Sie sind auf Seite 1von 5

Handout in General Physics 2-LIGHT Mary Rose Caccam Parungao, Teacher III

THE HUMAN EYE


The eyes are probably the most important of our five senses. The eye is able to see in dim or bright light but it cannot see
objects when light is absent. It changes light rays into electrical signals then sends them to the brain where these electrical signals are
interpreted as visual images.

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE EYE


CORNEA Transparent outer membrane which forms the eyeball’s outer coating. It serves as the window of the eye
together with the lens it bends light rays that enter the eye and focuses the rays to form an image in the
retina.
LENS Jelly-like assembly of tiny transparent fibers which main function is to bend light rays that enter the eye. The
cornea does most of the focusing but the lens does the fine focusing of rays to create a clear image.
IRIS It is located in front of the lens which is made up of different muscle fibers which controls the size of the
pupil.
PUPIL It allows light to pass into the eyes from the aqueous humour to the lens. It opens and closes to control the
light entering so as not to damage the retina.
CILIARY MUSCLE Contracts and expands to control the curvature of the lens.
VITREOUS HUMOUR Behind the lens which is a cavity full of liquid. It provides nourishment to the front parts of the eye and
maintains the eye pressure.
RETINA Behind vitreous humour, this serves as the “screen” where image is formed.
FOVEA CENTRALIS The center of the eye’s sharpest vision and the location of most color perception.
OPTIC NERVE The pathway that light rays take from the retina to the processing center of the brain.

THE CAMERA AND THE EYE


PART OF THE EYE PART OF THE CAMERA FUNCTIONS
PUPIL APERTURE It is an opening where light enters.
EYELIDS SHUTTER It opens and closes the aperture. It closes to keep the inside of
the camera dark.
CORNEA, LENS, VITEREOUS BICONVEX LENS Refracting system
AND AQUEOUS HUMOR
MUSCLES OF THE IRISH IRISH DIAPHRAGM It controls the size of the opening
RETINA FILM It is where the image is formed.
CILIARY MUSCLES CHANGE ADJUSTMENT IN LENS TO Focusing mechanism
THE SHAPE OF LENS FILM DISTANCE

VISUAL ACUITY

Most people is familiar with the term 20/20 vision but most of them do not know what it means. Visual acuity simply means
clarity or sharpness of vision. It is expressed usually in fraction. The numerator is the standard testing distance, 20feet in almost all
countries and 6meters in Britain. The denominator represents the distance in feet or meters at which a person with normal vision is
able to see clearly an object seen by another at 20feet or 6meters.

PROBLEMS WITH SEEING

The closest distance which an object can be seen clearly by the eye is called the near point of the eye. The near point for young adults
with normal vision is 25cm, for children around 10cm, and for the aged, 50cm or more. The far point of the eye is the farthest distance
at which an object can be seen clearly. The far point of the normal eye is taken as infinity. Thus, a normal healthy eye can see objects
as close as 25cm or very distant from it.

I. LIGHT: ILLUMINATION AND THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW


An object can be seen by the light it emits or by the light it reflects. AN object that can generate its own light is called LUMINOUS
OBJECT. An object that is not capable of producing its own light but receives light from a luminous object and reflects this light to our
eyes is called an ILLUMINATED OBJECT. In the absence of a luminous object, illuminated objects will not be seen.
ILLUMINATION is the amount of light falling on a unit area of a surface. It depends in two factors: the brightness of the source and the
distance of the surface from the source. The strength of brightness of a source is specified by its luminous intensity (I), it is measured in
candela (cd). Illumination varies directly as the luminous intensity of the source.
A given amount of light will spread over a wider area as it moves away from a source. This area increases as square of the distance
from the source increases. If you double the distance the light will spread over four times; as a result the amount of light falling on each
unit area will be reduced to one-fourth of the original value, this is the inverse square law.
E= I/d2 If intensity is in candela and distance is in meter, illumination is in lux. One lux is 1candela/meter 2.
Sample Problem: A 80cd lamp 0.50m from the screen gives the same illumination as an unknown lam 0.30m from the same screen.
What is the luminous intensity of the unknown light source?
Given: E1=E2 I1/(d1)2= I2/(d2)2 80cd/(.050m)2=I2/(0.30m)2 I2=30cd
Practice Problem: You are 1.22m away from a 50cd lamp while reading your book. You are asked to move 0.55m farther. What is the
illumination?
Handout in General Physics 2-LIGHT Mary Rose Caccam Parungao, Teacher III
II. TYPES OF MATERIALS AND LIGHT

Transparent materials allow light to pass through (clear water, air and clear glass). Opaque materials do not allow the passage of
light (human body, stones and wood). Translucent body scatters light to pass through it. We see objects by the light they emit, reflect
or transmit (frosted glass).

