Abstract: Concrete a composite material made from cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse

aggregate. But present researchers are in interest of finding new cement materials by waste
materials or waste products produced from industries which are harmful to environment. The
present paper deals with partial replacement of cement with waste road bitumins coated
aggregate which are having silica used as admixture for making concrete. waste road bitumins
coated aggregate is made partial replacement of cement and found that 25% of partial
replacement is beneficial to concrete without loss of standardstrength of cement. Making 25%
partial replacement of cement with waste bitumins coated aggregates as constant.
results were found that waste bitumins coated aggregates usage in partial replacement to
aggregates can be made.

Keywords: concrete, partial replacement, waste bitumen coated materials, crushing loads.

INTRODUCTION :
Concrete is one of the most important materials used in the construction of building and Civil
Engineering structures. Concrete takes the shape of its mould and when cured at a suitable
temperature and humidity, forms a solid mass. The constituents of a concrete mix are cement,
fine aggregate [sand], coarse aggregate [granite, gravel, blast-furnace slag] and water. Concrete
has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. Compressive strength
is limit of compressive stress that leads to failure in a material in the manner of ductile or brittle
failure (Beer et al, 2011). For this reason, it is usually reinforced with materials that are strong
in tension (often steel). The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels, but
start decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. Concrete has a very low
coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinks as it matures. All concrete structures will crack to
some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete that is subjected to long duration forces is
prone to creeping. For a concrete to be adjudged durable, it is essential that it withstands the
conditions for which it had been designed for, over a specified period without deteriorating.
Concrete structures, properly designed and constructed, are long lasting and should require little
maintenance. According to Mosley et al (2012), the durability of concrete is influenced by the
exposure conditions, concrete quality, cover to the reinforcement and width of any crack.

Jackson (1996) also stated that metals and alloys in service are required to withstand not only
simple tensile and compressive stresses but also the effects of complex stress systems, shock
loading, varying loads, and prolonged loading at high temperatures, low temperature and
corrosion. Reinforcement is usually in the form of steel bars. It is placed in the concrete
member, mainly in tension zone, to resist tensile forces resulting from external load on the
member. Reinforcement is also used to increase the member’s compression resistance. In
reinforced concrete, the ingress of moisture and air will result in corrosion of steel consequently
leading to an increase in its volume. The volume increase might then lead to the occurrence of
cracking and splitting of the concrete cover. Furthermore, ingress of moisture into concrete
affects its thermal insulation properties (Neville, 1995). Of the known causes of deterioration of
structural steel, none is as significant as the effect of corrosion. Corrosion can be defined in
terms of wet or dry corrosion. The former is as a result of electrochemical action when different
potentials are developed by electrically connected metal parts in contact with a solution
containing free ions, while the latter is as a result of oxidation action of metals in the presence
of water at elevated temperature. In each case, there is a deposit of other materials (metal or
nonmetal) on the surface of the metal involved (Jackson, 1996). Generally, most reinforced
concrete construction gives satisfactory performance in service but a reasonably small portion
still deteriorate due to corrosion of embedded reinforcement. Corrosion can be avoided by not
letting moist air come in contact with the non-surface through electroplating, galvanising,
enamelling or painting. The transfer of a force, according to Popov (2003), from a reinforcing
bar to concrete is a very complex phenomenon and it is strongly influenced by the loading
history. He stated that the friction and adhesion between the rough surface of bar and concrete
contribute little to the bond resistance; and that it is the mechanical interlocking between lugs
and concrete that is principally responsible for developing bar and anchorage. As a result, it is
apparent that whatever the surface conditions of the reinforcing bar, there certainly exists
certain degree of bond within the interface of the concrete and refining materials. Bond arises
primarily from friction, adhesion and for deformed bars bearing between the surfaces of
reinforcing bars and immediate concrete surround. If for example no bond existed between the
tension reinforcement of a beam and the surrounding concrete then the system would behave in
the same way as a carriage spring having two leaves of inertia and strengths (Kong and Evans,
2002). For the reinforcement to be utilized satisfactorily it has to bond to concrete so that a
reinforced concrete beam bonds as though. Neville (1995) stated that bond may be affected by
the shrinkage of concrete relative to the steel. It is also related to the quality of concrete as well
as mechanical properties of steel. Bitumen is a black, oily, viscous material that is a naturally-
occurring organic by product of decomposed organic materials. Bitumen is obtained by refinery
process from petroleum, and it is also found as a natural deposit as a component of naturally
occurring asphalt, in which it is associated with mineral matter. Bituminous binders are the
coating materials that are actually going to be used in this work. They will be mostly used in
conjunction with sand. The use of bitumen for coating the reinforcement is in part due to some
of its properties such as its water resisting ability, thixotopic nature, viscosity, stiffness and
cheap abundance.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF BITUMEN MIXED CONCRETE TEST :-
For cube test specimens of 15cm x 15cm x 15cm.This
concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as to not have any voids.After 24
hoursthese moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing.The top surface
of these specimen should be made even and smooth.This is done by putting cement paste and
spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7
days,14 days,21 days,28 days curing.Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140kg/cm2
per minute till the specimens fail.Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the
compressive strength of concrete.

