GENG 300 NUMERICAL METHODS

Dr. Mohammad Aman Ullah

BOOKS

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Course Textbook:
o Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB

Numerical Methods
for Engineers and scientists, Chapra S.C., 3rd
edition, McGraw- Hill, 2012

Reference(s):
o Chapra S.C. and R.P. Canale (2006)
Numerical Methods for Engineers, 5th
edition, McGraw- Hill.
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CONTENTS

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1. Modeling, Computers, and Error analysis

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2. Roots of equations
3. Linear algebraic equations
4. Curve fitting and interpolation
5. Numerical differentiation & integration
6. Ordinary differential equations

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GRADES

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HWs and Quizzes: 20%

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Midterm: 20 %
Laboratory: 15 %
Term Project: 10 %
Final Exam: 35 %

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

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To introduce students to the mostly used
numerical methods in the different engineering

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fields. The course is not theorem-oriented one. The
emphasis will be on understanding the concepts
of the numerical methods and on applying these
concepts for solving various problems. MATLAB
and Microsoft Excel will be used as tools to solve
the problems using the different numerical
methods.

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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)

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1. Be aware of the mathematical background for
the different numerical methods introduced in the

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course.
2. Understand the different numerical methods to
solve the algebraic equations and to solve system of
linear and non linear equations.
3. Understand the different numerical methods for
interpolation, differentiation, integration and
solving set of ordinary differential equations.

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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)…

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4. Understand how numerical methods afford a
mean to generate solutions in a manner that can be

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implemented on digital computers.
5. Use the built in functions in MATLAB and
EXCEL.
6. Create MATLAB functions for solving numerical
engineering problems.
7. Work on group projects.

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COURSE GROUND RULES
1. Use of programmable calculator: not allowed

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2. Class Attendance:
a) taken at 10 minutes; after 10 minutes can

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attend but recorded absent
b) no makeup except with a valid (medical) reason
3. Plagiarism:
a) will be reported to HoD for formal actions
b) borrowing and sharing of resources are not
allowed
4. Cell Phones:
a) during lectures "Silent" or "OFF“, during exams
"OFF". 8

b) not allowed to use as a calculator

 Lecture 1: Chapter 1 & 4

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Modeling, Computers and Error Analysis

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INTRODUCTION

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TOPICS COVERED FROM CHAPTER 1 & 4
1. Why numerical methods?

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2. Mathematical Modelling concept
3. Error Analysis:
a. Significant figures

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b. Accuracy and precision
c. Error definitions
i. For known true value
ii. For approximations
d. Major errors
i. Round off
ii. Truncation
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1. WHY NUMERICAL METHODS?

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1. WHY NUMERICAL METHODS?

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2. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING CONCEPT
Why do we do modelling?

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To understand physical phenomena and describe it
mathematically

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To use the mathematically formulated model as a
tool to predict the behaviour of a system for the new
conditions
In order for a model to be used as a simulation tool
the model should represent the reality as close as
possible. Therefore, validation of a model with
experimental observation is an absolute necessity to
gain confidence in a model before using it in a
simulation processes.
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL…
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

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Complex example:

Model for falling parachute:

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

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Independent
variable

Dependent Forcing Parameters

variable function 16
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

Conservation Laws and Engineering:

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Conservation laws are fundamental laws that
are used in engineering.

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If no accumulation (i.e. no change over time), in
and out must be balanced.

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

For steady-state fluid flow in pipe:

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Flow in = Flow out

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

For steady-state condition in falling parachute:

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Thus,

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3. ERROR ANALYSIS
Why errors are concerned ?

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Numerical methods yield approximate results, results
that are close to the exact solution.
The question is “How much error is present in our

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calculation and is it tolerable?”
Motivating example:
How long does it take to reach a 11 carat uncut diamond
located 20 meter away, if you travel by a car that runs at
10m/s on the 1st second, 5 m/s on the 2nd second, 2.5 m/s on
the 3rd second and so on i.e. speed decreases by half on the
next seconds?

Answer by a mathematician:
Answer by an Engineer: 20
Answer by a lawyer:
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3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SF)

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3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SF)

Significant figures also are indication of the precision

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with which the quantity is known.

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The more significant figures, the more precise is the
value.

Generally, if you report the value of a measured

quantity with 3 SF, you indicate that the value of the
third of these figures may be off by as much as a half-
unit.
Example: 8.3 g, means the mass lies between 8.25
and 8.35 g.

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3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SF)

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3B. ACCURACY AND PRECISION

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Accuracy: How close is a computed or measured
value to the true value

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Precision (or reproducibility): How close is a
computed or measured value to previously
computed or measured values.
Inaccuracy (or bias): A systematic deviation from
the actual value.
Imprecision (or uncertainty): Magnitude of scatter

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3B. ACCURACY AND PRECISION

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3C. ERROR DEFINITIONS
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3C. ERROR…TOLERANCE
3DI. MAJOR ERRORS- ROUND-OFF ERROR

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3DI. MAJOR ERRORS- ROUND-OFF ERROR

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3DII. MAJOR ERRORS- TRUNCATION ERROR
Truncation errors are those that result from using an
approximation in place of an exact mathematical

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procedure.
Non-elementary functions such as trigonometric,

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exponential, and others are expressed in an
approximate fashion using Taylor series when their
values, derivatives, and integrals are computed
Any smooth function can be approximated as a
polynomial. Taylor series provides a means to predict
the value of a function at one point in terms of the
function value and its derivatives at another point.
Taylor Series (TS) is built term by term, started with
zero-order approximation. The higher the order of 31
approximation applied, the lower the truncation error.
3DII. TRUNCATION ERROR- TAYLOR SERIES

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3DII. TAYLOR SERIES…

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For exact solution infinite number of terms are required
In most cases, only a few terms will result in an
approximation that is close enough to the true value for 33
practical purposes
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3DII. TAYLOR SERIES…
3DII. TAYLOR SERIES…
Derivatives used in Taylor series can be approximated using
numerical differentiation with:

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TRY FOR YOURSELF …

Given

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f ( x) = −0.1x 4 − 0.15 x 3 − 0.5 x 2 − 0.25 x + 1.2

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at x =0.25, the derivative can be calculated directly as:
f ' ( x) = −0.4 x 3 − 0.14 x 2 − 1.0 x − 0.25

f ' ( x = 0.25) = −0.9125

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SUMMARY
1. Why numerical methods?

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2. Mathematical Modelling concept
3. Error Analysis:

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a. Significant figures
b. Accuracy and precision
c. Error definitions
i. For known true value
ii. For approximations
d. Major errors
i. Round off
ii. Truncation
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