatioB ara raal. If rat^lity is ireatlBg in oiqr of thaaa

OLanoots, as tor instanoa, if tha MAtjoot aad tarn ara not two roally

distinet thiaisa, Imt idantieeX in raality afviri tliovNlIb distinoMishad in

tlimitfit. tha ralAtion OMUwt ba raid. But slaeo tlui aotloa of raletioa

doos not dantAd its raolity, ths raUtion is not dostrarodi it rsnaias

Ui roasoft.

Za aaqploinin^ tho wtxuOnass or raoipcoeity of raletioas

St. Hmms Usts, MBOttg otbor kiadst aHtoai rstloaata rotations in

abiab "thaora oaaaot ba on erdor sad boarla« botwoaa tha ftivaa oat r —s
aoBoayt aooordiag to tho apprafaansion of roaom'*, tuid wlthia this ooaas

a olasa of raletioas "Hihiob fbllo» ttpm tha BOt|Bf raaaon". SBUBplas •

of tha Ibttcr ara amm ead spaoias.'^ nrast both tha axmaplaa ^^nd

tho asplaaatioa, than, this class of r«tiooota rolatioas acroos with

legioal iataotioaa toUi tha aubjaot of lo^o.

Sol tho wrqr in wbioh tha rolatioa ia aonsoq(itaBt upon tha

intallaetiTa opvetioa ia aot ao battraaa aa offoot «i4 a oauso (such

as is hHd batwaon tha Intomal word aoKpraosad ia tho latOllootuAl

operation, rM th« Intcillaet), but em "^la th« thlags ttnd«nrto«4 %h«a-

•«ITM."^' r«li«l(Hi of rsaoon oonatata In cot omi«r, not of thiii£s,

but of oonooi>t«.^ Thm losloal rolstion la Aorisod Iqr tbo lAtolloot

•ad ettrlbut«»d to thinccs, not, howovor, to thins* •• thtqr aro in thon-

MlTMi. fewt xroolMly ^ nmdwrrtooa.

Mm* io r^jitod tn tbo Xosieol rolntion, th«i, io not tho

roel thing eo aMoh, nor tho notiBPo oooerdlag to Ito oboelttto eonsld«rn-

tlOB, bal tbi natttvo oo ooneoiTod nsA under tho oondltlona of thlo

oonooptloft. '>iMii rolHtlOBO ere oontriTod br ottondlng to tbo ordor

of tho notttM whloh lo In tho Intolloot olthoar to oxt«rtt«l thli«o or

to othor ooneolTod aaturoa.

If tho oidajoct of logic la tho ratloosto roXettlon csoztaociuoat

vpoB tho oporotlott of tho Intelloot and ottrlbutod to tho thins kaom,

thla ahonld bo rorlflod la ooA of ttio throo parto of lotglo aooordlns

to tbo throo oparotloM of roooen, oUvlo ^pprahooolOA, JudffMit tAd

Intantlon of UnlTaroallty

hmmm oosaltlon la tho oporatlOA and aetlrlty of thm wholo

MA rathor than of my alalia faculty. Rot ovan tho Intalloet kaoam by

Itaalf. Iba aanvoolto aMa kaovn oaa^oolto boias* If «• dlatlaoaliii

dlf fvaat oparatlona In kaovlag It la aot that wo aoaa to aay that

tboo* aro ooaploto bgr thoMalTo*. vnam wo ayoak of tho Intolloot, wo

do Mt forsot tho port of mmum and laMtlnatloa. Ttw a n aosaltlmi

paaaoo fraa potaaagr to sol botti la roswd to ttio oparxtlM and la ro-
forA to «IM!% U aj^ppiliMdaA: «• f^r«% lauw la na vuiaiff«r«Bti«t«d wejr,

lk«l puM Ml to anr* distlnet kaovladi^,^ ^i«t la first eottoelT«« bjr

Dm i«l«llaet la balae. But ovr kaaaiadlsa Aoaa not raat thara, <'a

aoat sa oa ta b— what klaA of being la oonealTad oaA to laam aora end

mm* abaut It.^^

IB alaq^a t^gipritomuAva by tha Intallaat tha IntaUaot graapa

Mhet kind of balng tha thine !•{ thot la, Itjapprahaada tha quiddity or

aaaaaea of tha tbiag* Baaaaaa tha Intallaet la iMartarlel It aaa appra-

hMd « tbliv aaly In an laaBtwlal way. without tha ladlTldttetias

Mattw cad aaadltimia of tha thing} sad tharadTara, without la any tragr

daogrlag tlM raal aotlatattoa of tha thing. It Anprahanda tha thing only

aoaordlng to Ita antuM aanaldarad in itaolf, "abaolutaly**. la aa

daimi, it abatmata froa tha ladlTldual aattar of tha thing, Ita aool*

daala, aad Ita atngalar ooda of «alat«aaa, Galy thua aen tha form of

S8
tka aaaaibla thiag ba itevad bgr aaathar batag/

am «haa tha aatara la epprahMidad abaalutaly la thla rnQTi

It la la tha Intallaat la a aaaaw abltit doaa not raatrlot it to tha

rapraaaatatloa of any alBtiaXer balag, any peortlauXar aubjaet, but la

auah that It oaa apply ta aaay. It la da f octo unlTaranl. Jut it la

a»t appvahiadad &a unlvaraiid In Uie dlract apprabanalon, but only In

a rafXaotlon upoa tha aaaa«r la whlth tha aatura la In tha Intallaet*

ThHi It Is aaaa to 'o9 aaa darlTad froa naoy, orar aad abova tha many,

aat aft to ba la aaay*

Iha aatura Itaalf thua aaaaldarad la raflaetlaa ia tha unl-

Taraol famally* But It la not tha iatontlaa af ualT«r»OLlty. Ilnat

 d

COIiCLUaiOH »*•• 300.

IttlMitioa la • BwmrlaMi Mi* bgr th« nflMtiag i&t«U«e%, of th«

a«tttr« wiUi lib* onar thlosa of whlob it it the likenass.

• MHparstiv* a«t of tOio Istolloot la noo ooooiy, boecaso tlM 41r-

o«t iat«Btlo« oyproh— a oaljr tho oktura «bA la ao way rof «•• it to

tlM Mogr twaa aaa dad t99 ttalvaaNmllty. Tbo intoatloa of univwaellty,

hawovw, ia aak the iiet of oaB^exlaMi, but the relation that is set up

kgr aMM of it.

Tbm aubjeot of tbe reletion ia the iqpgpmlmiAad sctture. ilie

t«fm ia tbe mea^ iadlTitfuala or leaa uaiTwraBl eaaoepta to vhieh that

aatore ia eeavared. Ihough it is referred to reel thlaga, it ia not

refarreA to than &a rofO., tntt rather aa alagular or iadividuel, ead

nadar the lutaatloa of alagularltyi for lagle ia not oonoeraed with

the reta ea reel, htti a«rel/ ua4ar the aapeat la whltii It la oaaqHValila

to the uaitraraal aatave, naaely, aeaerdlJVt to the w»y in ehl^ It pea-

aeeeee that aature, Xlierefore, it ia aa ea laferlcr of the ttBiveraal

aatve that either the alaeular being or a leaa uniTeraal aature ia

fiwiliareil to it. Tbe foundation of the relatloa ia la a»m aaaae the

ebatr&etlTe oper&tlon of the Intellaet, b«ft mtof pvaperly it la the

of the neture» or ita unlfoxoity ia regard to Muajr, that

it ooapareble. The reaete red feundtitloa ia the nature aa exla-

tlag la reel thiage.

latirtiaa af ttrlbattlo>»

HMre would be ao aeeaealty tor further eparatlMM by the

latelleet if our apiarehenalaa wwe not ao ia9>erfeot aad Xialted. But

the whole beli« of the thing kaowa and evtrythlac about

 f>«8* aox,

it la • lUgl* slAM«» lit* natur* of r a«D«tbl« thing mat b« «•»

atMritOiacA aad disixuilviteallsad. Thtrafor* w« 0Mi9 th« natur*

without th« IMiTlAud eoaditiooa oMMsosy fior Its r«t>I axleteiioa.

atamdly, th« Mb«t«aftl«X quiddity la «]frabaBdad witbout that of

tha eeoidanta, aaa than thagr uf epppahaodaA In tbanaal'vaa QOooAdliig

to thalr OWB viuldditlaa. Jftd finoUjr tlia i^tura la '.pparahaftdad with-

0ttt uttantion to it a awanur of csiatiag. Saoth«r opar«$tion la naaaa-

aacy to briag tosathar tba apir^Mudad aapaata of the tbias aad aoaipeaa

a vasraaaatatioa of it wbKAi la la eoafoxnilqr with ita eaaarata eoadi-

tiaaa of adataaoa.

F lthou<i^ tha latellaat aaaaat «t ^a aeaw tl«a tqpprabaad

Mjr thiasa aa nagr, it oca kaair iu«y if thay aaa ba Inrauefet into a

aiatla Tlaw* Ihla oaa ba daaa bjr aoMparlas than, for oorraletlToa bt9

loan togattiav,

Tiiflgwawt la ea oparatioa thi^rt hriniv two spprabaaOad aaturaa

logathar by itft«rffrfng th«i« mA thua poroeltlae thalr conjunct ion or

idaatity* Ita natuvaa w not idantiflad in their abaolute or abatr&ot

fM»« bat in tha oonoarata aubjaat« tea of tha natwraa la aaan to l>a

la tha thln« rapraaaatad bgr tt^a othaer,

Siaaa tha real aoiiatenea of a ecavMlta balnc reaalta from

the oo^poaitioa of ita aLMaaala, tha intellaet, to kaoar it a* eoaerata

•ai aa asiatias, wiat rapraduaa la ita own way that eoaq>08ition« It

thua poaita tha thine in thaui^t aad affina ita asiataaea.

la affimintf tha caatanaa of tha eaasMMiita bain«, the la-

talXaet nttaata tkat tha thing la &a tha inteUaot rapraaanfta it.
ecoKsmsm p«c« 808.

B«r« 1« trutti IbOMllyt tar thar* la sot only « da fato eoafionBity

«f tt« Intaileot nad th« thing but • oeasoieiuily ^ppmbwAad ooaftmlty.

Ikla v«(ittlrM oa tb« part of tha iotallaat en eotlTa aoa^ailaoa of tha

apyvaliaadad aatiuraa t««iihw «iA wi^ tha vmX oonoz^a thiafi whiah

}iatioii or propoaltion la juat tha objaatiTa ral»-

tiaa ar uBion aat up hy JiiUpiafit, Of tha twe aailiiraa ona la wdaratooA

or axpraaaa<l of tha othar, Tf tovam la atdlad tha pradtaata, ib*

lattar, tha aabjaet. tha praOloata la ragarJad tm tha f»aMl part of

tha Ff^poaltlon; tha Bature or foxn nhlah It rapraaaots la algnlf lad

aa baiag la tha atthjaet. *-M tha atfbjaat la ratnpAad na tha aiatarlea

part, ataMi«B t»r Idia aiippoalt ia iAi9h. tha aatwra aliptdfled by tha

pradiaata axlata.

Siaaa a fam aaa ba la a ai^poait althar eooldaatally (pap

aaoldfaaa) or aohiiaatially (par aa) , thara will ba two oorraapoBdlaf

•f praiiaatloa, aealdantal aad avbatimtlal or aaawtlta, thaaa

tha aadaa of pradloatloa «hl«ti vm hara fbnad auNBtlooad aa tha aub-

jaat of locda.'^ If «hat la pradioatad la la tha aubjaet by daflBi>

tloa (althar baaaaaa It la lo tha daflaitloa of tha aabjaet, or baaauaa

tha aubjaat la la Ita daflaitloa aa ita pMfMP aaMar), tha pradleatlaa

la aaaaotlnl* othavwlaa It la ^loaldwital,

Thla la lavort^dxt If «a wsf to uadaratead tha kind of IdWA"

tlty affu&ad bat«aMi aubjaet nad (nradlaata* la aealdantal pradlea*

tloa tha thlaga algalflad by Mbjaat aad pradiaota ara affiRMd to ba

— arloally aaa or ona In aubjaati that la, thiy adat tocathar la eaa
QtSKB^: P«ft« aCMI.

la MMOtUl yradlenitloa tharc ia mw tbaa anra onliy la tha oonarata

aabja«%} a unity of • m mn tt ia affinMd* ^aa a ualTvaid ia pradioataA

of ita iaf«rior» tha aaoa aaMpaa ia daaiffwtaA t^ both svdijaat eoA pra-

4iaa%a» b«l fegr tlia jvaAiaata ia aa iadtdandaaia vi{f •

WiMlarar tha klad of rmH iAmtity afTinaad, bowwrar, tha

thiaga aicaifiaA Iqr aabjaot &aA jflradiofta «ra diatiaet in raaaoa.

»mk wkaa, aa ia aaaankiai pradiaalion, both tbiasa bsra tha anaa

aaaaaaa» tha praAieata ia vlavaA aa balag ia tha aubjaot uad iafontiag

it.

nxa ooBvealtioa ia effisaad and ito truth aigaifiad by tha

varbel eopuXa to ba« 13ia aet of baiag sttributad to both aubjaot ea4

pradiOBto ia a aiga of tha rmal asiatMtoa of tha fbaa pradioetad ia

tha thias rapvaaantad tgr tha aubjaot. Baoaiaaa tha thiags of tha aatar-

ial world which «a propwly kaov, aadat «a eoavoaita, wa uaa tha aovd

to bo to 8i(j;&lfy aoapoaita axiatonaa, midi aa ^at of the propoaition

ia tha intallaot. Qia flMtapbyaioal juatifiaatiea tor thia ia tha faet

thtkt tba aoapoaita haa ita aot, to ba^ vhaa tha aattv haa ita aot,

tha f««a« Ite to ba ia tha not ejid parfaotioa of all aota. So too

IB Ilia ordar of aegaition, tha eoR^oaita (tha aaaaeiatiMi} jLa ahaa tha

pradioota iafbxsao tha Mbjaot.

fM vwb j|2, ba «Bas aal aaoaaaayily, bovavoar, aaaa axiatanaa

ia tk* yaal e»dar. Ia axiataaiieil pvapoaitioaa, wh«ra thava ia oo

pradlaata b«l thU varb. it anat naaa to ba ia tha pria»xy •aaaa of

tto %«aa» a«««al vaal baii«. Ia attributira pMpaaitiaaa, with vhiA

l«(lo is oone«nMd, i% vtill aMai« «Klst«««, btit dtrMtXy efflnai only

tte «acist«oett of the prvdloota in the subjeet without Miriag whether

thle Is so la retilltr or only in thought.

Buems the proposition is the asprossioa ksA atteetstion

•f tke eoBfUHity of the inteUeot to the thing, it is hy its Terr

netore **the true** or 2SS£* ^^ ^* ^** ^ i^liioh the latelleot is

eoafsoMd to the thing. It is • heiji« whose whole heiag is to bo

true; and for it to he felse is not to be. '<tieB therefore, it is s<Hid,

3S
so wo sew la Chapter IXI, that logle emisidsrs the true tod the fttlso,"

Whet is a»e«t is, not tbet logie studios the relation of real things

to the intelleot, but thct it studies pcropositions, the rationeto

beings t^ whioh the iatelleet eaciresses its eonfOmity to things.

slnso Umi pg o p ssition is e roletioa, eaoressiag as it doss

•a identity hstwssn ssbjoet end pvedieeto, it eeinot bo e reel rOletioa

b«l only ratisaeto, booeuse in the relet ion of identity ^soro ere not

two reelly dlstiast estnmes.

Xa this relatioa Ihe jredioate is oosmnrsi or attributed

to the subjeet, and tharel'ore the ivedieete la the subjeot of the re-

lation, aad the oobjeot la its tsim. Iho ItMrndatioa la egaia, in e

wiy, the operation of the iolelleot; hare ea operalioa of osavosltloa.

But, ore properly, lot^io oonsidera the formal foundation, whioh hare

is tko iVpTChaadod existeaoe of the naturae aignified by the predieete,

in the suppoeit retafosaat od by the subjeot. Rvetely it will be the

eoaerete vletenee of the oontposite being, or the real uaity of the

thiag kacarn under the two a^MOta of aubjeot «ai predieate.

 ?•• 900.

1h« fiOMlily of this r«UtioA la attrlbutloai for th*

latallsot. In ftttMtlfig to tho CKlatcneo of tho yrodloeto la tho sub-

jeet, nttrlbvtM It to tho aubjoot.

iBtontlon of Ooft—gmwteo^

Jhnm tlM sflM atMortooMiae of hmum appriboiwloa tbet wtkm

Jiid«MBt eat taaposltlon aoMMwoy* siviafli tho aMMNialty of e third

opar«tloa, roetaoalat, wbloh la a dlaoourao or matfmmBt la thoue^bt from

•aa thlag to aaotlMnr, Aran tho kaown to tho uakaowa* sinplo eppr^

haaaiaa Aoaa aot ravaal mnn^ about the thla«i tvprotiandatt aad la not

ebXe to attala to thlaca «4ilali do aot fall aadar tba aaaaaa* Saaaoa*

las anat aanply t^f tbaaa dafaeta aad aaat lira o«rtltttda irtiva arl-

daaaa ioaa aot ariaa fvon dlraet apprabeasloa.

AXthOB#i Maaoalae aiqnpllaa the daflol«alaa of appraba»>

aloa, It la Itaalf aa loparfaet aaaaagr of kaowls^, glvlag UyxTfaot

kaowladge, not ^raapad of Itaalf but througlki aonathlas alaa. Ihara

la aueoaaalTOBaas la oar kaowladgat flrat wa kaow oaa thla^, thwt

turn thlM wa proeaad to the kaowladga of acaatliiag alaa. The atertlag

point of the anvaaaatt tba thlat flrat knotra, la Ita prlnelpla; tba

kaowladea at «dbi«lk «a arrive la the ooaclaaloa* ^^-'a kaow tba ooaelvr

alea frcaa tba prlnolplaa or pranlaaa, but aot Ja the pr«daaa; for

alMa oaa tbiag la kaoaa la oaothar, the tao ara kaoaa at tba a«aa tlaa.

Bat, la raaaoaiag, flrat tba prwlaaa ara kaovi la th«aaalTaa, tbaa after

that tha aaalaatan la kaawa tarn, tba fcaoaladsa of tba pvaailaaa. For

tba truth of tba oonelualoa la pr aaaat la the pr«nlaaa tram tba flrat*
mmmmu tm
JBEBBEBBBBdK
P««t 306.

Wk oaly Tiytnally . Bull it 1« %h&« "TirtiM^ wbioh nooovmta for the

OtlM of tllO lot«ll«Ct to til* OMUattSlMII.

jLthOlM^ th«F« U MOOM0lT«B«MI la VMiMalBS, th«r« i«

MV« than thatt 1^' tho suooAMloa is eaueea. th« iWfBMMtt of thou«^t

txtm prmai—m to ooMluttion la not aeeldontHl but bM « ro«ooa.^^ Tho

eoMlualoa to kaova sad soMatoA to booeooo vt tho priaolploo and

throoi^ tho priaolploo. for whoa tho foroo of tho praolooo la ooa-

JanotlOB io poreolTod, thoa tho truth of the ooneluolcm i« eeon la

tho fr«Hiaoo» whloh booooio tho rooooa of tenawlnc ia ao MMh ao it lo

la tlio li^t of tho yroRlooo that the truth le oooa. 1!ho aoaoat to tho

ooaolaoUtt la tlM pMniooo aa« booouoo of tho proslooo lo a olagU oot

la Itoolf, ovoa taMnnlh ft jttr oouypoooo othoro before it.

Dko oanoollty lavolTod hero lo offlolent, ao lo ro{iulrod

alioro there io aotloa. the yraaiooa ejpo offleloBt ooiioeo of tho eon-

eluoloa« But their offlelenor jgrooapfoooo tho operation of voaooa

OHVoriag the ooaoluolon to tho prlnelploo, vhl^ It dooo bf eo^perias

tho jreaiooe to ootfi oth«r« la oo dolag it iioreoiToo the foroo of tho

pr«aooo togottier nad ao finde ia thtm e aotivo for eiffivadag aad

ooooating to tho ooaolaoion.

Tho rolotioa th\io oot up botwoea iveolooo aad of oonelu-

oioa to preMUoo io oallod a orlloiioa. It lo ooavo^oed of pvopooi-

tioao aad of twue, tho rooulte of Judpaent and of olpplo aypreheaoioa.

Ihooo ere Ito perto aad aaterlal ooaooo, the propooltloao iimedlateljr,

aad tho teow throttgh the jwopooltioao. Iho propooltloao mr* tho

BKterlel eauoo of the ooaolualon in eo autib ao thv oontola the tonno

GOKUmm Pac* 307.

of tdiieh «lk« aoBttlttslM U MnpoMd, Bttiiw tb« irflnisM r:»i tenM

•r« th« aBtMrial «mim of tho oonoXwiiMi, %b9f tok ¥• Ito offleloot

1— 1 ud thiy «r« this tlapovib %bmlv mm fHama OMUHaityt tor It 1»

mlM of tiM ««HM soMi la rolatiM wiaflh limiim tlM wtlTo for

mMOBfe to tho 0Miol*iaioft. In oodi 9Mnl«»» aa In hxv pvopooltlon, th«

ftro«iOft%« U Maporod to «io oubjoot aa a fom oxiotini; la It. tho

yrodiaato of oaa grayaattloa 1« taedo tho aabjoet, and oo la alenlflod

ea having eaotbor fbm vlthin it. nran this It followa that tha saooad

loradieata io «lao vltbia tha first aubjaat, end ao a«a ba pradleatad

of it. Thla la «kat »a hsva raftrrod to ea t9ta»l Inolualon. Bat

this deaa not dorlva froa Uta iwonlag of tanaa tafean In looletion, hut

froM th«K ao (MmtUy aigaifiad ia tha propoaitlon; for thara tha oaa
in
!• oaan in tha other, msilarljr, it la aot^tha propoaitiona in Isola-

tion that tha inolualon of tha aaoond pradioata in tha firat 8td>Jaet

io p«realvod» hut only atioo tha t«o pvopooltiona oera oospirad. In this

ooaporioon tha ralatioa of thaaa two ttn» io paroairad; and th«t la

to aiv that tha ooneluslon is kaoaa «ad oaaaatad to.

Biaaa a vllasifla la a raUtiaa of two ralatioaa to a third

ralatiaa viileh la affiaitntly aaoaad hy theaa t«a la ooajunction. It

ia at aaaa tha raletioa of tha ooaaluaioa to it a praiaaa aad tha reln>

tioa of tha aubjaat aad iraiioata thaaa^ • alddla t«ni; for thaaa &f
hat too aa;inaol<mi of tha aoao ralation.

Iha mftjaot of thio ralation is tha ooaeluaion; tha tarn

io tha jraoiaaa. Its foundstloa la tho notlra ferea of the pr«iaao,

whioh ia tha tao-otcitio AHrael iaeXuaioa of tho tavMi. Ponally tha

 ?«• 308,

r«I«tiott 1« OM of mnm itam o*t tm ffva U« fouatetioa the owieluaion

toXXsma bgr • Mrttilo oMMMlty. lb* rvaote fbuoiaatlan in th» real

«pd«r U raal •fn«l«ift Muaolity, 1iy whiofa fteM «r« MUMd to Infom

tt«r emA mm ooagpoaitM «r« ooiuitltut«l«

3oli«rt Toatuy of HxMnlrtlo Loglo

Hivo «ro Mvaral polatt that iriioitIA ncvir «t«iiA out ia ro-

iHNI to tto ioete of ^». TbOMM AiittlBat «• » romit of this inrostlipH

tlOB, Tho first is that it io not oonMnioA with tho roal hut with

istoBtioiui of roaaoa that follow nspon tho toanair of kaowinet »aid ttiaao

Intaationa ara ratioaseta baini^ having thair «a«taaaa fvoa aaA ia vae*

•oa, Iha aaaoad poiot ia that though logio ia aot ehout tha raed, it

ia not aat off fton tha ra(d. It is aat "tnTml" ia tha sanss that it

atttdiaa oaly totmm of tha nind tritlsouk eeatant} rathav it la ooaaanwA

with tlia foiMi of thiufi aooordiot; to tha aoaditioas of thair appro-

hMMiOB* Tha third faatura of tt ia 10^^:10 ia that tha foras of things

ara trisMA asaerdlag to Iba vrarioaa ralatioaa «4iiflh thagr havs as a ro-

salt of baiag kacam* Ihssa ralatisos ara tha iBtaatioas aad tha retio*

aata baii^s «hioh follov uixm tha oporatiom of undwataadiag; thagr ara

tha sitfijaat aliiah loeie stadlaa, la tha lo^:;ie of est. Thwas^ tharafora,

tha aotimi of ralatioa ia aantral, A faurth aad fiaal faatura ia that

logia ia ariar ad to tha kaowladgs of tha raal.

Aa aa art logia ia a guida of tha •paratiaos of raaaoa in

kaovlng tha roal.M f^ a soiaooa lop^o is intxodnotorjr, aathodologiaal,

aad iaatruMtttal to otbar aciwoaa. aapaaially tba apaoulativa.^ It

JbUUHUUUUBBi

la thymic «h«M thct locd* U er4«p«4 to th« loacMAa^a* of ro«l things:

"losios ordlAattur «4 oogaltlonm do r^lrao moMndaou''^ It !• tho «bA

of rooaoa to knew tho roel;^ •&! loelo otmroo as tho Intarael gulda

of roaaoft la this pursuit* It la tho port of raaaoa to arraaso «sd

put thlcsa lA iv4ar «&d to ord» thlaga to thalr and: ''ratlottla aala

oat erdiaaro bA fiaam."^ Sgr logl* voaaoa dooa tbla tor itaalf. Iharo-

fore logic atudlae ordar In tho aata of roaaon.^ Bui ordair la ralar-

tlon,^ for thla roeaon locle atudloa raletloaa la kaoalas or la thlaga

aa kMwa* Suflb relstlona ojf legloal lataotloaa,

Baoauao vo wist eo froM laAistlaok kaoaloAgo to dlatlnot,

«• anat mtkm dlatlnotlona la raaata. Bat a dlatlnatlMi of raeaon la

a dlallantloa of ralatloa* aad auob a dlatlaetloa la oada bgr tho ralar>

tloa ItaaXf.^ Kat oaljr doaa ralatlom dlstiaeulab, hafaanrar, but tt

(tXae uoltaa; for, as wo hero aaaa, eorrolatlTaa ora known togathar*^

la tba Intantloa of ualTaraallt3r« aeay taans «ra aoan la ooaBaatloa

with oaa ftm*^' tv tha Intentloa c^ attribution dlatlnet aapaeta

of ona balng ara paroolTod la ualoa» B^ tha Intaatloa of eoaaa^iuanaa

affaota ara soaa la aaaaaa ead tha orlglaally aakaoMa la aaaa In tko

kaeaa* Tbnm ralatloa la tti—|>t la a aaaaa Mi aa laatrunant to ^raatar

dlatlaataosa «ad graatar ualty, to daap«r ponatratloa end a bxoadar

lav, Ihua It brlnga rasaoa to a fUUar kaowladga of truth.

giaaa rolatlons or lnti«atloaa» whlah parfona ao ItaporthxA

a ftuaatloo la tho lolallaatttal llfa of aaa, ara tha aubjaot of tha

§0imem of la«la as St. Thoaas A<ittlaaa eeaaolvos It.

 a

P«g« 310.

Of CUUg %h« i«wfk» of at, Tbmmm

18 • or IZ-U. 47, 8 ai a) an «e tli* 9i—i TtMWKgl— .

AMnwTletloas of ti%lMi er« aUaduNI or Mlf^M^i^XaMiUgry.

