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Abstract—This paper is an attempt to attain a new and During the two-year period 1924 to 1926 the Bohr
profound model of the nature’s structure using a vortex-ring- description of electron orbits in atoms was replaced by the
fractal theory (VRFT). Scientists have been trying to explain greatly improved description of wave mechanics, which is
some phenomena in Nature that have not been explained so still in use and seems to be satisfactory. The discovery by de
far. The aim of this paper is the vortex-ring-fractal modeling
Broglie in 1924 that an electron moving with velocity v has
of elements in the Mendeleev’s periodic table, which is not in
contradiction to the known laws of nature. We would like to a wavelength mev [2]. The theory of quantum
find some acceptable structure model of the hydrogen as a mechanics was developed in 1925 with the German
vortex-fractal-coil structure of the proton and a vortex-fractal- physicist Werner Heisenberg. Early in 1926 an equivalent
ring structure of the electron. It is known that planetary model theory, called wave mechanics, was independently
of hydrogen is not right, the classical quantum model is too developed by Austrian physicist Ervin Schroedinger.
abstract. Our imagination is that the hydrogen is a levitation Important contributions to the theory were also made by the
system of the proton and the electron. English physicist Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. The most
probable distance of the electron from the nucleus is thus
Index Terms—Model of hydrogen atom, vortex-ring-fractal
just the Bohr radius rB (ro); the electron is, however, not
structures, covalent bond
restricted to this distance. The electron is not to be thought
of as going around the nucleus, but rather as going in and
I. INTRODUCTION out, in varying directions, so as to make the electron
The electrical force decreases inversely with the square distribution spherically symmetrical [2].
of distance between charges. This relationship is called Matter is composed of tiny atoms. All the atoms of any
Coulomb’s law. There are two kinds of “matter”, which we elements are identical: they have the same mass and the
can call positive and negative. Like kinds repel each other, same chemical properties. They differ from the atoms of all
while unlike kinds attract – unlike gravity, where only other elements. Twenties-century X-ray work has shown
attraction occurs [8]. When charges are moving the that the diameters of atoms are of the order 0.2 nm (2x10-10
electrical forces depend also on the motion of charges in a m). The mass and the positive charge are concentrated in a
complicated way [1]. tiny fraction of the atom, called nucleus. The nucleus
Fractals seem to be very powerful in describing natural consists of protons (p) and neutrons (n). Protons and
objects on all scales. Fractal dimension and fractal measure neutrons are made up of smaller subatomic particles, such
are crucial parameters for such description. Many natural as quarks. Both protons and neutrons have a mass
objects have self-similarity or partial-self-similarity of the approximately 1840 times greater than an electron (e). The
whole object and its part [3]. more energy an electron has, the further it can escape the
Most of our knowledge of the electronic structure of pull of the positively charged nucleus. Given sufficient
atoms has been obtained by the study of the light given out energy, an electron can jump from one shell to higher one.
by atoms when they are exited. The light that is emitted by When it falls back to a lower shell, it emits radiation in the
atoms of given substance can be refracted or diffracted into form of a photon.
a distinctive pattern of lines of certain frequencies and
create the line spectrum of the atom.
The careful study of line spectra began about 1880. The
II. THE SPIN OF THE ELECTRON
regularity is evident in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
The interpretation of the spectrum of hydrogen was not It was discovered in 1925 that the electron has
achieved until 1913. In that year the Danish physicist Niels properties corresponding to its spin S. It can be described as
Bohr successfully applied the quantum theory to this rotating about an axis of a ring structure of the electron (see
problem and created a model of hydrogen. Bohr also Fig.1 and Fig.7) [7]. The spin of the electron is defined as
angular momentum [8]:
discovered a method of calculation of the energy of the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom, with use of Planck’s 6 = P0 U0 × Y0
(1)
constant h. Later in 1923 it was recognized that Bohr’s
For the spin on axis z:
formulation of the theory of the electronic structure of
me
atoms to be improved and extended. The Bohr theory did Sz = N re ve (2)
not give correct values for the energy levels of helium atom N
or the hydrogen molecule-ion H2+, or of any other atom with where me is the mass of the electron, re is the radius of the
more than one electron or any molecule. electron and N is number of substructures inside the
structure of the electron. In [8] the formulae for radius re of
the electron are:
Manuscript received July 14, 2009. This work was supported in part by
the Czech Ministry of Education under Grant No: MSM 00216305529 e2 1
re = ⋅ 2 (3)
102/09/1668: Control Algorithm Design by Means of Evolutionary 8π ε 0 me ve
2
Approach.
2 2
P. Ošmera is with the European Polytechnical Institute Kunovice,
ve = v = ± vme = ± vm (4)
Osvobození 699, 686 04 Kunovice, Czech Republic
(e-mail: osmera @fme.vutbr.cz).
π π
e2 1 h m
vm = (5) S z = me ve re = ⋅ = N ⋅ e ⋅ ve ⋅ re =
4ε 0 h 2 2π N
where re is mean radius, v is mean velocity of the electron
[8], ve is mean velocity of the subelectron, vm is maximum me λ
=N⋅ ⋅ ve ⋅
translation velocity of the electron and vme is maximum N 4π
velocity of the subelectron -1e (maximum rotational velocity
of the electron) if the electron has distance do (see Fig.2 and (11)
Fig.7) and minimum energy Eqo , see equation (33) or [8]. h h h
Mean radius re is: λ= = N ⋅λ o = =± (12)
me ve me v me v
e2 π 2 ve = v
re = ⋅ = (13)
8 π 2 ε 0 m e 4 v m2 It can be an explanation of de Broglie’s equation for a
wavelength mv because we suppose that the electron
e2 1 energy Et of translation movement is the same as the
= ⋅ 2 = rotational energy Er of the rotating electron [8].
8ε 0 me 4v m
e2 16ε 02 h 2 ε 0h2 d
= ⋅ = = o
32ε 0 me e 4
2me e 2
2
(6)
The spin Sz on axis z:
2
Sz = mevere = ±me vmre =
π
Fig. 1 The electron that is moving with velocity v has a
2 e2 ε 0h2 wavelength mev (de Broglie’s equation):
= ± me ⋅ ⋅ =
π 4ε 0 h 2me e 2
o in the fractal-ring
structure of the electron,
b) An inner ring of the electron with spin quantum
1 h 1 number: 1/2 (twice around annuloid to match).
=± ⋅ = ± = ms
2 2π 2 It is the 21-multiple “double-helix-line” structure
(here only one “double helix” with markers 1,2).
(7)
where III. MODEL OF HYDROGEN ATOM
P8 = ± In a new model of the hydrogen atom with a levitating
(8) electron [7], [8] there is attractive (electric) force F+ and
(magnetic) repellent force F- :
The result in (8) is in coincidence with the generally
e2 1 d o2
equation for the spin, where ms is spin quantum number [8]. F = F+ − F− = 2 − 4 (14)
4πε o d d
We can suppose that a fractal structure of the electron has The hydrogen atom can have the electron on left side or on
o (see Fig.1a): right side (see Fig.4a, 4b). The attractive force F+ is
N λ N λ Coulomb’s force. The repellent force F- is caused with
2πre = λo = ⋅ = (9) magnetic fields of the proton and the electron (see Fig.2). A
2 N 2 2
distance between the electron and the proton is d in (14).
or from Fig.1b
The electron moves as “Yo-Yo” (see Fig. 3)
λ
2 ⋅ 2πre = λ re = (10) The Bohr radius rB (or ro) has the same size as the
4π distance d o ≈ 5.29 ⋅ 10 −11 m [2] in our vortex-fractal-ring
where N is number of subparts (for example: number of
model [8].
subelectrons). Formulae (7) with (10) lead to:
c2 1
vo2 = = (16)
2 2ε o µ o
v , ve +vm
+vme
v= ve=0
-vm
-vme
1 meo 2 4 1 meo 2 5
+ v−4 N + v−5 N = meo c
2 N4 2 N5
(19)
E o ≈ meo c 2 (20)
[8] Ošmera, P.: Vortex-fractal-ring Structure of Hydrogen, [10] ýapková T.: Modeling Fractal Objects in Blender, bachelor
Proceedings of MENDEL 2009, Brno, Czech Republic (2009) work, UTB, Zlín, 2009
81-92. [11] Lim, T.T.: serve.me.nus.edu.sg/limtt/
[9] Mauritsson J.: online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/atto06/mauritsson/