APPARATUS FOR BITUMINS MIXED CONCRETE TEST:-

Compressive testing machine
PREPARATION OF BITUMEN MIXED CONCRETE SPECIMEN:-
The proportion and materials for making these test specimens are from the same concrete
used in the field.
SPECIMEN
12 Cubes of 15cm size M20 or above
HAND MIXING
1.Mix the cement and 75% coarse aggregate and 25% bitumen coated aggregate on a water
tight none absorbent platform until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color

2.Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency
Sampling of Cubes for Test:-
1. Clean the mounds and apply oil

2. Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick

3. Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a
tamping rod (steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at
lower end)

4. Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

Curing of Cubes:-

The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period
the specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept
submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test.

Precautions for Tests:-

The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of
water must be at 27+-2oC.

Procedure for Concrete Cube Test:-

1. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe
out excess water from the surface.

2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load
shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.

5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top
surface of the specimen.

7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140 kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
 8. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type
of failure.

9. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type

of failure.

Note:-

Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If

strength of any specimen varies by more than 15 percent of average
strength, results of such specimen should be rejected. Average of three
specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete. The strength
requirements of concrete.

Compressive strength test report for bitumen coated aggregate

concrete cube:-

Compressive Strenght(N/mm2)
S NO. Mix ID 7 Days Average 14 Days Average 21 days Average 28 Days Average
1 M20 25 31 35 41
2 M20 27 35 37 45
3 M20 28 26.66 32 32.66 38 34 44 43.33
Calculations of Compressive Strength

Size of the cube =15cmx15cmx15cm

Area of the specimen (calculated from the mean size of the specimen )=225
cm2

Characteristic compressive strength(f ck)at 7 days =

Expected maximum load =………… N

Range is be selected is………………..

Similar calculation should be done for 28 day compressive strength

Maximum load applied =43.33 N

Compressive strength = (Load in N/Area in mm2) = …………N/mm2

=
…………………N/mm2

Reports of Cube Test

1. Identification mark

2. Date of test

3. Age of specimen

4. Curing conditions, including date of manufacture of specimen

5. Appearance of fractured faces of concrete and type of fracture if they are

unusual

Result of Concrete Cube Test

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = ..……..N/mm 2 (at 7 days)

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = ..……..N/mm 2 (at 14 days)

 Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = …..…..N/mm 2 (at 21 days)

Average compressive strength of the concrete cube = ……....N/mm 2 (at 28 days)

Compressive Strength of Concrete at Various Ages

The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at
different ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.

AGE STRENGTH PERCENTAGE

1 DAY 16%
3 DAYS 40%
7 DAYS 65%
14 DAYS 90%
21 DAYS 95%
28 DAYS 99%

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The research work reported in this report deal with study of the asphalt concrete
materials.The tested materials and the observation of materials are suitable for
paving mix which following IS 1208:1978.
Requirements of bitumen as a binding material and its different forms were
discussed.Various test are conducted on bituminous concrete materialaccess its
impact,gradation,penetration,viscosity,ductility,temperature susceptibility and
safety standaed test procedures on bitumen were also coered in this report.
Based on MARSHAL STABILITY , a new index ,which may be used to evaluate and
compare mixture for their resistance to permanent deformation ,is defined.The
index is simple to calculate and is found to be sensitive to changes in binder
content and void content,which might make it suitable for mixture design
purposes.

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