AI>br«Ka(tiaa8 of divloloao of tho woxko, MOh «# book or

port. 4ftoott«i« oitiolo, «lwpt«r, or Iommmi, mhOl •• «r« oftoa uooA,
•TO oaittod, 9mmn onoMrala in eapltels alwegro ttsM for "Part" or
"Book" aooor^Uic to tbo wnk» Ibo (knrioie nuaw^la fir at aftor tho
tlilo wimn loaaoa la tbo iifiitMi'loo mi /jplototlo, dilatl&etloa la
tho soBtoBOoa. (laootlMi la tho 8<—a. tto meootlonoo Plaroitatao. aa*
^* Aiaootloooo ttodlbotaloo , ead oh^ptor In tho Contra Qop»lloo wd
eavtalB owiooMla aaah ao tho Ooouaoaftlf ThooliAao. tho tjn axto jt
jSpoaatU. (tad tt« «o Katura Oaaarla . Aa /jpabie aoBwrel follmrlac
that dooicaatlat a qfMOtloa aoaoa artlolo *

Illa«tr«tlono . Tho amaploo fvon tho g— glToa abovo

aro to bo road) flrot Part, <{Bootloa IS, artlelo 18, bo4r of tho
artlelo, and iooundo-Soondao, q^MOtlon 47, artlolo 2, roply to tho
third obJootloB. I timA m 8, 1, 8 sol. « tho first book of tho
sitoaooQ. dlotlBOtlMi 8, qttoatloa 1, artlolo 3, aolution. XT I'ot .
4, n, 674 » fniiiiwitagy on tlto fourth bocdc of tho jjotaghyaiea. laaaoa
4, parasniH
X,
<!
«Mt9t«r If.
074 (od. Catthala). C«a. I, 97 « Ooatro QontUoo ,
 ,

V4» SIl.

ti«Md li«rtt MM tlM bibllocraplqr «t «b« aad of «h« laotM,

t* Hot fwr thigr «•» « daaM «% Bmirtc*** fboalgtlo fJibXto-

amlar will *ow. Agalast aoo 1%«m Xlst«d far Mtiqpfaysios, 205 for
HhiM* Md t6B for aplataMlear aad %h« thaoacy of kaOTloOg*, th«r«
«r« only 40 Ii«t«d for lotiie, loglstios, aad flWttiMMitlot %«g«tb<r,
of «hi«b flTo 4ml with aMrthittlm ud olovitt wo loslo BHaaalo.

(1910),
»• UaaAoMMt la Jgjw 4ortto uttthtctlQUOo
holds (OH apuriouo boeoooo not la tho
^^. Tbowoi d* Aqma
''effleial oadolo^ao.*
soo tho tablo, p« 108 far do Prop . I4odol. (a. 34), do FoUoolta (a. 86),
do Nftt. Aoo. (a* 90) , do Ilot . Qon. laTfS) , «ad p. 109 for Jo Prla .
ladiv . (a. 104) , aad ottppl«aaBC«i^ aotoo oa j|£ Bat . Qoa. (p. UO) aad
do Pria. laliT . (p. Iftl). Xa hlo oditioa of tbo OjpttOOttla (19S7) bo
Slvoo la vol. ZV Mong tho vU dubla ttio ^
Prop , lodal . (p. 908) aad
tho do Fallaollo (p. 006) t tho root ho plaooo la vol. f oaoac tho

la jaa ssass. ifift ^. Sam ^sysai^ < «») »^J«», ^

than oU aadhantlo (do Frla. indlv. . pp. 901 - SOt ai 1V8| do Pallaoilo .

pp. SO? 4 aae - nst do prop, ^^odjoi. . pp. ao? st vni m.Ml» iS£«*
pp. a07 & nWt ifi Ifii. i£*» pp. 907 - aU & 899)

4« Pabllahod wevko varo of roIatlToly Uttlo eooiataaoo oa

tho diroot oidijoot of thla ttioolo. Hio vforfco aantloood abovo, oflpoo>
UUy riwioiiat. Joha of :)t, Dmomo, aad PlroUa voro moat dlrootly
holpful. For povtloalar qfnootloaoa aootly oa tho sMitaphyaloal and
piV«hologloal fovBdotlOM of tho dlfforoat logloal iatoatloao, othor
ooiko waro of halp. i^uch vi«r9 ^oroot. La ?trttoturo dtoahyolooo du
eoaerot . a^poelally ik« lU, n.oo r^^pevto do l*ab«tmlt ot du eoaerot*';
i^ullor- Thy«» **fho T^ Bo iftiah Sleaifloo tho Truth of PropooltiOBo,"
Proooodlago of tho ^awrloaa Catholic Ftilloooiihloal aooolatloa. 1940,
Pf • 190 -aMr PhlUppo, 'Tiuiia^tM dm PhlloooahioF. fifWM dooSolaaoot

li^ilS'liSyMmf^SSSri' IctaitS^ daao'u chlloooidilo do

aUBl JBMKtf Ida* hoo uttlo on looloal lataotlloaa aad dooo aot
^3
tho
Wl« aMO
of bgr at all; Loaarsaa, '*1lio Coaoopt of Twfbw la
^rltlac* of 3t. th aa a o i^qulaao," IhooloaAoal atttdlaa. 1946, pp.
349 - 999. uoro wmmnl h«lp woo got fren S«llia, J&JBSriallEab
aad Potar of Bagrgoao, Tatoala Aaroa. for dlroetloa to aaaor tasta of
St. ThOBwa «hl«li would othacvlao baro boon i&laaad.
 .

ptctsia.

CBAPTHtl

1. Z Pot » AMI*, 1, a« I (vd. L««aia«).

2. VI Jth, 3, n. U43, USX.56 (vd. Pl>ott«)

9. I gfcb . 1, a* ei I K«t . I, a. 34 {•d. C«tb«a«).

4. VI m., 3, xm. U42» USl, USe; iMt. 4, aa. U66-e7,

1173.74.

8. I U9/t ,, 1, a. 34.

6. n :.»t . 1, a. 115S; of. XI »t . ?, a. St&3.

7. VI ieth . 3, a. 1151.

e. VI B^. «, a. uao.

9. I ^ft. 1, aa. 25S & 33.

10. I ^flffe. 1, a. 38.

U. I «t . 3, a. 07.

12* d« Trto . 5, 1 ad ^.

^^» ^ 2S^* ^« »• '•

14. I b^h . 1, Da. 1 «t 8.

13. C.a« III, «B.

li. VI 8tb. 2, a. 1136 fc le«t. 3, a. U31.

17. dj Trla . 5, 1 ad 3.

18. I-II, 00, 1 ad e.

19. II*II 47, t ad 3* Th* fset aad aatura of this logleiO. pro-
daot will b« atudlad aon la datall forthar oa in thia (uad aubaaqant
ohaptara.

80. I-II b7, 3 Rd 3.

SI. II-II 134, 8 e.

88. VI »h . 3, a. USB.
 »• ma., na. USl L 1163. .

M. X^ll 57, 3 0.

£»• I U«t. 1, a. 34; I B|k. 1, a. 3.

M, d£ Trtn . e» 1 •« 3.

S7. I lArt. 3, a. M.
IB. X-tl 87, S ai 8.

tf . A alBllAV 4ilT«r«noa la polataA out batwaan Intallaetual

aad aanO. Tirtuaa; altboui^ Intallaataol Tlrtuaa «ura aara aabla thtgr
ara laaa atrlatly Tirtuaa (Aa Vlr» . la Ocmb .. a* 1£ [eata aa4,— ad,
Marlattl, p. S8t a, ad4j}.

'^* is J^lfi* 6, 1 ad 4,

31, I BMjt, Aaal . 1, n, 8,

M. I P«rl^. 1, A. 8i Con laslaa diMitar rtitloaalls aalaailla,.,

!M. l*rol.t LasiMi ma% ratl«a»ll« a«lantl» at od rstlaolaaadUM

InraDta.

99, a. 8.

86, n, 6«

37, I T'oat . -n«l « 4, a, 5} ef • j£ ?ar . 11, 1 ab. ISi /«d aalaa-

tlaa va(iulritar aogaltioals eartitado*

*"• ^ tSSl' iSS2L« ^* <^* 7*t ^^* ^

«tt « 3, a. U48t Sal«a»i« p«r-
flelt IntallaotuB alraa naaaaanriai aad ZI-XI 1, 6 »d 4: Pa ratlaaa
aalMliaa aat qood Id qaod aoltur asla%l»atur aaaa tapaaalbila alltar

Sapavtat aartltudlaaa aagaltloaia par dMaaatratloaMa.

40. Ibid ., laat. 4, a. 10,

41. Ibi d., loot. 41, a. at of. loot. SO, a, lit ?;ola&tla aat
m
a prlnoipilo ad ooaolusloaaa.

41, IV t^. 4, a. 874.

*3. £• £. 1. M.
(hablta*) MMluslonlfl «x ocMSis.i VI SM>. 3, n. U49t selMstla Mt
kabitw AOTMMlrtttloals, idMt «« <l«Mtturti»Blilona eeuMtuai II-II 58,
9 9,1 3«l«aii« mH rvote retio aolbillm.
 31S.

CBAPTBR H
1* Z dj^^* 1* &• 3 (•«• Firotta).

S. D« TrU » 5. 1 «•

5. Ibid .. «« 4.

4. XI im» . 7, a. 8866.

0. C.G. III. es (•»%• Mdvttd. Laoii. nui. p* 8S8 b, nt4.){ ef.

I V«l. l7 an. 38 at 33t II Mt. S, m«
aBi-891; TX «i» . 1, n. 1I4S & a.
a. 1186} Caals MlMitie «•( vol atftlTa wit fnotiT« HUt tbieorloat XI
Mt . 7, na. 8248 & 28tt0{ I 1, 4} I. 14, 16. flila distlaetlon of inraotl-
Ml •MA spMulativ* Ml«noM !• baMd on th« distlaotloa ef laraetioal
•ad •p««ttl«tlT« iHkallMt, whieb s%, l^ons* takM fraa /rlttotl*: III
de Aa . ISt a. 880 1 Iat«lle«ttts qui movvi •st lnt«ll«etus qui ratioolaa-
t«r propter allQUld* aoa pxoptor mtlooiaari tnatiait ot bio oot latol-
loetso proetiotto, qtal difforl a apoevlattve iooundum flnaa* ham opoott-
latlTtta pocttlatur Torltataa, noa pivpter ellquid allud, aod proptor
•olpoua taatm; praetlouo eutoa ^^onlatur TorltalMn preptor op«ratloa«i|
do Trta . 8, 1 e»} Ihoorlott* •I'vo apoettlatlvu* lataUattua, la boo poroprlo
ab oporatlTo olTo praetloo dlotlasuitor* <{iio4 opooulatlirua baft>«t pro fiao
orltatea qmaa ooaaldorat, ptrootloiw autoi vorltvtoa ooaoidiratMi ordiaat
la oporatloauM Umffmk tXnmi of. aloe do Yog. 8, 8{ I atb . 1« a. 8;
£^. Ill, 78s I ^lit . mSL^ ^* **• ^*
6. 71 Mt.
1, a. Ufidt «f • a. 1148. Ibo ftfUoot dloottooioa of
tbia dlvUlea, «!«> Ita ftraadatloa la dlfforoat aodoo of abotreetloa
fraa mttor la fBuad la
tbroo artloloo.
^
Trim . 0* 1, Md
oeatlamod la th« followlag

7. jQ UH* 7, n. 8884t ef . a. 8887.

•• art. 1 o (ad fla.).

10. Ibid. , a. 8883.

U. VI JHI,. 1, a. U88«
18. Ibid. , a. 1189.

13. IX U4|t« 8, a. 1788.

14. XI Mol. 7, a. 8888| of. VI ^.

1. a. 1152i Maa ogoro oat
it ma til ^orotloMai aaaottlai la Ipao agooto, aleut oat ollcoro, iotol-
llcaro 0% bttjttM>dl( VI ^.
8, a. U81t Km
aotlo aaaoM la Ipoo agaato
^parotlo dloltar. ut vldoro, lntolll8«ro ot Toilo.
CBAPT« II nm ragt ai6.

1S« XI u«t. 7, a.

17. Ibid. , a. 1154.

10. I-II, 13, 1 e.

19. i Bifc. 3« a. 86.

aO. IX iHrt. 8, tt. 1868.

n. I iftija* I* n. 9.

It, I-IX, 57, 1 ad 1.

0. I-II, 3, 5 0} of. ibid, ad S: lBt«ll««««ui pcraotiOM bab«%

quod cat axkre IpaiK, aad l&tallaetoa •paeolatiToa baibat bamm
la aalpao, aeilleat, eo&t«^platiaa«a varitatia.

84. n Sth . a, B. U86.

»• U liat. S, B. IBM.
86. I-II, 16, 1 0{ ef. VI J^. 8, a&. 1131 Ik U93t Ip«a varitaa
ratlaaia praatiaaa aat ra^^a raotitudlBla appatitaa. dirae aa qtaaa
aaat ad ftaaa. . • • iat aafca alaatia a^yatitua aonw ^aaa aunt ad

87. I kth , 1, B. £.

88. n bat. !• a. 1186} af. XI Mat . 7, b. 8888.

88, n kat. 1, b. U&«( of. XI Uat . 7, a. 8864: aoaaldwat aa

DbUia (|iaaa in aui daflBitiatta »at«Piaai aaaalbilaB raolpiuBt.

30. daTrto. 5, 1 ad 31 IHI, 47, 8 ad S.

81, u teat . 7, a. fiSA^t aaaaldarat iMHfeUia qfuaa aoa raeipiuat

at«»i« ia aai dafiaitioaa, Uaat babaaait aaaa U aatMrla aaaaibili.

88. da TrU . 5, 3 a(«ad«— ad. Panu, p. SBS b, top)t aoaaidarat

qpaslitataa at aa (|aaa (joafldltetaa aaaaaqjMwIur, at ficaraa at bujaa-
Bdii XI Mat. 3, B. SMOSt i^aeuletur aala atbawtiaa aufaraea a aaa
aaaaidaraUaM aaaU aaiaibllla • . ., at raliaq^it la aua aoaaidara-
tieaa aoltaoaada ^aaatva at oastli

88. da Tria. &, 1 a.

84. IT Ufl. 1, n. 848.

 »17.

\, TZ 1th, 7, a. 18U.
W, £,a. 1* 4| cf • I IMt* 8, B, 46} lata toientia, (joa* aeplantla
Hiclit'arJ't^umerla alt prlata in dignltnta, ast tanan ttltlaa la addlaeattdo*

37. I ^riat » 3, &• 07«

38. I Itot. 1, B. St.

at. I im. 1, &&• 1 is 8.

40. I biat , 1, a. 38( ef, &• 99.

41« I ft^. 3, a. Of •

^« ^ Trta . 6, 1, aal« t aA t*

4». da Trta . 5, 1 ad 8.

44. I Farih . s, a, 3.

^« ^ frim , 6, 1, aol. 8 ai 8.

46. VZ Hh . 7, n. 18U.
4f . II ^l^. 6, a« 986.

48. da Trto. 6, 1, aol. S ad 3.

«•• III dj» ^« 8, a. 718,

80. £•£., IT, 11 (ad. Laam, aaa. p. 448 a).

51. da Trta. 5, 1 ad 8*

8£. I Kth . 1, a. 16.

93. da l^la . S, 1 ad 4.

54. II-II, 47, 8 ad Si of. I-II, 00, 1 ad 8 h dp TrlB . 8, 1 ad 9

(<lBO%ad p. 7).

88. I-II, 97, 8 ad 3.

86. ZX-IZ, 81, 8 ad 3.

87. I Paat. Aaal. 1, a. 4; ef . I rarih . 1, a. 3.

8i« I 22S2L* i^SSik* ^» *• ^»

81. II-ZI, 61, 8 ad 8,

 MSSSM ^"t* 918.

iO. I Pot. Aaal. ao» a. S. .

il. jto 15p1» . ft, 1. Ml. 1| IT &!»%. 4, n. 974,

•a. I pm». AB|^« w, n. :^.

es. ibia .. a. 0.

64. II»II, SI, 4 ftd S| of. »Iao «liet toUowB oa th« dlatlaotton
of the doetriao Ma4 tho uoo of leglo. 3oo nlao 4o Tri^ « 6, 1, ool. I.

M. X-II. 57, 6 aft 9,

M. rr iio». 4, a. 674.

67, I loot . /,aal . 80, a. 6.

M. I root , ^aal . 1, a. 4.

^'« <* * Thm ooaploto toart tor tho first part of

"nrla* &, 1* ool« 1.
tblo paMMfo aa It voa4a la etlnoot ell tho odltions la aowrly uaiatol-
liftlblo. Pajoaa roaiat <*ot alo dloltar aliqviA irveooaaaa ratiOBalla,
quaaio ali^s wtltvr la allqua aoiontia propoaltioalbua quso treduatur
la loglea, prout aollioot atUMr la loglea, prout oat dooona la aXlla
aoloatlla." Ibat tharo U
mult a thing aa lagjoa aaowM Khiab la acm»»
ho* dlatlaealahoA froa tho lagioa utaaa whloh fOUaoa, !• eloar manttn
iNd jaat vhet legloa doeaaa la If «o aao la logic tbo inr^poaitiotM
tao^t la l«Bio oal if It la *doo«oa la aUla aelcatlU," la far fm
olocir. Ihat wo uoo in othor oolanooa prlnolploa aoppllod l>y legio la
ahat «• AoolA «900t, hut aet that wa aao thooo priaaiyloa aad propo>
aitlaaa ia losio« fad if thoro la <|iio«tioa of th» ^yo of logio (or of
Ita prlaelploa) , that wemld bo lOiCioa utoaa aot doooaa. .ail aa doooaa

tharo otm hardly ho amr (|ttoatioa of ita toaahiag '^la othw aoiiooa*.
Hmto la oTldodlly wollilnu dofootivo la thla toart. '<^o ahoald ooqtoot
•OMOthias llko thlat "• • • propoaltloaibua qfueo tradkuilar la locloa,
|TC«t aoft doooM" aia^Ur, or. If tha oalttad «»r«a aro to ho kopt, thcgr
oottld ho addod i<ift«r thoao alroady glvaa, with m oImbco howovtr of la
iQgioa to op logloa. aot **pvoiit aoilioot utlaar «« logioa la ellla
.3u« a roodias, howorcr, la aot fhmd ia tha oditloRa.
aoiontlla." .'31MB
Vlvfta laprovoo oa Vmam alt^itly hgr iaaortlag a ooanai "proat aoUleot
utSaor la lo«ioa, pi«ttt oM doooaa, la aliia aoloatlla*; «&d thla la
tho Toafling aloo of Yoaloo ltfS« Ihia raasvoo tho eiOMlj of havlag
lodo toa«h la othar aolaaooo hui loaroo «A»th«r —
txylag to aao tho
o«w pooyooitioaa la legie aad la othor aeloaooo at tho arao tlao.
Qm Uc^l odltloa (HOM, 1881) frw tho imtogrttph oodoa, by oalttlag
tho lA with tho a oooad logioa. BMkoa fairly good aoaaot "... propeal-
tioaihtta qfttfto traduatur in lo^loa, provt aoilioot atlmr logioa prout
aot dooana la allla aelantlla." Thla U
atlll aot aotomrthy fior its
llapidity, bat at loast it dooa aot iavalTo a ooatradlotloa. fho «oaa-
lag la that la othor oeloaooa «o oadco uoo of tho poriaoiploo oaqprooood
by logio (aad thua wdco uoo of loiKle}, ead that thooo prlnclploo aro
\
 «

«acpr«M«d bir Xogtoy doeajut, lh« |toe«« "prout Mt 4bmb«** la, ns It

««•, pajNoUiaftloai, Piwit la not, hcnravar, uaad In it a atrletly toxmH.
•mam, f«r it l» not praolaaly <m tlxaor«tie«I tbat logXo la tmim ua* of,
Wt Bunraly tlia logle whlah la thaoraitleal (th«t la, %hm prlaoiplaa
t«Mrtit \Kr tbaoratloAl logic)

70, IV !..«ft. , n. 676.

71. n>i4 .

T8« JMd*a n, 577,

7B« I-II, &7, 6 fid 3.

^*» i» SSL" »t ».
7S« do pot, 7, 7 Bd 1 in oontr.

77. IbU .. loot, 94, ao. 10,

79, Loot. 35, aa. 1 It 8.

79. roirfurthw aaci«Bflaa aoo I Poat , aaX . 43, aa« 1, fi, i^ 9| loot,
44, a. 6{ VZI Ijat, U, a. 1536t loot. 17, na. I«48 h IMS.

00. II Poat. Attji, 7, a. a.

81. I Poat . Aaal, 98, a. S.

68. VIZ !{£)>• a, a. 130C.

88. IbU. . a. 1808.

64. VIII Mgt. 1, a. 1661.

88. nr Mot. 4, a. 674.

88. n Ug±. 3, a. 8804.

87. I Poat. >aal . 80, a. 5.

88. IV ^s|. 4, a. 878.

89. j£ M. 0|ft. 0, «t 9t» VII ^r^. 3, a. ia08t Booo oeiaBtio

(otaptgratoZTtuSot affiaitatMi mm lofiao pveptor utriuaque

90. 40 Trta . 6, 1, aoX. 1.

 n. I f99% . iau^. 15, a. 7.
ft. IV tto%. 3, ft. se? aiui l««t. 4, a. 878.

•3. II t<»i. 1, a. S79.

M. C.G. 1, X.

96, lY ^t. 17, a. 736,

96. VI ^1. 4, a. laat.

97. U Uirt. ;^, a. 898.

90. VI tMt. 4, a. 1833.

99. I Po»t. ^»>1. 1. a. 4.

100. I Perth . 2, a. ^.

101. IV ugi» 4, a. 574. 1b« «h«l« ps«Mg«, aa. STl-OTf, ia aalifllMi

las « thia qaaatioa. Of. <b» Kit. CkB. •• 4 (pvia.), «hi«li la •
of thla.

lOf. I pot. Aaal . 80, a. 0.

109. VII mt, 13, n. 1S79.

104. I ^:th . 1, a. 3.

105. I sart. 19, 5, 8 at !• A vasy atallar atatiaat la nate la

da Tirla> 6, 3 (peat sBaA.)i loalaaa aalai ooneidamt ebaoluta latoatlonaa
... saA aatandla •! pbUoaoj^raa vdamm eocalAaraat aaaanAlaa
fMd h afc aai aaaa la ratma.
106. VII i^at . 17, a. 1658.

107. IblA., a. 1646.

IM. aa. 168T K 1608.

109. Cf • %ha aaa of —at la a aoaawhal aladlar aoaaptallM} "aa vara

quaa habaait dlvaraoB nodua aaa aaAl aoa (wamlaaat la allqaa aamad—
aaaa good oonaldarftt aatuaralla" (ia ^.
7, 7 ad 1 In oontr.). "SaeofluAaa
aaaa" aaaaa "la tha aa9 of •siatanoa" ladaadt W% tba ifaaa tdil* jgsi i^*'
fara ¥«ok to aoaaot aaaa tho aat of adatmaa alaplj alaea tha aatwal
pklloaopbar daaa act oalM that tha ovihjaet of hla atuOjr, but it mat
aaa "tiUafa h«rli« raal aalataaao."
 .

!• IM»» , iToo«n« (post, oMd.)! ef, VI iJet, 1, a. 1X45: :va«llb«t

Mi«ntla d«b«t liKfaiTCr* pri&eipie ot ocnmui aol mbiMtl q;iuM aiuit
•Jtw l&quaalw Imjvandlt l Y Mf». 1, aa. Ml & OU} I Pwptb, . an, S «( 4.

8. I, 1, 7; of. I Port, Aaat , 41, a. II* «hcr« th* ob^»gt of

olene* la aaid to b« tha kaowablat Cm Mm
Mtbile ait pvopriuai
objootan aalaatliaa, awa dlTtraiflatribmitur aalMttlna aaeuBfiibMt 41v«val-
tat«& aoWB tterwalaa,** Aa «a aball aaa, tha fBaaMd appaat vmAmt whl«li
tha mtvlol objaot la traataA oonatitutaa ^apvapar aabjaat of tba

4. I a^. !• a. a,

9, I Partli . 1, B« 8.

6. X ?^oat . ;4>aX . X« a« 1,

T. 1X1 is j£. U,
aa. 746 k 747; ef. 71 llat. 4, a. IBSCt lataX-
laettta bi^bot teaa •paratiaoaa, (juaruB^vuwwontiv ladlTiaibiXiun lata!-
XUt«Ktia, p«r qiuai lataXXaotvM foaast 'aWueaa aoaenptiooaa rana
lataXlicanio ^{BOd QUid oat UBluaouJuaqiia rol« Xl« op«riitlo oat p«r
^um eonpoait at AiTidlt.—! r>ant« 38, X, 3 aoX.t Q^
dupXas opar^tlo
lataXXootaat lyui ^aao dioltar a phiXeaopbla fonaetle <|tta aRMMbwdlt
qjolddltetaa ima, qioao otlm dieltar ladlTiaiblXlum tataXXigaotla.
AUa oatflB eea^ribaadit aaao rai, owyoaaa^K) ofriXMatloaaa.— do ^^Ig,.
6, 3 o.t rupXte oat oporetio iatOXXaotua. Uta qiaea dleltur lBt«XXis«»-
tla iadivlalblXivB, qua oogaoaeitar da u&a<iaa^eao ro quid oat. 'Xla
«o 08t qua eoapoait ot dlrldlt, aalXleot oauBtlatloaaa aagetlTva
aX afflxsBtlTOB fomando.
8. I Parlh. X, a. X.

*• ^ £SSi* i]252k* ^* ^* ^* ^^
ofimtHiMM of apoouXatlTo
aro dlff araatXy onuBMratod fraa tha tlbofi 'TEiabot GUt«a ratio teoa
aotua, atltn ammdnin qjuod aot apoouXativa. Prima aat ao^paaira ot
dlTldaro} ot lata aotoa ratleala axiariBitur p«r oratloaaa. • • soeaar*
dua aotua r«tlonla aat dlsounNva da uno In aXlud laaotaaoaadl amiaa;
ot aoaaadoa boo arUeeiaHBa oratio qfuaodaa dleltur** (IT Sort. X8, 4.
X, aoX. X)

XO. I ii X, A. 8| Xoot« e, aa« ts 4 »| of. I Partb. «• a. X>t

^.
TI Mot. 4, a. XS42t opwatlo lataXXaatoa aaurii on tat la ot dindostla. •
portlaot at aelaotloa da UttoXUetu.

U. Soo I ^^. X, a. X; abaXa of Xaot. S, oapoolaXXy a. 39.

 11. n IWt , IS, a. 1076; of, jto M%. Og^., o, 7 (ad fin.)} "Logloua
w—
«ilm ooiuiLd«rfi% ixLI^ob ••onaidMi (^yod mtur in r«itleiMi«'*

13, IV Ml . 17, n. 736.

