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Visiting Seblish:
A Congruence Approach to
Sebuano-English Code-Switching
Submitted to
Prof. Luvizminda Dela Cruz
Submitted by
Mr. Rabindranath S. Polito
more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people
who have more than one language in common. Sometimes the switch lasts only for a few
sentences, or even for a single phrase. The switch is commonly made according to the
subject of discourse, but may be for a variety of other reasons such as the mood of the
particular language. It within a sentence tends to occur more often at points where the
depending on the person we are speaking to and where we are speaking to that person.
There are different degrees of formality and informality. Would you say that the idea of
code-switching exists in your first language? If so, would you consider yourself to be a
“code switcher”?
(1994) indicates that there are 110 mutually unintelligible codes or languages known to
exist in this country. Filipino is one of these languages. For Gonzales (1985), this
language is understood and spoken by a vast majority of Filipinos. Aside from these 110
languages, English is used for medium of instruction and in the major domains of the
(TESL theory), Prof. Paula K. Alinsangan. Therefore, at least half of the population of the
Filipinos can speak and understand first, a native language (not Tagalog or Filipino),
surprising to find that Filipinos code-switch. The variations are numerous that Filipino
could potentially code-switch between two, maybe more, of the 110 Philippine languages
(it could be between their native language and Tagalog; between their native language
and English). The main interest of this paper is not the code switching between Tagalog
and English (TAGLISH) but of Sebuano and English (SEBLISH). If Tagalog has the most
number of speakers in the country, Sebuano has the most numbers of native speakers.
For Bautista (1980, 1991), Taglish is definitely not a new phenomenon in the
Philippines as far as speakers and researchers are concerned. In like manner, Seblish is
also not a new phenomenon as far as speakers are concerned. However, when it comes to
studies and research, there are only less compared to Taglish. Thus, this paper is to fill in
This paper is a replica of the study from Ateneo de Manila University by Beatriz
English Code-Switching.” As such, this study uses the “congruence approach” posited
by Sebba (1998) as the framework for classifying and attempting to explain Seblish code-
switching strategies.
Thus, the objectives of this study are first to place Seblish into the mainstream of
code-switching or at least people would acknowledge that Seblish does exist and is being
used by a major population here in the Philippines. Second, it aims to answer these
following questions:
The sentences to be used for the study are limited only to the data I have collected
from the Gatabon-Polito Wedding Ceremony on August 13, 2005. The sentences to be
considered are only the code-switching within a sentence. Then, to know why speakers
code switch, my study is based on the congruence approach and is limited to its only
Blocking, as the fourth element is not included here. Basically, it is to study the structure
in terms of what are being code switched (nouns, adjectives and conjunctions), and to
what extent is the code switching (word, phrase or clause level). This study also will
prove that, like the Taglish speakers, Seblish speakers are proficient and competent on
This data was gathered last August 13, 2005 in the afternoon during the Gatabon-
Polito Nuptials. This was just a simple wedding where it was held in the home of the
bride, invited guest were only 250 plus, and, most specially, almost all of the people
I have recorded the message of the minister of the wedding, the testimonies of the
elders, parents of the couple, and so with the groom’s and bride’s speeches. The minister
is 47 years old, the elder’s age ranges from 76 to 80, the father of the groom is 71, and the
father of the bride is 47 and the mother is 49. All of them have graduated from college,
two of them are businessmen, and one of them is an engineer. All of them can be said to
I have not transcribed 100% of all their speeches but have chosen only those parts
where they code switch within sentences for this study. At the last page of this paper is
where you can find the data I have collected and transcribed.
Sebba (1998) recognizes “congruence” is a basis for code switching and posits
that it is “… not just a function of the syntax of the languages involved. The locus of
congruence is the mind of the speaker, but community norms determine by and large, the
Sebba believes that congruence did not only depend on the structure of language
and that it is “… relative to the language pairs, speech communities and speakers
involved.” To explain why bilinguals switch code when they do, the congruence approach
identifies “… four possibilities with regard to switching between two categories… these
[are] harmonization, neutralization, compromise and blocking.” For this study, however,
I will only use the first three. According to the understanding of Lorente to the
postulation of congruence approach, she says, “… code switching may be the process by
which congruent categories are negotiated by two languages and what emerges from
such convergence (or non-convergence, as the case may be) is a new mixed language
the Seblish sentences as it has been used by Lorente in her analysis of the Taglish
sentences. This approach and framework seem to be promising to generate answers to the
stated questions. Seblish is typologize and analyzed according to the three alternative
outcomes:
Harmonization
Harmonization, Lorente defines, as the term used to refer to the state where full
congruence is established between categories in the two languages. Sebba (1998) says,
function, including possibly the same subcategorization frame… and… similar semantic
properties…” Thus, for Lorente, the categories that may potentially be harmonized by
code-switching speakers are not just the phrase structure or the so-called X-bar categories
but many other categories of the grammar as well, including gender, plurality, animacy,
tense, and aspect. I would also like to say that some parts of the sentences could also
In the data I have collected, this harmonization is obviously observed and is seen
at work in code-switches between certain open set items (most obvious are nouns,
adjectives and conjunctions) in Sebuano and English. Like what Lorente did to her study,
I also have a convention that is similar to hers, all English elements are in regular type,
all Sebuano elements in italics, and the structure under consideration is in bold face. The
first sentence is the Seblish sentence data and the second sentence is a translation into
Si igsoong Joey….
to the full-timers….
