Sie sind auf Seite 1von 10

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3KRWRQLF7HFKQRORJLHV/$1(

'LUHFWPHWDOGHSRVLWLRQRIUHIUDFWRU\KLJKHQWURS\DOOR\0R1E7D:
+HQULN'REEHOVWHLQD 0DJQXV7KLHOHD(YJHQ\/*XUHYLFKD(DVR3*HRUJHE
$QGUHDV2VWHQGRUID
a
Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr.150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
b
Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr.150, 44801 Bochum, Germany

$EVWUDFW

$OOR\LQJRIUHIUDFWRU\KLJKHQWURS\DOOR\V +($V VXFKDV0R1E7D:LVXVXDOO\GRQHE\YDFXXPDUFPHOWLQJ 9$0 RUSRZGHU


PHWDOOXUJ\ 30 GXHWRWKHKLJKPHOWLQJSRLQWVRIWKHHOHPHQWV0DFKLQLQJWRSURGXFHWKHILQDOVKDSHRISDUWVLVRIWHQQHHGHG
DIWHUWKH30SURFHVV&DVWLQJSURFHVVHVZKLFKDUHRIWHQXVHGIRUDHURVSDFHFRPSRQHQWV WXUELQHEODGHVYDQHV DUHQRWSRVVLEOH
'LUHFWPHWDOGHSRVLWLRQ '0' LVDQDGGLWLYHPDQXIDFWXULQJWHFKQLTXHXVHGIRUWKHUHIXUELVKPHQWRIVXSHUDOOR\FRPSRQHQWVEXW
JHQHUDWLQJWKHVHFRPSRQHQWVIURPWKHERWWRPXSLVDOVRRIFXUUHQWUHVHDUFKLQWHUHVW0R1E7D:SRVVHVVHVKLJK\LHOGVWUHQJWKDW
KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV DQG FRXOG EH DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR VWDWHRIWKHDUW PDWHULDOV ,Q WKLV VWXG\ '0' RI DQ HTXLPRODU PL[WXUH RI
HOHPHQWDOSRZGHUVZDVSHUIRUPHGZLWKDSXOVHG1G<$*ODVHU6LQJOHZDOOVWUXFWXUHVZHUHEXLOWGHSRVLWLRQVWUDWHJLHVGHYHORSHG
DQG WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI 0R1E7D: ZDV DQDO\]HG E\ EDFN VFDWWHUHG HOHFWURQV %6(  DQG HQHUJ\ GLVSHUVLYH ;UD\ ('; 
VSHFWURVFRS\LQDVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRSH'0'HQDEOHVWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIFRPSRVLWLRQJUDGLHQWVE\XVLQJG\QDPLFSRZGHU
PL[LQJLQVWHDGRISUHDOOR\HGSRZGHUV+RZHYHUWKHVLPXOWDQHRXVKDQGOLQJRIVHYHUDOHOHPHQWDORUSUHDOOR\HGSRZGHUVEULQJV
QHZFKDOOHQJHVWRWKHGHSRVLWLRQSURFHVV7KHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHUPDOSURSHUWLHVPHOWLQJSRLQWDQGYDSRUSUHVVXUHRQWKHGHSRVLWLRQ
SURFHVVDQGFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
&RS\ULJKWOLQHZLOODSSHDUKHUH
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH%D\HULVFKHV/DVHU]HQWUXP*PE+
Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH
Keywords: 'LUHFWPHWDOGHSRVLWLRQUHIUDFWRU\PHWDOVKLJKHQWURS\DOOR\PLFURVWUXFWXUH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

3URFHVVLQJRIUHIUDFWRU\PHWDOVLVGLIILFXOWGXHWRWKHLUKLJKPHOWLQJSRLQWVDQGWHQGHQF\WRUDSLGO\R[LGL]H7R
SURGXFHXVHIXOSDUWVVXEWUDFWLYHPDFKLQLQJKDVWREHGRQHDIWHUSRZGHUPHWDOOXUJ\RUYDFXXPDUFPHOWLQJ%XWWKHVH
PDWHULDOV KDYH KLJK KDUGQHVV HVSHFLDOO\ WXQJVWHQ DQG LWV DOOR\V 6XEWUDFWLYH PDFKLQLQJ VKRXOG EH PLQLPL]HG WR



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:GREEHOVWHLQ#ODWUXEGH

1875-3892 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH
doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.065
Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633 625

UHGXFHWRROZHDUDQGWLPHRISURGXFWLRQ7KHUHIRUHLWLVRIJUHDWLQWHUHVWWREXLOGXSIXQFWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHVE\DGGLWLYH
PDQXIDFWXULQJ&RPPRQO\SUHDOOR\HGSRZGHUVDUHXVHGLQDGGLWLYHPDQXIDFWXULQJWHFKQLTXHVOLNHVHOHFWLYHODVHU
PHOWLQJDQG'0'7KHODWWHUWHFKQLTXHHVSHFLDOO\DOORZVLQVLWXPL[LQJRISRZGHUVLQRUGHUWREXLOGXSFRPSRVLWLRQ
JUDGLHQWV+RZHYHUWKHSURFHVVLQJRIDPL[WXUHRIHOHPHQWVLQWURGXFHVQHZFKDOOHQJHVLQILQGLQJWKHEHVWSURFHVV
SDUDPHWHUV VLQFH WKHLU WKHUPDO SURSHUWLHV FDQ EH YHU\ GLIIHUHQW $OWKRXJK PRO\EGHQXP QLRELXP WDQWDOXP DQG
WXQJVWHQDOOKDYHUHODWLYHO\KLJKPHOWLQJSRLQWVWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHPHOWLQJSRLQWVRIQLRELXPDQGWXQJVWHQLVODUJH
DURXQGƒ&
5HVHDUFKRQ+($VLVRIWRSLFDOLQWHUHVWEHFDXVHWKH\DUHYHU\SURPLVLQJDVDGYDQFHGPDWHULDOV'HILQLWLRQDQG
SURSHUWLHV FDQ EH IRXQG HOVHZKHUH IRU LQVWDQFH =KDQJ HW DO  DQG 0XUW\ HW DO  5HIUDFWRU\ PHWDOV DUH
LQWHUHVWLQJ EHFDXVH RI WKHLU PHFKDQLFDO VWUHQJWK DW KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV DQG SRVVLEOH DSSOLFDWLRQV FDQ EH IRXQG LQ
DHURVSDFH 'R\FKDN DQGQXFOHDUVFLHQFH :X +($VEDVHGRQUHIUDFWRU\PHWDOVVXFKDVWKHHTXLPRODU
DOOR\ 0R1E7D: KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG IRU H[DPSOH E\ $QWRQDJOLD HW DO  6HQNRY HW DO  DQG
RWKHUVEXWWKHDOOR\VZHUHDOZD\VSURGXFHGE\YDFXXPDUFPHOWLQJ7RDYRLGHODERUDWHSUHDOOR\LQJRIUHIUDFWRU\
PHWDOV ZKLFK FDQ RQO\ EH GRQH E\ YDFXXP DUF PHOWLQJ '0' FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG IRU in situ DOOR\LQJ E\ G\QDPLF
SRZGHU PL[LQJ +HUH ZH UHSRUW UHVXOWV RI SUHOLPLQDU\ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RI WKH HIIHFWV RI SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV RQ WKH
FKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIPDWHULDOJHQHUDWHGE\'0'