U. IV Mgt . 4, a. 674.

IS, Hw iftdila—t r«ad«r ulli pardsa tb* latrcMhiot&ou of aa ttmunml

word to trnjuOat* aa McparaMioa tor «lil«l) tbara la h«r«l]r aa adaqEaata
aqulTtilout in :^9BcllMi. ma rotlonla aaaaa aa antltgr abiah haa no ei:la>
t«Ma ladapa&daolljr of ita baing tbOtttfit« irtaeaa «hola axiatenoa la in
raaaoaa ead vhioli arlaaa £io« tha faot that raaaoa tblaka of it. >>a
aditbt without laooaraniaooa trBnalata tliia jtoaaa aa '*a balsg of raeaoa"
whaa «a can una tha iadaflalta ertiola* viiaa tha daflaita ortlola ia
aaadad, "tba baiag of raaaoa," tbara ia daasar of eoafuaioa, ainaa
tha a^praaaioa aaa alao hava tha mawnine Hha aot of axiataaaa aaaroiaad
Iqr raaaaa." J3ut in nn^r eosa, tha eaniua of the r^nellaih leacttaea pr»-
fv8 to ^iuelify tgr aaaaa of adjaativaa r«thar than nouna ia tha gani-
tlTa oaaa. Iha ftreblaa ia to find a aultabXa «tdJaotiTa. »• aaaaet
aigr "ratiottaX** baaoiiaa tha axpraaaion 'Tatlaaal baiag" (with or tvith-
out tha ertiola) ia prawi»a4 ia tha aaaatac of '*baiag aJawad with
tha feeulty of r£Satt*" Ihaatft oth«r Latia yhraaaa aaah aa i^fl^tto
ratioala or dlatiaotlo ratiwda olaht without too oach vlolaaaa to
tha aanMSkl aN«aiias of tha Lagliah worda bo trc^olatad aa "rational
matttioa" or "ratiaaal diatiaotioa**, aatarthalaaa with aaa. tha
V»»3JkfS'i»€ aratioaia aeaaat ba tranAatad aa "vatiaaaX**. Maithw aaa
wa aty "iagi'al'* baaaaaa thnt la too aj^oaifio to atend for tha wbolo
aaa ya of batag that adata ia aad bgr tUf iataUaat} aad farthanmra,
ia 0M» iafasticatiaa of **lagiaaX baiagf wa aannat yrajodiea tha raaalta
bgr aaa<artaa at tha outaat aa aqoivalanoa that anat ba ahem* Vomt
othor adJoatiToa would dapart too far tnm tha raat wawntag of tha
worda to ba trenalotod. "HaataX baiag" aii^t ba aaadj bat it haa
tha diaadfaatega that ia aodara uaaga '*aMntal'* haa baan astaadad to
aypljr to aagr aort of parihia phaaoaMaoa oad aa» ia aat aoffleiantly
raatrietad to tha faaiiltir of iniailaat «r raaaaa, "Uaoial aoaatruat**
aacproaaaa tha dapaadaoKoa of ^ia antity upon tho aparotiaa of tho
faaolty bat haa tha dafoat of not daaignatiag it am baing aad aa axar-
aiaiiV tha aat of baiag, whieh aaa ratioala 4»aa ia daad aacaraiaa avaa
tten^ la a vary apaalal aada, "thoug^t-balngr* aaQiaraaaaa tha notion
with fair aaavraaF* but ia at baat aidnrard ia la«Uah.
m% fiadiiw a aaitahla adjaatiTa eaoag thaaa aara aarroat, X hava
aaat about «bmw rarar wavia cad f^uad ana whioh, with a llttla adsptft-
tioa« aaaaia aaitabla to a«nra aar purpoaa. Ihara la a T«rb rationata .
aaaaiv ''to raaaea" (foop whiah tha Oxford aiallah Piatioaary glvoa
iaataaaaa of uaa In 1644 aad 1A19} . Ithooc^ I haTO found no laataaaa
of ita uaa aa aa edJaetlTa, thara mif Mpla aro uada of aaalagy for aa«fli
aa adaptatloa. wa hara tha vaa^ "to aaparata** ond tha adjaatlva
"aaparata", tha vaab "to aadiata" aad ttta adjootiva "aaiiata".
"•rtlflttlat*" am rmtb uM adjaotiv*, n ambm of othtf* ommmi la
tan
b«th fornui, auob «« prMlpltat*, «lt«niat«, oenwiata, ekd»<|ttat«» du-
plio«t», oaorttiBfita, und •ubordlaitt*} bMildMi wuqr othws htrvias bolb
fOBM btti tt««d lM« fipCKiuwtly In on* foam wr tho otiw, mt«h ••
mninato, oopuluto, &zioorp«rFit«, l&esRMto, eoneoBtreto, Itieto, oad
%«p«roto. A word doMarrlaa of pwrtioalar aotioo la aaaiw^o. wbiab m
a varb naaaa to fool or appnhvid ttiro«ih a oaaao or tho aaauMs, aod
•a as edJaotlTOc folt or npi>rakaodod Uitodm^i tho aaoaoa. la all thoao
eaaoa both irarb aad adjootlvo cro darlvod fnn tbo parfo«t poaolvo par-
tlelplo of tho aocBBto Latin Tarhi mH ^o odjootlvao hero fairly woil
prooarrod tbolr porfaat paaalvo aaanUg* tbdr ftem indlcato* that
thagr aMon "U tho ot&to offoetod hy tho notion of tho wh.'* oa thla
analogy «o ooa nao rotloaaito an an odJootlTOa and It oould aoan "appro-
haadod hy raanon" or ''bvotttfit aboat by tho fatnlty of r oanoa ." AppXlod
to bolag It nonld doolenato "a bolag oonstltutod by roaaon aad having
Ito aslntaaoo tnm tho fparatlon of roanon." ant^jmyto ^iW
^lonXA than
bo aa iVt traaalatiea of «j£ ratloala.

Id. I? Usl* 4* »• 9f4} of. do aat. Qaa« . 0. 4t Su «Bplloltar

dlaltar, aollloot natvrao ot retlonla* Sbo antaHi ratloaln propria
dleltur do llllB latantlonlbua quaa ratio la rOboe adlnvonlt; alout
o«t lalaiitlo goaarla ot apoolal, quao nea laronltutur la raonn aatura
ood ooqmnatttr aotloao* lotallaotua at retl<»lnt at hujuaiedl ona oat
anbjootwi logloao,

^^* Olwwilro Igtoatlooooi I -smt . 2, l, 3 ael.} l|bld . 86, ].«

I, aol. I —• ocpyooltloaaai II p ant , 34, 1, ft aol. —
rstlonon ^oolol t
^^* Si i'*p« o* 4 IWot aod,— ^«
Boyar, p. 8S, bot.) —iog^li^ t
jfii
do Pot . 7, U0) I, 88» 1 ad 2 —> ralatlooaa t da rot. 7, 11 c —
aonlntt and TooabvOn t I, 37, 1 e; £.0, I, 3S —
ftrNgi VI fajjrt, 1, n»
USSt I I'oat. Anal, I, n« !•
la, do Trln. t, 1 e (prln.); I-II, 90, I a4 8*

19. I saot . 19t 5, 8 ad 1; of. do Trln . 6, 3 (poot mod.).

80. Ill is jr;£. e, n. 71&.

81, I font. ;*aal . 20, n. 6.

88. XT Mot. 4, n. 074 and do Mat. Jlaa. a. 4t of. I, 76, 3 ad 4t

"(intaBtloao* logloao) oonaoquuntur aodna latolllgaadl."

88* dO Trln . C, I, aol, S ad 8,

|

84. jja £2d* '• *•

88. £.0. IT,

).""""
U (od. Loon, aan,, p. 448 a)t of. da Trln . 4, 1,
(prln.

<M. do Trln . 6, 1 ad 3.
 tf . II>IZ, 47, £ •« 8.

M. I-II, 90, 1 «d S.

t9« "TATts Of •pttoh* Mvld r«f«r to granur, es a 1»r«a«li of

"ratloital aoianoo**; aoro pxobabljr ledo U aooBl* soo Gkayt** YIIX,
tho ooetion on piopositloiui,

SO. X ^sl,. 1, tu M.
31, I do^« 1, a* 3«

3!!. VI lifcb . 3, n. 1154.

as. I Mot . 1. a. 26: . . . opwatlo ad iB^otioaon fotnaot II 3aBl .

18, 1, 8 ool. t ab softo offluont fonoo artifieialos la netaritioi; of. I
aoBt . 3«, 1, 1 Ml* (fia.); I lf>aat. 38, 1, 3 ed 1} IX ^ont . 1, 1, 3 «d 5.

34. £.&• I, 89.

86. IV Mot. 4, a. 874.

36. I 3jwt., prol. 1, 4.

87. I, 1, 7.

88. Ahp e ftOlor dlsouaaion of tblo point ooo boloo, Inttar port
of Cb. Y, oa aoeoad latoatioua.

89. VII fclot . 17, n. 1656.

40. VIZ ^ot . 13, a. 1876; of. do Het. Ooa. o. 7 (fin.): (jiMBtan ad
pvaodlostioaam, qtaao aotum ratloalo diolt.

41. VII Ug^. 3, a. HOQ.

48. I POit . rael . 36, a. 1.

43. 300 tbo laot sootlon of Ob. VIII, oa tha proposition (p. •^3^).

44. IV Mot. 4, a. 1833.

46. VI «ot. 4, a. 1&33.

46. VII U^, 17, a. 1686.

47. IV Mot . 17, a. 736} Of. a. 740.

48. do Vty, 1, 1) od 3} ef. do Met. Ooa . o. 3t "Voritaa nutan pro-

poaitioaia aisaifiotttur p«r boa vorbuBi js|, qvoo aoapamtttr ad oxiataa-
tiflH roi Bloat offoetua ad

40. VII &^. 17, a. 168B.

jBSmisSmJSmA f«t» 3aft,

80* I SW» . 19, 6, 8 «« 1.

51, II i4«». 1, na. 873 & 291.

88. VI U«t. 4. BB. 1841 & 1848.

54. II £££%• 8, aa* 894 ai 897.

57, d« Trla . 5, 1 ad 4; of. XI k'0% , 7, n. 88M} **!& als fiolantlU

"'
•pMulatlTls) qiMtaritur solra propt«ar satpmn."

86. I Past , issl* 4, n. 6.

89. I, 16, 1 0.

60. IMd .. « 1.

61. «• Vs. 1, 1 • (M4.).

68. Ibt4 .. 1, a c.

68. Ibl4 .. 1, 8 • 4 4 91 V«rl%a« «tt%«B (]iM* dleltor d4 v«lms la

•oaiMretloaa oA lotaXlaotum bUMuan, Mi r«lnw qaadMaodo oooidankalis,
<{ala poatto <iaa4 iatallaotua huouKui aoa aaatt aao aaaa paaaat, aAmo
vaa la ana aaaaatle pMnnacrat. Sad Taritea (^uaa dleitur da ais In
ooavaratiaaa aa latallaakua dlvlnm als ioMparablUtar ooBnaalesturt
oa aala aubalstMra paaaual alai p«r intallaatttai dlvlanm aaa la aaaa
frodaaaokaB. Cf. X, 16, 2 «•

64. Ibtd .. 1» 9 ot (yarvK) dleitur) da ralnaa aaauadna quod adaa-

quaakur iai«ll«atttl dlTlno val iq^aa aataa aual adaaq^ari iafe411aotui

68. Ibid, (ad fia.).

66. IVMgl. 17, a. 786.

67. Ibid ., n. 748.

68. VX Hal. 4, aa. 188S, 1831, 1888-86, 1848{ &— cdaa aa. 1888,
1887, & ISS^r

69. da mala 6, 1 aA 18«

^m» in gam i^-i* sae.

70. XI tet . 1, !!• 87S.

71. BIU 1174 - 888.

7S. I Pm% . /jiaX. X, n. «•

73. I Po«t > <jB»X > 4» lui. 9 & 10.

74. n Ust. 1, n. 1181.

75. 3«« b«lo«» Ch. Till.

76. Oo oiM of /iqiiiAas* prlnelpal cwwwittRtorg, Jtfta of !^. 'HumM,

jVw Lqgloftj PrsttlaAlVBi SMunSwi, |^» 8 a-bi Mntflarie snot x*** «« objMftA,
quae volvnta »
o8 a •osBOMar*. ftann mxtwk w% tps« a»4tta mb dl«p<H
aitio. <^ eoMui«tiintur obJ»et« oogttlta, quia al&a oooamloiia nao
TCFitea 8li(iua attBOlpltur» nae ax una v«ritata ad alioB fit dlacuraoa
at ftllatio. -* ! art X ia datotad to "fOnwl" logio} Psrt II to "Mtorlal*
lode. la tha pvomm&wi of Burt II (p» 880 a), ha axplalaa tKa Aiffar-
oaoa batvoan tisia two peart ai leaqpaditls la priaa pavta Loi^eea hla, qptea
ad tonum ratiealaaodi at mMOlvtiOBan prlorlatiOMa apaotrat, raatcit la
hao aaatpida porta ad MMplaBoalvK totiua artla t40f do aatarla lllltts,
q«aa partiaat ad roooltitloiMa poatarloristioMi.

77. do Tot. 8, 1 ad 11.

78. I Poat. /aijfl . 1, a. 8.

79. ItUgt, 1, a. 1778.

80. C.O. II, 88.

81. I, 68, 3 ad 4.

88. I da ^. g, oil. 84 & 86.

88. I Said . 86, 1, 1 aol. (fla.).

84. VII ^oat. 9, a. 1489 1 foxnu totloo, qjMa aot Ipoa (jialddltaa
apaalal, dlffart a foxaa pertla, aiout totwi a pavtoi mm
qiiidditaa
apaeloi eat aoapoolta as octaria ot foma, aoa tw—
oat bae foxaa ot
as baa laatiiria ladiTldM.

86. da lOt. 9, 1 (aod*)! oeaparetur a>«o aaaaotle ad otfbotaor

ti«i partloalar«i ot para fonsallo Ipoiuo, «t tanaaitaa ad Soorataa.
 X. T tm, 9, B« 889. 1h« di«tiaetioa b«t»Mn «h« first aod* 9t
b«lag as h«r« glT«i, tli«% la. twins »• It ! dlTldsd neoordlag t« tlM
t«B oetaQBrlM, and tlM ««««Bd h»4«, or balag U
«hl«b oaly In tb«
alaA, U oftw Mid«t
Ci£. I, 60t Xm mtMi i|m44mi U •aimm Mtt, qtndMn varo In r^ua
nU^rSlmmk, • • Ms «it«i la aniaa aat qpM aat in voluatata val
oogitetiona.
II daat . a4, 1, 1, aol.t laa aaltlpllaltar dioltur. Um ante
dloltur ana qiaad par daaaa ganara diTldlturt at ale ana al«ttineat
allqtild la aattura axlatana, alTa ait aubatastia, ut hcMne; alva aaai»
daaa, ut aalor. >llo «»de dleltnr «na» quad alcnlflaat varltataK
propoaitioala} prout dleltur, quod afflsBBntio aat T«ra, q^uaado al#-
nlfioat aaaa da ao <iuod aat; at aaeatlo, (juaode aldnlfleat noa aaaa
da ao (jpod bob aat«
da Pot, 7, 8 ad It S&a at aaaa dioltur duplioltar. • • \iaado^[tta
oalB algniflaat aaaantlcai rai» alTO aatwa a aaaadl; qptaadoqua tvo
alc&lfloat TwitatOK irepoaltloala, atlaa la hla qtsaa aaaa aea habaott
aiaot dielana (jood aaaeltaa aat, quia raroa aat bwinaw aaaa aaaaoa.
I, 46, 8 ad 8 ( BM dioltur dttplleitor. lAto nodo aaeuadkni ocood
alcaifioat antitataa rai, ptawt dlTldltur par daaam praadlaaaanta, at
alo oonvartltur aoa ra« It boa nodo nulla prlTHtla aat mm, • • ^llo
ado dlcltur ana iiued alualfieut varltatan propaaltloaia, quea in eaat-
yaaitlMM ooaaiatlt, au^
aota aat boa v«rb«B aat . at boo aat «ia
q(He raapoadatur at ^(aaaatloaau an aat, Bt alo aaaaltatas dloiania aaaa
la oottlo, Tol qfuaMaoaqijBa alien prlTutiaoMn,
<ta lait a at Baa,, o, 1:
,
au par aa dloltxir duplioltar} uno aoAo
^nod dlTidltur par daoan tfaaava} alio aodo. quod ald^floet joopoai-
tloran arltat«a, Borm outaM dlffaraaAla aat ^a aaaaado apdo petoat
dlel aoa aMsa llXud da quo afflzmtiva iwopoaltlo fumarl petoat, atla**
al mud la r% alhll poaet; par quaa uatfaa prlTatioaMB at aagatloctaa
astla diomtur,
XT Mat, 4, n, BV4t Baa aat dapXaott ana aoilloat ratlonla at aaa

^ Hat, Os&,» a, 4t ttM dnplloitw dioltur > aoiXloat nsturaa at

ratieala,

8, T teat , 9, n, 896.

9, I? Mat , d» a, 866; of, I, XX, X ad Xt prlTntio aat nas«tio la

aubjaotQ.

4, do In * S, 4 ed 6.

5, Cf , XII :;at . £, a, 8487 (tlia point la quaation la what kind of

aaapbalnc la aaaat aban it la aald that ganaratlon la a paaaasa fron
aaa-balag to balB8)t Dioltur win aoa mm tripXloitar. ttao aodo quod
nullo BM>do aat; at ax tali non aata noa fit gaaaratio, <{ulei aac aihiXo
nihil fit tonaduw iuf%ur«B« /JLlo aoto dioitur laon eaa Ipse prlTtttlo,
qiM« oonsidarr^ur ia aliiuo aubjaotoi vt •« «nil aon wt* fit iui<l«Di
flMMrati*, m4 pttT •eoidann, InqaaBtum MiXie«t 6«Mrft%io tit «t md)-
jM%e» oui aeeldlt lorivvtto, Tvrtie tmio dloltur bob ana ipM MBtcrla,
quna* t^uaAtun est da aa, non aat ana aotu, aad ana potaBitie* Ht aoc
tali BOB aata fit gMiavBtio par aa. M
boo aat quod dleit, qvod ai
aliqjBBd BOB BBB a«t mu lA potastla, ax tali, aeilieat bob aata, fit
CMMuratio par aa.

e. 4» V«r. 1, 1{ of. I S«nt. 8, 1, 1 801.; If Mb». 3, a« 988}

da Var . 1, 1 ad 3 ia ooutr.

7. XII Mat. 1, b. 3419; of. 11 ;^aot . 37, 1, 1 aol.: dioitur • . .

m» ... aaouadiM (SmA babal mtm;

^» is SsSL* SSB.» '• ^*

^* i£U£* iJSE* ^» '< ikinttta 0Mtea (aBtiu^ ast aorun qua* bob
auBt ia raruB Batura; aad la aola oogitaitiBBat qmao dieuatur antia
retiaaia, ut ganua, apooiaa, opinio at trnjuaoodi.

10. lY lavt. 1. aa. 940-64S.

U. I-II, 8, 1 ad 3.

^« II SSSi.' ^*^ « ^» B* ^*

IS. I, Id, 9, nd 2; of. I Poat. 'aal . 8, a. 5} bmi mtiUB aaia

DOB auBt dafiaitiooaa; II sant . 34, 1, 1 aol.t aao tnaan oaaoitaa
aliquid aat ia rarva Batura; da tiata at isaa . e. li potaat diei ana
atiaaai illud ia ra aibil pontit; da Hat. (Jan. o. 1: ationai aaaaBtiaK
babaat.

14. da Vf . 81, 4 ltd 4; ef. ibid . 81, 1 e.; da %ta at Saa..

prooam.s I Pant . 0, 1, 3; ^4, 1, 3 ad S; 19, S, 1, ed 2; I, 11, S ad 4.

15. da Yar . 1, 1 e.

Id. I-II, 94, a e.

17. I, 79, 7 a.; of. I, 51, 1 a.; I, 68, 4 ad 1; I, 67, 3 ad 1;

I, 105, 4 0.; I-II, 10, 1 ed 3.

IS. I-II, 9, 1 0.

19. I, 5, 8 o.t Of. do j^j^. 5, 8 e.t OWB uaa^ttaafiaa r— ait

latallii^bilia aaoBBdun qiood oat aetu • .; XX Itat. 10, a. 1894; ^
bajva oanaa aat, qala iatallaotas aetva aat. Ft idao aa quaa iatal-
llCMBtvr, oportat aaaa aota; III, 10, 5 o.

SO. C.G. II, 98.

CHAPTER IT WM^ !>•«• 819.

ai. I-Il, 86, 4 «« 1«

St. da y«v. I, X ad 7. ^rlatotl*, fcHt . Ill, 8, 1009 a 98 • b X0{

Awi«mmm^V'3ttitXf) u«t. tr*. If. s (poat bmA.) (0«nMa tmuM., M, Hartaa,
p. 51).

89. I JMnt. It, S, 1 ad 9.

B4. da m.
9, 7 •« 6; of. Ibid . 7, 6 a.(aad«— ad. Uariatti, p.
198 a, bot.Tilalallaattta aagatie&la aipar ftttdatiup in aU^pM affi3^•
atlaaa.

89. I, It, 9 •• t,

ae. its Rat. Ow . e. 1.

ST. II sirnX , 34, 1, 1 aol.

86. da a^ta at r^aa . o. 1.

89. da Var . 3, 4 od 6.

80. IV &iat . 3, a. 994.

81. XI Mat . 7, D. 8MSt «ia<jiiaa4Ha iMPm aaiaotiarwi partioularlua

olraHwerlblt at aeaiptt albi allquad datandaatiBa ganta aotia, clraua
aarlbana illud at dlTidaaa di aliia aatlbtta, at da Ulo solo dataralwuui.
H9imtatMr mOm airaa boa fMna aatla aivaa all^pad mm, aad an IttqoMk-
t«ai aat ana; aad IV Mat. 3, a. 46S: • • . eum ad lawn aaiantlm p«r>
tlnaat oonaidamra oppoalta.

88. I Pat , -nal . 4, u. 6; IV ,^. 16, n. 733; I, 19, • •§ 8.

la waia qpad amoraliaBdit intallaetua da aisaiflaatlma alleu jua
'*ld
." (I SMt* 8, 1, 8 aal.).

98. I nant . IB, S, 1 aol.

94. I Pogt. i^ml . 1, n. 1.

99. I-II, 96, 3 ad 8.

^' i£l£« 1* 1 0. « I saa» . 19, 9, 1 aol,

87. I tarlh . 8, a. 3.

88. ITim. 4, a. 674.

88. Z 8wrt. 8, 1, 8 aal.

^* iiiSL* o* <«^ flB.). Cf. J^ T. MMkla, "laaaa XaraaU'a

^t 1-

DafiBltion of TratH,* Ayahlvaa d' hlatotoa deatHaala at littdraira i^

— yatt» aga. nil, pp. 9 - 6. ~
 ^* 1^« (iM>^ •*•)
4B« Htlm ia la no vay ooatredlotory to what waa said la th« !••«
olu9t«r nMEMTAlae th« trua md the fela« &• th« aubjeet of loglo« Hara
thara la (ittaatloiof txwUi, ^a fonaaX OMatltnart of 'Uia trua by whlefa
It ia dlatlaflttirtiad fvoa l^tas* 'Qtl* !• tlM r«laitl«ft of oonfinndty of
tbiag aad iatallaet. ISia trua aad tha falaa wbltfh ara eaalaaad to logla
aa Ita aubjaot ara an ana arun and mm falawa vUlah la aoaatltutad la
tha iatalXaet aa a aUpi of tha oonfozadty of tha iatallaet to tha thins
and aaaaadly of tha thlag Itaalf • -a a aien it ia oaa atap fwthar ra->
orad firan raalitjr than what la algaiflad. Thla alga la the propoalti«&.
It la a ratlaoata balae fouadad diraatly on tha aat of axlatanoa vhi^
tha thli^t kaaaa aKarelaaa la tha Iatallaet (aad tliia att of aadatanoa
la tha v«ry azpraaaad aonformlty of Intalleet end thing) i aadlAtaly it
ia fbuadad on tha eot of axiatwiea of the thing itaalf, (Saa Ch« VXII),

43. I Seat . 19, 8, 1 aol.; of. XI ijagt. 12, 1* ft ad 8i Taaporia

r»tlo aliqya aada aoa^latur ax aetioaa aaliMfia lUMarastia,

44. lY PMfa . 17, a. 10,

^* ^^ yhya . 1, nn. 1 jk 3a ':ttftadaB awkan aoBaaciUMBtiir aotm aa^

triaaaoa, aiout axtarloraa qoeadaa naaaaraa, ut loaoa, at vaouvn, at

46. IV ^^. 4, a. 574.

47. Of itaaJLf it doaa not proper Ijr hara aaaaaea or latallieibllity.

Sea p. dl.

49. da lot . 9, 7 a. (bd fla.),

80. IT Hgt. 3, a. 86B.

HI. da Pot. 9, 7 ad 6. Ihla la tha rasadlag of Pama aad VIt^ uad

of tha UaHattl adltloa of tha yuaaationaa mag«»a(t— (IfdS) , but I
atvaaeljr auapaat thMt it ia eonrapt. a aia^a ahaaita of oaa awall word
aad tha droppiac of a aoaaai would alijaiaata thla l^poropar wa(f of apaak-
iig« aad raatera thla taoEt to hamoagr with that 9t jj^Jgj, 81, 1. If
iaataad of **• . raletlo, jrjg, aU<juld . •<* it would read "ralatio 9^
allqittid • •", thara would ba no diffieulty with thm taatt at all And
it would i*ow a aara aaatarlj aaqjoraaaioa aad fimar dnalnatlen of tha
^aatiea. I hava aot bean able to cbaok thla la tha RoMa aad Vaaioa
adltioaa. Thara ia ao oritieal edition of tha da PotaatJa to tv kaow-
ladga.
 !=««• 831.

I. I-II, 12, 1 O,

<• P* 17.

8. I-II, l^, 1 8d 4.

*• ^^ ^•Pt . aa, X, 3 Ml*

6. Ibld ». Bd 4} Of, ad 10 and nd 14s ordixuuNi o«t rotloaia, Md

ordlBttrl potMit omm voluatatiat vt sle lnt«Btlo ordlMtlcnMB lapoartst.

7. I, 79, 10 ad 9. ^« John Dommm*, !)• fid* Orlk .. Lib. 11,

MP. i» {itl«M, ^•0, 94, 941}.

6. tm V«£. ^1, 8 ad 5.

9. d» Vt. 10, 1 o. (pria. u tin,),

10. C^. I, se. A slaUer ua* la fl»iMA Z am^ , 3, 4, 5 aol.t Bd

t«l«i MdiroosiiitloaaK aoa aofflelt prawntia v«l (jwllbvt modo; sad
oportal ut ait Ibl ia rntiona objaotl, at aadgltur latantlo 003!a.i»-
•aatis.

11. da Yar. U, 3 o.

12. I Saat. 15, 8, 8 ad 4.

18. I-II, 27, 8 ••{ Of. ad 3, v z 3jnt. 34, 3, 1 «d 1: in ett«&i-

tiani netuTftli ax apaoiiJbiui a aanau aoeaptls iataatlOMui uaiTaraalaa
aaaiplMW par luHan IntelleotUB ssantla. n99 niao d4 Vir. 11, 1 ad 1.

U. II Sal. 19, 1, 3 ed 1.

18. dy Var. 10, o. (poat mad.), varroaa, !£ III. da^., e«oB.

16 (OB «. 4, 430 a 3).

16. Tb«r« 9n
othar taactt whara iiwl^te iatallijaibjlia rjui ictaptlo
iBtaUUibilla ara intarabans^d, a.g.. I. 88. 1 &d 4i I >mt . I, 5, S
ad 4; III i* ^. 8, n. 710, In da Vair. U, 1 ed 11 iqteation— lutal-
ligibllaa la iataTCbai^ad with foiwaa iatalUgibilae . aut In^antlo
iataUifcibllia na«na Xeci««a intaatiwt djt G«nau 15, a. S13{ XV Mat .
4, a. 5X4; III da ^« 8, a. 710.

17. jttodl a 8, 4 0.) of. da Var. G, 7 6d 4i aioilitudo rai quaa

aat la lotallaeta aat aiailitudo dlraota aaaa&tiaa mSu»i I, 14, IS a.:

apaaiaa iatalU«ibUia latallaetaa aaatri aat ainiUttido rai auaatua

ad Baton* apaaiai; I, 88, £ ad I.
 18. d« V«r . 8, 5 0.} ef« £.a« I, 6S (po«% a»4.->-«d, L«im« aim,
p, 50 a)4 OooBltio «ife«B OBSl'a fit per eiMiallatlOMB O0gM«e«Btla

19. d« Yaar » 2, 3 ad 9t of, a, 5 ad S ^< ad 7{ a. 19 ad 1} q* 8,

>

a. U ad 3, 9a« alaa CjQ^. IX, 46t i>lmtUtvdo m%m aaioa Iwmitvr

la altaro dttpllolter: tu» nodo •jventm ad «mm natturaa, aieut slffilli-
tttdo aaXaopls IgBlt ••% ia r* oalaffaeta par iga— i alio a»do ••euadHOi
oagiitioMWB, aioat alnllitttde Igals ast in Tim Tal iaotu; ef« I, 68,
8 a s«

80. 4m jfalo 16, 8 ad 10; at. II. jja i£«
fiTp** ^0 'Jtu>d eecBi%«i a«% alivfn*
aiailitttdiaaM. Kaai aogaaaaana ia
aotu; also I da ^.
4, a« 43; & III ifi n,
IZ, n« 377t oogaitio aitma.
aede in eosaoaaanta, aeilloat
aotu aat ipaua oogaitiaa la
13, a* 789.

81, I, 4, 3 e.

tt. I, 88, 1 ad 8,

n. I, 88, 3 «•

84. Ibid, ad 1; of. Ill da ja. 13, a. 7G«i )!oa atttaai aaina aat ipaaa
raa. . ., juia lapia aoa aat ia aaina, sad ^paaiaa lapidia. Et par huno
odMB dloitur intallaaitaa ia eata »mm ipatn intaileataa ia aatu, iaauao-
toa 9p90i»B intallaati aat apaeiaa intalle«tua ia »eta.

88. I, 17, 8 a.

M. n Ut^, 4, a, 1234.

27. I, 14, 4 a.

M, £.£• II, ^ (i«ia,).

89. da V>r« 10, 4 0.; of. 4, 8, a. 4 ad 1*.

30. da 7ar. 3, 8 nd 17; of. I, 79, 10 84 3} Id quBd apprahaadit

QatAlootttin' ordiaat ad aliijviid aliad oogaoaoaa— . . ., ad hio
Toaatar iolavtie* «a aoa Torifiod haro whet «aa aaid of tlio goaaral
DotiOB of intaatioB} Onda iataatio ia mtiaao Ma ordiaMi qvaadaa aaiua
ad altanm iivortat (II 3aKt. 3B, 1, 3 aol.).

81. juidditjr—jMdl* 8, 4 a.; 1, 17, 3 a.; af. Ill jfia jjj^. 8, a. 718:
iatallaotaa iataUi8it aat (^uidditaa nuao aat ia vAaa; I, 88, 8 a.
8 ad 3; a. 6 0.; do Tar* 1, 12 o.; £.0. Ill, 41 (p. 886 a, top); I 8arHi .
3, a. 3.
atar o aodl, 8, do.; I, 14, 18 o.; of. I, W, 1 ad 5; I, 84, 7 &.
8 0.
• nodi , e, 4 0.; of. do Tar. . 7 ad 4 (oooaad aorioa):
»
 tf 333.

MjMituB l&«*ll«etu« Mi quod -^uid Mt, ldM% ipM •Mfloti* r«i . .;

•t ale •iadlltudo rel (Ium Mt la IntcllMtu Mt slallitttdo dir«ot« mk
MBllM cittai d* Vr
. 10, 4 ad I» I Pwlh > 9, &• 8t iMt. 10, n. 6.
AaA MURgr otbar pleoea fior ee<^.

SB. I d£ ^. &• A. 116.

33. d» Fiif ct Sf . 0. 1«

34. £. ji. Ill, 48 (p. S60 a).

85. X, IS, 9 «•

36. I, 93.

37. Cf , d« aplr . Crttt . 9 &d 6t Res lnt«ll«eta aoa •• hab«t ad

iBt«ll*«tUB poaslbllflB u% apMlaa Intalllelbllis, q[iM lataULaetiia
poaaibllis ait aata; aad Ilia apaolaa •
hiibal «t prlaalplaB fmnula
spM Intallaataa IntalXl^lt. latallaatUM antaR^ alva raa intellaete,
aa kabat ut eonatltutua Tal faaaatua par ap«va«i«MB Intallaataa.

•8* Cf • pp. «T Jk 101 - lOS, aad I SSSSL" *• ^* ' ^^•* ^^*^ ^

altad «hi

M. iiodl. 7, 2 (peat Md.).

40. !, U.
41. p. 440 a.

45. Cf. da Pot. 9, 5} vox aactarior slgnlfloet oo&oaptun lutaHaetua

^aa awdiaata ai«ttiflaat ram; alto I rwlh . IC, n. &{ I, 13, 1 o.; I,
54, 1 e.t TI Mat. 4, n. 1884; da Yar. 9, 4 a. (ed fin.).

43. p. 44& b; of. da Var. 4, 1 o.; uoda vavtan interiua aat Ipaua
latarlua IstellaetMB.

44. p. 446 a (bottoa).

46. p. 446 b (battOM).

46. p. 446 n & b.

47. Daalar . uoap . Ait. oeptya Qyaaaoa at la^ . o. 8.

48. da Yay. 4, 6 0.; ef. q. 81, a. 6; I »agt . 30, 1, 8 aal. Saa

alao da Yar . S, 5 ad 16t Halatia quaa iaportatar ncsBlaa aaiantlaa,
daalgaat dapaadaat&aa aaatraa aaiaatlaa a aaiblli. la tha aaataxt of
w
tba tact cjaatad y bua ia appllad to Ood; but It la aocplleitly anid to
i

agraa with tnA aorda aa aolaaaa la algalfylns «$ ooaaa<)U«Bt ralatioa.

Ia Oad, af aaoraa thm vasd la aat a quality, «h«aaa tlia word of tha
iatallaat ia a quality, aa ia aoiaaoa. Tha word acianoa itaalf
!• net almqra im«4 ia tb* atrlot ««aM of e ttvrtaln oognltion A«riT«d
dMMMtntloa, Wl it alao' ttM« ftMT kMwI««8* cr oogBitioB la
8m te Pjvl* 7* 5 •• (poat SMA.}! mUBiMOBqll* attlCB latttllMtUS
iBt«Uieibll«B alioal r«i aaatBllvtur, timo illud quoA
oeaolpit at wuatlat •omiKmi Ulaa Ist^lllglbllfm «pm1«b •trifloatur
d« r« iUe ool pa* mum apMian iailstiiri nan aolaotla tat eaaladlfitlo
ad fm aoi^ait Jl* «• S, 8 ad 19t Vorbon lUu« ealhU aat In latal-
laattt q^iod nm alt pvlua In aaoaaf) aat Intalllsaatai da IntaUaotu
aoatiOt qal a r^biia aalantlMi aealpltt da Yar. 8, 8 ad Ui (aalaattla
UtaMhaasad vlth eagnitio) ; da Im. e, X «b. 9 <^ ad 9 (aelaatla tad
aalra tekan for eoaqtlata aagaltloa, without apaolfylag orlgla tnm
AanoBatvatloa) • X, 65, 3 ai aatoa autaa aoHplatua ad foaa panraolt
latallaattta aat aelantta aanplata, 9aa alaa da Tag. 8, 3 a,, <2ttotad
aaott la taxt. And althoutfi It anat par^trly alsalflaa habitual ka0ir>
ladga. It aonatlaaa la uaad for aatual kaaaXadga* Aa obrlaua 9»mt la
aod*a aolaaaa (a«d*, da Var. 1 ad 7). Bat avaa of inBaa knoaladga
aalaaaa la aODMtlaaa apakao of aa aatual. (•»6» 4a Y«>. 3, 1 a. gMd^t
da bia habat (joidMajMlaaAlaBi la aata; Ibid. 8. S o.tl^atyeloeui)
aalMt aaa (aallyi^ aaaa aaaa v«L aaa aaaa) . li^athar It la tediaa
•a babitaal or aatual, boaavar, doaa not aMttar la tha quaatloa at
baad* 3aa alaa abaft la aald la tha aaaoad aata fDllevlng, of notltla.
with idiicli aaiaptla la aoaatlaaa aoaplad (a.e., x «at. 1, a. 1930).

49. da Yar. 8, 8 o. (peat iMd.). Aa is axpli^lnad lanadlataly,

altbouj^ aa Idaa la j^vyarly only natwsl p^raatlaal aalanaa, It la
uaad biwadly ( aSaaialtar ) of tea ISkaaaaa (that la, tha lataatlo
iatalUcttt ) of ^^aaulatlTa aogaltloa* Hia mmm davftla r«latlM la
affliBiad of aalaaaa : selaottla «ala laquaatua aalaatla, raftf tug ad
j

aolbUat aad la<|BaBtMi aat saaldaoa val fbaHui, rafartur «d aalaotaa

(da Pot. 7, 4 ad 9).

80. jgg^m 7, 4 0. Hbtltla la a bfaad ward for kaoaladga. It la

asplalaaiatra ta h«ra four aaaaiacat "Bbtltia tfuatuar andla aaelpl
yotaat. l>rtao ptro Ipaa aatura aasaaaaltlTa; aaaaade pro pataatla
oogaeaaltlvai twtla pro hablta aoflaaaaltlvo; qptarta pro Ipao aa«-
Bltlaala aata.** Ilta taat quatad la aat i^ppUad to tha flrat awaa
of tha word, but to ell tha othar thraa. ISMaa waoa aaat at laaat
laalada tha aaasapt «r t«rm of aocaltlea (af. j£ YJh^* 10, 8 a. oa
"T «• MP^itla agaatarltorwi "MMa aMenaa potaat aoctaadl ad
aotltlaa, <|ua • . • aoaaoaaltur . . • ab jaataa da <iae atlM prlaa
aat aotltU hablta"). It la aoaatlaaa l<l«Btlflad with tha latwaal
word (a.c«, I, 34, 1 ad 8 1 "Oaa arae dleltur ;|uod varbua aat aotltle,
aoa aaalpltur aotltle paro aetu Intallaatua eogaoaowtla wal ,?vo all-
quo ajua h^lta, aad pro ao ^uod Intallaetua aonalplt aocBoaaaada.")

81, I, 4, 3> a.

88. X Uwt, 4, n. 8008.

88. j» Pat. 7, 9 «A 4t Ali(|ald dialtur alalia aaaaadHn Qualltet-

t«a aauaSTltar, aaauadUB ala&lltadlaaa fuvalltw.
 a4. <U> T». 4, I aA 9t Iat«rlu« trwbuoi •itfUfle^ qmm lllud qoBd
tnt«Ul^ potMt •••(«* lAao'oHM lBt«Xl«otm • • • potMrt •rtam
iat«riu« Ai«l. ii»m «lso p. 1£4.

95« X 3<Bt. 8, I, 5 ad 6* BatJo tafU»eta raseiui thtt MBa thins

M cotte*pt or wrbwn **rBti<»M alve ooooflptiooM" (lblA« a« 6), and:
'*lal«LlMtuiB mtim lBt«Ill£«iAo eonoipit st foeoat latantlonsK s1t«
rstlMMK iat«iUM%4W« nwm «% latariua wlKn" (C.G* ZV, U—p. 446 b,
b«*.).

M. 2M b«lMr, Saeood lotactiaoa .

or« da Yar. SI, 1 a (poat gad.>-ad. Jisar, p. U7 a).

n. It ali^flaa tvm m
mr%m ral. balag nova abjaetlva tttiui
aolaatlB or Ido* (I Sfft. 36, S, 2 ad 4); oouplad with <]i»iddlt7 (III
ff». 8, &• 8 aoDiltia ttiat «Ai«i ia algBlfiad bgr a amm (I gy» .
S* !• S aal.; ^.^^ I, U: aod«B aodo a ao aaaa aat pod ran« at atMDlnia
ratlOBA); It ia Iha daflaitloa (I 3Mt. 33, X, 1 ad 9| ZV^^« 16,
a. 7a8( I, 19, « ad 8) aa aifiBHytaTtha qmidditjr (Til ISat . 18, n.
1337; Tligl. 7, a. 8S4}| dafiaitiao alsalfiaa ^tiddity Wl
^SSL» U*
a. 1088) aiaqgaataly (da Yar . 3, l ad 9t iatallaetua ... dafiait • .
^laaaie aaaeipit all'^um itonaw da tpaa ra (juna par anaia ipai rai
raapaandat); but aot arary rirtla ia a dafiaitioa (YII Kat» 3, a* 13£5|
laat. 4, &• 1339); ona thiag or turn oaa hanra aaajr rationaa (da Pat.
7, 4 a & ad 4 - 6; I, IS, 4 a & ad 1 - 8) aeaardlag to tha diffaraat
vigra ia wbioh it ia ua4arataad (ibid , f^ da Yar . 8, l a, ad fia.}.

8». £.2. lY, U(p. 446 b, bot.}{ ef. C.G. X, 631 iutaUaetua .
• • tunSCUkaaipao iataatioaan rai iataiTaataa, ^aaa aat ratio
ipalua, <i«Mi aiflainaat dafiaitioi £.0, II, 78 (p. 179 b, bot.}:
id T«ro ^pted iiitallieitur, aat ipaa ratio rarun aoEiataativn extra

60. C.d. lY, 11 (p. 448 b, aid.).

^^* da Pot . 7, 6 a (aadii— Mtar. p. 886 a, bot.)i i!;iaut aat quaadea

aeaaaptio i&tallaettta «& ratio, eui raapoodat raa ipaa qfoaa aat aoctra
anlBoaii ita aat (iitaadMi aoaoaiptio val ratio, oul raapoodat rmt iatal*
lata aaeaadm <;ined b»J«aaadi| aioot ratieal hoaiaia val eooaaptioai
boaiaia raapaadat raa aztre aalsHBi} ratieal vave -rai ooaaaptiooi
faaaria auft afoaial, raapoodat aolfo raa IffittUffft^. I P»ih . 10,
m. 9i UtNatlaaaa Mnwl lataUaoloa ettribaaaa aaa aatarea intal-
laatoa aooaadm <iaBd aom^arat Ipaaai ad raa, qaao anal astro eaiaon.
pa Lata at Mmi. a, 4 (poat aod^-^od, Baqrv* p. 89): ?»tara tot»l»
Toeta ... ac^paratur ad roa qaao aaat oxtra aaiwai. £.0. lY, 11
(p. 446 a, bot.) (apaakias of aoaaopt of aaa)t Iwa ijatalleetua aat
Tarbiai.
Rlrt«ya qua* m% •ubtr>:sot« lnt«Bti«nl unlTarMlHatls, alout
MdM
mtttM «aii—11», %ripIiol%«r ooiuiii«r«ri potMt. TUm aodo Absolut*
•t Muaii M| •% ale &lhll dbi «0B«^Mlt alai qvod Mt d« lat«l-
l«tt« ajtts. • • Alio aodo potost oonsidMrnri hMM netum jvotit Mit
r«o«pta lA aliav* stagiilttri ml 'dmmeiM, • • Twtio aoio pot««t oon>
•Itfanri haoe aotwpa iivoul o^t In aslaM. st quia ohm quod oii% la
aaiaa oat abctraotun ab ani dlTlaieno •% <liT«rolt«to BBtariall}
attrlboitar i«tl »»% <—
, vatiOMi tBlfMaltatia ^(mmi babat aA oonia,
Ntio taliravMliJit ^v^ **^ uam ia laH'lia.
Toy 3%« IhflMUi* Aapaodanoa upoa Avleana la thla dootrla* of tho
abaolvio aatura («Q>«oiQlly ATlo«afta« Matwib* . tr. f, o. 1) •*• it. i).
ML«i«-0o8oalla, to "Pw lErto ot Tiowtia* do 8, TbOMO d* Agttl« (Kaia,
ItaS), p. 24, aolo 1 and ff., and p« 180, noto 2. hm aloo Gilaoa,
"AfloMM ot la point to Mpwt to Duao-t'Oot'*, Arohivoo d* biitoiro
tooirlaolo t
littayatro to —
iya-Mo. II (l»8?), pp. laa ff.

«9. 0. 4 (asto Md.—

od. Boyar pp. 86 - 87); of. io jPot. 8, 9 ad
8t I)i9lloi«ar aliqpald potoat aaao aaloMa aXiauJoa. uaoo ooto aoaaadap
qaod abaoliite ooaaidaratur. • • 'lie aoto parti&at Qlic^uld ad aatataa
aooaadMi qoad aoaaidaratur la allqao aao auivoaito} do Pot . 9, 1 e:
Notwva aata awwula aat (laaa al^alfiotst dofialtio Indioana utiid oat
tmi aato ipaa aatura ooaaaiaiai aaaadtia toI qulddltoa dioitur. uld-
quid «rso oat ia ra ad aatuviA oomwaaaw partiaaaa, sub aiiii&iflOKtione
aaaootlao eaatiaatar, aoa ouftaB qtiid^fald oat la aubataatie paytle«alciri,
bajuaaadi.

64. £.G. IV, U (p. 445 a, aid. & 446 a. Bid.).

6B. j|a JNr • 4, 8 ad S.

66. C.O. IT, U (p. 445 a, aid.).

67. to Var. 10, 9 e. (aod.).

6». IbU .
69. Q,±0 ZT, U (p. 444 b, bot.).

fO.CO. III. 86 (p. 804 b)| of. ^

Vgr. 10, 8 0. (|vU.)} Nullua
poMipit aa iatollUEVO aial ox boo qwd allq:iiid iataUlsitt
quia priaa aat latolligoro idlquU qtaeai intolligwo so intolliscaro}
at Idto pamait aalm ad aotufditar pafaipiaadaa aa aaaa par lUud
qiaod iaiailicit van a«ll9t l^ l, 14, 8 oft 8i QMa iatailootaa aoalar
foaolbilia aaa poiaat babora izxtalU«ibil«& oparatioam, aial iniuaa-
tm parfialtar par apoaito iataUi«ibUai^ aiout at aXiat aaaifaotuB
oat oB%«i qaad ok oo quad aafaoaatt iBtaUisibilo iatoUigit ipaiai
aoMa iatolUioro, ot par aatvH eoffioaoit petoatloa latollootiTaa*
aussssLi mm ^^w.
71. £.0. IT, U (p. 444 b, hot,).

?«• A» T«r. 10, 9 e (M»d.); ef. I, 67, 3 Oi 8«t atttim alius lii%«l>
Isotus, aeilievt hoownM, *ttxi nM
Mt mmbb ictslligar*, n«e aul lnt«l-
llg«r« Mt obJ««twi ivlnum lps« vjus esMBtlK, •^ nliqaid •ztrinMMWi,
••ille«l natttva BatcrlalU r«i. n
iteo id qiied priao aoffioseitur ab
iiit^l««t« bmMW Mt httjuaEMdl dbjMtoBi w% ••euadario oogaoaoitur
ipaa «o%tt« que oegDoacitur objaotom; at par aotun eosaoaeitor ipsa
iotallaottta, ealua aat parfaetio ipmrn iiitalll«ara. St idao ftilo-
•opbtts dieit vittod objaota praaeogBoaeuaitur eotibut, at aotua potantiia.
II da ^«
6, &• 308: Intallaotua peaaibilia ooatar oogaftaait aaip-
auB par apeaiiM iatallisibiXMi. • . om
«at«i lottMBdo aataoftiaa «imb
dlraata* R
idao oportad, qood in aoe&itimiam jproaateaaa al> bis qfiwa
aunt nagia astrlfUMoa, a t{aibua eb«%r«^untur apaoiaa intelligibllaa,
par qua* Intallaattta iolallislt aalpaiiK) at aailiaa* par objaota 009-
oae—ua aotua, at par «otaa potantiao, «l par potatBEtiaa oaaaatiaM
aalaao. SI autaai diraota aaaaotias mmm oo(pDao«>at eaiaa par aoipOMt,
aaaat ooatrBrius ordo aarraiidaa in aaliaaa oogDitlttao; quia «pM8to eli*
<iald osoat proptaqttlua aoMotiao eainM, taato priua OBsnoooaratur tto
oa,
SSSL* ^SSiL* ^t 89 (od fia«)t latoUootua intalUeaas per a««
(ipaoiao iat«Lll<lblloi) sunm objaotun radootltur augpra soipaun i»>
talligaodo ipom oqwb iatalliftaro, ot i^weiaK <gxn iatoU-lglt,

79, I, 88, 8 e; of. do ^oir. Croot . 9 ad 6: HI* opooioa ao babot

tttjvlaeipivB fbBHilo quo intallootas iBtolllgit} '^uodl . 6, 9 ad 1;
ZZI te JM, 6, a. 710t Noa ania —
habot «d IntallootuD stout quod la>
tafHootoB oiout quod iatollieltvr sod oiout quo iat^Xlsitvr; C,.Q« II,
70 (p. 180 b, bot,)t Lioot nutan dixoriaua quod ^pooioa iatollij^billa
la iotallaetu reoapt!? aoa alt quod latolll^tur} aoa tntoa r«M>T«tur
quia par rofloKioa— q^aoBdoa iatOllootuo ooipouB iatolligat. ot oum
latoUieoro, ot opooiai qoa intallielt; (of. p, 179 b, aid.).

74. II 30Bt. IS, 1, S ad 0. Altbotttfi tho oeatast lo about oaflolio

fcaoolodgo, wbat la oaid haro io aaoartod of iatolloot ia flM WWlt aad
it asrooo witb tbo doetrlno of tho taxta rofarrod to.

70* I JSl* 38, 1, 1 ad 8.

78. I sot . 8, 1, 3 aol; aoo pp. 101 - 108.

77. I, 1 ad 10.

78. VI tsat. 4, n. 1888 & 1284; of. do Var. 11, 1 oi aimillter

•tiea dieaoduB oot do aolootieo eOviulsiticmot qvoA praoosiatunt la
Bobla <|UQadeK aaiostiarum s«dna, aollieot priaao ooaooptlonoa in-
talloetua, qioao atotia Innijao iatoUootuo agantio ooipoaouatur par
apoaioo oooslbilibuo abotraotaa, aiva aiat
)> i1»i.ut dicaitataa,
alTa laoaa^laBa, aiout r&tio ootla, ot uaiua, 4i* bujuonodl, quea ote-
tia iutaUootuo a|irobaBdlt{ aoo eloo I r«rih . 6, a. 17.
 60* %«£•» d|i i o» » b, I (a*d«)t UnMidietb oone«ptlo consldwatur
tt% t«ralinui actloals, at ^ueuil quoddcM pw I^mb ooiurtdtttfeuau Int«I-
X«<rtu« mlm mvk Mtl«B« foxnat r«t teflBltlMMn* t«1 vliaa propesltioiMtt
alTinMitlTaB Mm BagatiToi* t\%0O «ut«gB ooBMptio i&t»ll««tiui la aebls
yivfapl* «rtnn dleltur.
4tf splr. Cr—»> 9 aA 6t InltiUMtua «!%«»• •!• r«« iotallaot&t m
li«b«k ut ooiurtt'tulMm T«l fonwtUBi p«r opWMtUHMn tBt«lI«etttsi !• !m»«
•it qulddltas •lMpl«x, •!• ait oonpocttlo •! dlTlsio proposltloals;
hM otttMi teM op«r«ti«BM InlAllMtus jrlatot«lM aMicMt la ill d»
Aaiaa, Ham MiliMft* qilun teeat latwlligeatlea ladlTltlblliun, qaa
IdallMt lat«ll«iotua i^ppraiitBdit ^tt»d qaid aoit alioujus r«l{ tt heao
AVabM Toeaat fiUBHtloafMB •!• iiMgt nptlea«» p«r iatallaetum* /^lian
«ro poaits solllottl eoi^sltian«B •% dlTialoaaa iat«ll««tuum, q^ai
Arsbaa voaaal ovadulitctiBi, vaX ftdaa.
juodl. S, 9 OS Prooadit oliquid eb iatalXoetu la^iueatuB aat oon-
tittttaii par •paarattlMMft Ipaiua. Itt aiit«K duylnc oparntlo latalleetus,
aaeuadm RilloaeplHHi la III da Aalma* Una (juidMa quaa iioootur ladlTl-
albillum lAtalllgMitle, par <^am intallactua favoet la oaipao daflal-
tlMMB* Tal floaMptna allaujua laeoq^lMil. Alia aotMi oparatlo aat
—
laltkUaetaa o paa aiit la «t dindaetla, aaawndmi (laoBi foxant amatla-
tlOMB* Et tttrvHujaa istorua par oparatieaaa latalla«tua ooaatltutorum
vooetar vMrtnat oardia* (laorw pviaRBB aiaPKioatur par tanuiaua laoo»*
plaxuB« aaottDdaa rmn al^ilflaatav p«r «r«tlaD«R,
I, 8S, S ad 3t Bl utraqua beae oparetio (l.£aitatto at ftHFaattlo)
eoajtiBdltar la iataUaatu. Utm jvlnt QVldaa aoaaldaratur paaalo la-
tallaotaa poaalbllla aaeiuidan qaad lal^naatnr apaela lataUleiblli.
qoa quldaa ftanoatua fosaat aaoundo ml daf initloaam toX dlTialoaaca
Tai o«BvaaltlOBan« luaa p«r tnean algalflaaitav. uada ratla (jluhb ale-
aifiaat aoaaa aat daflaltlo, at aoustlatla algalfloat oeavMltleaaBi
at dlTl0ion«B latallaetua. iTmk arfl» vaaaa aisalfleaat Ipaaa apaolaa
lotalIl«lbllaa, aad aa spiaa Lotelleetus slbl fonoat ad JudleaadMi da
rabua axtarlcrlbua*

81. 1 Sgct* 39, I, X ad 3.

88, I-II, 90, X ad 8.

**• ^P^» 7, a a (prla.).

88* da t'ot. 7, 9 a (jrla.).

86. I .naat. 8, 1, 8 aoX. (<iuotad p. 89) i eXlqaid quod ooaaaqultur

as aodo lataUlflaadl r«at e^* do iPot. X, X ad XO: (^liinld aaquitur «o-
taa lataXXlfl«di{ I, 76, S Hd 4t Qntaatloaaa Xoglaai) e«iaaquuDtar
aiM latalll—idl| »at. Qaa. e. 4: (latantlaaai) aaqaaatur oo-
ffi
tlaaaa iataUaalaa at ratloalai IT teat . 4, a, 874i aaaaldaratlaam
ratloaia aaaaaqMnatur.
 .

87. «• Trln. 6, 1, aol. 8 «A 9.