There are code-switches between conjunctions:
The examples above show that one reason why Seblish speakers code switch is to
Harmonize. It is to converge both to the rules in Sebuano and English languages. In this
case, Seblish is congruent with the two languages and the structures that are congruent
are the noun phrases, phrases and clauses within the sentence. Henceforth, the extension
of the elements being code switched neither are not only up to word nor phrasal but also
clausal level. The switches, therefore, happens between lexical categories within larger
phrasal and clausal structures. From the data I have presented, I have observed that this
the languages. This means that when you translate the word or phrase or clause (a code-
switch), you would still have a grammatically and semantically correct sentence. You
may translate it to either of the languages, you would still get the same meaning correctly
as the first one. I believe, that is the harmony in code-switching – neither of the two
languages is affected or is distorted because all words within the sentence (although code-
switched) still attain and achieve harmony, convergence, conformation and full
agreement.
Neutralization
creating a slot for a congruent category, where the alternative syntactic construction[s]
strategies which involve the introduction of a morpheme that serves to nativize a word.”
There are a good number of examples of this from the data, most of which use
(5) … na-postpone….
In these set of examples, it is clear that the second reason why speakers code
switch is Neutralization. In this case, I can only have, obviously, the extension of code
switching in word level. However, this is no longer congruent to both the Sebuano and
English languages. In this case, the product of neutralization is forming new words.
These lexicon, nonetheless, are the reason of its noncongruency to the two languages. If
we were to follow the congruence approach, according to Lorente, it would appear that
these inflected verbs belong to neither Sebuano nor English, but would simply be
indicative of the degree to which these two languages are harmonizing such that what
emerges is a hybrid form, a combination of Sebuano and English. So to speak, the rising
of these Seblish lexicons indicates that these belong to neither Sebuano nor English.
Compromise
structure lacking grammatically from the viewpoint of monolingual speakers of one of the
two languages concerned” (Sebba 1998). At first, I thought I have no examples for this,
When you already have a Sebuano marker for plurality ‘mga’, the noun that
follows it should no longer have the inflection ‘s’ as an English marker for plurality. For
example, *mga suitors is wrong for it should be mga suitor. It is because there will be a
redundancy of markers, you have a Sebuano plus an English marker and both are for
Another relevant example of this is the redundant use of the marker for the tenses. I do
not have examples from my data but frequently, I hear people saying ‘na-held’ when it
should be ‘na-hold’ because ‘na’ can be a verb marker referring to past activity. Thus, it is
wrong to use the past tense of the English word ‘held’ because ‘na’ already gives the
marker for past. You cannot have two same markers when you only mean one for a
of its result. When one is to code-switch, he/she must make sure that the product or the
sentence is correct. For this example, I find it wrong because, I believe, it is awkward:
*Our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ dunay dako kaayo nga tinguha nga
mag-minyo!
The mistake there is that there seems to be missing or lacking of something so that it
would sound better. I refer to the missing word between ‘Christ’ and ‘dunay’. There
must be a ‘kay’ in between those two words to mark a clear and correct predication. For
the word ‘dunay’, I believe in this sentence, there should be an ‘a’ added before it to
form ‘adunay’ which means ‘there is’ because when it is only ‘dunay’ it only means
‘there’. In addition, I believe that the beginning of the sentence has to have a Sebuano
determiner to have a Sebuano predicate. It would have been better to have ‘Ang atong’
and then to be followed by ‘great God’. These alternatives could make the sentence
Ang atong great God and Savior, Jesus Christ kay adunay dako kaayo nga
Obviously, in this case, compromise is really not congruent to either of the two
languages. The presence of compromise in my data seems to say that the speakers that I
have studied are not that competent and proficient enough in either Sebuano or English
language. However, I still believe that they are competent and proficient speakers of both
the Sebuano and English language because almost all the people I have observed when
they code-switch still produces sentences with redundant markers, like the ‘mga suitors’.
Even from my teachers, classmates and friends, they still say ‘mga chairs’. Anyway,
code-switching as define earlier by Sebba, is a new mixed language that has its own rules
and quite possibly, quirks of its own. The examples above prove this statement. Hence,
like the Taglish, Seblish speakers also belong to the specific social class as highly
competent in both Sebuano and English and can be considered as maximally fluent
bilinguals. If others will say that they are not competent because of the presence of
compromise, I would say that there are only a few of them and in fact, those errors are
accepted by the speakers of Seblish. These newly formed words, therefore belong neither
CONCLUSION
In this paper I have proven things. First, that Seblish does exist and is being used
by Sebuano speakers in the present. Second, there is congruency in the Seblish code-
total noncongruent in compromise. Third, the elements or substances in the sentences that
are being code-switched are nouns, adjectives, noun phrases, conjunctions, phrases and
clauses. Fourth, it is to the extent of word, phrasal and clausal level that categories are
code-switched. Finally, Seblish, like the Taglish, are competent and proficient enough in
both the Sebuano and English languages although there may be few loopholes.
I am therefore that Seblish, like Taglish, is an emerging new hybrid language with
that is neither of Sebuano nor of English. It has its own specific and particular rules,
principles, grammar, quirks, oddities and eccentrics. This makes it unique. The hope is
that educators become aware of such analyses so that they do not dismiss out-of-hand
that result from imperfect control of either language. Code switching is bilingual
Bell, Robert. (1976). Code-Switching – Bilingualism and Diglossia: Rules for Bilingual
MESSAGE PROPER
Minister:
We are here for the union of our brother and our sister this afternoon. I hope nga
kung mahimo, kitang tanan, sa atong kasing-kasing, ato kining isipon nga
mura’g naa ‘ta ba atubangan sa Universal nga Wedding.
….
Akong buot pasabot, nga kung mahimo, we will try our best, nga maningkamot
pud ‘ta’g maayo nga pag-abot sa atong Ginoo, kitang tanan, walay mabilin,
mahimong Iyang pangasaw-onon.
….
Pero nagtuo ko nga kining pagbati nga daw dili masabot, masabot gyud. And
because we don’t have much time, labi na nga ang atong palibot mura og
dilikado….
….
Gusto lang nako nga ipadayun ‘to og gamay tungod kay I was a little bit
discouraged yesterday kay wala man kaayo ning suporta og Amen pag-ayo ang
mga igsoon.
….
Kinsa man king kordero? Jesus Christ!
….
Of course, ang akong gipasabot dili mao ang kasal ni Joey og ni Jennifer, no? It
is our great God and Savior! Praise the Lord! Our great God and Savior, Jesus
Christ dunay dako kaayo nga tinguha nga mag-minyo! Og ang Iyang pangasaw-
on, mao ang Iglesia, mga igsoon.
….
Si brother Joey, nga akong manghod, akong gipangutana gayud. I hope si brother
Joey dili lang pud ma-ulaw, ako siyang gipangutana kung unsa katinood ang
iyang paghigugma kay Jennifer?
….
Matud pa niya sa iyang message namo, ingon niya nga “mobakasyon ko dira og
usa ka bulan.”
….
But you know what? Every night, akong mamatikdan si Joey nga gasige lang og
pislit- pislit sa iyang cellphone. Until one day, ingon siya “molarga na ko karon
og Iligan.”
….
At first, sa dihang gibuhat sa Dios si Adan, Iyang gibuhatan si Adan og gilabihan
ka matahum na garden…. Bisan naman tingali kamo, ibutang sa usa ka matahum
na garden, gwapo kayo nga mga bulak, pero ikaw ra usa, malipay kaha ka?
….
Basi sa … gihatag sa ako sa gobyerno sa Pilipinas, ingon nga usa ka ministro
nga mo-solemnize og magt-iayon, kamong duha, Joey og Jennifer, ako kamong
gi-deklara nga bana og asawa.
….
Samtang moperma pud ang uban nga mga igsoon og, tingali ang uban nga mga
sponsors, atong ipadayun ang paghisgut kalabot sa kaminyuon.
….
Likayan ninyo ang boy-and-girl relationship samtang dili pa kamo sigurado sa
adlaw sa inyong kaminyuon…. Sa istudyante pa kamo, paningkamuti ninyo nga
dili sa usa gayud mosulod og boy-and-girl relationship.
….
Labaw na gayud kung na-fellowship na sa …mga ansyano ngadto sa mga
ginikanan.
….
Pag-uli ninyo sa inyong balay, basaha ninyo ang Matthew chapter one….
….
Paningkamuti ninyo gayud nga inyong siguruhon karon usa ang inyong pag-
iskwela, then, parallel to that, ang inyong kristuhanong pagkinabuhi.
….
Kung mahimo gayud, kamong mga babae, dili kamo mag-entertain og mga
unbeliever na mga suitors or mga ‘mestiso’ nga mga suitors.
….
Kinahanglan nga ang iya gayung bana or asawa pure gayud nga Hudiyo.
….
Daghan kaayo sa atong taliwala nga naminyo og dili magtutuo sa huna-huna lagi
nga someday, madala ra pud niya sa Church ang iyang bana.
….
…ga-tuo ko daghan na kanila duna na sila’y suitors na dili magtutuo.
….
Dunay mga pipila diri ka mga Young People, nga duna ako’y nadunggan, na
aduna na sila’y pinili pero dili sa mga anak sa Dios.
….
Hatagan nato si Daddy og si Mama, then si brother Polito og iyang asawa….
TESTIMONIES
Groom:
… gusto lang nako nga maka-raise og usa ka family nga nahigugma og nag-
alagad gyud sa Ginoo….
Bride:
… dako ko’g pasalamat sa mga igsoon, sa mga tatay, sa akong Mommy og
Daddy, sa mga full-timers, sa tanan … salamat.
CONCLUSION
Minister:
Atong hangyuon ang mga Young People sa pagkanta…