([SHULPHQWDO3URFHGXUH

'LUHFW PHWDO GHSRVLWLRQ ZDV SHUIRUPHG ZLWK D SXOVHG 1G<$* ODVHU ZLWK  : PD[LPXP DYHUDJH SRZHU
IRFXVLQJ RSWLFV ZLWK D IRFDO OHQJWK RI  PP DQG D VSRW GLDPHWHU RI  —P $OO VDPSOHV ZHUH SUHSDUHG RQ
VLQWHUHGPRO\EGHQXPVXEVWUDWHVZLWKDWKLFNQHVVRIPPDQGDVXUIDFHDUHDRI[PPð7KHVXUIDFHZDVILUVW
JURXQG DEUDVLYH SDSHU 3  WR UHPRYH LWV R[LGH OD\HU DQG XOWUDVRQLFDOO\ FOHDQHG LQ DFHWRQH ,W ZDV WKHQ
SRVLWLRQHG RQ D  [  PPð  PP WKLFN  VWDLQOHVV VWHHO KROGHU ZKLFK ZDV ZHOGHG WR WZR KHDWLQJ HOHPHQWV
7HPSHUDWXUHZDVPHDVXUHGZLWKDWKHUPRFRXSOHLQVHUWHGWKURXJKDSLQKROHDQGZHOGHGWRWKHXSSHUVXUIDFHRIWKH
KROGHU VHH)LJXUH  7KH UHIUDFWRU\ PHWDOV LQ RXU+($ KDYH DERG\FHQWHUHG FXELF ODWWLFH DQG DOO H[FHSW IRU 7D
VKRZ D GXFWLOHEULWWOH WUDQVLWLRQ ZKRVH WHPSHUDWXUH VWURQJO\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUH 7KHUHIRUH WKH KROGHU
ZDVSUHKHDWHGWRƒ&DQGWKHPHDVXUHGWHPSHUDWXUHUHDFKHGƒ&GXULQJ'0'7RSURWHFWWKHUHIUDFWRU\
PHWDOVIURPR[LGDWLRQWKHGHSRVLWLRQSURFHVVZDVSHUIRUPHGLQDUJRQDWPRVSKHUH7KHSURFHVVFKDPEHUZDVVHPL
FORVHGZLWKDQRXWOHWDWWKHKLJKHVWSRVLWLRQWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUWKHLQFRPLQJFDUULHUDQGSURWHFWLRQJDV DOVRDUJRQ 
'XULQJSUHKHDWLQJSURFHVVLQJDQGFRROLQJWKHFKDPEHUZDVFRQVWDQWO\SXUJHGZLWKDUJRQJDV


)LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSRIGLUHFWPHWDOGHSRVLWLRQLQDUJRQDWPRVSKHUH
626 Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633

*HQHUDWHGVWUXFWXUHVZHUHFURVVVHFWLRQHGSROLVKHGDQGDQDO\]HGZLWKWKHXVHRIDVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRSH
6(0 HTXLSSHGZLWK%6(DQG(';GHWHFWRUV (OHPHQWDO0R1E7DDQG:SRZGHUVSURYLGHGE\+&6WDUFN
ZHUH FDUHIXOO\ ZHLJKHG XVLQJ D KLJK SUHFLVLRQ VFDOH WR SURGXFH HTXLPRODU PL[WXUH VDPSOH VL]H  J 0R J
1EJ7DJ:J 

7DEOH3K\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHUHIUDFWRU\PHWDOVLQRXU+($
5HIUDFWRU\HOHPHQW 1E 0R 7D : 5HIHUHQFH
0HOWLQJSRLQW>ƒ&@     6DYLWVNLL
%RLOLQJSRLQW>ƒ&@     6DYLWVNLL
'HQVLW\>JFF@     6DYLWVNLL
6WDQGDUGDWRPLFZHLJKW>X@     &,$$:

3RZGHUDQDO\VLV

'0'SURFHVVHIILFLHQF\DQGVWDELOLW\VWURQJO\GHSHQGVRQSRZGHUSURSHUWLHV&RQWUROOHGGHSRVLWLRQFDQRQO\EH
DFKLHYHGZLWKKRPRJHQHRXVZHOGLQJVHDPVZKLFKLQWXUQQHHGDKLJKTXDOLW\SRZGHUIRFXV+LJKTXDOLW\SRZGHU
IRFXVFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\ZHOOGLUHFWHGSRZGHUIORZZLWKORZSRZGHUVFDWWHULQJDQGDSRZGHUIRFXVVL]HPDWFKHGWR
WKHODVHUVSRWVL]H,IWKHSRZGHUIRFXVVL]HLVODUJHUWKDQWKHODVHUVSRWVL]HWKHSRZGHUFDWFKPHQWHIILFLHQF\ZLOO
GHFUHDVHVLJQLILFDQWO\+RZHYHUWKHRYHUODSRISRZGHUIORZDQGODVHUEHDPVKRXOGEHORZWRDYRLGRYHUKHDWLQJDQG
HYDSRUDWLRQRISRZGHUSDUWLFOHV3RZGHUVFDWWHULQJQRWRQO\HQODUJHVWKHSRZGHUIRFXVEXWDOVRPDNHVWKHSRZGHU
IORZPRUHFKDRWLF7KHUHE\SDUWLFOHVFDQFURVVSHQHWUDWHWKHODVHUEHDPDQGFDXVHZHOGLQJVSDWWHURQWKHVXEVWUDWH
RUDWWKHHGJHVRIJHQHUDWHGVWUXFWXUHV7KHSRZGHUIORZTXDOLW\GHSHQGVRQWKHJHRPHWULHVRIWKHSRZGHUQR]]OH
FDUULHU JDV YHORFLW\ SDUWLFOH VL]H DQG SDUWLFOH VKDSH %HVW SRZGHU IORZ FDQ EH DFKLHYHG ZLWK VSKHULFDOO\ VKDSHG
SDUWLFOHVDQGDVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQRIȝP .RQJHWDO  



)LJ6(0LPDJHVRI0R1E7DDQG:SRZGHUV SRZGHUVSURYLGHGE\H.C.Starck). ([FHSWIRUPRO\EGHQXPDOOHOHPHQWV VKRZDQLUUHJXODU
FUXVKHGVKDSH7DQWDOXPDQGWXQJVWHQKDYHDVOLJKWO\ODUJHUSRZGHUVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQ
Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633 627

7KHSDUWLFOHVL]HUDQJHVRIWKHHOHPHQWDOSRZGHUVDVJLYHQE\WKHPDQXIDFWXUHUZHUHTXLWHVLPLODU VHH7DEOH 
EXW VLQFH WKH\ ZHUH PHDVXUHG E\ VLHYLQJ WKH VL]H GLVWULEXWLRQ FDQ EH GLIIHUHQW EHFDXVH RI WKHLU GLIIHUHQW VKDSHV
)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHSDUWLFOHVKDSHVDQGLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWRQO\PRO\EGHQXPSDUWLFOHVH[KLELWDVSKHULFDOVKDSH
$GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH\ DUH VRPHZKDW VPDOOHU WKDQ WKH RWKHU SRZGHUV ZKLFK KDYH LUUHJXODU FUXVKHG VKDSHV 7DQWDOXP
DQGWXQJVWHQVKRZWKHODUJHVWVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQDOWKRXJKWKHWXQJVWHQSDUWLFOHVDUHDOLWWOHELWPRUHURXQGHG$VZLOO
EHVKRZQODWHUWKHLUUHJXODUVKDSHGSDUWLFOHVFDXVHSRZGHUIORZVFDWWHULQJDQGKDYHDQLQIOXHQFHRQWKHGHSRVLWLRQ
TXDOLW\DQGSURFHVVVWUDWHJ\

7DEOH)ORZSURSHUWLHVDQGSRZGHUVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQRIHOHPHQWDOSRZGHUV
5HIUDFWRU\HOHPHQW 1E 0R 7D :
3DUWLFOHVL]H>ȝP@    
3DUWLFOHVKDSH FUXVKHG VSKHULFDO FUXVKHG FUXVKHG
LUUHJXODU LUUHJXODU URXQGHG
)ORZWLPHRIWHVWVDPSOH>V@    
$QJOHRIUHSRVH>ƒ@    


7R IHHG WKH SRZGHU D URWDWLQJ GLVF ZLWK D JURRYH ZDV XVHG 'XH WR JUDYLW\ WKH SRZGHU IDOOV IURP D VWRUDJH
FRQWDLQHUWKURXJKDIXQQHOLQWRWKHJURRYH7KHUHE\DQLQYHUVHFRQHLVIRUPHGLQWKHUHPDLQLQJSRZGHU6HJUHJDWLRQ
W\SLFDOO\RFFXUVZKHQSRZGHUPL[WXUHVRIGLIIHUHQWVL]HVDUHH[SRVHGWRYLEUDWLRQRUPRWLRQ6LQFHWKHSRZGHUZDV
SUHSDUHGDVDQHTXLPRODUPL[WXUHVHJUHJDWLRQLVQRWDFFHSWDEOH7KHUHIRUHWKHIORZDELOLW\RIWKHHOHPHQWDOSRZGHUV
ZDVH[DPLQHG6DPSOHYROXPHVRIFPñZHUHSODFHGLQDIXQQHO ƒDQJOH ZLWKDQDSHUWXUHGLDPHWHURIPP
)ORZWLPHDQGDQJOHRIUHSRVHZHUHPHDVXUHGZLWKDYLGHRFDPHUD VHH7DEOH +LJKHVWGHYLDWLRQFDQEHVHHQIRU
WKHVSKHULFDOPRO\EGHQXPSRZGHUZKLFKKDVWKHORZHVWIORZWLPHDQGDQJOHRIUHSRVH)RUWKHRWKHUSRZGHUVWKH
DQJOHRIUHSRVHZDVDOPRVWHTXDODOWKRXJKWDQWDOXPKDVDORZHUIORZWLPH$VVHJUHJDWLRQRIPRO\EGHQXPFRXOG
QRWEHH[FOXGHGIXUWKHUWHVWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGZKHUHVHYHUDOHTXDO'0'VDPSOHVZHUHJHQHUDWHGDWGLIIHUHQWILOOLQJ
OHYHOV RI WKH VWRUDJH FRQWDLQHU $ VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKHLU FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ FRXOG QRW EH PHDVXUHG
&RQVHTXHQWO\VHJUHJDWLRQRIWKHSRZGHUVPD\EHQHJOHFWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJH[SHULPHQWVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\EXWLW
KDVWREHPHQWLRQHGWKDWRQO\DVPDOODPRXQWRISRZGHUZDVXVHG PD[JLQVWRUDJHFRQWDLQHU )RUSURFHVVXS
VFDOLQJVHJUHJDWLRQVKRXOGEHUHFRQVLGHUHG