88. Umi t«Bui fir at oad wooad IrttjPtlop mmbi to ooeur is th«
«rltln<« of at. TbauBm only la ooajuiniB'tioD with th« irarA '*aoua'' to
AlstlBgaiilk "aouas of first IntMitlon" tvum "aonma of soeoad latwH
tlon". Tb9 OAly ooeurrocooo I hvf fotrad ur« ell ia e eoatott dl»-
tlagBJrtiing tto torna ladlTldual, •itit!:uilar, pertieulsr, ouppoalt,
pwaoa, lqrpo«taalB» t^ad r«^ thlagt
X a«it . £5, 1, 3 sol. («at« iasd.}i ladlTlAuam duplleltsr potsst
slgBlfloarli •! p«p aoiDsa sseuadss latactioals . sleut hoe aonsa
iadiTiduuia« vol sltv^lATS, quod aoB sigaiflont ram slagulwam, ssd
lotsntloastt slavularitetist vol nooMo ^
p^slotsnt teals , auod •iff-
alflost rgk» eoi oonvsait lattotlo partleulerltntis. (U&dflrllaiag
of Panas od. eban^ssd)
I 3<Bt . 26, 1, 1 «A 9} ZadlTiduiBB aubataatles dleltur duplioltMr;
Tel ax 00 >imC aubstet aaturaa, v«l ax so mnoA aubatet sceldantibua
et ^^ropriatfttllius; at vjoaatua bA ntaraatqua potost algalflearl par
ygtasa tataatioaia. vol par aonan aoouadBo latoatloala . rear
arlasa taapoaltloala al^lfioatur ut aubatat atsturi^a, hoo aoiolaa
roa aatiuTbO} at par aoaaa aaottaaaa iHBPoaltiOttla. hoe aoiBiBo ^voA aat
auppoaltuB. ^i^iaollltar laqueatun mbatat ^roprlatati, alemlfientw
ooedaa prlBoa iaposttlattls* quod ast neaMn hypoatesia val paraooaa,
at nnwtnao aoanmiao lapoaltiattis, q^Md oat siaeulMrOt ut iadlTldaua.
d# Hat. Qaa . e. 13 (ad. I'am., prlB.}( t^oaiaa prlmHO lataationla
swBt tfiB* rabtta siurl laposita absoluta aMdlaaito ootMoptioao, que far-
t«r iaiollaottta ai^ar ipMai ran la so, ut hea» val Isplst aoniaa mtan
soeuadtio lataatiottis aunt llln (fMs ii^ponuatur rateus ooo soeaaAoQ
(|«od la so mvB/tt soi aawuidiw quo* ssbawit Intaationl qufln iatolloo>
tas faoit dfS sis; ut coa dlMturt boaw oat spoolos, aalsiel est eoaas.
Aa altaraetlvo aaprossloB, olraody gurt la tho soooad iaact ^uDtad*
la "aoua of first cor aasoad toaoatttoai XXI aaat. 8, 1, 1, aol. It
Ctsi OHM pavtioolaro hsbot roq^oottn ad aatunsi acaamaam at ad pro-
pristatast potsst aaawaftnn utrtaaqiBS rsspsetua aosdiurl, tun par aosMm
pripas iaposltisaiSt tun par aoaMa ssouadas Intag^tloala . lioe autan
nasiSB rss aatarss oat aaaum ariffiy ji^yosltloals. ajjtalfloaas parti«
salsrs par rsapoatua s« aataran aasMsaaas boo Toro aoasa suppositua
sat aoMsa ssaaaflas lapositioais. 8l4paficaaa Ipswa habitudlnan par-
tioalavis ad asturaa oooBuaaa, laquaatua aubslstlt la oa; partioult«a
Taro, iaqoaatiai ssosAltur ah as. sad q;ttia aoaldaatla ooaasqauatur
aaturaat idoo oaas aomaa dssigaaas partioularo aaouadua rospeotua
ad pr^paristatss* dssleaat stiam ipsua rsspsotVB ad aatum ooBBuaaa.
Bso arts potost fisri duplioltart rA par aeaaa artaas laposltioais i
at ale ast hypostasis ooBMunltar la onxlbus substaatlia, paraoaa Yoro
la eamlbtts ratloaallbuai r^l par ooaMa sooiy^das ipyosltloala. at ale
ost iadlviduuBt InviuentuBi ast iadlTlsua la sa, aiagulera «« Imiu^atUB
ast dlTisua ab alila; undo alnoilara sst ld«n quod dlTisuD. ost atlaa
alia dlffaraatU sttsadsada later Istat quia quaodoa Istorua slKnlfl**
saat eoaaawitar parttsttlaro la <(uollbot oaaarsa sirat partleulare,
ladlTid\iua« staaalarst ^aadm varo tnatum partioulara la gaaoro
substRHtias* slout fm na%\sr&; •oppoaltm, hypostasis, st psrsoB*. . •
(.tM&jTlB h«s« albsdo Tsl base maaa dioatur laaiTiduun tsI siagalara,
MB tsBSSi potsst iioi tgrpostasis, sttpp«Niit«Ri, Tal rss naturss.
X saM, t, 1, S sol. (prill.) t Nss %tmm boo aoRan wtlo slgAlfi-
as% ipsoi asBSsptlsasBf ^la bee aisiklfieatur par aonan . • . rai;
ssd slgnlfloat InlaBtlSMB hujns ooBoaptlmils, sieut at boo soans
dsflnltlo . si alia aooiiaB ssoiiaaas laapositlsais.
first lotsKtlsa asuss signify ths l^xlas, bsosnss tbs oonoapt wblab
sdlatas thsir tiastng Is oss of first Intentloa. rsprosaiitiius dlraotly
tbs s3Kt4VBal rsai iaili«« a soswa Ifllantiim aosas tiim^tr aa istantiSB
•f tbs vasr la sbiih tbs tbii« is ssaosirsA (rotbsr tban tbs dlrsst estt>
aapt of tbs tbiag) or a rslwtloa to the ooaeslTsd ni!«turs ("ipseai bsbi>
, • • s4 astwoB soHnasB"). Cf. i, 39, X ob. St
rsi, st spssiss sst aosHB iBtantloais.

69. Aa flsnpls of lbs diffsrsDOs is sssa la I, 85, S. la tbs boAj

of tbs artlolo tba AtaotiOB of tb«> iotslllglbls spsoiss as a nsdiun of
ssfaitiOB Cnit quo intalll^t InteUaotus") Is distlafialshsA tvm tbat
as tbs Objsot of rsflas kaoirlsdco ( "ssoundarlo sst 14 quod latslllgl>
tar*). This would bs psr«hologisetl rsflsotloa. In ths rsply to tbs
ssssBd obJsotiOB a distiastloa is xoads la ragard to tba ualTarsal bs-
twssn tbs abstrastsA aaturs and tba ualvarselity Itsalf . Soob a rs-
flsetiea('*liitaBtio ttalTarstaitstis") is prspsr to logis.

90. X ds ^. 1. n. ti{ 'i, n. 2S.

n. I Sit. 19, 9, a ad 1.

98. ds Ysr. 10, 4 0} 2, 5 Sfd IV. Batural phUosepfay stuAlss ths

•

Intslllglbls spssisst "ualvarsalla aBist, ds quibua suat selantlas,

sunt quas osfpiosoitBtttr p«r spssiss latslllgibllaa, naa Ipsas spsoiss
iatslllclbllsst ds cfaibus aea suat solsatlss ohbss, ssd sols pbyslsa
st astaptaysisa'* (_^.C. ds Aa. I si 9). Tbs ssbs is said la 0.0. II,
7S acooraln^. to tha^'anaTp. ISB b bst.) ead VItss (p. 803 b) sdi-
tlsasi '^ulls sslsBtia ds sis (ipssiafeus aslstsBtibus la iatsllaetu
possibil^ aU<mld aeasUsrat alsl naturalla st astopfegrsiss ; but ths
taoaias (ad. Bsa., p. 179 b, mid.) has "retlo&alla st astsijbysloa",
KhlOb would agrss with III 4b ^. 8, a. 716 (iiaristtl)t "^lat autsn
ssisntiss ds rObus, aoa nvtsB ds apselsbus, vsi iBtsBtloaibus iatsl-
Udbllibus, nisi sols solSBtla mtlMalls.^ lbs ststsnsBts ars not
aseossarlly ooBtradistsqr* ^m^ ssasidar ths spsoiss trcm ths dlffsrsflft
psiats of Tisw thst ws ars dissassiast pi|robologr ooaslAars than ast
BS rspvsBSBtstisas of thiols, but as tbiags tbSMAvss, (jualltlss of
tbs iotsUsst} logla oonsidars tbs rslatioas of tbs asturss whloh
tb^ rsjrsswt, ts tblags or to othsr rspr asastsd asti
98. fp. lit - 119, asp. i>B«l . 7. 4 o.

94. IX 3SBt . 88, 1, 8 aol.

 «

Pi«i 341.

90, (to Vw, 10, 6 •{ ef. I» M, 1 01 latitiLlMtiM ao«t«r dtrMt*

•% aopNNMltivm aiai miTVtMlluB. Iadlv«tt« anttM ct qfttasi |»«r
r«fl««tiOMM y«itMi% oogBOWMT* •lagBlMP*, q{itia, •!««% lainrtt
dlotMiMl, •tiMi postcitten ^•eU* IntslHelMlM ab«tx«xarlt, noa
potMt —wm^iw mm a«ttt iiitttlll«;«r« alsl aoaT«rteiido b« •< phaaifeas-
*!•• in qfoibiw spMlM IntoUlelMlM int«lU«it.
'^* A« ^«rt» <y ,
3— « •• 4 (MitA tasd,«-«l« Bojar, p» 27).

**• I SS9&* iSSk* ^* A* ^*

M, Z Um% , 19, 6, 8 ad 1.

99. SM oil. Ill, p. 67.

101. I rwth . 10, a, 9.

108. dy Wt. 7, 6 «. (not* ia*d.).

103. a Mt. 3, a. 8804.

^^* 4» mU •» aM. e. 4 (wid. 4l fia.— od. Bogrvr, pp. 88 & 31).

100. yjttt. 9, a. 896| of. d» :?Bt. Oaa. e. 3 («d. FMnti.): St boo

ld«Q •«« <iai« Moidlt r«l uttBd A* M
«liiaid diostur rwf par ijzk«l-
l««tiai| om VM aott nfwMtar ad ••l«B%lala« aleul • ounravao.
 P«8t 948<

U I'll, 18, 1 « &. ad 4; SM pp. 119 - US.

a. tl ^>«aft . 38, 1, 3 aol.

3. 4» Pot . 7. 9 e, aad ••• ^. IV, p. S8.

4. A# V«P . 1, a4 16{ ef. yodl . 1, 3 O) I, 86, 1 e.

B. d> T>ot. 7, 9 e; of. I scot . 26, S, 1 aol.t Hihll qvod Mt

taBtom la astwi in gawnr* d«t«raiiMito eolliKMiiitur*

•• to Pq». 8, S 6 (pria.).

7. Ooapw* this with tb« deotrlB* ea th« intaaldoB with Its two
••IMMts M
parfaotla^ th« kaoiirnr HOd r*pt««mtljBg the r«el tfbj«ett
pp. 139 - 128.

8. &• fxftm 8, 8 e (ad fia.).

•• SSLlSSL* 7, 9 ad 7.

10. I aag». 8, 4, S aol.

n. da Vt. «31, 1 (post B>ad.), quotad p. 136| of. ^a Jot . 8, S aA

111 Ratio aat«a BfOtt alsBlfleat aeaa aad tarn ould. Idaat, c;uld allqaid

U. I -^t. 8ft, 8. 1 aol.f of. I gaat. 39, l, l aol.

13. Maa aihil propria daflaltur alal ^paolaa, oua onala daf Initio
as eaaara at dlffaaraatia oooatat. !t al all(iuod ••ua dafiaitur, hoo
aat laqftMatiM aat apaalaa (Y l£at . 8, a. 877).

14. V H&t , 9, aa. 890 • 8»8.

Ifi. £.0. IV, 14 (poat mad.-*p. 404 l>).

16. I, ^, 8 a.

17. X 8<at. ^, 1, 1 aol.; of. -uodl . 1, t et ^ad ralationaa bob

habaat tyod alal raa ax rutiona raajpactua tid altaruu; I, %, 1 Oi Ba
ava qaaa diauatur nd p^Uqmid aignlfiotist aaanariMi vrnvrXm yotioa^
•oluB raapaataw aA aliud. {<Hr tha uaa o f gaapaotua aa a ayraooyB of
ralatlaa aaa da Vav. 4, 5, wbara it ia uaad thlrty-thraa tiiaaa la that
ia tha aaa avtiala.

^« I M6l» >*• *t 1 Ml.

 p U
CK/JFTs^ yi wonts pae» sis.

19. I ^JKt, aO, 1, 1 Ml.

•0. 1 SMrt* 8. 4, 3 sol.; of. Mat . 17, n. 108#x UbnBiQUOd<ja«
dioltur r«lAtiT« «c boo qiuod IpwB c4 alitid vcfartttr.

tl. 4> ;-ot. 7» 6 «4 7.

n. tbid .; of. V rty . 3, xm. 7 & 6.

B4. Oth«r •lallttr tmnm uamd vtm iooltnatlon and %<# »!

- 1. M,
1 ot r— »« tm ellq«ttd» Mit la Ipsa a«tiuni raarant vtpot* quuUto all-
<|iiaa ra« aaawaaiai mum aaterai adlorlMn erdla»taa awl, at lavloan
laellnatlaiMii ha>a«ti lbl4 . a. a.et (MlKtlonaa) ^lasl aignlfiatttM
raapaotwa gpadaawMla oontlocMtaa iptoa rtm ralctoa, joraat aaA
taaillt in alt«piau

n. X, ae, a ••

M. X, 13, 7 e; of. othar oaourraaoaa 1& tha aasaa artlola.

S7. Ibid, ad It of. da Pot . 7, • ad 4t opponltur flliua pstrl . . .

pnprtav MtTauB taabltvdlfila ad Ipmn; Z, as, 1 ad It Velult (Boathlua)
q«od ralatlo ... aoa praadlearatur par nodm iidiaaraatia aaouadya
proprlaa ralotlciila ratioMai, aad aada par wntam jg^ allwd jgm luiaHwtia t
III Phya . 1, a. fit awutiatit teotum la hoo qpod aat «4 a \j[d ja hal>ar;a .

88. feat. 17, a. lOOdt of. da Fot. 7, 10 at txm ralatlo raalia

ooaalatat la ordlaa ualua ral ad cilliiffi, • . •

89. em P2t. 7, u 0.

80. d a io^. 7, 10 et ratio ordiala unlua ad altartaa.

,

31. II tiattt. 9, 1, 1 ad ai Qrdo potaat ami dioaieltari vol aaoaadiai

quDd BaadnHt mm
tfradnn taatan, aiout qui auat ualua gradua diouatur
ualua ordlaiat at aia ordo aat pMra hlarerebieat vai aaeuadiai ^«d
aoBlaat ralatloMM (jaaa aat iatar dlraraoa gradua, ut orda dloatur la^
ordiaatio; at aia aunitur qtuaai abatraoty. al aia poaltur la daflaitleoa
UaraNEIaat sriao aat«B aada aiiBltur oonaratlTo, ut dlo«tiu> ordo uaua
STAdaa ordlaotaa.

88. I a«tt, 80, 1, 3 aol. 1; for ralatioa, of. I, IS, 7 et ...

mm raietio ra^piiret daa aartr aaa ...

88. Ill |£X£. 1, a. 6.

84* I Swt . a, asp. taxt.

88. V Mat. 17, aa. 1001 - 1009.

qj^^y^ am, ^"t* «««.

Urn a. U»6«
37. a. lOSa.

88. Ill Phy . 1, a. 6.

39, Cf« I 3«jrt* 6, 4, 3 aol.i «•! mlm qvwBllUui nMuura nibaftaiw

tlaa; jAa jBt* •% Sm« e. 7 (ed fla(r»«4« Dogrmrt p« 84){ ••% aMaaare
•Ubat«alle«.

4K>. jto rot.*7» 9 o. jnor tha eouMrattoa of iiaaBtlty aad {tOftlii»>

paaaUa m axelualva. aM I, 33, 4 oi raUtlo (anaia fuatetur mpra
^ttaatitatt«a, ut (ti9l«a at dladdlua; fl aajpra netloaaa at paaalonan,
at fnolaaa «fl fftataa. patar at fillua, dendaaa al aarvva, at hujua-
nodi} £.0. Tf, 84 (ciata n»d.» p. 470 a, bot.)t Urn ralatlva oppoaltlo
ral aupra (jaantltntca fuadatur, at duplwa at dSmidlaB; Tal aupra eo»
tloaai at paa etaaawi, mt aoAlaoa at aarvua, aairdae at aotaa, patar at
flliiwi da HBta at E»a. a. 7 (ed fia.«-ad* Bayar, p. 88): Prlaalplm
ralatloala oat notio at peaaio at kittaBtltM.

41. V^at. 17, a. 1008.

*•• 4a t^aita at .?j»a. e, 7 (sd fla.—Bajrwr, p. 94).

43. V ^. 9, a. 898.

44. aodl . 1, 8 a.

48. I ;><»t. 80, 1, 1 aol. Baatbiua, Pa Trlalteta. a. 8 (utiaa,

Fatyoli^ala tattaa. toI. t>4, 1S84 A).

48. ja Var . ^, s ad ».

47. £.0. 17, 14 (paat uad.— p. 464 b).

JTer tha axeaption of tha
ixad ( aea^iwttuia) r^Utioa, fxoa oaa of tha tavma to
«1i&eb la zaaX
tlM» oth^ but oaly TCtloaata la tha oppoalta dlraotloa, aaa I, 13, 7 e;
da Pot. 7, 10 a; oad othaar taxta eltad ia aota 51.

48. «)dl. 1, 8 a.

49. UOdl. 9, 4 0.

80. dai2l» 7, I ad 9.

81. £.0. IT, 14 (poat iMd.— p. 454 m) . Ia thla paaaaga aa la

aagr otbara »bara ti3« a«M aaanpla of tha xwn-eutual ralatloa of
aelaooa la ^okaa of, thara &a v aoafualon batw aaa aolaaaa oa tha
aabjaat of n ralatlaa to tha abjaat, aid aaiaaaa aa itaaif a ra^atloa
batwaaa tha kaoaar sad tha objoet. ii— ^
Pot. 7, 10 oi aaiaatid
faqrtar ad aolblla, quia aolaaa, p«r lOtm intallislbllaa, ordizMK
v
habat ad roa aaltwi, (]U«a aat aatva aalnaa. Ipaa vara raa <4aaa aat
astra anlaaa, omlao attiaeitur a tall aatus ibid, a, 1 ad 3t Tttaa
«KiB Mt ralAtio r«nli« «x part* altwrlus, quando r«l^tlo ooxuMquitur
p«r 14 iivnd Ml MC WOQ, •% ami par id <taed Mt ax alio, siettt p«%«ft
ia Mlblll •! •alMtlat httjanoat •ala r«l«tlo«M« ««ttMiitur i|>«r ••fim
Miwtls, noa p«r •Utfuld solbll*; V jMt. 9« «• 896i r— Don r«f«grtur
•d MiMitiait ««d • «MV«rao (of, d» Rat * Qaft . e. 3)t V Mdft > 17, nn.
10C3 f^ IO£a} d» Tflr. I, sd 16t fllnat aoiaatle d«p«Bd«l • •aiblll,
••d noa • ooacrarao} d» Tar. eX, 1 e; Z, 13, 7. Part of this dlffi-
oulty OHM* fMm tba faet that •oianea la not a rolation >a<mndUB a<aa
^^ •ptt»>ya ^f • "^ irlaarlly anA aaaantlblly a ralatlaa but aom**
^ ,

thia« aiMTa* bara, a ottality) upcn whiflfa a rwlatlon telloaa* 3a«

da >ot . 7, 10 ad U; da Var, 4, o Ik SI, 6 o«

5t* I sact . 8ft» £, 1 aol. Iba man tmae veya era iii.ir»»w«,
la a dlffarattt ord«F, la da Vyr, 1, 5 ad ld> ^uaadaat iBEranivntttr
Mlalloaaa, ifut» aihll la r«raa aatura poauita aad ia rati«aa taotmi
^(ttod luldaa 4iia4nq)lloit«r AoatlaBlt* • • l|g£ MPdo* qmaado allquid ad
•alpauB rafartuTt ut aua dleiaua UUm «id«B} si aala liaa« ralatio
all<|Hiid ia WMi aadmra pcmarft adAitua ai qu»d dloitur Idan aaaat
la laflaitoi proeadara ia ntoua, quia Ipaa ralatio par «i«flB eliqiaa
rao dlof otMJf aadOB, *aa«t aadan aibi par alloa r«Iiitioa«i, •! alo
la litftnltttw. Saowkte. <|aaBdo Ipaa ralatio ad allquid rafar^ir. Haa
aala potaat dial ^uoA patanltaa r«farat«r ad Mfbjaotuoi awia par allaai
ralatlaiMa aadlM, «aa lUa atlaai aadla ralatio tadisMrol alia aodla
raletioaa, at ale la infiaitoa. tlBdo lUa ralatio quaa alenlf laatur
la mamaiiitlniia pataraltatU ad aab joatun, aim dloitur la rorm aatura,
ood U ratlOBO taatoa. Tortlo> tjaaado uaw rolatlforun poodat ox
altaro, at aoa a ooavarao, sleut aolantle dm^aodat a aoiblll, at aoa
o oaatraraet uada ralatio aolaotiao ed aolblla aat allq^lid la rarua
aatwra, aoa rolatlo •albUla ad oalMftlan, aad ratloia taatua. ';aarto.
(juaado aaa ooaparatw ad son ana; ut cub dloltaua, quod noa mbbuo prloraa
bla i>ul futurl auBt post aoos alias oavMvatar quo4 pooaant aaaa In-
flaltaa ralatloaoa la oodai, si coaoaratlo ia iaflaitai srooodarat la
futurai*

•9, Cf. ^o ?€«• 7, 10 a.

84. 4£ JOE* 1, 6 ad 1»| of . Mft, 17, n. 1028 for a furthar

(Itialoiwwt nf tb* wffnant that a rolatloa of a ralatloa la aot raal.

M, U Jot . 1, 1, 8 ad St bttJuiMdi r«latlOBaa que*

rationaa tMtVB aunt, aoa aot iapooolbllo la InflaituB snltiplieari;
I, ae, 4 ad 8i la oobla ralatloaaa Ititalli^lbllao la iaflnltuic inulti-
plloastur, <iala eotu lutalllslt bsao li^ldon, at alio aetu In-
gUo
t*lli«lt a* lalaUl«w*, ot alio ollan lat*lll«it hoe lBtalll«arat
•t ale ia laflaltUB oultlplleoatur notua lnt«lIi««Bdl, at par oonao-
quaao NlatlOMO lat*U*ete*t T l^. 11, a. 91Si Nea *•! aatoi pooolbilo
la rabua Ulaflnitwi proeodaro. ;3ad In hi* qui aua' ooooaAm latol-
lootaa, nihil prohibat.
 56, I, la, 7 o« Ibla t«xt stmt b« rmA trnvtvllj. It la not
th« raallty of tte wrt* —
wh£«h U
in (lUMtloa, toiil of tho rol»>
tiono bolcrooa tbon* In tbo Mooad and third elaaaaa both actraDuw
aro voal» iMi la tha third tha fbuadatloa la la ono only. la tha
flrat Olaaat both, oaa, or aaltbar of tha aaflrwiaa aagr ha raal, Za
tha ana^laa olToa, thara la la tha fir at «Aly oaa tamt la ^«
aaaaoA, ooa raal aad oaa uavval tarn; la tha third, althar oaa ua-
raitl ead oaa raal or both unroBl,

B7. Ibid .

88. I, m, 1 o.

89. ad 4.

do. da rot . 7, 11 0.

fix. lataJllaatu a la fra-viantly uaad la tha aaaaa of objaotlva oozk-

eapt, partloulMTly la tha aerly worica. la tha oooMntary on tha d^a
Aal— ooaBaptlo . oone«>tua. aad var^iiMi Intarlua cannot, I ballara, ba
IwMdiSSd Intw&tlo rsraly. Tha word aaad for ocmeapt la Intallaotua .
3aa da Var . 17, l o: hoa aontaa IntaUaotoa alonlfleiit r«B lntell8Ct«Q,
alovtiXMlaa dlauatur alsalfloora Intellaotua; III Ja Ja. U, n. 747s
(la piopoaltlOBlliiM} aat J<« %ttaadsM eoa^oaltlo IntaXlaotuum, Idaat
rmnm latallaataruat I, 17, 8 ot aonpealtlo latallaetuuB aat la Intal"
la«tu{ I, 13, 1 A VI Mat. 4, a. lSS4t Tooaa sunt algaa latallaetuuni
I Farlh . 10, a. 8i agaaa aat an aat voa algalflaatlTa ad plaoltm alia-
pllela IntaUaotua, qvad act aUtlXltudo ral} da Bata at Saa. a. 8
(aata mad.— Doyar, p. 2S)i latallaotua anln ualaaXla aat ailna datar-
alaatlWM apaalaXla faanaa ata.i dt a»t. Oaa . a. 7 (prla.): da latal-
Xaata oalaaXla aat oarpoa nalwataB aaaalblXa.

6S. I, 28, X 0.

•8. X, X8, 7 a.

88. I ,^. X, aa. X li S.

88. da rot . 7, 9 e: hla aat«ft ordo ralf^tlo qaaadai aat.

dV. 4^a y<g . E8, 13 ai am aaia praprlam ratloala alt onilaara at

aaaforra; Ibid . «d X4t ordlnara aat ratloalat da Yar. 6, X a (Bad.)t
aoXloa ratlaaia aat dfericwa Tdl ordlaarat II-II, 50, 4 ad 3t retlo
ordlaat la aXtaawai I glh. X, a, Xt aaplaatla aat patlatlM parfaotlo
ratlaala, oujua proprlam aat aogaoaaara ordlnan. Cf. IX ^.^ajat . »0, X,
8 aoX. (quotad juat ^.bova) : orda aataa tialaa ad aXtarun noa aat nlal
par IntaXlaetua, eujua aat ordlaara.

68. I Parlh. XO, a. 9.

 S47.

70, lY VM« 4, n. 674.

71. Cf. I, ^» 1 ed 4t nalstlOBM qmm oonMcffaatttr aolaa op«r»>

tU««B laltU«e%tt« j* lp«l» r«twMi t«t^l—»t« , wift r«I«%iflMs ntlenii
U8t«t «iia Milio*! •*• retlo adlPYMiit Inter dans rM lat«llaota«.
 U X ^wth , ^, n. &• i»^or ladlTlslbllluin infUtawlU la Arlstotl*

•• II >^t. 1» ft* iW.

«« XII
£«G. II, 48
m»a
«r%(
11, a. 8684. llM vveaoBs foar Mgrlag
I, 76, M, 1, 8, & 6| COKP . Thtol . I, 79.
m w giTta

5. m>dl . 7, 1 «} of. C,0. II, 79 (post aM.— p. 175 e, bot.}:

••% in r«eipieo%«, pm aaiuna x«elpi«Blis«

•• I, 79, 5 e.

7. I* 84, 8 o; of. II-II, 1, 8 e (aloo I, 18, 4 o)i Coeaita sunt

la ooaaoaowrtf wmiaaaa aodMa aogiiosettn%l«; I, 86, 6 ad 3: siallitudo
yd MMlpltar ia lat«a.l«etu aaduM aodaa lttt«ll»ettta, «t aoa mmud-
4ai noAoi r«l»

8. j^.JD, d« Aa, 1 o («d fla.}«

»• I, 84, 8 o.

^^* f* Pyta » InfllT a (ad fia«); of, I, 66, 1 ei httJuMOdi notaria

•at liidiTldUBtloaia prlacipiua; da arte at Saa ». e« 8 (ad fla.)t ladl-
Tl«tt««leala prlaolpluBi aat atttmai ^
Tirla. 8, 8 at Uctarla • • • aat
prlaoiplm divaraitetla aaovadam mumvm, pMut au^aat dUMBlioailwa
iataaBlDatis,

11. I, 78, 8 •! «f« at It iBtallaatua raolpit tanum dbaolulaa.

18, I, 86, 1 e.

13« £^* II, 50 (prla,); of. £^. I, 44 (aad.)t MBMa flu&t

l8taLlaot«i>o ia aetta par abctraailoiMB a mit«rla.

14. ^.0. U, 91 (nad.— p. 313 D, top); of. £^. 11, 96: Xammltaa
aala a Mt«ria faait all<]ald aoM par m
tat«lll|Jkila( I, 79, 3 oi
«x boo a«l aU(iald intalllgtbUa aota ^mod a»t tanatariala. • . Opor-
tat Icltw poaara idlqfttn Irtutan az parte iatallaotus qvaa fseavat
iatallisibilla ia aotu par dbalraatiOMM •paaiaraa a eoaditionlbua
atariaUboa.

U* <^ tTitt« IodiT» (oBta taad.)} of. £.0. II, 76 (aad.— p. 180 a,
bot. - b, top) I aoa aniffl boo c^iod oot oooo iadiTitma ropoipat oi qvod
oat aooo lixtoUi«ibllo aetu ... Sod id ^uod rafpufaat iatallicibilitati
act aatarialltaa.

18. ^.C. «• ^« 8* •< ^»

 17. (to fot, 9» • tt4 I; of, ibid , a. 1 ot NotiaNi «ni« oonDwais Mt
^pum signifieatt difinitio iadioana c^uid est rM.

^« d« inf e» i.ge, 0, 4 («Bk« Bi»d.-*«d« Bogrtr, pp. 86 • a?).

^'» i^JSSi* 2SI» •• ' t*** P«»u— "d fin,); of, d» ;af gt swi .
e. 4 (po«t Bad,— od. £3ogr«r» p« S9)i iut«ll«otuui aoln Mt qui egit
ttBlv«r«<aitat«i in r«AnM, Mao do r«fet, acq, o, 1 (prin,) & o, 8
(pria,),

80. II do Aft. S, a. aBi of, I-II, 17» f os Apj^roboBoio awtan

taodtiaotiqalo, o«n ait p«rtioaI«ria« rt^golatur i* appraiioaoioiio rtr-
tiOBlo. <3iM0 oot unlvflrsalio} 1, 84. 1 et latollootua iatoUitsit
uniwoHlitari It m^ I tiA 6t latoUootno oatv • • abotvobit apooioo
inctallisibiloo a jihantiMBMtibtto, iBQiutatam floaaidoret aattwoa ravua in
unlYMraftIi,

SI, X, 86, 1 ad 4} of. ibid .. 1 ot uod aiitan a awt«rie indiri*

dtt&li aba^rohitur* eat uniTwaalo. Un&o iotollootao aootor dUrooto
aoa oat oesaoaoitivua xa«l ttaivaraaliua,

!•• ndo /«^, 18, a, 377, A pajrallai paaaago ia tbuad ia I, IB,

4 ot Ba igl%m ^Euao aoa haboet oaao aiai ia natoria laditldaeli, mf
aaoowro oat aobia omuwtnpalOa oo '^uod oaista aaatva, p«r (jnaa eos»oo»
oiMia, O0t fbflwft alioujua aatariHO, qtum twii tu^ot doaa trlrtotoo
oagMwattivaa, Udob, <4aaa oat aatua tiXiOttjtta oevpwoi oxigBia, Et
halo ooaaaiia«do oat aognnaooro >oo aoeaadua quod auat ia aataria
iadiTidtt&lia vado e aaana aoa oofBooait aiai aiasttlexle. Alia voro
irtiia oogBMOitive ojaa oot intollootua, qui aoa aat aotua elioujua
•rgaai oorporalia* Ukido par iatoUootun ooaastorAlo oat aobia oof
aoaofo aatuna, qaaa ^idn aaa babaiit oaao aiai ia saatMrie iadi-
idualii noa tBaon aoouaduai quod ouat ia aetoria iadiTidueli, aod
ooonadaa q^od itoalniuartav ob oa par oaaaidoretiQaoa iatollootua,
IMa aooaatea iaioUoataai poeamaai oogwa ooro kujusodi roo ia
uaiYflToali,

8B. II do A|k. 18, a, aaOt of, 0,0, I, 44 (mod,)t

fov aodm vSoiravaaliiMi aoa iavaAitur aiai ia iatellootu} ulao fsd fia,}
do Kat. Oaa, a. 5t la ro i<it«r aihil oot ooaaiKino aultia) VII Mot . 19,
aoa aat aliciua aubotaatia ia ramn iMEtavoi

84« 11^ A^. 18, a. 880.

8B, III l£(t, 9, a, 446.

86. ^ ix^, 1, 1 ad 10.

87. VII Mot. IS, a, 1B70{ of. do Bot. Oaa. o. 5t II df^. 18,
a. 8fra| I, 85, 8 ad at 5 ad 1; I-II, 89, 6 at Ija aaivaraeli dupli-
oltor eontiagit lo^t uao aodo aoeuadua quod ouboot intoatioai
uaiYoraelitttiat nlio aado, dieitur da aatam oui tulia iataatio
attribuituT} tJLia aat aaia ooaaidaratio boadaia uaivaracOia, ot
alia ia oo .|uod oot
 m* IX d« it, »• 578} of. I, 14, 13 •! SpMlM atxtw l8l«l-
,^
llclbllla liit«UM%iui aMtri ••% •Indlitude Mi (ittsatuK mA M%«t«i
•pMl«t 4tta« M% pasrtteipabUia a parti«alfintoiui iBfialtls,

dm iat» at xiw, o. 4 (ad. Oegr«rt W* <^« M* >*}•

80 XI j£ ia* IS, a. 880,

81 ^I £SSlL* ^JM^ « ^» »• U. (bm4.),

VII Ugl, 16, n. 1«41.

84 ni «st. 18, A. 187S & 1674.

X, 38, 1 ad 4.

4> pot . 7, IX 0} quotad p. 188,

8f IMd. a. 6 « (ante ciad*) ; (xuotad p. 186«

88 I 3m% , SK», 8, S aol. («urt* nad*)*

3f VXX J4{t.. i;}, A. XS70} nlm othw plaOM eitad U »!• 87*
40 X, 88, 8 ad 2.

41 I 3agl. 8, 1, 8 aol.

48 IX 3<at. 3, 1, 8 ad 8.

48 e. 4 (pMl aad.— ad. liosrar, pp. a&-89),

44 I >«rlb . 10, n. 8.

48 I ii«B» . 83, X, 3 aol. (aat4 mad.}} of, Z 88, 1, 1 ad 8;

lU at. 6, 1, 1 aol. 1.

I a«Kl . a, 1, 3 aol. (anta awd.).

^^* i!££Sl« 3S6l* ^« ^^ ^<^ prla.-~-ad. Tarn.).

X Ug±» 1, n. 1990.

00. 4a sata tf < iuia . o. 4 (quiotad p. 311).

da Mat. Pan , e. 8 (ad tin,),

81. Ibid. 0. 10 (ad prln.).

WgflWT^^ JUM, ]^«c» 3S1*

88« 0* aat9 0% JM., loo , Ojlt »

M, III, 35, 8 «; .Jfitt, 1, S a; ibid . 9, 4 c; in Sjal, 8, 1,

e Ml.
B4. d* Vw . 8, 4 ad 8 ia OQAtr,
 IWlff^^"

1. I-II, 60, 1 sd 1: nanan jodioil, qood MMnadun petamn lapeal-

Uomim alcMlflMt r«ota> d«i|«mia«%lCMB iuoftonai, w^UatiM ai ale* Mt
•ifia«Uhai ra«t«i datwalBatloiiaM la qnlbaaaumiua ntoua* taa la apaaw-
latlTla Qiuai is praetieia. aaad of apaavlatlva kaavlaiga <«• Vay »
10, e ai ad aoflBitlOMB aote twi aaaaaapara opaartatt aoilloat mppf
^
at joAiaiioi «a ra ayvaralMMa (af, da T . 12, 1£ a)t j&
Trtiu 6, 8
y
(prla«)t PrlaalpluB quldaa (aoffiitioala) nd apprabaoaiaaaai
pattlMt, tmeAmm ad judioitat} Ibi mik aa«iitlo parfleiturt ibid ,
(ad.}: Judiolm avftaa potlMlaMB da \mmtcu<sM ra fit aaeunduB ajoa
dafliiltiT«i vatlonn.

t* 8aa taorts quotad eh, XIZ, pp. 88 • 60, e-ad balow,

5, I ParUt > 9, on, S «> 4,

«• I, as, 4 a,

6. O.O. I, 6B (prU.).

6. ^.a. I, 91 (paak madv^p, 813 b, bot.).

7. da Yar« 0, 4 ad 6; of, ca, x, Wt aaoraw manqpadqua.

6. £•£• n, 96 (aadtf— p. aSB a, bot.).

9, X, 14, 6 a (ad pcrln,).

10, C.O. X, 8U (mad.),

11, 3aa X, 68, S a, alwr* tbla la vacr wall danralapad* Ibr tha
aaka vt brarity, l«ig«biar paaaagaa froa tha aifaaa that aaold Tvy
partlaaadly ba tiaotad will ba ctaraly rtfarrad to, Cf. £«0, IX, 96
(ad«-~p, 286 a, bot«)t Par alallltttdiaaa ante aalwalla. par (jona
aagMaatwa aliijuld io ganara taaftun, iBpaerfaatiOMM aagaitiaiMB
kabMaa ^tum par aladlit«dia«B haalnla. par ^luai aoffaoaainna apaalaa
aoa^lataai aacaaaaara antan ali^ald aa<wiwiww tana taatun, aat aa^-
mwomtm iaparfaata at quaal ia potaokla, ao0M«aara «)*« la apaala
aat aagnoaoara par foot a at la aotu* Hto.

18. X, 66, 6 a.

15. da J[sr. 8, 7 e (ad fU.).

14, XI Plara . 3, a. S.

16. X, ae, 4 0{ C.a, I, so (frla.); da Var. 6, 14 e.

16. T ^jjt . e, n. 894.

 17, 1, 40, 3 o; of. a» Trio . 8, S e (ia»d. wt fln.)> Oomp . Th«oX .
I, 63; III SJjt. 7, a. 405; .11 L t^, 1, an. 1669 & 1667, d» Trln . 5,
la the prlaeipcl pvMas* •xplelain^t th« ttupM klad* of abatraotlon
wblcOi fotum tb* 4i«tlaotioa of natural itoiloao|4a]r« msthaaMtioa, and
aMflaphyaioa, Hia third kind of sbatrsetion i« *8«|^av«tiW* vOiiab la
off act ad by Judgaant.

IS, I, U, 4 ad 8| af, jO.0, X, 80| VII Marl. S, bb, 1378 > 90.

If, I, 3«, 8 at of, I, 13, 1 ed S{ I iant, 33, 1, ft aol,

BO, la aajring tbla sad ia aubsa(;u«Bt atattaaonta about abatr>.otion

and ttia afflnkatiea of aaaa la JudflBMOt, «r« do not iataad to ta^ly thtt
tba qiftlddlty ableii la kaawu la ateplo appTCboMloa la out of_f tnm tho
aat of balas W • iradlalos. To bo apyvaboadod wltbeut aagr partloular
ado of balag la aot to ba anfraboidod a* If it vara not ordorad to tho
a«t of bolag, '^ualk a proolaloft tgm aaoo la aaqraaajjr Aaalod by 91,
It ''Petot arsa ^aad aatuva honiBla abaoluta aonaldovato Aatnlilt

a ^piollbat aaaa, Ita taauB (|uod a<^ flat areaolalo alloujua aorum*' (^
rto ff^ Hffff., a, 4, »ad,«»>od« ttoyav, p. 27). it would ba OBatradlatezr
to atta^pt to aoMolTo of aa oaaaaao vlttMnit ea order to axUtaeaa,
alaea aaoaaaa la Bothlag otbor than tha aaaMT la «hl<di a thlag natr-
alaaa It a aot of bolact "iBMVitla dloltur aaouadtai <iMd far oam at la
aa ra« babat aaoo" (Ibid, , e, 1, fla,), /« aaaaaoo or q^ddlty la
alvagra tha aaaaaoa or quiddity of aooathlast that la to aogr, of aaaa
balag, la aoaa a aaoo boftoo «i o aa aaaa la sm^ad ea aaaaaoa, t>e
la CMopadi for «*prlaB la latallaotu cadlt ana" (I ?.«at. a, a, i..,; ^»
bofiora anythlag la eoaaalTod aa a partloalar klad of ttilag, balac la
aoaaalTadt for "lllud (uod loplao latellootua ooaalplt quaal aotlaai^iaaB
at la (itto OBBaa ooaoafptloaaa raaolvlt, aat ana" ( ^<i Ty « 1, 1 e, pr&a,).
nr a thlas to ba kaowa It ouat ba la tha kaovari ^'oognltlo sulan fit
par boa, quod aoealtaa aat all^ul aodo la oogaoaoaata'* (II j|a 12, ^,
a, 977); aad "aaaa laitaB latollaotva laqiaaatum latallaetun oportat oaao
la latamgaato** (C^, IV, 11— p. 446 b). That BMaaa that it la a bolag
axoralalag aa aat of^axlatanoa la tba kaawar, t tha aanw tlao tha
kaoww too mult bo aaarolalae thla a«BO net baoeaao la kaowlac, tho
aat of tho tsamm aad of tho thing kaooa eaP9 tho aaMot "Oognoaoaaa la
aetu aat IfaoB oogaltua la aotu" (II do^, 12, a, 377}, A>r thla to
bo poaalbla tho kaooar anat la aaaa way bo froportlOBOd to tha thlag
kBom, Eaaaa, la our hima aa«patlofe of Bartarlal thlaga, tho lagpartmao
of tho h^mm conpoalta, aad of tha part of tha aaaaaa oad laaglaatlOB,
It not bo rwaadiarart that It la aot pvoparly tho latoUoot oloas whlcfa
kaoaa, but tho vtelo aaat "aoa aal« proprlo loquaado wmmtM nut Intal-
laetua ooffMOOlt, aad hoan par utnaa^ua (JftflE. 8. 6 •* »)• «»• *J»4^
kaon awrolaoa Ita aatjof aalataaaa la tha huMa kaeaflr both netorlally
ia hU laaglaatlaa aad lanatorlally la hla lataUaet, {li<»r tha part of
tha pbaataM la aogaltloa aaa I, 04, 7; 88» 1 ft t| M* !)•
raallty
Mhaa thla balM «^«ti aslata la tha IdlaUaot aa wall »• la
«rara of what
la ayprahMaiii la alalia oypratiaaaloa, tha aaa b aaaaaa
awaraaaaa thara la no dlraot ntteatloa to
klad of bolag it la, la that
tho partlaular wdo of boli« vhloh la bolag asaralaods but aolthar la
thara tha Mfrahaaaiaa of tba ^Uddltv m If It bad ao aot of axlataaeo.
Itorof a ^olddlty that is not tb« tulddlty of soeoothiac* :r4ao« form
is tkm vriBSipl* of boineCfonM Mt priaoipium •••«iiti''~*d« llobd, 8,
panlo pMit asd; of. not* 181) and mmhoo is th* OManrnp in whiob th*
thiag «anr«l««s its cot of bsliig, «h«B ths team or ssssaos of a thing
is apprsbsttdsd bgr th* iatsllsot, vsistsooe is in^lloltly in ths apprs-
hsasiOB, snrsB teouc^ only ths nannsr or kind of bsing is aacplieitly
prsssBl to oonsoiousttsss. It is Isft to jvAmanX to eXr* ths saq}lioit
smursnsss of tho aot of being and to sffixn that set. Bsesuss thsrs
srs in things both ssssnos or <2aiddity snd sadstsnos, thsrs ars two
florrsspondiag opsrstloosi Cub ia rs 4hio sint, quidditns rsi «t ssss
sjus, his duohus rsan^ondst teplsx opsratio IntttUsetos (I 3wt« 88, 1,
9 sol.).
For c. fullor trsetesut of this (susstion sss Oilsoa, Ls aislisas
Thsaists. ^« 7, Ts subjsot ooaasissaat," sad «b« 6, n.'sjunrdhsBSiOB
ds I'szlstsaos."

fil« 0SS *• T» Kf. 137-139.

It* tiodl . a, 1 0.

'"'• ikmsSSJIl i9£« <*• ^ ^^*''** n*A<«si« Bogror. p. £7.).

M. £.£• 1, 84 (Md.).

M. £.a. II, 75 (aots aM»d«*~p. 179 b, bot.).

M. I, 80, 4 a« 1.

ty. C.^. I, 68 (Md.).

ae. I, 85, 4 0| of. I, 18, 10 et I, 9R, S st uodl. 7, S O} ds Vsr.

•, 14 S| £.0. I, 86; also dy Vsr. ?1, 3 et WBnqt«o<l(Itts intslllgibils
sst laqfuStaai sst unns tmi sniai non intolllgit tinua, nihil intslligit.

It, I, 88, t e; of. ds Tsr. 8, 14 o (fia.); aodl . 7, 8 o (pria.).

80. £^. I, 86 (msd.).

SI. ds rot. 7, 10 ad 4.

I>. Ysr . 13, 8 at Ad astia oujuslibst oognoseitlTos pot satires

fjs
rs<ittiritur iatsatio. • • latsntio autsa ualua noa potsst fsrri ad nulte
sisaal nisi ftrts ilia nulta hos asds siat ndiavicftt ordiaetf^ . ut acei-
piantur tjuasi lunsa.
I, 80, 8 St 3X sie intsllsotvs nostsr sisMtl intsllisit svtojsetum
St prasdisatuM, preut sunt partss uaius prspositioiiis{ st d o—uijgyls. y
ssnaadw q«sd soavsaivat la «aa ooapsratioas.
ttOdl . 7, 8 (ad fia.it iSt am intslli«it oiaUitudiasB vol dif-
fsrsatim sli^aornn, siastl ixrtsUigit so qiaoruH sst siailit]» tsI dif-
fsrsntia.

85. I rsrih. 3, a. 4.
 94. lU d» ^. 11, a. 747; of. VI Ujjt, 4, a. 1841» 3*4 IIU ooo»»
peaitlo val dirlsle, qua iat«ir««tu« oonjtuaii^t •! Aivldlt mm WMspta,
Mt tuituM in lat«U«ottt, uoa la r«biui« csoaalttlt Malm la mtflw
dttortn atap««a«i«ai» ooaatyloinwii •!• 1U» duo slat idm ••ouadim r*,

^* d» y<r , 8, 7 ad 3,

^* ^^ ^f 1» 1 a* 6< ualo est 4xifln,

i»«4mi qaaa f«elt
uaaa —evadiiJSSi*
luid. aioit
oalo ooaorccstonM •• m^^rfloiftUtflv teuagwH
tl«» • • .t bIU Mt ualo qoao faelt uaaa aluplloltar. aleut ualo ooar-
«laMUNram« ot fbnao «« natarlao. . •} at 14ao oupar uaioaaa addlt eox^
orotlMOB, «d dlffaroBtlam prlneo ualoala. <;^la eoaorcta dlouatur queo
•l^ploltor sunt unun affoota.

8f« I, I4t 14 0} of« I, 85, 6 0.

88. £.£• II, 78 (aalo oad,— p. 179 b, bot.}; of. 0,0, I, 54 (iied.)t
•• <|iiao awl la ••«• ooguaota, UxiaMaa (lUiftaUaotiuraoatar} dlajtiaotlm
aeolpara podMt.

40. I, 88, 5 aA 3.

41. IX Mat. 11, n. IBM.

48. Of. jC.a. I, 89 (wad.) I laooBplom mHob, QLuaatvn aat da aa,

attaaaatlaaraTlqUBB ooBtparatlOBan rA HfillaaitiOBan aA roou tiada da
— aaa arua aaa folaun dial pataatt —^
taalva oom^adMB, la qua
daalcaatur aonvaswllo laeoevlaaiEl ad ram far aolaa aoapoaUlottla aul
dlTlaloola.

48* 1b« aaaqparlaoa of iha apfaraliaBdad aaturaa to raelllgr, of oouraa,

rauulraa and Infolvaa tha Intarraatlaa of tha awaaa and iMiglaatloa,
alaoa ew kaowlaiea bagiaa from amum and la aena way la almtjra radaoad
to aaaaa datat Jttdiolva aoa dap«Utot tastva a raaf^tlooa apaalal, aad
az boo qiuod aa da ({ulbvia iudloaUur, asnlnatar ad all quod prlaolpluta
aosaltloala, alaat da aaaoltialonlbua Jadlaama aaa la prlaelpla v
aolToado. • • aad qeole ivlana prlaelplia oofaltloala aat acoaua, opor>
tat «d aaaaui (luodmaDdD raaolvara aemle da ^mlbue judlo^uaui (j^f Var .
18, 8 ai 8). a— da ttrla. ft, S a far furtbar praolaloaa ragardlai tha
taailaatloa of aav aasutloa.

44. da rot . 7, 1 0.

48. IX j;«t. U, a. 1908.

*•• <»• ^"rXn* net. (ad prla.— Pens., p. 338 a).

 vin JHBK p«c» SM.

47« Ibid .: of. d» lidb4 .. iMft. S (a*d«— Pam. p. 84S b, hot.)t Qste
Mia fonn Ml
twmm
pri»«ipi«i —
w>'
4i, bmmmm* Mt luoA iiihhUiw quanlibvk
habit «ii, habou Mq«allt«r «M9 dlestori I, 14, 4 «t ••• a«4tti-
tuv ttammi d> ifaf tsm. o. 8 (mid.'— sd. boyw, p. is)t Tmt fraMM
«iiB« (lucitt Mft aotvs aatttris*, nBt«ri« «ffieitur wa aetu at hoe all-
quid. Uada illud (juod aiq^aradVMiit noo dat aaaa »otu ^^ifllpIi•itar
MEtariaa, aad aaaa aotu tiae, aiout aoaidaolia fboiuat; ut albade
faait aatu albun.

^* JSS.M£* S> ^ « (pvia.)l of. I sent. 38, 1, 3 aol.i (Xb la ra

due aiat, (^idditaa rai at aaaa ajua, bia doobua raapondet duplats opa-
riitlo i&tellaetua. Ota qm* diaitar a phil«af9hi« fotnatia, tjua appra-
haadit ^aidditataa vrnvm^ qnuta ati« diattar iadiTlalblllua intaUigao-
^^** -^^^ flutflB ooBBapahandit aaaa rai. eonpeaaBto affinaBtioaan, quia
atiflB aaaa rai as ulavla at fMSM aoapoaitaa, a (|iia aocttitiooan aaai-
pit, aonaiatit in <futam aoa^aitioBa fbnaaa ad astarim val aoaidantia
ad aabJaatuB.

41. Z, 14, S ai 1. fha fusotion of tg, ba ^

^^* Judflaant aa ttia
aiflAof tha raal aot of baing of tha thing will ba diaauaaad a llttla
a fttUy ragaydim tha propoaitloa.

BO* C^* X* 69 («^ Md.).

*^« i&ISL* ^* 3 •! «'• I3:z j||> j£. U, a. 760t IntaUaatoa noa

aat va>ua aut falaoa, ct*i» intti.laetaa aat iaooaplaoaorum, qui
aatioa Tarus sut ftlaua aat (HuuitHB ad id q[ttod intalligitar. Varitaa
MiiB at falaitaa aaoaiatit ia ({uA« adaatpiatieaa Tal ooBpantiana

laotua. »
uaiua ad altaiMM, quaa quidaa aat ia aoMpaaitiaaa val diviaiaaa iatal-
aaHaK ia iataUlsibUi iaaaNyUaa.
I, It, t at Coi autaa onaia raa ait vara aaouadui quod babat pro*
pviaa faaiTi aatovaa auaa, naaaaaa aat tpioA intallaatua, iniuaatvai aat
aoffwaaaaa, ait Tavua iaquoatiaa habat aiailitudini rai aogaitaa, quaa
aat ftnraa ajua ia^aaatiai aat aagaaaaaaa. St prvptar boa par ooafand"
tataa intallaettta at rai Taritaa dfafiaitur. ttada awurooaitatai iataa
aasBoaaara, aat oagacMMara varitataa. H«m autMt nullo nodo aaaaua
>aeit; Uaat aaia viaua hidMMt alailitudiaaa viaibilia, aaa tMan
>aoit aoa^aratiooaa cfuf aat iatarsara viaaa at Id ^uod ipaa afpr»>
haadit da ae. Intallaatua autaa aoafonaitataa a«i ad ram iotalligi-
bilaa aa«aaaaara pattaati aad tcawa aaa appraivaadit aaa aaaaadua quad
imantnll da aliq(aa ^^Md (|uid aat| aad qiaaada judiaat *m ita aa
habara alout aat fana quoi da t% apprahandit, tunc^iao oognoaoit
at dicit TaruB. rt boa faait OBajpaaaada afl diTidaado.
71 Mat. 4, n. 1836 1 iBta&laettta aat«B habat i9ai •• alailitudlaai
rai Ictalleatea, aaoundua ^uod ri?timiaa ineo^ylaaorua aoaeipit; aoa
tMMa piaptar boa ipa» aiailitudiaaa dijudioat, aad aelua aw aoapoait
rai dirldit. Cua aaia intallaatua aaaeipit boa quad aat nataal ratio-
ala aortala, epud aa aiailitudinaa boaiaU habat; aad aoa preptar boa
aosaeaait aa hnaa aiaUltudinaa habara, quia mm jadiaat boaiaaa ——
aainal ratioaala at aartolat at idao ia baa sola aaooada oparatioaa
 Pttfi* 307.

iatfliLl«otu» Mit rmrittm at fel«itn«c MtsaAuHi aon nolum lnt«l>

qmfla
I««tiMi h«l>«( •iBilltuAlacB rai iat«llMtf«», saA •%!«» mpw
ipsom bImI-
litttdittam r*fl4Mtitur, ooaaMO«BA» vt 41Judi««ii4» lp««i« Bs his lgl4ttr
p«t«t, qiuod T«rltas aon ««t in ratousa Mkl •eXiat ia aaota, ttt «fti«& in
ooa^sitiotM at divlsioii*.

08. IT I4t. 17, n. 796 (4«Ol«4 p* 7X); Of. a. 740.

B8« d> Y«r« I, 8 ad 3 (>iuo««4 p. 71); ef. d» :?fit « Qaa . «• 9} alM

II M«t, g, n. 288t M«« r«i ••% cauaa T«rui «il«tin8feiOBls qwai bmui
hab«t' 4* r*.

54. I oant. I9» B» 8 ml.

S8« Ibid ., a. 1 Ml.
86. IM4 .. «4 7} of. IX i6at. II, a. 109Gt mm* Torua e« fnlsuta in
nihil eliud MTl (fum ogMponi vt dividi. ^Atd* q.ui pMtat diTidi
^{Mi aat diviiMBi in w m
O , T«nw Mt ia auB opiaionat ut qui putat
l—rtwa non aeaa Hainan «it aiiailitar qui putat acM^MBi tiuod Mt ooai-
paaitiaii ia r«l»ua« ut (Hi pufeat hflaiinaw aaaa aaiaalt aXas an. 189T-M.
To h« is oi0Ufi«« fear MV
off aaB«r«(ll<a» jSftI!S&* 7, 8 ad 7i . . • osso
sieBlfiostnar par aodtaai aoaoratioais.
siaco txutb, %Am
fanMUy. is ttia ^prahaadod aad attostod ado-
(joatioa of tho ailstanoo of ttio thias (uad of Iftio iatoUool, it oooucrs
ia thm jivdtimatt whars thet ooafoxBit/ is affiraedi I 3ant . 19, 8, 9
ool.t Cob onia ratio Taoritatia ia ^otiona aoaplaaitiar iakaUootus, ot
tliiid—Biilwa hidNMit ipmn asso rai; ^ioivs do aritato ooquitur
Jadieiva do oooo roi ot do intolloota.—I 'swit. as, 1, 1 ad It Tartio
odo dieitur osao ciood siffdfltot varitotvi eosqwsitioais ia ]^Popoai>
tioaitouo, aaoaadtsB ggod oot dioitw oopolai ot sooynd w
boo ost in
iatoUoottt oeaqpoaaato ot dividoato qaautva od sai oas^lanaatwii sod
faaUtar ia aoaa roi, ^uod oot aotos osaaoliao.— I Parih. 3, a. 9t
Ostaosooro nut on prnodietaBi ooafMaitetis hebitodiaaB nihil aat i&ius
q^HM Jttdiaaro ita osso ia ro toI aea oosot quod ost aewponsr a ot diTi-
doro; ot idao iDtallootus non oognosoit TOTitaitfln, nisi oenpoasaio
T^ dividaadB par sunn jadioiaa. :nod <ittidsr. judieivs, si ooasonat
robtts, arlt vovon, pota eaa intalloettto jndioot T§m oooo <]aed ost,
rA noa oaao uuod aoa oot. rdlsuai ootaM <ittaado dissoast a rm^ puts
aoa jadiaet aaa oooo quod oot, toI osso qaoA aoa ost. IKido potot
qaod varitao ot falsitas aiout ia ooffMSsaato ot dieonto aoa ost nisi
eirOB aoBvoaitioaam at dtvisiOBan.

67. do Trin . 6, a e,

68* CO. I, » (ad fia.)j of. ^ Var. !»• 1« • (•4.)» «• «*

ooffStlo porfoota dso Mboott soilieot asooptioaoai, ot judioiwi
do aoeoptis. • .

B». K.g., HI do ^. U, n. 790.

iO. do Var. 8, 7 ad 3.
 .

61. I, as, S «A 9.

il. S«g«» XU ii ^* ^^» &• 74^ < ^tado avkMi (jEnt*lI«o%ui) e«Bpoait,
fit a— tat«lllglbU» • • • uo4 si luttilootoa fattiet ooBPoaUloawi • .
• 11 aio oonpottlt. fttRMBS oi»qi>osltlQB«B«— IX at. ll. a. 189et Cun e«1t«i
iBlallMtM HBMBgmWI fOWMtt • • •# Opttr««t qVOA la MMpMltiS aMb-
•taal&ls IpM Mapoaltlo fMm* td «k»«v1m • • • Ml «tl«i «aposltle
fteoid«ati« ad adbjeetua, rMpoBd««t qcoMl fttadaMatuat «% oaum «rit«itl8,
— upoaltlonl, cftmk inftaXleotus l&tirlua ft>BB«i» «t aKBrialt voe*.

68* lb* two t«BM «• Ibv thd aoat pwpt lyaamMnMit «• «Fp«ar« to
• eartaia «aeft««t ia th« t«rts •Irmir swui aad «i^ b« anr« •pparwal
khaaa t«il«h ara «o fallor. Y«t ttM«r da li«ra a aaaMhat difTwaal
ftatioa* PapgWKiltiao ia oft« uaad ia a aooltKl daeliag with ra»-
aattaaiatioa uaad aa a piraalaa la a ajrllotlvu
(K.8.t I-II* 90, 1 ad 8t aat iavaaira ia ratioaa praotlaa ^aad Ita aa
habat ad oparatleaaa, aloot w habat wopaaitlo ia ratiaaa apaeiaativa
ad ooaelualaaaa; I 3 oat. Aaal. 36, a. lit ^^Uoglaai prlnolpla aunt
pvofoaitloaaa} XI aara. 8, a* 8t pvoyoaitioaaa igrllosiMi vm% oausa
aeaalttaiamai} a* 9t «x t«BdLala pvopoaitiaaaa aaaatitultur aoaaluaiot
uada aaoaadwa taoo pvopoaitlonaa dleaattur netarla eoaolualonia; a. 10:
priaoipiua diaattraua ratioaia ia aoAOluaiaa* aat ax propoaltloaibuas
I Pjwt* Aaal» 4, a. 10 1 naaaaaa aat qfnod dannatratiYa aaiantla. • •
pxooadat m propoaltloalbua varla, priada at laMdlatla,} IMa ia aot,
howavar, tha aaoliwiTa uaa of tha tam "rarepoaitiaa", b«t oftaa it naaaa
aa anuaelatloa ia emamml, {am taxta qitwtad: X, 86, 8 at latallaetua
BMtar alml iatalli€:it aabjaatwi •! preadieotiaa, preut auat partaa
aaitta propoaitioaia; uodl. 7. z ei da Var. 6, 14 a; elao I 3ant » 33,
1, 1 ad li aaaa qiiiad aigaifleat Tarltataa aoapMltloala ia paropoai-
tloaibua • • • Aaadatur ia aaaa rai.)
awaeiutiop. Ilka '*word'*, can ba altbar tha lnta(rael or tha axtar-
aal aaja-aaaioa ia «li«t ia oo&aalTad, aad aaaua, Ilka 'Nwrd", to bo do-
aaniaatad fMs tha axt^aal axivaaaiOB* Ita otynaXoor firau a»awiti«ro.
*to aaaouaeo ftoth", "to apaak out", auggaata thia. Uer^omt, it la
plaood ia tho ganaa oratjo. tha otanaologir of whiflb la givaa aa 2dl
aad ratio, aaeaiag tha aaQMroaaioa of aoa» eet of roaaoa throttiSi tho
MVthfit awt. 10, 4, 1, aol. 1), ttBd ea auoh la a apaoiaa of axtar-
aal oord { vo« aitfaifio^tiva) (I Parih . 1, a. 3, t 0, a. 2). Ita aatwial
parta. furthaaaora, ara oouaa aad varba, both eloo toooa siaSASlSSSi^SSS,
(Ibid. . 4, a. 1). That •oouaoiatioa" U aot aotolualTaly aa o«t»Bal
Wjaoaalaa of thmi^t, bat alao tho istaraal ooapoiinrt tant fli>fowa fM«
tho faat that it la anid to bo ooaatitutod bgr Hkm oparatioa of tho iatol-
loot aad ttMl it la oallad eta Intamal word (a.g», .\iodl . 5, 9 at Sat
aataM dvvlaa oparatio IntaUaotua. . • ima qjaidai qaao tooatur ladiTi-
aiblUiBi iBtoUigantia, par (ioctt lataUootaa fannit ia aoipao dofial-
tiooM, tOI aoaooptiM alioujua iaecnploal* Alia aat«R oparatio aat
latoUootua ooavoMatia at dlTidaatia, aaoiadw qimb tomtit amaatla-
M vtna^ao iatocMa par oporatioaaa iaiaUoetua ooaatitutorua
I).
 mi
Hf objMiliT* m—ning of wauBelaitioni it is the \mm lJit<i^li^tiiX»
fttMMl ^
JiiilpMnt. (;>«• te Vjr. a, 7 et (liit«U«otu^ in mipao int«l-
lltiblXia flB8Mitt J^» ^'A* !<* OS fomav* «wistial>lUe • • • wauBtletioaflB
faanMAdD; uojLl , 4, 17 e: id«i «MUiti«bll« tuaiidoqa* Mt Tvna, (jueiUlo-
qiM fal«mTlSiii «t ob« 8t p«r%«« «aatttlabilia Muit yEmadlootwi vt mb-
jMtwi •% oo«pMlt&0{ 1, 16, 7 «t tiiwilUbll* «iiiB Mt la iatail«etu vt
la voo«}»

64* I, as, S ad 8t ef. I. 96, 4 ob. 9t MMmtintiOBM • • • suztt

•IgMt oaa90«itloiii8 ct dlTlsionis in latttll*«tui I tSSt. 19, 5, 1 ad 7i
ifmitmm vt fiadsitas proporla iaranltur is Mouada op«atloaa at la lAgaa
ajua, <)jaa4 aat aauntlatlot I i<Bri3Bi « 7, a, 9i dlaitur eutan la anuatle-
tloaa aaaa vanai val f alaun, alcut ia altfM iatallaataa vari val f alai •

••• 4a Var» 6, 14 (fla.); of. modi . 7, n at ocixtlaglt alaul pluva

latalllcara • • • ax vmitata ajua ojiod latalligltur, aallieat inamto
plura latalllipttttttr «rt tnun • • • Qilaui) oun Istalllgit pvopoaitioa«i,
latalll«lt alaul aubjaotun at parf>adlafi>t«ila{ I, 58, Z o,

M* MSSL' »• 7 «A 9 (ojttotad p. 33f).

67. Ibid ., a.

68. Ul da ja« H. B. 748.

69. t&a tasn ia l»pU«d, ibid , aa. 760-61, by ooatrt&at with lat«>l-'
llgibila ia<wplaBPan.

70. Ibid .. 761 & 760,

71. c;.s«» ^l'ot « 8, e ad 6t p« aa ent«ai praadlaatur nllquid da

ali.^o, q^iad praadlaatur da ao aaonadi pgctpeimi ratlanaa; I foat.
L. 6, a. 5t afrinuttlo ...
praadlaat allciald da allquo.

7S« VXI ^rt . IS, a. 1576t . • • qjoaatwi ad praadlo«tlOB«i, qoaa

aat aataa mtlaala.

73. da Jatta at ma, a. 4 (ad fia.— od. Jcqrar, p, 30) t Fraadloatlo

«ala aat qjaaddaM ;iM»d anvlfftur par 6atlOB«B iatallaotua ecppaMKtia
at dlTldaatlat af. I Pwt. Aaal. 35, a. It ^d la:;iafla atttaa i i—uul tar
partiaat oonaiderara praadloatloaam uaiTaraelitar.

74. X Parlfc* 9, a. 6.

76. I, 5. 4 ad 2.

76. X, OB, 4 a,

77. I Par lb . 3, a. 4.
mmw^i^ mm p«i» mo.

78. a» Pot« 7, 1 01 In owii evlMR oonposlto qsoalieiMqiM oeapMl-

tiooe, oport«t pot«iti«i a«tui oomlsoarl. la oavosltis «! Ttl
vmm mmm «s qHibu m% ooq^lUe •w!% la potwlifli ad altaraa, tit
»%«!• ad ftf
ii, wbj««t«ai ltd aaeldMM. 8«nw ad diff«raall«B{ «!
altan oibm pisrtaa aunt la potaatie ad totun.

79* da 3ptr« Qraat, 1 ed It fioi aaala fOfaa, la<i(iaBtuB hajaaaodi,

aat aaitaa; oiaa autaa aokjaatoa awy>aimltt> ad id aujua aat •id>Jaotiim,
at potaatia csd aotura*

00. tX Ijaft. 11, a. 1896t «'• i£ SSL* ^* ^^ '"^ *< ^^ <"^ aliqua
daa ita mm iM^aaat qaod uaHB ait ratio iatalllgaadl aliud, amoa aonn
aorit ^aaai faiaalot at aliad ^juaai aat«lt<lat at ala iUa duo amt
«» iatallicibila, eua as ibnaa at Bataria aaon eoaatituatur. ttoda
iatallaotua, ^uendo intalliglt Rlicjaid p«r nltanw, intalli^t unaa
Intallii^ibila.

U. I rarih. 0, a. 11.

tt. X, id, 8 ••

88. I Parih> 10, a. 89 (aata aad.}*

84. Ill, 16, 7 fid 4; Of. ibid., a 9 ad 3t acnaa ... aaouadun

«nad paaitar la aobjaato tcaatar kto avppooitdi aaaaadUM (luod paaitur
la iraadioato rafavtair ad aatasraai.

65. I igat . 4, e, & Ob. St of. IX liiat . 11, n. 1896: (ln*«U>aetua)

aeoipit Id ttt ia alio aatiataaai n
Matt. 4, a. 1888 1 I4aitur ntoK bio
affitaatio niHfpiialtio, quia atcaiflo»t praadiCBtiiB iaaaaa auibjaate.

88. I Faarih . 8, a. 8.

•T, I SgSt» ^^« '^^ ^«

^* 4» Prop, kbdnl. (pria.). Uodal pvopoaitiaaa ara tbaaa ia which

%a mrf oo^oaitiea of oabjaot to pradioata ia di8«miaad ia a apaoial
war, ••8«» M
pooaibla or aaaaaaarjn '*^^*m (aodai) datandaat aospo-
aitioaaa ip«a praodioati ed aubjaetvn, at ewTdioitur" aoarataa aur-
Tmrm aat lopooaibila" at ob ho« aolo noda dioitor yropoaitie aodalla;'

^* *• yalldaila. o. 10. Iba tarsiaoloiior "aaaaet ixOly" aad

"aeaidaBtalljr ia found ia 1 Parib . 8, a. 9, whara tha ({uaatioa ia
vaiaad liMfthar ovary parodiaata oaa bo aaid to bg, Ja a etftjaat, or
ahothar tbia oaa ba aeid ealjr of aaaidaBtal prodioataa, nnd aaaantial
prodlaataa oaa bo aaid oaljr to bo wrodioatod of a adbjoot. Iho ocoia
diaoimiioa tppliod to aabotaaaoa ia takoa up in VI X Mot. 19, a. 1878-
78| alao da ttet. Qoa. e. 7 (ad fia.).
witm^^ atm p*** mi*

90* I F»»» . t^nal , 13, a. B; of, do lot. 7, •, «b« ••

•I* I £22i- ifiti:* 10, ft. ?.

**• iiiSi* a, S ad 6, Qm prSaolpal t«xt» (ar« I Poat . AnaX . 10,

• • - fT mil *. 38, M. 4 - 9} 34, B. 9{ 35, ft. 4| V Mti. 9, im.
i - 888t ibid .. 7, aft. 843 > 847{ IV Hot. 2, na. ft4B & S&4| ibid ..
7, aa. 68£ - 63&| da Bat» 9% gaa.. e«. 3 & 4; CG. II, 68} d« ot. ^,
4 (ed. iiariatti, p. 273 b) ; I, 76, 3, •{ I, vi^lS «.

*'• ^ i^SSl* i£i!^* 10> ftft* 3 & 4{ £.9. II, 91 (ad |Via.— p. 2^3 a,
top) ; VII M«t. 3, na. 13U » 1318.
94. V L9t, 9* BB. 888 « 887| of. ibid .. U, a. 908} I Pot . /J>«1.
83, B. 4.

M. I, 39, 6 Ob. 2. iho otetasoBt ^uotod ia aot rojoetod 1& tho

eaavoT} oaljr tho applioetioa bdo of it. Cf . I Soat . 4, 2, S ob. 3.
.

98. V ^w^. 11, a. 908.

97. I, 85» 8 ad 3, aocofid pert.

^•iSlSl* 8, 8 ad S.

99. IV I'tA, S, a. 818} of. ibid .. 7, n. 6S8t boM ot Hlbm ouat

diT«roa —mnSum ratioaom, lloot aial id«a mSbjootot £«SL» ^Z* S8s
QBBO attrllNMitiir alioul eidaa ooouadna di'TM^aaa tvwumd^ pveodioaatiur
do iaviOMi p«r nooidflooi albwif enla Oleitttr oooo ipiiCMB p«r aooidwi,
igalm aoowatl aooidit albodo «l anolea (of. I, 76, 3 o).

100. in a<ftt . 7, 1, 1 6d 6} of. I yoo%. abbI . ss, a. 8.

101. lY ^ot. 7, a.

1(». VII i/'ot. 8, a. 1888} Of. Ibid. 3, a. ISeSt Q«nw «Kt«B aoa jvoo-
WttOBMI, aod par aaaiat ifu Hoao «iia
dioatvr do opooiobaa por p«rtiolp«tioa«a,
oat aaiaal oaaaatialitor, bob aelun eliquid ealBialia pcortieipnaa. . .
Spooloa oalM aoa oo h«^oal ad goaHO aievt propria goaorio paaaio} aad
lovt id qood oal p« oaaaati wi IdaB goaari>.

103. do rot. 8, 4 ad 2.

104. I ^|9t. 3, 4, 8 ad 1.

108. VII Mat. 14, a. 1898.

106. Ill 3Mt. 10, 1, 1, aol. Q.

wrmmi
^^' «>• «B>» t 5—. 0. S (•« fla.— ad. Bogrw, 9* »)• sm th«
vhol* «h«|i»«. Cf, ^ Vajr, 21, I c,

109, dm j>f •t ^SM» 0. 4 (ad fln.-~p. 30).

110. Z, 13. IS ••

Ul. Cf • I, 66, 6 oA 3t MqpMitio ij]*«ll«otiui Mt aignUM Uiotlta-

tia MTW <|Mi« ooapoMOitur.

US. It 1« ocdUd lb* oopulat T Mgt. 9, a, SMi j^io41. 9, 3 e; I

a«Bt. 33, 1, X «d 1; tf Kttt. U0II . «• 3 (pMt BMiA.),

U3. uoCl. U» 1 •« 1} of. I Sogl. 19, S, 1 uA 1:

4Hiplloit«rt uoD node* Meuadiai quod wa
Aleitur
•l«Bifio«t ••MbtlMi r«rum
w
FTOttt dlTidltuv par dM«i «(«B«nt alio ao«B, —gmntiiw quod w» sIa-
nlflMt oaapo«tti<m«B ^^^mi aalm fuelt} V taal . 9, a« 695: io&lt Q'hllo-
aopbua) allWB aadm tntu, aawtBdun <|uod aaaa at jg^, algalfiOAst ooiapa-
aitloMm jv^paatUasU, qiimi fceit Intollaotaa awppawana at dividaBa;
caiodl . 9,8 at aaaa dialtur duplleltar. • . Itas iBda, aaauaduB quad aal
copula arbalia aisBifloana aoaqpaaitlaMn oujuelibat anuntiatlonla qvaa
aalaa faaiti vnda tea aaaa aaa m% cdlquld ia rann nstura, aad taattm
U aaltt aalaaa naafoaialla al dtvldaatla; I Sank* 33, 1, 1 ad Tar> U
tlo nodo dleltur tw^aa (fftod atanifieet varitataa oaBQK>8ltio&le la propo-
altloBlbua, aaaiaftii quod jft dlaltur aepula; £•£• X, 12. (p. 10 b)i
... aaaa tood aiffilflaa!! eeaqyoaltloaaBi intalTaotua. It la tta nadiua
of ettributloi^II rarlb . £, a. &.

^^* I i^Bl* ^» l» 1 ** 1; et« da ^ot. 7, 8 ad It iwida^a (a

a% aaaa) algalflent TaritataB propoaitlmiiat V U9f%m 9, a. 896: Ss tea
aala quod eliquid la ranm aatura aat, aaqultur varitaa at falaltaa la
propoaitiana, ^uea latallaakua algalfieat par tea rmthvu ai^. praut
•&% TaartMaia aopula; I, 48, S ad 8t <Mia aodo dloitur ana quod Am^-
fiaa% Taritataa pm^paaitlaala, qtioa la eoavoaiilona oaaaiatit, eujua
anta aai boa ^mif^m a|i»» da Mat, Pan, a. 3 (BMid.)t arit9a eutan pro-
poaltioaia aloaif iaetur par tea varbun aat .

US. IX Mat * U, a. 1900. Ibla paaaa^ aontlaoaat aaa aaaa Tare,

quod alealflaat aagatia, tollit aoaq«aitioaan, at dadLgaat plurelit»-
taa at dlTaraltat«i«

116. I, 85, 6 ad 3.

U7. Ill da ^, U, n. 749.

lie. uodl. 7, z a; of. I« SB, 2 ot latall^atua aoatar aloul latal-

ll«lt aabJaatuM at praadiaatua, pvovrt auat partaa ualua prapaaltlaala:
nlaa VI fc^. 4, B« 1289.
mumtmnii wuBm pi^t ses.

Vmih , £>» lu 8Si Oum.voliaua alenifiOHrtt qunBteaB(]u« fofaiM

1X9. I
t«kIaetum ftOtutilltar ln»<y alloul 8ubJ«oto, aigalf iofmw ILlod par
hoc wbo
Mt. a«i also tlM ««i%« oltad Itt aota M.
ISO* I .^apt. 43, I» I »d li lUud qtiod raapoBdat potaatina peaal*
vaa, qpMl p«rfa«tio ait ocu^laBMHrtttK, AOtua OleAtuf* B» pvoplar hoa
amis fiMRM tititiim dieitur; fla siplr. Craftt. 3 oi oamla fonan aot aatoat
at par oonsaquana aat ret to unitatla q^ ellquid ast imua; uo41 , I,
6 at raa tial»«l aaaa par twmmti tiada at par fonMM raa hnbat unltataou

1^. 119M , S (i^rnXo poat zaad.— ad. Parei. p. 348 b, bot.)t of* 1*
<!•
75, ft ai Bmm 4ut«M aa oonvanlt fonwa, qiuia Mt rotua. UMa amtaria
•aauadMi hea eaqalrit aaaa in aotu, qood naqulrit fMnsMoi} £•£• IZ, 54t
VDoma autaa patasi dial (jtap a||»t, aaaundum quod eat aaaandriprlitelpluni
da Prltt. Kfit , (eid ^1&«): fomA f(^oit aaaa in eatut "^t ^* 1 «>^ It
PrUua ant«B affaotua taamm aat aaaa, aan aanla raa hebat aaaa aaaun-

182. da£J., 7, S ad 9.
Iflt, I rarih . S, n. SB.

1S4. I aant . 19, 9, 1 aol,

18». Ibid , ad 5.

IM. ZI rarlb . e, n. 2.

las. XI imrUk , S, a. a.

1^9, I ijHl^. 9, &• 4.

lao. nx *sat. 17, a. IMS.

m. <jaa C.O. ZZ, OS li B4«

13S, <lo >x»t» 6, 1 cid XX. .ijaa flh. IIZ, Xaat aaatloa.

XSt. Z Gent . 19, 0, X aoX. (aMd.)t of. Ibid ., ad 7i Varltsa at

faXaltaa propria Inva^tur in aaouxidn oporntiOBa, at la atgno ajua,
qpad aat aoMBtlatlo.

X34. C.O. X, 89 (srln.).

ISO. imm eh. Z?, p. SG c«id acta 1; tila» VI Mat. 4, a. xetSt ana
qpad dieitur tp»m»i anai at bob ana quod dieitur cjuaai f^XauB} a. XSSSt
aaa at aoa mm^ aoiXiaat TaeraB at talaiaii; a. X848i aaa quod algalfient
nmmn^^ mam pantm.

136. m jgfi
/«• U. nil, 747 It 760>61g £.0. I, M.
IS?, IX j^. U, a. 19U. 3M the vboU paraorait,

laB. ?• 9, a* 890} ef. VI i-^, 4, a. ISSSj em •nln intArro^^BdRBW

:*9t »
•i haw Mt aalaBl, MafKNtutolttV (food mrt; pm Ciuod slaniflOAtur, propo-
•Itlc

139. V Ml. 9, a. 096{ Cf. Ill cnt . 6, S, S( IX eat . 34, 1, 1 •©!.;

UPOl. a, 3 o.

140. SM All, VI pp. 186 - 198 aod MtM 47 & 61.

141. VX 2Urt. 4, Q, 1841.

14«. C.£. I. 08.

143. Ill <1« JO.. U, a. TBlt of. X-n, 90, 1 ed '^} II-II, 47, S «k4 3.

^^* ^o^> 'Jf 3 «} o'* m

i^oat. 6, c, S aol.: aaa* • . . dloitwr
UBO aoAa MMtuAoi quod •l«Dtfloat «ntat«a pcopoaltioals, aaeuadm
quad aat aopula •••;•( hoe •••• aea eat la re, aed la meate, qane
eoajun^jlt pnEiedieetm oum aubjeeto.

146. V Ugi, 11, a. 918t Ideatltea est uaitea vel uaio; nut eat eo
({tiodLlla qoaa dleaatur Idea, aunt plure eeeimdun eeae, et tenHi di-
ittatur id«H laquaatura la cdiauo uao eaaventtaxt. Aat tiale auafc uaum
aeeuadun eaaa, aed lateUeetua utitur ea at pluribua ed boe ^piod rele-
tlen« iBtaUiOBt, Haa im
potest InteUigl relet lo aial iatw dtae e»-
tr«Be. sioiit am dioitur ollquld esse ld«i albi ipsl. Tuae eola iatel-
Isetos ualttir es owed est vmm eeeaaftw r«i« ul teatous. ^lias ejaad«i
ed ssipsun relatiOMB dssi gisrs aoa posset* Uads patet, quod si rele>
tie ssBQMr requlrit duo eat y
aa, et la hujuanodl relntleiaibus aoa aiat
duo eatri ssmaadtai raa aed aeeondam latelleetuM aelum, reletlo ideo-
titatle aoa erlt rslatio realia, aed ratleale te«taa, sseuaAaa ({tied
eli^ld dieltxur Idas eirapUeiter.

146. It 06, 4 e. $%eB «s speek thos «e ere referriaB to the reln-

tioa af attributioB or predloetioa, la nrhieh the predleate of the
propoaltiaa la the eubjeet of the relctioa. It would be peeeible to
ooBslder the reletlaa la the otbmr dlreetim, Mkia« the aubjeet of
the pxopoeition Ite aubjeet. We should thaa heve the relation of
eubiieiblllty or of eubjeetloa. Slnee subjeet aad foredioete are eoi^
relative, we alwoya h«ve ti e iuo reletioaa et the aeae tiae. Out in
ea nieh aa the predieete le the fovnal ead determlaiag pert of the
propoaitiM (aad thtrefore the aaat iafbviaBtiva), the relation of the
predieete to the sdbjest is the nore laportent. iMsXo, whieh studies
thiasa fvoa Uae vleapoiat of their fbnnal priaoiplee, etudiee the pro>
poaitlon &l«o prlneipally fron the point of view of the detansinatioa
wnwwi mm, pag* aes.

•ff•et«d la th* Mb jM% by th« jradlopte, tJiA th«r«far» la nor*

dirMtly liit«reatad In ttia ralatloa of tha pr*<Uo«%« «« th«
md)je«t
WHaa Tie* rarM,

14?. da Snf at Saa. e, 4 (ed fin.— ad. 3oy«r, p. 30).

!<•• «» Trln . 5, 3 (prla.X.uotad p. 831),
 p«c« aee.

!• Z PMt. Ami. Xt n. 4; cf. d£ V«r« ;i4, 8 ed 1: Ratio quoadoqu*

MMitur Inrs* pro odbI inHrt«riali eognltioo*. • • Mio w»de Molpitur
VMpvl* pro !eofsaitlvn otn dlsourm.

S« G^, X, C7 (i9lB. A. sod.).

9« do Vtr. 8, 1& o; of. I, 03, 4 ot T^atloalaHrl autom projarlo oot

dovmiro OS uao la oo^jaltloiMn oltorlus.

4. X, 7t, 9 0.

5. I, m, 4 e; of. Ibid . B. S} X, 9Rt B e.

6. II r^oat . 2, 1, 3 ool.

?. do Vor . 14, 1 e (laod.).

e. I, 79, e o.

10. £•£. 1, D7 (p. S8 b, bat.).

U. Ibid, (nlddlo of p.).

12. I, »• 3 o; of. I, 79, 9 01 art ontOM netua rRtlonlo

qpiidm aottto do ttoo In allud pflrToalMui.

IS. Ill >>oa». ai. £• 4 aol.

14. I, 66, 8 0.

15. 1, &3, I «td 8t aottto oalotoBtls In potMtlo oo% ROtua luipor-

footl.

16. I. oe, 3 «d 1.

IT. Yliot. 1, n. 780} of. n. 788.

18. I, 14, 7 Ot prooodOBtoo o prlnolpllo ed ooncloaloneo.

19. I, 89, 4 0.

ao. I, 68, 4 0.

21, do Tor. 8, IQ o) of. I, 8S» f oi It 81 ottloo la uno Inopoeto

olaal Hllud laoplolMtur, olout la opoeulo Ini^loltur olaul U»0» rol
ot vooi aoa oot ^of%ov toe (eognltlo) dlaourolT«i aloo Hf Yor. s, 3
«*d 3.
 tt. £.0. I. 97 (p. 88 •)i.9t, X*>II> 8| 8 ei TTUio oliciuia Intal-
11^ t iiNifrpriiielpifi saou&duB ••{ poitaodiMi sutaR i»t«lliglt •• la
lpsi« ooaoluaionllMui Mwnrtiw qwd MMWtlt ooMluslonlbua propt«r
priJMlpu.

!•• d£ v<r , S, 3 &« 3.

A4. X, Vf , 9 0.

89. I Pot , AMd, 3, &• 3; of. ibid ., a. It I& Ipsia qttid«i priaoi-
plis vraMttc&itls prMMOCBoaeltor oonelu»io, aoa Autcn aetut sio «alm
la 9i,M prtt««ciotlt| I» 88, 4 e: x «o4«b pvovMlt quod lnt«ll»etua
apat«r latslllfjlt diamnrraate, «ft ocaqNmaate at dlTltftiido, aat hea aal-
lioat v^uod Qoa atntioi la ppiaa apfvabaaaleaa elleajua prtml apfrahMai,
polaat laapleara qald<iuld la ao nrluta oontiaalari Z, 1, 7 at aua
fata aalanllR vlrtuta ooatlaaetur ia priaalplla. • •

tS, £•£• I, 87 (eafea t'«d«}t ef« 1 i-;oa» . AiiaX . 3, a« 6: Id 'iuod

ogaia addlaait • • • aamt aotuM paftantla alTa Tlrtuta.

87. da Var, 14, 6 o.

ii8« da lattar« notlva or acuaa of aaaantt ••<« to ba tba naaalas

of tha «ovd ia tha pt^aaBtsa^ tor It aooo oa to aagr tli^ If oaa arra
racavdiac tha priaaiplaa (ead haaaa doaa aot hava «i wadarataadlas of
thmk) m<toaa aaH sraap tha faraa of tta vaaaeaiag CMrla ratieelaatloaio
aoa acajarafcaatot*), ha wlU. aot bora kaowladga of tlxa eoneXualozLa, If
ha al e aaa tha fwroa of tha waaeatag, thla fearoa ia aot a aotlTo or
otntm far him, thoac^ it is wMh ia Itaalf t etai thia aaacm to ba tha
ratio rafarrad to.

88. I-XI, 88, 8 «4 1; of. I-II, 41., X »d 1; 1X1 :^ant . '37, 1, X ad

Xi Tirtua hie aoa auMitur pro habltu aad oaanuBltor vro onml eo quod
potaat aaaa lariaeipliai oXlmiua op«r«tloala TaX c»tua.

90. IV 98Bt. 46, X, X aoX. £ ad X| of . ibid . X, X, 4 aoX. 8.

3X. Z, X4, 7 ej ef. X-II, S7, 2 ad St Prlaoipla danonatret Ionia

poam&t aaoraua ooasidarnri, aba^iua hoe (jaod eoaaidaraatur ooncXu-
aioaaa. Poaaont otian eonaid«rari aiaal auai eoaoXttaioaibua, prout
priaoipia ia ooaoXuaiQaaa daduettatur, Ooaaidarara aroo hoe aaeuado
oda priaalpia paortiaat Ml aaiantiaa.
88. I->II, 8, 3 0} of. I, 63, 4 et sieut aa habat ia oognitlria
priaaipivn ad aoaaXu8ioa«i, eui propter prlnolplR aaaaetlaua. . .

98. I-II, X2, 4 0.

94. Ill .voat. U, X, X aoX, 4.

gyjinp j;y am pm^m

M. te ¥£• a, u 0.

80, XZ ViarB m 5, &• B.

**• ^ £&il« ifiti!* ^* >^* ®*

40. I, U, 7 e.

4L. ¥1 ^t« X, a. 1146 • DiU is loplieitljr auld of hWM

tloa i^an it is daoied that eoaAs kaow ia this wuy; thovit^ thtgr ean
know a igrlloglaft, ttngr do aot igrllofissi "bba fsMO l%a qtaod Mgal-
tiOMM vcritstis icMta* aoqulraBl v^lloglwuBio oausts la ««iMrta, «
•I «t esBMtis la eauaaa." (Z, 08, 8 ad 8).

48, Camffun a iAailar dlatlxiotioa of tha oparatloa aad that vAii^

la •ignifiada onda ragavdlag jud«Mat} aa un oparctloa it ia always
«Q^positl«at ^)Hil Qonaldarad fion tha vlaapoiat of what la kaowa, it
is aithar on^oaition or dlTisi<m (1 Ferih , 3, &. 4, a«a p, 886) •

43. I, 68, a 0,

44. £.2« I» 87 (eats nad.)| ef. •Mat, £, a. TTSt jdropositioaas

. • • aaaaailtta virtutaa aaroa • • • aa kabaat la ratioaa oauaaa affl-
oiaatia*

^* ^l 3SUL» ^9 <^« ^^*

^* I i:ssi* ^JmJ" 3, a. 1,

47, I, S8, 4 e.

4B, X J^. 1, a. &.

48. asa on* I, pp, 7 - 10, aad «h. V, p. 180, aapaaially I-IX, 90,
I «d 2t ia opaaribua ratioaia ast ooasidarara ipsua QOtaa ratioais,
<ial ast latallicwa at rntioelBeri, at nliguld par hujaaaodl aatoa
oofMtittttiau aod qittidaa ia apaaulntiTA ratioaa, prioo siuidaa ast
dafialtiot saottBdo. awMrtletio; tartio Tan, syllOfayus val awwwaa-
tatio i IZ-ZZ, 47, a ad St ratio q^aoulativa ouaadaa faoit pvta
aylXaat—i, propssitioaaM at alia knjaa»dl,

00. Z 8aat. 98, 1, 1 od Si Ratio ast nocaaa latantioaia, siva

T''*^*^T- (ittod sigaifisat dafiaitioo«B, rai, prout ratio ast dafiai-
tio, aiva prout mtio 'Uoitur argMMSitatio*

81« iaasaaisi Itaalf ia aoastiaaa aallad ayllogiaUw (a.c, Z,

88, 8 ad 8) C^, I, 87-~fU.}.
•SQCbSLoSS SsSmtSR '"*i^

fS. II ity ,
S, n. 8| ef • V M«t. 5, n, TTSt SuprioaltionM, idM%
propesltio&M pra«gds«a«, ex tiuilnw joropeaitia crlloglsatur, diountur
MS* o«Ma anBeluaioftls • • • saoaataB quod dleitur oauaa iUud «k quo
fit allqiitld, qvod aa* r«tio e> uana nntarlalla.

B8, • 9.

M«
Of • V u&t , 3, n. 778t PrapoaitlOBoa diouatiur aaaa Bwtari« oob-
elttalattla«aoa <ialdam aae«BdtBi quod aub tHll fanMi asiatuBt • • •• ••<
quastaa ai tandaoa, «a: r^allnaa penastur* Ueat as tartalBla praoniaaariaa
aoHpMBltur eonoluaio, aollleat «x oajorl at atJUiorl axtrasitata.

oe. It ia «rld«Bt that tbU oppUaa oaly to aaaantlal pvadiaAtioc.

Draai saaidaotal pradiaatioo tliwa oaa ba na sanulaa raaaoniag alaoa
tLara la ao naaaaalty In tLe oonMetion of aubjaat mA pradlaata, road
tiitarafBra ao naaaa alty or saotlTa for tba aaTaMnt of thouajbt la a eoB>
Juaatioa af awh loopoaltlona. for thia raaaoa daemiatratloB, ahlota
la tha prlraetry kind of rasiaoalnst roqetiiraa ea prtulaaa p^ jm propoal-
tiaaa U
Poat , iVaaX. 14). £\»r thla raaaoa alao thara aaa ba ao aelaoao
of par aoatdaaa bigiag (VI Mjt. 2, a. UTS-ni XI lift. 8). Only tbo
opurlMM aolaoea of raeaoalag, aopiiiatiea, aakaa uaa of i>ep eooldaaa
for raaaonl£k; (! ?offt « ^oaal . 4, n, 4), xnd It doaa tbia uodar tha
tf&iaa of aaaantlel pradleatlim (da l-alXtteila. o« 10), for it ia tbo
aoianaa of &yparwxt oonaoquMioo JTv %eat, 4, &• 576 1 tredit • • .
odiaa axtaaadi apparaatar). I&duetloa ead dialaatiaal daduotioa aoko
uao of par tf pradiastiao. tbough aot aa ianaiiataljr peroaiTod.

M« I Itjti. 1, a. 2$ aaiaaidarara ordiaam ipriaoipioruB adiaTioan.

97. Callad ao«rdlnatioa of ii^riaeiploa (I Pot. Aael . 41, an. 14 ft

IB).

as* I, 9B, 4 at eaupaffatur ooneluaio ^'d prlaoipia; I» 0£, S ot

at hia iBtailootua as aoaoaaitata aaamtit, ao(9iitf> ooan«iiOBo aaooo-
aarlf. coaelualaaMB ad prlaoipia p«r daaMHurtratioaia da^otioaanf <^
Tar. 11 » 1 «d ISt padaatla latailaotlTa aon alt ooll»tiTa. ax ,uibua>
den la "lia daraait.

69 • Iho ooaelualoa aot only follova tba praoiaaa (nad hanoa la

"aaquanf*) but followa by a ooaaaotioa with than (I, 82, 8 a) (aad
tbarafora la ^aonaa uant"). Thla doublo ^apaot of dlaeouraa vaa
polatad out ebc/ft aueooaaiOB ead oanaatloa (I, 14, 7 e) , Thara waa
alrnqra aa or Aw (and tbarafora a ralatloa) batwaan aauaa end affaot,
vltk tba affaot foUoviae apoa tho oauaot "pr^at quod propoaitloaaa
•iai aauaaa aaaoluaioaie, qala tuae aalana oan eaaaaa ooKBoaelflMa.
M ax hoe ooaeludit ultarlua vnoA alct rrloraa at aotloraa, quia
eaoila aaaaa oat Beturalltar prior at aoticnr aao affaetu" (l ioat .
4, a, 15). Ilia priority of tha aaaaa la aot a ouara taavoral
i'-nal .
ooa, but ona of aatura. Uaeauaa tha o«uaallty of tha praadaaa la
affioiant, it U
a priority of foraa or "Tlrtua". Iha aonoluaioa
flft^PB?^ laai I'*** 370,

not aaly fBllcws %hm praalaM bul follows trcfk tham And baoBuaa of thtn,
fhls offioMor of tlio pr«Bii««i nuit b« iuaowa: "oportot m1wi%«bi siBvll-
elt«r OflgBOOOTO i^plieatlOMRa oansao nd •ffootun'* (t¥>,4 «. a. S). ^^hat
distlacttlAos thm rolatiOB of oeaaoquoiie* fkwi oao of oMre ouoooaaloa
la tba eauaaiity nBd noeoaaity of tha oonaaetlon; "aoc Ipala aala prifr>
oipiu p«r aa BOtia oaaaiAarat q»od aa qoaa «i aia naoaaaarlo oona**
(jonntiar aimt a«fli%itdtaallt«* tanaada.* (Ja Vigr. 11, 1 o).

•0, Am a propoaltloB it la e rolatloa of praaiaata to aubjaet.

3«a fik. fill, pp. 897 -

•1. I-II, 8, 3 ad Si LBtallaetaa dvvaait In ooneluaioaaa par

psrlsaipla ^uaa aaiia dleuattup; da Var , a, Ifi ot faortur pa» pviaeipia
iB eoaelualOBaa,

6S« Mai. S, n. 778t l^ tarmlaia proanlaaaroB eonpoaitor eea>

eluaio* aoilleat ax taajori at laorl astranitatai of. IZ l^p. 6, a. 9:
as tarmiala propesitioBMM aaciatltultur ooselualo.

63. da lot. 7, 9 01 .^^aminda aiitas intcllaota dlountur i&taiititmaa

ooaaaquaataa aadHn Intalllgflndi; aad aca ib. v^ aota 86.

64. ii9» Bbova, aaotlo&a on t^otion in aaai^wdag aad CawtetloB la

BaaaBAlaaa

tt. da lot . &, 1 od Hi loglaua at isattiaMatiaiMi aonaldavaat taalttB

f» aaowadii prlnaipia OomMtliei and m^m tih.. Ill, final aaatloa on
"yowaa" aad "MatTlal- Logle.

^*
^^ ISSl* iSSik* ^^* ^« ^* ^^^ ^"^^ ^ ^
^""^ ^t B aulaai Iti udo»
^gaoqpa aovuii (saaa aual D, aad la plus q{iMai D. Sla Igitur B ualvar-
aaXitar «rtt la hia uuna oostiaaotar aub D, oaoaadaa qfood \iBlTaraellt«r
dioltur laaaaa <iUod non oonTartitur. • • *le Igltor c^uod / alt la Ipala
q^a oontlaastiur nb
i), eauae oat B. —
jMOdl . 0. 1 et i oo quad aooipatlt
aatiffoa eaawaiii abaalutaa ooaaldavatiaaaM att ratio quara oaaqpatat
aaturaa alloul aaauaAaa aaaa ^juod habari la aiacalcorl, at aoa a oonvarso.
Idao aalM tiocmtaa aat ratioaalla (lult^ booD aat ratlmuilla, at noa a
ooBvarao.

ft?. Ct. I, OS, 6 ad 3, andJi.G. tl, M.

68. I, 88, 3 01 our kaowladga tekaa Ita orlda fron aaaaa oaA p«Mi««
mm petaaay 9o aat, teem ia^mrt*^^ to Mva parfaat. Iba iataraal vetrd
vltbia «a U aauMd br thii«st ^ Yar 4, 4 ad 9t Yartoa aat nllottjua
.
• • • lit aumif aatt.tl par Tarbiv, at alo oportat ijiaod ijroaadat oujua
aat, . • • qa«3ndo aolaatia as qpa pieoadlt, aat aaaaata a rabua.
 P«g« 371.

1« Ch, I, pp. 8 - u,
5. ^« XI, pp. 17 • 88«

9« ck. zi, pp. w- as.

4. pp. 37 - 9i.

B. pp. «) • 46.

6. Ol. II, pp. 47 " 56*

T. fir th« us* of th« word "ratioaot*'" m« cOi. Ill, no%« 15.

e. Ch, II, pp. CI ~ 58; at. III, pp. 60 - 63.

9. Ibid., p. 69 fli 68 - 78| alM «ti. I, pp. 7 «. 9 - 10.

10. Cb. in, pp. 97 & 67 - 68.

11. Ch. in, pp. 87 - 60, 63 - 68.

la. la tbia MMtloB «• tollm tha ordar of eh. IV.

13. Cb. IV, p. 83 liAd not* 1.

14. Ch. T, pp. 113 - 116 fltod M* haada of sootloua.

15. pp. 180 - XiiS,

16. pp. 186 - 198.

17. pp. 135 - 136; of. pp. 188 -184.

18. pp. 136 •> 139.

19. pp. 189 - 144.

80. pp. 180 - 183.

81. pp. 183 - 186.

88. p. 161 k aot* 88.

88. pp. 185 - 108.

84. So* *• in, final aaatioft, pp. 78 - 86.

fffi^iTI?! BBI '^ ***«
as. «• fi»llav tb* gMMHria or«tr of «h, VI. Oaly Mttcr thnt !•
bxott^t la fna •XcMMhar* or cpiotetions will b« glVM Mpsrat* r«f«r>

86. Cb. IT, pp» UO - US, .

87. I, IS, 7 e.

m, I, tt, I ad 4.

29. do Pot . 7, 11 0,

SO. X, 60, 8 ••

31. 3— Ob. VIII, aot* ao.

38. 1h« or4Mr of «li. VII will bo Iblloood for tbo root of tMo
•oetion.

39. 300 di. VIII.

34. at, XIX, 1^. fle ' 70. Th«ro would bo oth«r sRonaiiiso of '*fl0do
of prodloatlOB'* «Aii<tti lo^o would hero to tfOco into oooovat, wob eo
tho i«odie«MBt«« i«it«b cffo diotiaguirtiod aooordlag to tbo nnaaor in
vAiioh ono tblas 1* ivodlofttod of naother, or aodol propeoitiono, in
wlkiob tbo pvooottoo of tbo jvodionto io not affiaaod uim^ls , but tbo
OMmoetioB bolw oon oubjoot wd prodio^to io oacprooaod la o gjMliflod
way, ouflik 00 "portu^o" or "nooooo n rily". IMt j^SLM ^>A cor eooidoi^o
ero tbo Moot fUHdwMontaX aoioo, end tbooo HOOt iBQortc nt to loisio.

80« IV* 78 * 70.

96. Soo cb. IX. Aogr dopeirturoo f^ram ito ordor will bo indiOHtod.

37. Tbo Bbttor of tbio porogvavb will bo fouad in «b« XX ia tbio

ortiort pp. 889, 874, 879-874, 878, 871, oad 878.

88. X Poot . Aaal . 1, nn. 1 - 6.

99. Cb. XI, pp. ^ • 80.

40. I ^orib . 8, a. 9.

41. Cb. IT, pp. 98 - 99.

48. I-H, 90, 1 o; of. do Tor . 88, 19 o «i od 4t XI Soal . 38, 1,

9 aoi.i oad ooo ob. V, pp. iS? - 169.

43. I :-;tb . 1, aa. 1 fc 8.

44. Cb. VI. pp. 167 - 169.

 46. ;^M Ob. VIII, p. asft and aotM 30 mid Sit olM I* 88* « •< «s
OhmiM itttallMtn* IntcUiclt dlff«r«BtUB •! ooopaaratioiMM vahm •A
•Itflnait eegaoMit utruiwia* dlff«r«HitiuB •! cwaparetoann ml) mtioa*
Ipaliia «a|N>r«ti«»i» wl dlffcnatlft*.

47. 8M «to. Til, IIP. 209 - aL6t also a» >^%. 1, 1 r>4 10: Iat»l-
leotu0 Intalllglt aeturm naiiaelle In lMxala«, la •quo, at tailtls allls
gp oaiotmi OS teo sotjaltuv quod Inlolllclt ocoi ut «anio.
 .

u
mtloM of th» KMrtui of at, Hwm U(i»d
!• Ja >4rlstottll« Llbrup to 'fttoa OwB—atcorlMm. odltoA tagr /Agolo
K, Jlrotta, O.P. Turlai i^arlvtti, 1036.

8* la Poo— l.lbxoo StbioorgB jpletot^lo a4 HlOhoinOhum EkpobIIIo.

.

oditod WABgolo &». Plrottft, 0.^., Turlnt l>'«rlotti, 1934.

^* i£ ^•»*gt>y>i«toMrlo»otolio OwiiMttayU. oditoA tgr M« fi.

CottuOo. 0.F, TUriat l^orlotti, 1936.

4* Cfloa[>a«l^ In »Tlotc>tollg L lteros i;ori kowbopo1 «o et

,
. ootort-
Ojiwia A]t»ljrtioon»a. vol. I of ftporo Ctaaio, oilltio I^ooniaa.
IIOBOS Tatloaa i^lyglot Proaa, 1861.

'• Owottia Oaaia. odltod fegr Pftonro UaaiMBMt, O.P. 5 tolo.

Parlii LothloUoiB, 1987.

*• !• libgMB Boottl do Trtttitoto oi^oltto . oditod by l. .

UOoUi. Bom, UBl.

^* qao—tiopo* PloixitatBO «t msootioaoe tXijodocia ;uodllbololoo.

7tb od«, Turiat ..larlotti, 1948.

^« Ifr—tg- CoDtra Oantl loo. odltlo Lotmiaa nmaallo.

Looolao tioaoilMion, 1934.

'• aMBBo Thoologtao. odltod I7 L'Zaotltut d«S»ados M4i«veloo

4*09««M. Ottami ColUgo Doodaloela, 1941 - 1948.

'S9gka m% eltod fraa tho parUouler odStiooo llotod aImto

(ao aloo tho Opuocttle. iaoluding tho j^ 'Eriaitato. ualooo
othoKvioo oaqprooaly otatod) aro oltod fzoa:

10. OpoTfe Ow^a . Panoai rUOMdori,; X0S8 - 1873.

aoorooa of St. Tboaao mftCTod to

U. itriatetlo ~> irlatotoloa Graooo . odttod bgr I.Sokkor.

HaPiiat /-Mdaaia MgU BommIoo, 18S1,

!•• Avarrooo — la do 'aiwa CoaawBttsriMa fvoa Og—anturta in

~ Po riatotclla . 1£ n>la. Voaloo, 1062 - 1876.
 18. /iOMHn —
mit><By«lo« trm Opira Ob«1«. tr«3iuilAt*d by
DoniBloiM OvoiiiMalUnui. YwIm, 1806.

I erten. Lallet l;iuj)t, 1907),

I4« Bo«thlus — > D» ITlalttof la Uie»; P«troU«ia L«ttn>.

Wl. 64, Mis. 1847 « 1306.

IB. St. loiui T>— aw n — Da ilda Qrtto4a»* in taimm^

l-atrolOBta Oyeaao. vol. 94, eola. 789 - 1288.

U* 8I0SX1B

Of Dlgaet ; aalataaaa aragagdUMt tha Katwra of Logle

18. Alaanaao, Ooaao, 9.J., aaaae Fhlloaoobiwa a tbtIIs librla

w
D. Th aa A(atlnatla aKoarota. ol. I. aao. I, Loglee.
Pariat LathiaUaux, 1888.

17. jPoraat, i^lsti. La strttetura ittapiaralatta <^ oanorat aalon

l *Aq»ln (la siuAaa da hilaaopbla li«dl«-
•

Lai Win, 1931.

18. Eacraa, Aadr4, 3.J., L 'laitaatlonaal dana la phlloaoAia da

1* l|SS£* 8rttaa«iat L*Sdltiaa Uaivaraall*} Periai
Daaolda 4a Bfo«arar» 1942.

19. Basra, Mauard, O.i^., Logtea (vol. I of Cursua rblloaartilaa

PiaaUtloaal Sird ad. Paria: Lathlallaux, 19'?8.

80. J^tm of St. ibonEia, o.p., Ajpa Lagiaa (vol. I of Curatta

tfaUoaopblatta PMadatlotta ) , adltad hy Baatua Raiaar,
O.S.i>. Turlat &Mrlattl, 19^.

8I» BLoaaal, Clifford a., a.J., Halatioa la tba ihtloaophy of

iSi* 'QxMW Ajttiaaa . uiqMibllahaA 4aatonl diaaartatloa,
Uaivaralty of Toronto, 1944.

Si, UallMr-lhiB, Baanmrd J., "Tbm ^

Ba Mah aisnlf laa tha
Drvth of PropoaltlaM," Prooaadlaga of tba jatartaap
CaHMOia HxUoaoitiaal Aaaoatatloa . UaSTi^tan:
Catlialla tAiivarslty, 1940.

88. Patar of BamoM, Tabala Awaa la Opagc Qwaa. ad. Vlvaa,

Tola. 38 aid 8S{ ad. tune, vol. 08.
 Pi«« 376.

a»lww T?hiIo<ort^lgtt- t th<ol0fliay. mi (1998).

Pf • 7X - 78^ (AAlMwision of aoM nMsuals of loglo) •

Piaml«»l»a» «. vol, I, Logtea. Tnrlai Ki«rl«ttl, 1931.

M« lMgla» L*fia, 0»f,, Ccmra d» m^<^w. uapublidiad, glTtn at

«ha Iiurtltttt d*gtud«a m^U^filmt et Ott«ra, 1939-1940.

37. s«aiQtSa LudtNlga ftwag-l^wtUcon, Sad. 4d* Padarbom:

I, 1898.

88. 3iaoiiiB( B. D.« OJ*., "La notloA d' Igtaotio d(j»a l*oauvra
da St. ISioaaa d'A^uiA,*' Ravua da» B^lapeea pblloaoTA^laii
Si tliHiMimm ^ XXX (X9lcTr«4S - 468.
•8. 9db«rt, J., o.t'., '^aflaode" la Maiongaa :eadoima>t
l I (Blb-
iletkigiM lltaBlata, XIZI). Parlai Vrla, 1930.

Daaliag wtth ayplaaaatajty tteatioaa

30. 'dlar, mrtiaamt J., "selutioa of tha Problwa of Spaotaa".

Tha theadat. Ill (1941).

31. BalthasttTa a*, '^Oogaoaaaaa fit aXiud taqueatim ellud,"

Rafua l.ao-aaoIaatiQua. X928, yp. S94 - 810.

88. Blttla, Gailaatlaa M., O.I«.Ccip., Tt^a Saiaaaa «£ Coyraot

Ihlttlttag. rafriaad adltlmi. i°llwaiikaa; Bruoa, 19. '7.

38. BljuMtoa, y.' ., O.P., "La tl»6orta da I'akatraatloa abas

9t. fiMsaa d»A<iula,* la M^Uaeaa Pwttat, pp. 887 -
asi.

84. &ouMia, Yaraoa J., '*lha Oparatiaoa lavolvad la Xntellaotual

Ooaoaptioa," Modaga Sahoolam . TOXl (1948) 83 > 89.

38, —
It tba
St. tovlai
, ttcaAatio Bibllaggafthy.
i;iodara '?efaaol»Mi, 1948.
l9iH) - 1940.

86. Coff<qr, P., ^^a salaa^ae of LOfitc . ^ "VDla. Loadaat

HMMpwina, Oraaia, I'ifiilS.

87. fwraat, /iwi. jua vdalltd ooaarHa at 1^ dlfileetloua (la

BiblivtMqiaa d*hiatoira da la philoaophia) . Porlat
VMb, 19CS1.
^Wtr^y^PfW !>««• 377.

ApdMf« ggaSa* SgagU Thgapj ft Heligloaia Qr.tholUae.

fit v«I Mt aUttd a ••,« aattta »ito-i«oXRatlatta. 1923,

40, Ollson, Sllaaaa, Hiallapa tttaglata at CrltlQua da la

Hal—caaa . Fwiai ^Wa, 1939, =*— -* Con-
a

41, nm wm Isqalagda, /Ibarto, o,f., "Valor oogaoseitlTo da U

•iaHantlo* an 3«ii%a nnonas da qulao," i.a Clanaia
.

^igta. \.\IX (19^3), 169 a-q.

«•• BMklaa, r,J,B., Cattaallty aad iBPltaatlon . Loadoat
^
ahaad ad ^'ard, 1937.

4«. Ovataaaa. Martia, Pi* ^gjia daj hi. ThomtM toa Aggia
(I)aiti««sa BUT Oaaohlohta dar Phllaaophta uad
Thaologla
daa ^Ittalaltara) . y&Mtmt aohaadorffaotao, 1931,
44. Loaaodgfia. BmrnmA, s.J., "tlui Oeaaapt of Vmflmm ia tha

45. i!«apo, .^jiftvd, 3.J., L*Idgalftl«|^ra <fea« h. Ttuwaa 1 dsaa

wl, X, aah, DParlai iaSwhaana, 1988.

4e, Maadoaai*, < lasra, u. ,, liaa Partite ciuthaatlQuaa da 3.

jfeSBfetl'i^aaia. mbouiirtrfem, mo. •""*

Pariaj OMalda da Briaiw, TiST^

49. ~—-— • "1* ^»at» aatiaa da arllogiaM," Rama ^
4i^loaoBlila ax (Xtfi»), 174 - m.
UtiloaoahlaJ Sad. ©d. iarla: TaQUi, 19», ^^ —
81, Mittla. J. T., c, .i<,, laaaa XanaU*a Daflaltloa of T«rth",
gf^^n^ d*bletolra doattlaala at lltt«n».ira du mrm-
•>« vin, 5-0. ^
pp.

•i, Phalaa, Oaruld B,, Tavw a«;|ttltur aaaa rawtt," "™*

iiadla«rel
*
ttttSfi* I (19;J9), U- 38,
 .

S&iSSBSEL Fag* 979.

99. Slaan. tf—, Iaty>dutlca I l »ontolttgf du ooaaitty .

P«Pi9l nM«l«« d* BrOWMT, 1934.

ffiTiiai). 4** - 9w; ^

94, nijMBin, 0. r,, o.f ., '*CoaaalM4Mie« ct •Inllltud*,'*

^y^»
••• anlth, Qcnord, r..J,, '*B«fiBr» You iitert IMklag about Ood,*»
SIMmi soiioolMa, IXin (1948), 89-43. (DiaouMion
of vaaaoBlag)

86, ~»—" —— — -
, "Kota OB Pradl0«)tion,'* Um :?qtola«tl-
eH» > XV (1941), SaS - B37,
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