III. COLORS OF OBJECTS


 Sunlight separates into different colors called visible spectrum, as it passes through a prism. The spectrum is consist of
ROYGBIV.
 Light is separated as it passes through a prism and this is known as dispersion.
 R, G and B are the primary colors of light.
 When light falls on an object which does not transmit light, one of the following happens:
 All of the colors in the white light may be reflected, in which case the object will appear white.
 Some of the colors may be reflected, in which case the object appears colored; and
 All of the colors are absorbed by the object, in which case the object appears black.
 The color of the object is not actually within the object itself rather, the color is in the light which shines upon that ultimately
becomes reflected or transmitted to our eyes.
BLUE SKY: The sky appears blue because of the scattering of blue and violet light from the sunlight in the atmosphere. Violet light is
more scattered than blue light; however our eyes are more sensitive to blue so we see a blue sky.
RED SUNSET: During sunset, the path through light travels in the atmosphere become longer and as a consequence, more blue and
violet are scattered from sunlight thus less blue light reaches the ground and the light that reaches the earth’s surface is red.
WHITE CLOUDS: Clouds are made up of clusters of water droplets of different sizes. Since the color scattered light depends on the
size of particles, the different-sized clusters scatter a variety of colors. The smallest clusters scatter blue light resulting in blue clouds,
the medium sized clusters make green and the larger ones make red. The combinations of these result in white clouds.

Appearance of colored objects under various colors of light.


When white light is passed through a colored filter, a number of colors are removed and this is called color subtraction.
COLOR OF LIGHT YELLOW (impure) object BLUE (impure) object GREEN (impure) object
PURE WHITE Yellow Blue Green
PURE RED Red Black Black
PURE BLUE Black Blue Blue
CYAN (B+G) Green Cyan Cyan
MAGENTA (R+B) Red Blue Blue

Path of Light
A narrow beam of light is called ray. A ray of light is usually represented by a straight line with an arrow head pointing to the direction of
travel. This is because light travels in a straight line in one medium.
What happens to light when it meets a boundary?
Opaque materials can be smooth or rough. A smooth surface such as mirror reflects light in only on direction hence you see an image
only when you are in front of the mirror, it is known as regular or specular reflection. Most of the objects around us have rough
surfaces, they reflect light in all directions and this is termed irregular or diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is more common than
regular reflection. The walls, ceiling, floors and most of the objects inside our room, except mirror, are rough surfaces and scatter light
incident upon them. This is why a small light bulb can light up a big room, illumination of the room may be improved by light colored
paint because it reflects more light than dark colors.

Refraction: Bent pencil and larger view of fish under water. When light passes from one transparent medium to another at an angle
other than 90⁰ with the boundary, it bends. This phenomenon is called refraction, this is due to the change in speed of light as it passes
from one medium to another.

REFLECTION AND MIRRORS

Reflection of Light
When light is incident on a surface, it be reflected, transmitted, refracted, scattered or
absorbed.
Reflection is the turning back of light into same medium after striking a surface. The
ray that strikes the surface is called incident ray. The ray that rebounds from the
surface is called the reflected ray. A line perpendicular to the surface at the point of
incidence is called the normal. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence. This is represented
as . The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection, represented by .
Handout in General Physics 2-LIGHT Mary Rose Caccam Parungao, Teacher III
The Laws of reflection are the following:
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
2. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray lie in one plane.

Sample Problem: A ray is incident on a surface at 43⁰. Find the angle between the
Incident ray and reflected ray.
Answer: By the law of reflection, the angle of reflection is also 43⁰. Therefore,
the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray is 86⁰.
Practice Problem: A ray of light strikes a surface and is reflected so that the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray is 30⁰.
(a) What is the angle of incidence? (b) What is the angle of reflection? (c) If the surface is rotated so as to increase the angle of
incidence by 1⁰, what is the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray? (d) If the surface is rotated so that the angle of incidence
is decreased by 1⁰, what then is the angle between the two rays?

MIRRORS
Two types of Mirrors:
Plane Mirror is one with flat surface.
Spherical Mirror is a mirror whose reflecting surface
is taken from the surface of a sphere.
Spherical mirror can either be concave or convex.
Concave mirror curves inward in the direction of
incident
Ray.
Convex mirror bulges outward to the incident rays.
The ordinary mirror at home where we can see reality-the exact image of ourselves is a plane mirror. A shimmy Christmas ball, the
rear-view mirrors in cars and wide range mirrors in supermarkets designed to catch shoplifters are convex mirrors. Shaving and
dentist’s mirror are concave mirrors.
DID YOU KNOW??? The first mirror was a clear, calm water of a river or a pond where our ancestors saw reflections of themselves,
trees, hills and the like. Polished metals or stones are early man-made mirrors. In the bible brass mirrors are mentioned. The Greeks,
Egyptians and Romans had bronze and silver mirrors. The crude form of mirror made of a glass plate with mercury or tin as a reflecting
film was introduced 1300. Juston von Lieberg in 1836 made use of metallic silver instead of mercury. Most of our household mirrors are
of this type. Mirrors used in scientific works uses aluminum instead of silver as the reflecting film. Aluminum is as efficient as silver and
less prone to oxidation and tarnishing.

REAL AND VIRTUAL IMAGE

A real image has the following properties:


1. Itb is formed by actual intersection of light rays after encountering a mirror. A real image is formed infront of the mirror.
2. It can be projected on a screen.
3. It is always inverted.
A virtual image has the following properties:
1. No light actually passes at the apparent location of the image. The apparent location of the image is found by extending the
reflected rays until they intersect. A virtul image is formed at the back of the mirror.
2. It cannot be projected on a screen.
3. It is always upright.

PLANE MIRROR IMAGES

Plane mirror images are virtual, upright, the same size as the object, the
same distance behind the mirror as the object in front of the mirror, and
laterally inverted. Laterally inverted means the left of the object becomes
right of the image and vice versa.

DID YOU KNOW??? In general, to view one’s full image in a plane mirror,
the required height for the mirror is only half of the person’s height,
regardless of how far he stands from the mirror.

When parallel rays strike a concave mirror, the rays will be reflected and meet at the point
called the principal focus. Hence, we say that concave mirror is converging. A convex
mirror is a diverging mirror is a diverging mirror because when parallel rays strike a convex
mirror, the reflected rays spread out and never come to a focus. However, if the reflected
rays are extended, they appear or seem to come from a single point behind the mirror. This
point is called the principal focus of the convex mirror.
Handout in General Physics 2-LIGHT Mary Rose Caccam Parungao, Teacher III
REFRACTION
Refraction is the change in the direction of light when it passes from one medium to another of different optical density. Optical density
should not be confused with mass density (mass per volume). Optical density has something to do with the transparency of a
substance to light. Light travels slowly in an optically dense substance.
The index of refraction of a substance is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the substance.
n=c/v, when n is the index of refraction, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the speed of light in a substance. A substance is
said to be optically denser than another if its index of refraction is greater. The higher the index of refraction, the slower light travels in
that substance.
Index of refraction of materials for yellow light:
Air- 1.0003 Ice at 0⁰C- 1.309 Water- 1.33 x10-9 Fused quartz- 1.46
Glass (crown)- 1.523 Sapphire- 1.77 Zirconium- 2.2 x10-9 Diamond- 2.419
Sample Problem: A zirconium plate (n=2.2) has a thickness of 3.0x10-3. Find the speed of light in zirconium at the time it takes light to
pass perpendicularly through the plate.
n=c/v 2.2=3.00x108m/s/ v v=1.40x108
To solve for the time (t), divide the thickness by velocity v. (v=d/t)
t=3.0x10-3/1.40x108= 2.20.40x10-11s
Practice Exercise: Calculate the speed of light in diamond.

LAWS OF REFRACTION
When light passes from one medium to another of different optical density, it is refracted according
to some laws.
Ray AB is the incident ray. Ray BC is the refracted ray. Angel i and angle r are the angle of
incidence and the angle of refraction, respectively.
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal lie in one plane.
2. When a ray of light passes obliquely from an optically denser medium to a less dense medium, it is refracted away from the
normal.
When a ray of light passes obliquely from an optically less dense medium to denser medium, it is refracted toward the normal.
At the perpendicular incidence, no bending of light ray occurs.

Phenomena as result of refraction:


 A pencil or straw placed obliquely in a glass of water appears to be broken.
 An object lying under water appears shallower than it actually is. It can be known mathematically that the index of
refraction is the ratio of real depth to apparent depth.
n= real depth/ apparent depth

Stellar scintillation (commonly known as twinkling of star), mirage and longer day time are results of the refraction of the
light as it passes through the layers of air having different temperatures in the atmosphere.
Refraction of light is responsible for image formation in our eyes and lenses.

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION


It occurs if light passes from a dense to a less dense medium, its angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. This is
applied in fiber optics and diamond cutting. Critical angle is equal to 90⁰.

Total internal reflection is also utilized in the design of chandeliers. Crystal glass, instead of ordinary glass, is often used
because it has a higher index of refraction. The higher index of refraction and the intricate cut of the glass pieces produce
the sparkling we note in chandelier.

SPHERICAL LENSES

A spherical lens is a piece of glass or transparent material having at least one-spherical surface. Spherical lenses are
divided into convex and concave lens. Lenses that are thicker at the middle than at the edges are convex lenses. Convex
lenses are converging lenses. Lenses that are thicker at the edges than at the middle are concave lenses. Concave lenses
are diverging. Concave lenses are further subdivided into double convex, plano-convex, and concav0-convex (convex
Handout in General Physics 2-LIGHT Mary Rose Caccam Parungao, Teacher III
meniscus). The concave lenses may be double concave, plano-concave, or convexo-concave (concave meniscus). Convex
lenses are used to correct farsightedness. Concave lenses are used to correct nearsightedness.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen