‘SEAFCO\| , is well known in Thailand's construction industry 2s a deep foundation specialist contractor for high rise buildings and infrastructures. has also been in deep basement construction with diaphragm walling technique since 1987. Deep ‘excavations to depths up to 24.0m in soft clay have been carried out with diaphragm walls constructed by for basements of buildings, TBM launching shafts and underground structures. has solid knowledge and experience to provide the following professional sorvices to project owners, design engineers and architects: = Conceptual design. ‘= Cost estimation. Design and build * Deep excavation and suostruoture work with ‘conventional or top-down construction method. The types of excavation oquipment used for diaphragm wall and barrettes construction are: ‘Cable suspended mechanical grab. # Cable suspended hydraulic grab. ‘= Hydraulic grab attached to kelly bar + Percussive tools. Rotary driling # Reverse circulation. Selection of excavation equipment depends on: «Excavation rate Horizontal and vertical accuracy. * Site and ground condii i Reinforced concrete guide walls slightly wider than the planned diaphragm wall thickness are required to serve as: '* A guice for excavation tools. ‘© A support for end plates and reinforcement cages. A layout for reference and leveling points. A slurry reservoir for excavation. * A wall for stabilizing the open trench at earth surface ‘The guide wall is usually 1.0 - 1.5m in depth. The guide wall is designed and constructed to suit the soil, ground water and construction load conditions. Typical guide walls for diaphragm wall construction. The excavation of the trench for diaphragm wall panels is usually performed under bentonite slurry. The width of ‘excavation for wall panel is given by the wicth of the tool (standar6 dimension 600mm to 1500mm). The panel length is given by the process of excavation by several bites. The panel length is limited by tench stability and volume to concrete. Panel length 2.6m to 6.0m is very common Depths of up to 60m can be excavated in suitable ground, Bentonite slury is recycled to clean and desand (remove soil particies) prior to installation of steel reinforcement cages. Excavation of diaphragm wall panel with grab. ‘Stee! reinforcement cages with adequate lifting attach- ments and concrete spacers are lowered in to the trench, after necessary stop end plates with waterstops have been placed in position in the trench. Vertical and horizontal steel bar spacing should be greater than 5 times of the maximum size of aggregates to give @ good flow of concrete, The reinforcement cage should allow a concrete cover of 100mm. Any sediment at bottom of the trench must be removed prior to insiallation of the reinforcement Installation of reinforcement cage with sojt-eye made of glass {fibre polymer reinforcement for tunnel opening.Concrete pouring with double remie set. CONCRETING Tremie method is used for concreting operation. After steel reinforcement cages have been instelled in the trench, tremie pipes are than lowered into the depth prior to concreting. More than one set of tremie pipes are generally used in a simultaneous concreting for long Panels greater than 3.6m, No interruption is alowed. Self consolidating concrete is generally poured up to 50-100cm above the cutoff level of panels. Workability and high cement content of concrete are necessary to produce high strength concrete of the walls. Diaphragm wall panel with warersiop at panel joint. @ @ @ @ MATERIALS Concrete ‘Self consolidating concrete type Aggregate: 5-20mm Comentatious: not less than 400kgim® Slump not less than 15Cmm and after 4hours not less than 100mm Strength: _oylinder strength 240-360ksc at 28 days Checking verticatity and dimension of trench with sonic clipper equipment. JOINTS Stop ends with watersiops are normally used for forming a joint between panels with interlock. Stop ends are installed prior to reinforcement cage installation and concreting the panel. They are withcrawn after concrete Is sel, leaving waterstops in place at panel joints. INSTRUMENTATION The following instrumentations are commonly employed: + Inclinometer tubes installed in panels for ‘monitoring the deflection of wall at basement excavation stages. + Settlement plates outside wall porimotor for ‘monitoring ground seitlement associated with basement excavation, * Plezometers for monitoring groundwater. Processof diaphragm wall construction ae