5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

4.1. Single-track welds

,Q'0'DODVHULVXVHGWRORFDOO\GHSRVLWHQHUJ\LQWRDPDWHULDO¶VVXUIDFH7KLVJHQHUDWHVDPHOWSRRODQGSRZGHU
LV WUDQVSRUWHG WR WKH PHOW SRRO E\ D FDUULHU JDV $V WKH SRZGHU SDUWLFOHV SDVV WKURXJK WKH ODVHU EHDP WKH\ DUH
SUHKHDWHG DQG OLTXLG PHWDO GURSOHWV FDQ EH IRUPHG ,I WKH WUDQVLWLRQ WLPH RU ODVHU HQHUJ\ LV WRR KLJK IRU D JLYHQ
SDUWLFOH VL]H DQG PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV SDUWLFOHV ZLOO EH HYDSRUDWHG 7KLV KDV WR EH FRQVLGHUHG ZKHQ D SUHDOOR\HG
SRZGHULVXVHGDQGWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVDUHVHWIRUKLJKEXLOGXSUDWHVDQGHIILFLHQF\$OWKRXJKVPDOODPRXQWVRI
HYDSRUDWLRQGRQRWFDXVHDQ\SUREOHPVWRRPXFKHYDSRUDWLRQFDQFDXVHVHULRXVSROOXWLRQRIWKHSRZGHUQR]]OHDQG
SURFHVVLQJFKDPEHU$GGLWLRQDOO\SODVPDIRUPDWLRQZLOOFRUUXSWWKHGHSRVLWLRQSURFHVV)RUin situDOOR\LQJVHYHUDO
SRZGHUVZLWKGLIIHUHQWPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVDQGHYHQGLIIHUHQWJHRPHWULHVDUHXVHG7KHUHIRUHWKHVHOHFWLRQRIODVHU
SDUDPHWHUV EHFRPHV TXLWH FKDOOHQJLQJ )RU WKH SUHVHQW SRZGHU PL[WXUH RI UHIUDFWRU\ PHWDOV WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ
PHOWLQJ SRLQWV LV KLJKHVW EHWZHHQ QLRELXP DQG WXQJVWHQ DURXQG ƒ& ZLWK QLRELXP KDYLQJ WKH ORZHU PHOWLQJ
SRLQW 7DEOH ,QWKHILUVWH[SHULPHQWVVLQJOHWUDFNZHOGVZHUHSURGXFHGZLWKFRQVWDQWSXOVHOHQJWKRIPVDQG
IHHGVSHHGRIPPPLQZKLOHSXOVHSRZHUDQGSXOVHIUHTXHQF\ZHUHFKDQJHG2SWLPDOSXOVHSRZHUZDVIRXQG
WREH: +]SXOVHIUHTXHQF\ KLJKHUSXOVHSRZHUFDXVHVWRRPXFKHYDSRUDWLRQZKLOHORZHUSXOVHSRZHU
GHFUHDVHV GHSRVLWLRQ HIILFLHQF\ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH UHVXOWLQJ ZHOG VHDP GRHV QRW ORRN VPRRWK LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR
NQRZQZHOGLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRISUHDOOR\HGSRZGHUV$VFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJXUHWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHZHOGVHDPLV
GRWWHG ZLWK DGKHULQJ SDUWLFOHV 7KH ZHOG VHDP LWVHOI LV TXLWH LQKRPRJHQHRXV 7KLV VXUIDFH WRSRJUDSK\ FDQ EH
628 Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633

H[SODLQHG LQ WHUPV RI D ORZ SURSRUWLRQ RI WUXH GHSRVLWLRQ ZHOGLQJ EXW D KLJK SURSRUWLRQ RI WKHUPDO VSUD\LQJ
&RQVHTXHQWO\in situDOOR\LQJLVQRWSRVVLEOHZLWKDVLQJOHWUDFNZHOG)RUVLQJOHZDOOVWUXFWXUHVPDQ\VLQJOHWUDFN
ZHOGV DUH SODFHG RQ WRS RI HDFK RWKHU +RZHYHU LW LV QRW SRVVLEOH WR EXLOG XS ZDOO VWUXFWXUHV ZLWK WKH GHVFULEHG
VLQJOHWUDFNZHOGSURFHVVEHFDXVHDSRRUDQGSRURXVFRQQHFWLRQZLOOEHIRUPHG:KHQWKHODVHUKHDWVXSWKHVXUIDFH
RIWKLVSRURXVOD\HUVWKHKHDWFDQQRWEHWUDQVIHUUHGLQWRWKHVXEVWUDWHDVHDVLO\+HDWDFFXPXODWLRQLQWKHVHORRVHO\
FRQQHFWHGSDUWLFOHVDQGGURSOHWVOHDGVWRXQFRQWUROODEOHVWUXFWXUHJURZWKZLWKDEVHQFHRIUHDOZHOGLQJ



)LJ6(0LPDJHV OHIW DQG(';PDSV ULJKW  D VLQJOHZHOGVHDPZLWKLQFRPSOHWHSRZGHUPL[LQJDQGDGKHULQJGURSOHWV E UHPROWHQZHOG
VHDPZLWKVPRRWKVXUIDFHDQGKRPRJHQHRXVGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHFRQVWLWXHQWHOHPHQWV

,QRUGHUWRPRGLI\WKHORRVHDQGSRURXVVXUIDFHWRSRJUDSK\ODVHUUHPHOWLQJZDVDGGHGWRWKHEXLOGXSVWUDWHJ\
)RUWKLVVHFRQGSURFHVVLQJVWHSDVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHUODVHUSRZHUKDVWREHFKRVHQWRUHPHOWDQGPL[WKHDGKHULQJ
SDUWLFOHV &DUH PXVW EH WDNHQ WKDW WKH WUDFN ZLGWK RI WKH UHPHOWHG ]RQH LV ZLGH HQRXJK WR FRYHU DOPRVW DOO WKH
GHSRVLWHGSRZGHUPDWHULDO7KHQXPEHURIUHPDLQLQJLQFRPSOHWHO\PROWHQSDUWLFOHVDWWKHHGJHRIWKHUHPROWHQDUHD
VKRXOGEHORZEHFDXVHGXULQJWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIDZDOOVWUXFWXUHPRUHDQGPRUHSRZGHUPDWHULDOZLOODFFXPXODWHDW
WKH HGJHV FRPSDUH ZLWK )LJ    DQG FDQ OHDG WR D FRUUXSWHG ZHOG VHDP GXH WR SRZGHU VKDGRZLQJ HIIHFWV $V D
FRQVHTXHQFHLWLVRILQWHUHVWWRUHGXFHWKHVSUHDGLQJRIWKHSDUWLFOHVGXULQJGHSRVLWLRQZHOGLQJ:LGHVSUHDGLQJFDQ
EHH[SODLQHGE\WKHLUUHJXODUFUXVKHGSDUWLFOHVKDSH,QRUGHUWRHQODUJHWKHWUDFNZLGWKRIWKHUHPROWHQOLQHWKHODVHU
IRFXV ZDV VKLIWHG  PP DERYH WKH VXUIDFH 3XOVH SRZHU ZDV VHW WR  : IRU D SXOVH OHQJWK RI  PV SXOVH
IUHTXHQF\ RI  +] DQG D IHHG VSHHG RI  PPPLQ /RZHU IHHG VSHHG WKDW LV KLJKHU SXOVH RYHUODS OHDGV WR
HYDSRUDWLRQRIWKHGHSRVLWHGSRZGHUPDWHULDO7RJHWKRPRJHQHRXVDOOR\LQJ E\HQVXULQJWKHPHOWLQJDQGPL[LQJRI
DOO WXQJVWHQ SDUWLFOHV  WKLV UHPHOWLQJ ZDV UHSHDWHG WKULFH )RU PXOWLWUDFN ZHOGLQJ WKH GHVFULEHG SURFHGXUH ZDV
UHSHDWHGWLPHVDVGHVFULEHGLQ7DEOH
 
Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633 629

7DEOH'HSRVLWLRQZHOGLQJSDUDPHWHUVDQGVWUDWHJ\
 3XOVHSRZHU 3XOVHIUHTXHQF\ 3XOVHOHQJWK )HHGVSHHG
>:@ >+]@ >PV@ >PPPLQ@
6WHS'HSRVLWLRQ    
6WHS5HPHOWLQJ WLPHV     
%RWKVWHSVZHUHUHSHDWHGWLPHVZLWKȝP]OD\HURIIVHW


4.2. Multi-track welds with equimolar powder mixture

0XOWLWUDFN ZHOGLQJ ZDV SHUIRUPHG ZLWK WKH SDUDPHWHUV JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH  DQG WKH UHVXOW LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH 
QHJDWLYH LPDJH RI %6( SLFWXUH  $OO PXOWLWUDFN GHSRVLWV H[KLELW FUDFNV ZLWK D KLJK FUDFN GHQVLW\ FORVH WR WKH
PRO\EGHQXP VXEVWUDWH ,QFLGHQFH RI FUDFNLQJ FRXOG EHUHGXFHGE\JULQGLQJ DQG FOHDQLQJRI WKH VXEVWUDWH VXUIDFH
EXWFRXOGQRWEHHQWLUHO\HOLPLQDWHG3RVVLEOHUHDVRQVIRUWKLVLQFOXGHDPLVPDWFKRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQFRHIILFLHQWV
DQGFRQWDPLQDWLRQE\R[LGDWLRQ7KHR[\JHQFRQWHQWLQWKHDWPRVSKHUHZDVQRWPHDVXUHGDQGVLQFHWKHUHZDVQR
HYDFXDWLRQ EHIRUH SXUJLQJ VRPH UHVLGXDO R[\JHQ KDV WR EH H[SHFWHG ,Q SDUWLFXODU WXQJVWHQ DQG PRO\EGHQXP DUH
NQRZQ WR EH VHQVLWLYH WR HPEULWWOHPHQW E\ R[LGDWLRQ $SDUW IURP WKH LQIHULRU PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV FUDFNLQJ FDQ
FULWLFDOO\DIIHFWWKHGHSRVLWLRQSURFHVV&UDFNLQJDWWKHVXEVWUDWHLQWHUIDFHOLPLWVWKHKHDWFRQGXFWLRQZKLFKOHDGVWR
KHDWDFFXPXODWLRQDQGXQFRQWUROODEOHVWUXFWXUHJURZWK
%DFNVFDWWHUHGHOHFWURQVDUHVHQVLWLYHWRDWRPLFQXPEHUDQGHOHPHQWVOLNHWXQJVWHQDQGWDQWDOXPVFDWWHUPRUHDQG
FDQ EH UHFRJQL]HG E\ WKHLU GDUNHU FRORUV LQ WKH QHJDWLYH RI WKH %6( LPDJHV VKRZQ LQ WKLV SDSHU $V DOUHDG\
PHQWLRQHGSRZGHUSDUWLFOHVDQGGURSOHWVVWLFNDWWKHVLGHVRIWKHVWUXFWXUHZKHUHWKHHOHPHQWVZLWKKLJKHUPHOWLQJ
SRLQWVDUHQRWPROWHQEXWHPEHGGHGLQDPDWUL[RIQLRELXPDQGPRO\EGHQXP,QFRQWUDVWWKHFHQWUDOVHFWLRQVRIWKH
ZHOGVHDPVDUHUHODWLYHO\ZHOOPL[HGH[FHSWIRUDIHZGDUNHUORFDODUHDV7KHVHFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\DQLPSHUIHFW
SRZGHUGHOLYHU\V\VWHP$OWKRXJKWKHUHPHOWLQJVWHSLVSHUIRUPHGZLWKRXWSRZGHUIORZUHPDLQLQJSRZGHULQVLGH
WKH GHOLYHULQJWXEHV FDQ FRPH ORRVH +LJKPHOWLQJ SRLQW SDUWLFOHV FDQSHQHWUDWH WKH PHOW SRRO DQGDUH RQO\ SDUWO\
PHOWHGEHIRUHVROLGLILFDWLRQ7KH(';DQDO\VLVDOVRVKRZQLQ)LJXUHUHYHDOHGDQRQHTXLPRODUFRPSRVLWLRQLQ
WKHFHQWHU$YHUDJHDWRPLFFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDUHJLYHQLQ)LJXUHDQGLQGLFDWHDUHODWLRQEHWZHHQPHOWLQJSRLQWDQG
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ([FHSWIRUPRO\EGHQXPWKHORZHUWKHPHOWLQJSRLQWRIDQHOHPHQWWKHKLJKHULWVFRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KLV
PD\EHUHODWHGWRWKHGHSRVLWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIVLQJOHZHOGWUDFNV1RWRQO\LVWKHSUREDELOLW\KLJKHURIWKHSRZGHU
SDUWLFOHV EHFRPLQJ PROWHQ ZKLOH SDVVLQJ WKURXJK WKH ODVHU EHDP IRU ORZ PHOWLQJ SRLQW SDUWLFOHV EXW VR LV WKH
SUREDELOLW\RIVWLFNLQJDQGPHOWLQJRQWKHODVHUKHDWHGVXUIDFH$VVXPLQJDWHPSHUDWXUHJUDGLHQWRQWKHVXUIDFHZLWK
D PD[LPXP KLJKHU WKDQ WKH KLJKHVW PHOWLQJ SRLQW LQ WKH FHQWHU RI WKH ODVHU VSRW LW LV PRUH OLNHO\ IRU QLRELXP
SDUWLFOHV WKDQ IRU WXQJVWHQ SDUWLFOHV WR VWLFN DQG PHOW RXWVLGH RI WKDW FHQWHU DQG HYHQ RXWVLGH RI WKH ODVHU VSRW
0RO\EGHQXP LV DQ H[FHSWLRQ DQG VKRZV ORZ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ WKH JHQHUDWHG DOOR\ ZKLFK FDQQRW EH H[SODLQHG DW
SUHVHQWDQGQHHGVIXUWKHUVWXG\8QIRUWXQDWHO\PRO\EGHQXPLVWKHRQO\HOHPHQWZLWKVSKHULFDOSDUWLFOHVKDSHDQG
VOLJKWO\ORZHUVL]H$VDFRQVHTXHQFHWKHVHSDUWLFOHVHYDSRUDWHPRUHHDVLO\ZKLOHSHQHWUDWLQJWKHODVHUEHDP ORZHU
VXUIDFHYROXPH UDWLR  DQG WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI UHERXQG LV KLJKHU FRPSDUHG WR LUUHJXODU VKDSHG SDUWLFOHV GXH WR D
VPDOOHUFRQWDFWDUHD,QRUGHUWRSURYHWKLVDVVXPSWLRQPRO\EGHQXPSDUWLFOHVZLWKLUUHJXODUVKDSHKDYHWREHWHVWHG
RUWKHRWKHUHOHPHQWVZLWKVSKHULFDOVKDSHVVKRXOGEHXVHG$QRWKHUIDFWRUFRXOGEHWKDWUHODWLYHWRLWVPHOWLQJSRLQW
PRO\EGHQXPKDVDKLJKYDSRUSUHVVXUHFRPSDUHGWRWKHRWKHUHOHPHQWV VHH)LJXUH 

630 Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633


)LJ&URVVVHFWLRQRIDPXOWLWUDFNZHOGRI0R1E7D:>DW@SRZGHUPL[WXUHRQPRO\EGHQXPVXEVWUDWH(';DORQJWKHGRWWHGOLQH
VKRZVQRQHTXLPRODUFRPSRVLWLRQ1HJDWLYHLPDJHRI%6'SLFWXUHVKRZVKHDYLHUHOHPHQWV WXQJVWHQWDQWDOXP GDUNHUWKDQOLJKWHOHPHQWV
QLRELXPPRO\EGHQXP 





)LJ$YHUDJHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIWKHFRQVWLWXHQWHOHPHQWVLQWKH0R1E7D:>DW@+($GHSRVLWHGE\PXOWLWUDFNZHOGLQJDVDIXQFWLRQRI
PHOWLQJSRLQWDQGYDSRUSUHVVXUH,QJHQHUDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJPHOWLQJSRLQW2QO\PRO\EGHQXPGLIIHUVIURPWKLVWUHQG
EXWLWKDVDUHODWLYHO\KLJKYDSRUSUHVVXUH 3ODQVHH DQGLWZDVWKHRQO\SRZGHUZLWKDVSKHULFDOVKDSH
Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633 631

4.2. Multi-track welds with modified composition of powder mixture

7KH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH JHQHUDWHG PXOWLWUDFN ZHOG GLVFXVVHG DERYH ZDV XVHG DV D JXLGH WR FKDQJH WKH
FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHSUHPL[HGSRZGHUIURP0R1E7D:>DW@WR0R1E7D:>DW@ VDPSOHVL]Ha
J0RJ1EJ7DJ:J 'HSRVLWLRQSDUDPHWHUVZHUHNHSWFRQVWDQWRQO\WKH]OD\HURIIVHWZDVUHGXFHG
IURPȝPWRȝP5HVXOWVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHZKHUHERWKVDPSOHVZHUHSUHSDUHGRQWKHVDPHVXEVWUDWHEXW
IRU WKH ILUVW VDPSOH )LJ D  WKH GHSRVLWLRQ ZDV VWDUWHG DW D SUHKHDWLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH RI  ƒ& ZKLOH WKH VHFRQG
VDPSOH )LJE ZDVVWDUWHGDIWHUSUHKHDWLQJWRƒ&7KHLQIOXHQFHRISUHKHDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHFDQEHHDVLO\VHHQ
QRWRQO\LQWKHVKDSHRIWKHJHQHUDWHGVWUXFWXUHEXWDOVRLQWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ/RZHUSUHKHDWLQJUHVXOWVLQD
VPDOOVWUXFWXUHZLGWKZKLFKLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKDWRIWKHVLQJOHWUDFNZHOGVLQFHWKHDUHDLQZKLFKWKHSDUWLFOHVVWLFN
WR WKH VXUIDFH LV VLPSO\ VPDOOHU $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH QXPEHU RI LQFRPSOHWHO\ PL[HG SDUWLFOHV DW WKH VLGHV RI WKH
VWUXFWXUHLVUHGXFHG7KLVLVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVLGHVDUHFOHDQHGGXULQJWKHUHPHOWLQJVWHSEHFDXVHRIDODUJHU
ODVHU VSRW VL]H XQG KLJKHU ODVHU SRZHU )URP WKDW SRLQW RI YLHZ LW ZRXOG EH RI LQWHUHVW WR UHGXFH WKH SUHKHDWLQJ
WHPSHUDWXUHLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHVWUXFWXUHVLGHVEXWWKLVEHKDYLRXUKDVWREHLQYHVWLJDWHGIRUODUJHU
VWUXFWXUHV3UHVXPDEO\WKHQXPEHURILQFRPSOHWHO\PL[HGSDUWLFOHVDWWKHORZHUSDUWRIWKHVWUXFWXUHZLOOLQFUHDVHLQ
WKDW FDVH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH REVHUYHG JHRPHWULFDO PRGLILFDWLRQV WKH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ ZDV LPSURYHG DQG
DSSURDFKHGWKHGHVLUHGHTXLPRODUFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKH+($ )LJE ,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHFRQWHQWRIQLRELXPDQG
PRO\EGHQXPLQSDUWLFXODULVVWLOOWRRKLJKEXWWKHUHLVDOVRDGULIWWRWKHHTXLPRODUFRPSRVLWLRQIURPERWWRPWRWRS
7KHVHFRQGVDPSOH )LJXUHE H[KLELWVEHWWHUJHRPHWULFDOFRQVLVWHQF\FRPSDUHGWRWKHYHU\ILUVWVDPSOH )LJXUH 
ZKLFK ZDV WKH EDVLV IRU WKH SRZGHU PL[WXUH PRGLILFDWLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH FRQILUPV D FRPSDUDEOH GHSRVLWLRQ
WHPSHUDWXUH KLVWRU\ 7KDW LV ZK\ WKH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ FRPHV FORVH WR WKH HTXLPRODU FRPSRVLWLRQ 7KXV LW LV
SRVVLEOHWRSHUIRUPin situDOOR\LQJRIHOHPHQWVZLWKDKLJKGLIIHUHQFHLQPHOWLQJSRLQWVEXWWKHUHVXOWVDOVRVWUHVV
WKHVHQVLWLYLW\WRWHPSHUDWXUH
,QWKHILUVWH[SHULPHQWVWKHODVHUSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHGHSRVLWLRQVWHSZHUHVHOHFWHGEDVHGRQGHSRVLWLRQHIILFLHQF\
ORZHYDSRUDWLRQUDWHDQGSURFHVVFKDPEHUSROOXWLRQEXWDQDGGLWLRQDOVHULHVRIH[SHULPHQWVVKRZHGWKHLQIOXHQFHRQ
FRPSRVLWLRQ)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHYDULDWLRQRIFRQFHQWUDWLRQZLWKSXOVHSRZHU3XOVHIUHTXHQF\ZDVVHWWRSURYLGH
WKHPD[LPXPDYHUDJHSRZHUDOORZHGE\WKHODVHUV\VWHP)XUWKHUSDUDPHWHUVZHUHNHSWFRQVWDQWDVJLYHQLQ7DEOH
DQGWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQZDVDYHUDJHGRYHUWKHFURVVVHFWLRQ7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKHKLJKHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIORZ
PHOWLQJSRLQWHOHPHQWVDWORZHUSXOVHSRZHU



)LJ(OHPHQWDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQPXOWLWUDFNZHOGV PRGLILHGSRZGHUPL[WXUH DVDIXQFWLRQRISXOVHSRZHU3XOVHOHQJWKZDVNHSWFRQVWDQWDQG
SXOVHIUHTXHQF\ZDVIL[HGDWWKHPD[LPXPYDOXH5HVXOWLQJDYHUDJHSRZHULVVKRZQ
632 Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633


)LJ0XOWLWUDFNZHOGRIPRGLILHG0R1E7D:>DW@SRZGHUPL[WXUHRQPRO\EGHQXPVXEVWUDWH(';DQDO\VLVZDVSHUIRUPHGDORQJWKH
GRWWHGOLQHDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJFRPSRVLWLRQVDUHSORWWHGRQWKHULJKW1HJDWLYHLPDJHRI%6(SLFWXUHVKRZVKHDYLHUHOHPHQWV WXQJVWHQWDQWDOXP 
GDUNHUWKDQOLJKWHOHPHQWV QLRELXPPRO\EGHQXP  D 6XEVWUDWHZDVSUHKHDWHGWRƒ&6WUXFWXUHVKRZVQRQHTXLPRODUFRQFHQWUDWLRQV E 
6XEVWUDWHZDVSUHKHDWHGWRDURXQGƒ&6WUXFWXUHVKRZVQHDUHTXLPRODUFRPSRVLWLRQ
Henrik Dobbelstein et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 624 – 633 633

&RQFOXVLRQDQGRXWORRN

([SHULPHQWV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW LW LV SRVVLEOH WR XVH SUHPL[HG SRZGHU DQG SHUIRUP in situ DOOR\LQJ EXW WKH
JHQHUDWHGFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQGHYLDWHVIURPWKHVWDUWLQJSRZGHUFRPSRVLWLRQ,QJHQHUDOWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIDQ
HOHPHQWZLOOEHKLJKHUWKHORZHULWVPHOWLQJSRLQW8VLQJFDOLEUDWLQJH[SHULPHQWVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRPRGLI\WKHSRZGHU
FRPSRVLWLRQDQGSURGXFHDQHTXLPRODU+($EXWWKHUHVXOWVDUHYHU\VHQVLWLYHWRODVHUSDUDPHWHUVDQGLQSDUWLFXODU
WR WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GXULQJ WKH GHSRVLWLRQ SURFHVV 'HVSLWH WKH RYHUDOO KLJK EXW DOVR GLIIHUHQW PHOWLQJ SRLQWV RI
GLIIHUHQW UHIUDFWRU\ PHWDOV '0' FDQ EH DFKLHYHG EXW LW QHHGV DQ DGGLWLRQDO UHPHOWLQJ VWHS EHWZHHQ WKH SRZGHU
GHSRVLWLRQVWHSV
6LQFHDOOUHIUDFWRU\PHWDOVDUHVHQVLWLYHWRR[LGDWLRQWKHDPRXQWRIR[\JHQLQVLGHWKHSXUJHGSURFHVVFKDPEHUKDV
WR EH IXUWKHU GHFUHDVHG 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH GHSHQGV RQ VHYHUDO IDFWRUV VXFK DV SUHKHDWLQJ ODVHU
SDUDPHWHUVJHRPHWULHVKHDWFRQGXFWLRQHWF,QRUGHUWRFRQWUROWKHFRPSRVLWLRQLQODUJHVWUXFWXUHVPHOWSRROVL]H
DQG WHPSHUDWXUH VKRXOG EH PHDVXUHG DQG D ORRS FRQWURO VKRXOG EH HVWDEOLVKHG 7KH SRZGHU IRFXVLQJ RI LUUHJXODU
VKDSHSDUWLFOHVLVLQIHULRUDQGHLWKHUVSKHULFDOSDUWLFOHVKDYHWREHXVHGRUWKHWUDFNZLGWKRIWKHUHPHOWHG]RQHKDVWR
EHEURDGHQHGWRHQVXUHDEHWWHUTXDOLW\RIWKHVLGHVRIWKHVWUXFWXUH&RPSRVLWLRQDOKRPRJHQHLW\LQVLGHWKHVWUXFWXUH
GHSHQGVRQUHPHOWLQJHIILFLHQF\EXWDOVRRQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHSRZGHUGHOLYHU\V\VWHP5HPHOWLQJHIILFLHQF\FRXOG
EHLQFUHDVHGE\XVLQJORQJHUODVHUSXOVHV+RZHYHUVLQFHWKHODVHUV\VWHPZDVXVHGDWSRZHURXWSXWOLPLWLWFRXOG
QRW EH WHVWHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI SRZGHU SDUWLFOHV GXULQJ WKH UHPHOWLQJ VWHS VKRXOG EH DYRLGHG )XUWKHU
UHVHDUFK VKRXOG EH FRQFHQWUDWHG RQ '0' RI JUDGHG VWUXFWXUHV ,Q WKDW ZD\ WKH LQWHUIDFH RI WKH VXEVWUDWH DQG
VWUXFWXUHFRXOGEHRSWLPL]HGDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIGLIIHUHQWFRPSRVLWLRQVVWXGLHG

5HIHUHQFHV

$QWRQDJOLD-;LH;7DQJ=7VDL&:4LDR-:=KDQJ</DNWLRQRYD027DEDFKQLNRYD('<HK-:6HQNRY21*DR0&
8KO -7 /LDZ 3. 'DKPHQ .$  7HPSHUDWXUH (IIHFWV RQ 'HIRUPDWLRQ DQG 6HUUDWLRQ %HKDYLRU RI +LJK(QWURS\ $OOR\V +($V 
-209ROXPH,VVXH
&,$$:&RPPLVVLRQRQ,VRWRSLF$EXQGDQFHVDQG$WRPLF:HLJKWVZZZFLDDZRUJDWRPLFZHLJKWVKWP
'R\FKDN-0HWDODQGLQWHUPHWDOOLFPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHVIRUDHURVSDFHSURSXOVLRQDQGSRZHUV\VWHPV-209ROXPH,VVXH
.RQJ&<&DUUROO3$%URZQ36FXGDPRUH5-7KHHIIHFWRIDYHUDJHSRZGHUSDUWLFOHVL]HRQGHSRVLWLRQHIILFLHQF\GHSRVLWKHLJKW
DQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVLQWKHGLUHFWPHWDOODVHUGHSRVLWLRQSURFHVVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ-RLQLQJRI0DWHULDOV
0XUW\%6<HK-:5DQJDQDWKDQ6+LJK(QWURS\$OOR\V%XWWHUZRUWK+HLQHPDQQ
3ODQVHHZZZSODQVHHFRPHQPDWHULDOV
6DYLWVNLL(0%XUNKDQRY*63K\VLFDO0HWDOOXUJ\RI5HIUDFWRU\0HWDOVDQG$OOR\V6SULQJHUS
6HQNRY21:LONV*%0LUDFOH'%&KXDQJ&3/LDZ3.5HIUDFWRU\KLJKHQWURS\DOOR\V,QWHUPHWDOOLFV
6HQNRY21:LONV*%6FRWW-00LUDFOH'%0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI1E0R7D:DQG91E0R7D:UHIUDFWRU\KLJK
HQWURS\DOOR\V,QWHUPHWDOOLFV
:X<)XVLRQEDVHGK\GURJHQSURGXFWLRQUHDFWRUDQGLWVPDWHULDOVHOHFWLRQ-RXUQDORI1XFOHDU0DWHULDOV
=KDQJ < =XR 77 7DQJ = *DR 0& 'DKPHQ .$ /LDZ 3. /X =3  0LFURVWUXFWXUH DQG SURSHUWLHV RI KLJKHQWURS\ DOOR\V
3URJUHVVLQ0DWHULDOV6FLHQFH

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen