State of Environment Report of Chennai Metropolitan Area PDF

STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT OF
CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA
Project Co-Ordinators
H.Malleshappa I.F.S.,
Director of Environment
Jayanthi. M. I.F.S.,
Additional Director of Environment
Compiled by
J.D.Marcus Knight
Senior Programme Officer
K.Muthukumar
Programme Officer
D.Senthil
Senior Research Fellow
Technical Assistance
S. Indra Devi
Programme Assistant
M.Santhi
Data Entry Operator
G.S.Kumaravel
Data Entry Operator
Printed at
R.R. Screens, Chennai.
ENVIS Centre, Department of Environment,

Government of Tamil Nadu,
Panagal Building, Saidapet, Chennai-600 015
MOHAN VERGHESE CHUNKATH, IAS., Environment and Forest Dept.,
Additional Chief Secretary to Govt., Secretariat, Chennai-9.
Date: 18.03.2013
Foreword
Environmental degradation is a global phenomenon. The most obvious concern resulting

from such degradation is climate change, but that is not the only threat. Many other environmental
concerns are present, including water shortage, degradation of land, loss of biodiversity etc.
Conserving natural resources and the ecosystem is the only hope for a better world. These are
matters of urgency that require sustained concerted high-level attention as they have broad impact
not just on the environment, but also on economic and social development, and needs to be
considered in the context of sustainable development.
The survival and well-being of a nation depends on sustainable development. It is a process

of social and economic betterment that satisfies the needs and values of all interest groups without
foreclosing future options. To this end, we must ensure that the demand on the environment from
which we derive our sustenance, does not exceed its carrying capacity for the present as well as
future generations.
The main focus of the State of Environment Report, Chennai (SoER, Chennai) is to provide
the baseline environment data, which will aid in the formulation of an appropriate policy for
environmental management. The SoER, Chennai provides a general picture of how human activities
affect the environmental conditions in the city of Chennai and how such activities impact the health
and economic well being of its citizens. The SoER, Chennai is of great utility as it provides all the
basic information required for carrying out environmental monitoring and assessment by various
Departments such as the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, TWAD Board, Chennai Metro Water
and Sewerage Board etc.
I congratulate the Director of Environment and his staff, especially the ENVIS Centre, for
bringing out this report. It is my sincere wish that this comprehensive report on the city of Chennai
will be a benchmark for sound environmental planning in the future and for conserving the
environmental resources of the Chennai Metropolitan Area.
(Mohan Verghese Chunkath)
Additional Chief Secretary to Government

Environment and Forest Department
DR. H. MALLESHAPPA, I.F.S., Department of Environment,
Director of Environment Saidapet, Chennai-15
Date: 18.03.2013
Preface
The State of Environment Chennai Report in many ways marks the beginning of a new phase
of environmental reporting in Tamil Nadu. The State of Environment Report of Chennai metropolitan
area provides the general profile of the Chennai biophysical and socio-economic conditions. The
report also highlights the policy initiatives, legislative reforms undertaken by the government of
Tamil Nadu to improve the condition of the environment in the Chennai city. The report has been
prepared based on a framework suggested by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, government
of India with inputs from various organizations, Government Department and Research Institutions.
The report has been prepared based on 2010 data.
I wish to acknowledge the technical and financial assistance extended by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government of India for the preparation of SoER Chennai Metropolitan
Area. I would also like to thank all the Government line Department and Institutions for providing
valuable data and information for the preparation of this report.
I am extremely thankful to Thiru Mohan Verghese Chunkath, I.A.S., Additional Chief

Secretary, Environment and Forests Department, Thiru C. V. Sankar, I.A.S., former Principal
Secretary, Environment and Forests Department and Thiru T. S. Srinivasamurthy, I.F.S., former
Director of Environment for their valuable guidance during the preparation of this Report.
I express my thanks to Dr. Jayanthi M., I.F.S., Additional Director, Department of

Environment and Thiru Yogesh Dwivedi, I.F.S., former Additional Director, Department of
Environment and all the staff of the Department of Environment during the preparation of this
Report.
Further, I am extremely thankful to Dr. J.D. Marcus Knight, Mr. K. Muthukumar, Ms. S. Indra
Devi and Ms. M. Shanthi of the ENVIS centre for collecting, collating and analyzing scientific
information from various sources and compiling this report in the present form.
I am sure the SoER Chennai Metropolitan Area, brought out through the pioneering effort of
the Department of Environment will be useful to all the departments of the Government,
researchers and students for environment planning and management.
I welcome comments and suggestions for improving the report.
(H. Malleshappa)
Director
Department of Environment
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT OF
CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA
INTRODUCTION:
Chennai, situated on the shores of the Bay of Bengal is the capital of Tamil
Nadu State. It is one of the fourth largest Metropolis in India. Chennai was earlier
known as ‘Madras’, and it was officially renamed as 'Chennai' in 1996. The official
language and commonly spoken language is ‘Tamil’. Chennai is located on the
Coramandal coast in Southern India and the land is a flat coastal plain. There are 3
rivers namely Kosathalaiyar, Cooum and Adyar flow, west to east and meander on
their way to the Bay of Bengal. Buckingham Canal, a man made canal, is a part of
National Waterway-4 which runs north to south. Sholavaram Lake, Red Hills Lake
and Chembarambakkam Lake are the three large Lakes serve as a drinking water
source for Chennai city. Chennai is well connected by road, rail, air and sea.
Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) comprises the area covered by the Chennai
City Corporation (Chennai District), 16 Municipalities, 20 Town Panchayats and 214
Villages forming part of 10 Panchayat Unions in Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram
Districts. In the last three decades, the agricultural activity within this Metropolis had
become abysmally minimal for various reasons including non-availability of water for
irrigation purposes, labour cost, and cost of agricultural inputs. In the northern edge
between Grand Northern Trunk Road (GNT Road) and Tiruvottiyur- Ponneri-
Panchetty Road (T.P.P. Road), due to cancellation of ayacut rights of Puzhal and
Redhills Lakes and inadequate local water sources, the agricultural activity in these
areas is very minimal. Similar is the position in the northwestern edge between
Chennai Tiruvallur High Road (CTH) and Grand Northern Trunk Road (GNT), which
lie in the catchment area of these Lakes, which are the main sources of water supply
to the City. The Chembarambakkam Lake, another large Lake in CMA, is being
converted as another source for city water supply and very minimal agriculture
activity is being carried out in its acute area which lies in the southwestern edge.
In the southern edge between Rajiv Gandhi Salai (Old Mamallapuram Road,
OMR) and Grand Southern Trunk (GST) Road agriculture activity continues to a
certain extent and in the south of Tambaram - Madipakkam Road continues.
Chennai has become one of the preferred destinations for Information
Technology / Information Technology Enabled Services companies. Tamil Nadu is
the second largest software exporter in the country, and 90% of the export are from
Chennai alone. A large number of IT / ITES developments are located along the Rajiv
Gandhi Salai (OMR), this area is popularly known as IT Corridor. TIDEL PARK, a
self contained IT Park developed with a total floor area of 2.5 million sq.ft. at
Taramani houses all the major players in IT Sector. In this corridor, from Taramani to
Semmancheri a number of I.T developments are coming up because of locational
advantages in the industry such as uninterrupted quality power supply, better transport
facilities, accessibility to the airport, the availability of potable water supply, pollution
free environment etc.
Tamil Nadu Vision 2023
Tamil Nadu Vision 2023 places substantial emphasis on inclusive growth by

channeling considerable resources to the lowest income groups and ensuring that
Tamil Nadu becomes poverty free. Being poverty free means no person in the State is
deprived of any basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter and any resident of
Tamil Nadu, who seeks employment, will be able to find gainful and productive
employment commensurate to his/her capabilities. To those sections of society who
are too old, helpless and destitute, the State will provide though its social security net,
the necessary helping hand in terms of income support, food, shelter and health care
so that there is no fundamental deprivation at any level in the State. Tamil Nadu
Vision 2023 resolves that by 2023 nobody in Tamil Nadu will be left behind.
In addition to improving urban infrastructure across the State, Tamil Nadu will
develop ten urban agglomerations to world class standards towards making them the
nuclei and engines for economic growth, thereby facilitating regional and balanced
development across the State. The State will seek to develop State-of-Art
infrastructure both physical and social, while seamless connectivity among these
cities and rest of the State and the region will be ensured.
In particular, the focus would be to ensure universal access to 24x7 water

supply and efficient mass transit systems while making them open-defecation free and
garbage free. The focus of investments in Urban infrastructure is to develop State-of-
Art infrastructure both physical and social, ensuring seamless connectivity between
cities and rest of the State. The key projects are:
a. Development of Chennai into a megapolis
b. Development of ten world class cities
c. Rehabilitation of 15 Lakh families living in slums
d. Universal access to 24x7 water supply and sanitation services
e. Access to mass transit systems for efficient urban transport
Tamil Nadu will provide the best infrastructure services in India in terms of
universal access to Housing, Water & Sanitation, Energy, Transportation, Irrigation,
Connectivity, Healthcare, and Education. A comprehensive plan for reducing the
impact of the natural disasters and creating a dynamic response mechanism to natural
calamities is part of Vision 2023. While Tamil Nadu focuses on industrial
development at a pace faster than the National average, it will not lose sight of the
need to preserve the environment and its heritage. Efforts will be made to ensure that
the environmental protection regulations are on par with the best in the world and
deliberate and focused efforts will be made to ensure that the environment is
protected.
CHAPTER- 1. DEMOGRAPHY
1.1. INTRODUCTION:
Chennai has a long history since 1639. The Chennai City Corporation was constituted
in 1798. In 1901 the City had a population of 5.40 Lakhs. Since 1941, it had grown
rapidly and the growth of population in Chennai City and other local bodies within
CMA is given in the Table below:
1.2. CURRENT SCENARIO:

1.2.1 Growth of Population in CMA
Table1.1. Growth of Population in CMA
per Ha. In 2001

Gross Density
Area Sq. Km.
Annual Rate of growth
Population (in Lakhs)
Sl. No
Places (%)
1971- 1981- 1991-

1971 1981 1991 2001 1981 1991 2001
1 Chennai City 26.42 32.85 38.43 43.43 2.2 1.58 1.23 176 247
2 Municipalities 4.84 8.14 11.84 15.81 5.24 3.8 2.91 240 66
Town
3 1.11 1.64 2.71 3.86 4.43 4.94 3.62 156 25
Panchayats
Village
4 2.67 3.38 5.2 7.31 2.4 4.38 3.58 617 12
Panchayats
5 CMA Total 35.04 46.01 58.18 70.41 2.76 2.37 1.93 1189 59
Source: Census of India, and CMDA
The Municipalities and Town Panchayats have experienced higher growth rate
than that of the City. The density pattern indicates that the City has the highest gross
density of 247 persons/Ha, whereas the average gross density in Chennai Metropolitan
Area (CMA) is only 59 persons/Ha. The gross density in most of the municipal areas
and town panchayats is very low, indicating that these areas offer high potential for
growth and would be the receiving residential nodes in future.
Growth of Population in CMA 1971-2001
50
45
40
Population (in lakhs) 35 Chennai City
30
Municipalities
25
Town Panchayats
20
15 Village Panchayats
10
5
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Source: Census of India, and CMDA
Fig. 1.1 Growth of Population in CMA 1971 - 2001
1.2.2. Birth & Death Rates
The registered birth rates in Chennai City in 1981 were 31.20 and varied from
38.6 to 24.06 during 1981-91 and have reduced to 22.62 in the year 2003. Similarly the
death rate also reduced to a considerable extent from 9.20 in 1981 to 8.01 in 2003.
1.2.3. Migration
The cosmopolitan nature of Chennai is a result of its attractiveness to migrant
groups from all over India. Migrants in Chennai not only predominantly from the
surrounding Tamil and Telugu speaking areas, but also from southern and northern
India. These migrant groups from other States have made their distinctive mark on the
patterns of residential and social organizations within this Chennai Metropolis.
According to 2001 Census, migrants to Chennai City from other parts of Tamil Nadu
State constitute 74.5 %, and the table below shows a downward trend in the migration
to the City from 37.24% in 1961 to 21.57% in 2001. Migrants from other parts of
India constitute 23.8% and the remaining 1.71 % of the migrants is from other
countries.
Table 1.2 Migrations in Chennai City
Total migrants to the City
Total migrants in Lakhs

from other
% of Total Migrants of
From other
parts of India from other
Total Population
parts of Tamil
total population
(Excluding Countries
Un-classified
Nadu
Tamil Nadu)
Year
No. in No in No in
% % %
Lakhs Lakhs Lakhs
1961 17.29 4.47 69.45 1.71 26.6 0.25 3.9 -- 6.44 37.24
1971 24.69 5.51 70.61 2 25.63 0.29 3.76 -- 7.8 31.59
1981 32.84 7.19 71.28 2.55 25.31 0.34 3.41 -- 10.08 30.7
1991 38.43 6.44 70.51 2.42 26.47 0.28 3.01 0.04 9.18 23.9
2001 43.44 6.98 74.49 2.23 23.8 0.16 1.71 9.37 21.57
Source: Census of India, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 & 2001 Social and Cultural
Migration to Chennai City 1961-2001
800000
700000
Migration in Numbers
600000
500000 Other parts of TN
400000 Other parts of India
300000 Other countries
200000
100000
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Source: Census of India, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 & 2001 Social and Cultural
Fig. 1.2 Migration to Chennai City
* Chennai Urban Agglomerations (CUA) comprises Chennai City, 14

Municipalities, 20 Town Panchayats and 21 Village Panchayats around Chennai City as
defined in the Census of India, 2001. Its extent is 633 Sq.Km.
1.2.4 Sex Ratio
Sex ratio is denoted by number of females per 1000 males. The sex ratio in
CMA increased from 936 in 1991 to 956 in 2001. The sex ratio in Chennai City and
CMA are presented in table below.
Table1.3. Sex Ratio in Chennai City & CMA

Year Chennai City CMA Urban TN
1961 901 909 992
1971 904 907 978
1981 934 927 977
1991 930 936 972
2001 957 956 987
Source: Census of India
1.2.5. Literacy
Census figures indicate that the literacy rates in Chennai City and the CMA are
more or less equal and these figures compare favorably with the overall literacy rate in
urban Tamil Nadu. The table below gives the comparative picture.
Table 1.4 Literacy Levels in CMA in percentage
Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

City 59.47 62.01 68.68 72.54 76.81
CMA 54.82 58.64 66.56 70.32 76.09
1.2.6. Population Projection
Population projections have been carried out for CMA based on the past trends.
The following assumptions have been made;
(i) The declining trend in the growth rate will continue in the future years also.
(ii) Past growth rates, existing density, potential for development, area available
for development, accessibility to public transport system (especially the rail
system), proximity to the employment generating centres etc. could be the
basis for working out future projections and assignments.
(iii) It is estimated that CMA would house a population of 126 Lakhs by 2026, of
which Chennai City alone would account for 58 Lakhs. The population
projection of CMA is presented in Table below.
Table 1.5 Projected Populations for CMA (in Lakhs)
Gross
Actual Projection density
Sl. Persons /
Description
No. Hectare
2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2026
1 Chennai City 43.44 46.28 49.50 52.39 55.40 58.56 333
2 Municipalities 15.81 18.52 21.75 25.60 30.20 35.69 149
Town
3 3.86 4.73 5.89 7.41 9.45 12.22 78
Panchayats
Village
4 7.31 8.70 10.59 12.96 15.99 19.88 32
Panchayats
5 CMA (Total) 70.41 78.96 88.71 99.66 111.97 125.82 105
1.2.7. Climate Data for Chennai Metropolitan Area
The average Climate Data like temperature, rainfall, and humidity for Chennai
Metropolitan Area for the period of 2001-2010 is given in the table below.
Table.1.6. Climate Data for Chennai Metropolitan Area
CLIMATE DATA FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA

STATION: CHENNAI (NUNGAMBAKKAM PERIOD: 2001 TO 2010
MONTHLY MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (0 oC) for 2001 to 2010
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
2001 29.9 32.6 33.6 33.9 38.9 37.5 36.9 35.1 34.5 32.2 30.2 28.9
2002 29.8 30.5 33.1 35.2 38.8 35.4 37.1 34.3 36.0 32.0 29.7 29.6
2003 29.9 31.5 33.2 35.3 39.0 39.1 34.8 34.5 35.3 33.1 30.8 29.9
2004 29.5 30.8 33.3 35.6 35.5 36.9 35.9 36.9 33.7 31.9 30.4 30.2
2005 30.6 32.1 33.6 34.0 37.3 38.3 36.2 35.8 34.9 32.0 29.4 28.6
2006 30.3 31.5 33.3 35.5 37.0 37.4 36.8 35.9 34.4 32.3 30.1 30.0
2007 30.4 31.2 32.9 34.6 39.2 35.8 35.3 34.0 34.2 32.7 30.9 29.5
2008 29.7 31.3 32.2 34.5 39.5 37.1 36.1 34.7 34.5 32.4 31.0 30.2
2009 30.3 32.3 33.4 35.2 37.3 39.1 37.8 36.0 35.6 34.7 30.6 29.3
2010 29.9 31.3 33.9 35.4 36.6 35.3 33.7 33.6 33.0 33.4 30.7 28.7
MONTHLY MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (0 oC) for 2001 to 2010
2001 21.6 22.5 24.9 26.0 28.4 27.9 26.7 26.3 25.9 24.5 23.2 21.3
2002 21.8 22.0 24.1 26.8 28.4 26.5 27.0 26.0 25.7 24.5 22.3 20.7
2003 20.8 22.7 23.8 26.5 28.4 28.5 25.7 25.3 25.9 24.7 23.4 21.7
2004 20.8 20.9 23.7 27.2 26.7 27.1 26.5 27.4 25.2 24.4 22.9 21.1
2005 21.7 22.2 25.2 26.6 28.0 28.8 26.9 26.6 25.9 24.6 22.4 21.9
2006 21.2 21.3 24.8 27.0 27.9 27.4 27.4 26.2 25.9 24.9 23.4 22.3
2007 21.5 22.4 24.2 26.7 29.1 27.2 26.1 25.4 25.8 24.9 22.6 22.4
2008 21.7 22.9 24.0 26.4 28.2 27.5 27.1 26.4 25.9 24.6 23.3 22.1
2009 20.8 21.7 24.2 26.9 28.1 28.5 28.1 26.3 26.0 25.1 23.3 21.8
2010 21.2 21.8 24.0 26.9 26.8 25.5 24.7 26.1 25.7 25.5 23.9 22.0
MONTHLY MEAN R.H. AT 0830 HRS IST (%) for 2001 to 2010
2001 80 83 78 77 62 59 67 69 77 84 90 85
2002 84 81 80 75 65 65 63 69 71 83 82 82
2003 78 80 76 73 65 62 81 81 73 81 81 81
2004 81 76 77 74 73 61 67 60 79 83 83 77
2005 79 78 75 77 70 57 68 70 72 84 86 88
2006 81 79 76 72 67 64 63 68 74 82 86 76
2007 77 74 77 76 62 71 73 79 73 79 80 85
2008 80 80 81 73 57 63 66 73 72 85 81 82
2009 81 81 80 74 73 62 66 69 70 72 88 86
2010 84 82 79 72 71 75 79 79 81 80 87 86
MONTHLY TOTAL RAINFALL (MM) for 2001 to 2010

2001 1.4 0.0 0.0 83.6 18.9 37.9 269.8 47.9 129.4 412.0 380.0 287.6
2002 39.1 5.6 0.0 0.0 17.5 36.7 80.0 99.9 137.9 375.1 580.3 29.9
2003 0.1 0.0 6.2 TR 0.5 22.9 101.1 140.5 155.3 149.1 85.0 77.4
2004 51.5 0.0 0.2 2.4 210.6 28.8 50.6 47.1 246.5 285.3 280.2 6.8
2005 2.0 5.2 0.0 83.2 30.9 30.6 151.2 53.7 101.3 1077.8 608.4 421.5
2006 3.5 0.0 9.5 7.1 17.2 36.4 72.1 140.8 143.9 633.9 238.0 20.8
2007 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 94.2 243.9 170.9 167.7 274.9 95.0 256.3
2008 50.2 10.0 137.9 26.9 0.3 126.4 28.6 147.2 120.9 372.9 555.9 17.7
2009 21.1 0.0 2.0 0.0 14.7 22.6 36.8 87.0 86.8 71.8 562.6 275.2
2010 5.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 204.0 136.7 155.5 235.8 120.1 195.7 274.0 287.1
Source: Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai.
1.3. GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES:
In order to realize the vision of the Master Plan in making Chennai more
livable and economically vibrant the following strategies are proposed in respect of
this sector:
i) To increase overall density of the Chennai Metropolitan Area from
the present 59 persons per Hectare to 105 persons per Ha.; while
doing so the density of Chennai will increase from 247 persons per
Ha. in 2001 to 333 persons per Ha. in 2026, while in the rest of
CMA the average density will go up from the present 27 persons
per Ha. to 67 persons per Hectare.
ii) To encourage high rise development along wider roads and larger
plots; to allow multi-storeyed buildings in the rest of CMA also in
order to have planned development with large open spaces on
ground.
iii) To allow higher Floor Space Index (FSI) along the Mass Rapid
Transit System (MRTS) influence areas for residential
developments with smaller dwelling sizes.
iv) To consider extension of the Transfer of Development Rights
concept for lands taken over for development to solve problems of
land acquisition for housing and infrastructure.
v) To earmark adequate areas in the plan for employment generating
activities.
vi) To provide better infrastructure facilities like roads, water supply,
sewerage, etc. and provide better connectivity through rail and road
transport network to the areas identified for development.
vii) To promote rainwater harvesting in the entire State by

incorporating green building norms in municipal building bye-laws
and code including implementation of provision for rainwater
harvesting and waste-water recycling in all municipal corporations
viii) To eliminate open defecation and to handle and treat domestic

sewage through provision of appropriate infrastructure including
city wide sewerage systems, decentralised treatment, on-site
sanitation and septage management systems and universal toilet
access.
ix) To encourage development of Thiruvallur and Gummidipoondi as
satellite towns as envisaged in the First Master Plan (FMP) by
provision of adequate infrastructure like housing and other
developments and providing better housing facilities at affordable
cost; to develop new towns/ neighbourhoods near Tiruporur in the
southern corridor along Rajiv Gandhi Salai and near
Sriperumbudur, in the western corridor along Grand Western Trunk
(GWT )Road.
x) To take up housing development near Mahindra Park Special
Economic Zones (SEZ) either by provision of plots or by regulating
layout development by private entrepreneurs.
xi) To encourage green building concept.
xii) To provide special facilities to take care of the needs of the elderly
persons whose population is likely to go up, e.g. more old age
homes, low-floor buses, special seats in buses, special seats in
toilets and ramps in public buildings.
xiii) To provide for preservation and conservation of ecologically
sensitive areas in CMA and to create more parks and playgrounds
for recreation purposes.
xiv) To encourage social housing provision by private developers of
large group developments / multi-storeyed developments through
Development Regulations.
xv) To encourage Lower-Income Groups (LIG) housing by allowing
additional Floor Space Index (FSI) of 0.25 to private developers for
such developments.
CHAPTER -2. AGRICULTURE
2.1. INTRODUCTION:
“ O’er many a land they‘ll see their monarch reign
who fields are shaded by the weaving grain”
- Kural (1034)
Agriculture is the prime profession that helps in the overall development of the
State economy. Tamil Nadu occupies 7% of the Nation’s population, 4% of the land
area and 3% of the water resources at all India level. The total geographical area of
CMA is 1189 Sq.Km of which the net sown area is 26% of the geographical area of
CMA. CMA covers the area of Chennai district, Ambathur, Puzhal, Poonamallee and
Sholavaram blocks of Tiruvallur district and parts of Chitlapakkam block of
Kancheepurm district. No crop is cultivated in Chennai district and in the
Metropolitan area of Kancheepuram District. The CMA that comes under Tiruvallur
district has cultivable area of paddy, pulses and oilseeds.
2.2. CURRENT LAND USE PATTERN:
Principal crops cultivated in CMA are Paddy, Pulses and Oil seeds. Paddy is
the major crop in the CMA. Out of the 23316.81 Hectares (Ha.) of net area sown,
major crops are sown only in 17945.19 Hectares.
Table 2.1 Land use pattern (in Ha.)
Metropolitan Metropolitan
Sl. area under area under Total
Land classification Chennai
No Tiruvallur Kancheepurm (in Ha.)
district district
a) Forest 300 623 - 923
Barren &
b) - 162 1508 1670
uncultivable area
Land put to Non-
c) 16798 15765 10309 42872
agriculture uses
d) Cultivable waste - 4553 - 4553
Permanent pastures
e) - 1477.92 - 1477.92
& other grazing lands
Misc. tree crops &
f) - 579 219 798
grooves
g) Current fallow - 2404.43 Nil 2404.43
h) Other fallow - 13186.85 263 13449.85
i) Net area sown - 23316.81 - 23316.81
Total 17098 62068.01 12299 91465.01
Source: Department of Agriculture
Table 2.2 Area, production and productivity of Principal crops are as follows.
Crop Area (Ha) Production (MT) Productivity (Kg/Ha.)

Rice 13806.4 934.75 6641
Groundnut 1193.45 2302.63 1880
Pulses 2874.24 2123.46 740
Gingelly 71.1 49.08 710
Total 17945.19 97950.17 9971
Source: Department of Agriculture
2.2.1. Agricultural constraints faced in the CMA:

The problems faced by the farmers in the CMA are as follows
 Siltation of irrigation tanks and inadequacy of canal water for irrigation.
 Decreasing water table leading to rise in saline water which is not suitable
for irrigation
 Reduction in catchments area like ponds, Lakes, water tanks etc., due to
urbanization and industrialization which in turn causes lack in drainage
facility
 Increasing land value resulting in conversion of agricultural lands for non
agricultural purposes.
 Lack in availability of labourers
 Increase in fragmentation of land holdings which thwarts the adaptation of
innovative technologies in a larger scale.
 The agricultural lands nearby industries are degraded due to seepage of
industrial waste and there causing land degradation and the soil fertility
depletes.
2.3. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
2.3.1. Initiatives taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu

The Government of Tamil Nadu is taking following initiatives to attain 4%
growth rate under agriculture.
 Two Acres of free land distribution for landless farmers by converting
waste land into cultivable lands.
 Distribution of soil health cards and encouraging organic farming for soil
health improvement.
 Precision farming for production of high quality marketable crops by
efficient water management
 Micro irrigation with drip fertigation.
 ‘System of Rice Intensification’ (SRI) method of cultivation for paddy
 Seed village programme for increasing pulses and oilseeds production
 Establishment of Agricultural Export Zones to provide better opportunity.
 Integrated Nutrient Management and Integrated Pest Management to
reduce the input cost besides pollution free environment.
 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme to provide compensation to the
farmers for crop loss due to flood and drought.
 Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) was done in
Tiruvallur.
2.3.2. Other initiatives take by the Government to encourage agriculture
a) Agriculture Extension Centres (AECs)

The prime role of Agricultural Extension Centres is to make the farmers to
adopt the modern technologies related to agriculture and allied activities and to ensure
the production. There are 5 Major Agriculture Extension Centres and 4 Sub
Agriculture Extension Centres are functioning in the CMA. They are as follows.
Main AECs Sub AECs

Ambathur Pandeswaram
Poonamallee Vellavedu
Puzhal Madhavaram
Sholavaram Arani
Chitlapakkam
b) Uzhavar Sandhais (Farmers market)

The innovative scheme – “Uzhavar Sandhai” was introduced in 1999-2000 for
direct selling of fruits and vegetables at a fair price by farmers to consumers without
any intermediaries. Four Uzhavar Sandhais namely Ambathur, Paruthipattu,
Pallavaram and Nanganallur are functioning in CMA. Uzhavar Sandhais at Ambathur
& Paruthipattu are coming under the control of Thiruvallur District and Uzhavar
Sandhais at Pallavaram and Nanganallur are coming under the control of
Kancheepuram district.
c) City Vegetable Development Scheme
Under this scheme planting materials, seeds, fertilizers and plant protection
chemicals are distributed to Chennai city dwellers at full cost, besides providing
technical know-how to them.
d) Establishment of Terminal Markets
Terminal Markets with all value addition facilities like processing, storage and
marketing are to be established near metro areas of Chennai, Madurai and
Coimbatore. For establishment of Terminal market at Chennai region, 32 Acres of
land have been identified at Navalur village of Sriperumpudhur taluk in
Kancheepuram district.
e) Agmark Grading
Agmark is an acronym for agricultural marketing. Agmark grading is a symbol
for quality food products. Agmark grading protects the consumers from harmful
effects of consuming adulterated food products and ensures quality of food products.
In Tamil Nadu, 1 principal Agmark grading laboratory at Chennai and 30 State
Agmark grading laboratories and have been engaged in grading and certification.
CHAPTER-3. FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY
3.1. INTRODUCTION:
Forests comprise of different ecosystems, and have a very important role to
play in environmental protection and mainly intake Carbon dioxide and releases
Oxygen. Apart from that it provides a wide range of products and services.
Degradation of forests will have adverse impact on various life support systems such
as water resources, agriculture, biodiversity and environment. Forests have to be
sustainably managed for the livelihood security of the humanity.
3.2. CURRENT FORESTED AREAS:

3.2.1 Guindy National park
The Guindy Park has a
rather ancient and interesting
historical background. Once
upon a time it was actually a
hunting preserve. Then known
as ‘Guindy lodge” it belonged
to a British citizen Gilbert
Rodericks. Sometime in 1817
the owner died with the
property heavily mortgaged.
Figure 3.1.Guindy National Park
The Government of Madras
purchased it in 1821 for the neat sum of Rs. 35,000/- . The conservation aspect came
into the picture quite late in 1910 it was declared as Reserved Forests. This meant
stricter protection and enforcement of Madras Forest Act which had provisions
banning entry without permission, cutting and clearing vegetation, etc. In 1978,
270.57 Ha area was declared as a National Park and has come to play a significant
role in the ecological environment of Chennai. Guindy National Park lies towards the
South Western corner of Chennai. The terrain is rather flat gently sloping towards the
south to two tanks- Appalankulam and Kathankulam which together occupy 30 Ha.
There is a small Pond Duck pond towards the north of the Park and Bogi pond just
outside the National park limits. Soil type varies from red to red gravelly and
Alluvium dominates is most of the area.
So far over 350 species of plants have been found including trees, shrubs,
climbers, herbs and grasses. Large parts of the area are under mixed dry deciduous
and scrub jungle. The entire vegetation looks dry, during summer leaves fall off in
deciduous vegetation. But the trees acquire a verdant look with the onset of
monsoons. The forests are interspersed with open grassland which is the ideal
habitats for blackbucks. This forest area supports variety of fauna.
3.2.2. Pallikaranai Marsh Land.

The Pallikaranai (12o59’N
and 80 o14’E) is one among the
few remaining wetlands located
near the Chennai metropolis. It
falls under Perungudi and
Pallikaranai villages in the
Kancheepuram district of Tamil
Nadu, which is about 20 Km
south in the Chennai
Metropolitan Area. The wetland

Fig. 3.2 Pallikaranai Marsh Land
runs along the old
Mahabalipuram road parallel to the Buckingham Canal throughout its length. The
Pallikaranai wetland has a catchment area of 235 Sq. Km. that includes Velachery,
Pallikaranai and Navalur. It drains through Okkium Maduvu in Thoraipakkam to the
Buckingham Canal, which on the other hand discharges into the Kovalam estuary.
The wetland is rich with 61 species of flowering plants. Of the 15 grass

species recorded from the wetland at least two, namely Cynodon barberi and
Iseilemea enthephroides, are endemic to Peninsular India. The wetland is rich in
faunal species. It is home for 10 species of mammals, 112 species of birds, 21 species
of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 46 species of fish, 7 species of butterflies, 5
species of Crustaceans and 9 species of Mollusk.
3.2.3. Nanmangalam Reserve Forest.
Nanmangalam Reserve Forest

is a protected area located in the
southern part of Chennai, about 24 km
from the city centre. It is located at
Medavakkam on Velachery High Road
between Velachery and Tambaram.
The total area of the Reserve forest is Figure 3.3. Nanmangalam Reserve Forest.
320 Hectares.
The forest is popular among bird watchers and is home to about 85 species of
birds. Red-wattled Lapwing, Crested Honey Buzzard, Grey Partridge, Coucal, Indian
Eagle-owl, White-breasted Kingfisher, Pied Kingfisher, Southern Bush Lark and Red-
whiskered Bulbul are commonly seen birds in the area.
The Nanmangalam Reserved Forest, is a scrubland around an abandoned

granite quarry and is home to some of the rare orchids, according to a recent study.
Located near Medavakkam, a rapidly developing residential locality, the forest needs
protection from encroachment and other anthropogenic influences.
3.2.4. Mangroves in the Adyar estuary
The Adyar River rises in the Chembarabakkam Tank and runs 20 Km before
entering city limits. It then runs about 5 Km in the city before its estuary opens out to
the sea. In what is essentially a salty lagoon, there are several islands, the largest of
them called Quibble Island. These backwaters are called Adyar Creek, distinct from
the Adyar River and its broad estuary with narrow mouth silted due to the sand bank
created by the currents ever since the Harbour's groynes were built. The Adyar
Estuary, with its remaining islands and mangrove stands on the southern bank, is an
area that offers river, marsh, woods, backwaters, islets, sea and open ground which
have at times hosted over 150 species of birds as well as small wildlife, including
jackals, foxes, wild cats, snakes and other reptiles. Over seventy migratory species
from the far north of Asia used to turn up annually from August onwards and during
the summer, it has been a nesting ground for at least 50 Indian breeding species.
3.2.5. Olive ridley turtle nesting in Chennai Coast
Olive ridley turtles are best known for their behavior of synchronized nesting
in mass numbers, termed arribadas. In the Indian Ocean, the majority of olive ridleys
nest in two or three large groups near Gahirmatha in Odisha. Nesting occurs
elsewhere along the Coromandel Coast and Sri Lanka, but in scattered locations. One
such location is the Chennai coast between the Neelankarai-Napier Bridge stretch.
The Tamil Nadu Forest Department along with various NGOs has stepped up efforts
to save these endangered species.
Olive Ridleys are classified under Schedule I of the Wildlife Act. They nest
along the Chennai coast between January and March. Fishing trawlers pose a big
threat as turtles get trapped in nets. The street lights along the coast often misguide
hatchlings towards land as they are instinctively drawn to the brighter lights.
Awareness to the fishing communities and the coastal residents is being created to
avoid using trawlers and bring lights during the nesting season.

3.3.1. Pallikaranai Marsh Land Reserve Forest
Pallikaranai marshland in south Chennai, 317 Ha. (about 793 Acres) of the
marshland had been classified as Reserve Forest area and brought under the
Tambaram range of the Forest Department.
3.3.2. Ex-situ Conservation Centre

The Arignar Anna Zoological Park with an area of 602 Ha. is located in
Vandalur, close to Chennai. The park exhibits 1369 animals, which includes 51
species of mammals, 66 species of birds, 30 species of reptiles in all numbering 147
species of wildlife. The Vandalur Arignar Anna Zoological Park is doing yeomen
service for the cause of wildlife recreation, education, conservation and research.
Even though strictly it does not come within the purview of protected areas, it has
been consciously included as it plays a vital role in wildlife conservation.
The zoo receives visitors all round the year, the numbers of visitors is more on
Saturdays, Sundays and festival days. The numbers of visitors are maximum in
January and May of all round the year. The number of visitors is increasing every year
and on an average 4500 visitors visit the zoo per day. The visitor statistics for the last
five years and the revenue generated is given below. The zoo is opened to the public
from 9.00 AM to 5.00 PM in all days except Tuesday.
Table 3.1. Zoo year wise visitors
Years Total No. of visitors

2002-2003 7,11,589
2003-2004 7,00,963
2004-2005 6,68,026
2005–2006 8,48,823
2006-2007 11,87,904
2007-2008 14,47,992
2008-2009 16,46,129
2009-2010 16,04,216
2010-2011 18,10,846
3.3.3. Tholkappia Poonga (Adyar Poonga)
Tholkappia Poonga or Adyar Eco

Park (also known as Adyar Poonga)
is a 58 Acre ecological park set up
by the Government of Tamil Nadu in
the Adyar estuary area of Chennai,
India. According to the government,
the project, conceived based on the
master plan for the restoration of the
vegetation of the freshwater eco-
systems of the Coromandel Coast,
Figure 3. 6. Adyar poonga
especially the fragile eco-system of the Adyar estuary and creek. About 65 percent of
the poonga is covered by water and artefacts and signages. In the first 2 months of its
inauguration, nearly 4,000 children from several schools in the city and the nearby
Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur districts have visited the park to learn about wetland
conservation, eco-restoration and water management.
More than 85 different kinds of birds, including rare black bittern, cinnamon bittern,
black-winged kite, white-bellied sea eagle, pied kingfisher, yellow wagtails, egret,
chestnut-winged cuckoo, and black-winged stilt have been spotted by ornithologists in
the green expanse. Butterflies, including the rare painted lady and black rajah and
blue-tailed green darner dragon fly, have been among those spotted here. Non-
poisonous snakes, soft and hard shell turtles, painted frogs and green pond frogs can
also be seen in the park. The restoration has also improved the quality of water, which
according to Central Pollution Control Board norms, is suitable for propagation of
wildlife.
CHAPTER- 4. WATER RESOURCES
4.1. INTRODUCTION:
“When water fails, functions of nature cease, you say;

Thus when rain fails, no men can walk in ‘duty’s ordered way”
- Kural (20)
Chennai mainly depends on monsoon rain for drinking water supply. The
predominant source of water supply to Chennai is surface water i.e. run-off water
during monsoon periods stores in four surface reservoirs – Poondi, Cholavaram,
Redhills and Chembarambakkam. Chennai City water supply is drawn from the Red
hills Lake located about 6 Km. from City in the northwest along the Grand Northern
Trunk (GNT) Road. This Lake mainly receives its supply from the Kosathalaiyar
River across which a dam was constructed to create reservoir at Poondi. The anicut
constructed in its downstream at Tamaraipakkam diverts the flow through the upper
supply channel to Cholavaram Lake; from there it flows to Redhills Lake. A separate
lined channel from Poondi reservoir connects the upper supply channel which
prevents any possible loss of transmission through dry beds of the river. The flow
into these sources is seasonal.
The Veeranam Water Supply Project was implemented as additional source of

water to CMA. The Project was commissioned in the year 2004 to supply 180 MLD
of water to CMA by drawing water from Veeranam Lake, Cuddalore district. This
Lake receives water from Cauvery River system through Kollidam, Lower Anicut and
Vadavar Canal besides rainwater from its own catchment area. The capacity of the
Lake is 1465 Mc.Ft.
In the recent past the agriculture activity in the ayacut areas of

Chembarambakkam tank has been reduced drastically because of conversion of lands
for urban uses and for reasons of uneconomical production costs. Now the
Chembarambakkam tank (located about 12 Km. from the City in the west) is also
used as one of the main sources of water supply to the City.
4.2.1. Characteristics of Existing Surface Reservoirs
Table 4.1. Characteristics of Existing Surface Reservoirs
Maximum Full
Maximum
Drawl of usable Area Mean Catchment
Water
Reservoir elevation volume surface Depth Area
Elevation
(Metre) (Million (Million (Metre) (Sq.Km.)
(Metre)
Cu.M) Sq.Km.)
Poondi 42.67 34.14 91.49 34.99 10.67 1983
Cholavaram 19.66 14.22 24.95 5.41 5.44 28.49
Redhills 15.30 8.59 93.45 54.03 6.46 37.55
Chembarambakkam 26.03 18.72 103.22 25.51 7.32 77.13
Veeranam 14.48 12.34 41.48 4.75 422.40
Total 354.59 2548.57
Source: Public Work Department
4.2.2. Water Treatment Capacity for Chennai City:
Kilpauk Water Treatment Plant : 270 MLD

Puzhal Water Treatment Plant : 300 MLD
Vadakuthu Water Treatment Plant
(Veeranam Lake source) : 180 MLD
Chembarambakkam Water Treatment Plant : 530 MLD
Surapet Water Treatment Plant : 14 MLD
K.K. Nagar : 4 MLD
Minjur Desalination Plant : 100 MLD
----------------
Total : 1,384 MLD
----------------
4.2.3. Ground Water Resources of Chennai:
(a) Araniar – Koratalaiyar Basin (A.K. Basin) Aquifers

During early 1965, extensive hydro-geological studies were taken up as part of
UNDP Project in the A.K. Basin to assess the ground water potential. The studies
resulted in the commissioning of three Well fields (in 1969) namely, Minjur, Panjetty
and Tamaraipakkam for extraction of 125 MLD of ground water. During early
eighties, a reassessment of ground water potential was carried out again with UNDP
assistance and this resulted in the commissioning of three new Well fields (in 1989)
namely, Poondi, Kannigaiper and Flood Plains to extract about 55 MLD of ground
water. Presently, Metro water is extracting about 15 MLD in all the 6 Well fields.
(b) Southern Coastal Aquifer

Based on the survey conducted by the Geological Survey of India (GSI)
during 1975-77 and subsequent studies made by the UNDP and Metro Water Board, it
has been established that the narrow coastal stretch which extends up to 20 Kms from
Thiruvanmiyur to Muttukkadu along the East coast road on the southern side of
Chennai city has a shallow water table aquifer with a potential of 4.5 MGD. Based on
this shallow wells have been constructed to extract around 1.5 MGD to 2 MGD of
ground water to supplement the city water supply. At present about 4.7 MLD of water
is drawn from this aquifer.
Table 4.2. Average Ground-Water Level Of Chennai City
AVERAGE GROUND-WATER LEVEL OF CHENNAI CITY FROM THE YEAR 2001 TO 2010
Average
Average
Yearly
YEARS Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Rainfall
in ‘MM’
2001 4.71 5.56 6.19 6.43 6.08 6.33 6.68 6.50 6.72 5.65 4.83 4.06 5.81 1639.80
2002 3.46 3.87 4.38 4.78 5.27 5.63 6.08 6.20 5.40 5.61 3.16 2.87 4.73 1339.35
2003 2.91 4.01 4.55 5.10 5.57 6.06 6.39 6.26 6.68 6.50 5.80 6.29 5.51 688.40
2004 6.36 6.69 6.91 9.06 6.65 7.14 7.58 7.87 8.26 6.65 6.18 6.18 6.18 1189.90
2005 5.31 5.73 6.03 5.94 6.06 6.33 6.56 6.45 6.54 6.41 2.32 1.42 5.42 2066.90
2006 1.73 2.46 2.92 3.22 3.54 3.85 4.08 4.23 4.11 3.95 1.99 1.87 3.16 1270.00
2007 2.43 2.85 3.23 3.44 3.71 4.06 3.91 4.08 3.84 3.67 3.19 3.04 3.45 1150.00
2008 2.34 2.67 2.66 3.07 3.38 3.58 3.86 3.57 3.73 2.45 1.44 2.04 2.90 1328.70
2009 2.29 2.89 3.31 3.75 3.97 4.24 4.52 4.21 4.29 4.35 2.10 2.26 3.52 944.50
2010 2.67 3.12 3.66 4.22 3.56 3.35 3.37 2.89 3.08 2.57 2.01 2.09 3.66 1468.00
4.2.4. Details of Well Fields
There are totally six well fields in the Chennai Metro Area and the details of
the well fields are given below.
Table 4.3 Details of Well Fields
Well Fields Year of Commission Yield MLD during design

Tamaraipakkam 1969 50
Panjetty 1969 41
Minjur 1969 34
Poondi 1987 27
Flood Plains 1987 14
Kannigaiper 1987 14
Total 180
Source: CMWSSB
4.2.5. Threats - Excessive Ground Water Abstraction:

Though it was estimated that a total quantity of 180 MLD of ground water
could be extracted from all the 6 Well fields, in A.K. Basin the actual yield become
reduced year by year and during the year 1990, it become only 50% of the original
estimate. This is due to the fast rate of depletion of water level caused by continuous
extraction mainly by farmers, low rainfall and frequent drought periods. During the
same time it was observed that sea water intrusion up to 13 Km. inland took place in
the Minjur aquifer which is located very near to the coast (Bay of Bengal).
Table 4.4. Details of Water Supply Distribution in CMA
MPP HSC
HP PP
No. of House (Mini (House
Block (Hand (Power Taps
Habitats Holds Power Service
Pump) Pump)
Pump) Connection
Kunrathur Block
Kancheepuram 317 45916 226 87 359 917 166
District
Thomas Mount 368 65838 404 78 572 805 2070
Block
Thiruporur Block 285 29190 376 88 376 1588 14
Kattankolathur 336 37789 377 44 358 1505 690

Block
Sholavaram Block 314 22344 129 113 562 4226 5492
Puzhal Block 152 11608 120 59 280 1879 1175
Villivakkam Block 294 26602 127 95 448 3484 1049
Poonamallee 184 19118 168 126 291 2381 2638

Block
Minjur Block 484 35277 86 118 841 3505 4746
Source: Public Work Department
4.2.6. Water Consumption –Chennai City including Expanded Areas.
City supply through pipeline : 675 MLD

Added areas through pipeline : 75 MLD
City supply through lorry : 14MLD
Added area supply through lorry : 6MLD
Industrial supply through pipeline : 41MLD

Bulk supply through pipeline : 20MLD
-----------
Grand Total : 831MLD
------------
4.2.7. Water Testing Laboratories
In Chennai City the following four major Government Water Testing Laboratories
are available.
1. King Institute, Guindy, Chennai

2. Quality Assurance Wing, CMWSSB, Kilpauk, Chennai
3. Tamil Nadu Water supply and Drainage Board, Chepauk, Chennai.
4. Institute of Water Studies, Public Works Department, Taramani,
Chennai.

4.3.1. Sea Water Desalination Plants at Kattupalli Village, Minjur:
About 90 MLD capacity Desalination Plant is being set up in North of

Chennai at Kattupalli Village, Minjur to bridge the gap of growing demand of water
supply to Chennai city and also to meet out the demand during drought period in
particular. Bulk Water Purchase Agreement was executed with M/s. Chennai Water
Desalination Ltd.
100 MLD of water will be conveyed through the infrastructure created under
this project to Madhavaram Booster Station and Redhills Water Treatment Plant for
distribution to Chennai City.
4.3.2. Second Plant to be constructed at Nemmeli on East Coast Road:
In order to further address the growing drinking water requirements of

Chennai City which expanding rapidly, another 100 MLD Desalination plant is under
construction at Nemmeli on East Coast Road. In addition to the above there is a
proposal to construct 200 MLD Desalination Plant to cater to the Chennai City
population.
4.3.3. Industrial waste water re-uses:
Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewage Board Board is supplying about 36
MLD of secondary treated sewage for the industries situated in Manali area as a part
of conservation measures. Besides this 9 MLD of raw sewage is supplied to a private
industry for the Industrial use.
4.3.4. Constitution of Tamil Nadu State Watershed Management Board:
Based on the recommendations of Central Board of Irrigation and Power, the

Tamil Nadu State Watershed Management Board was constituted in the year 1973
vide G.O.Ms. No. 857, PWD dated : 26-05-1973. The Board had reconstituted vide
G.O.Ms. No. 60 PW (R1) Dept, dated : 08-02-2001 with 21 members and the
Development Commissioner as its Chairman.
The Watershed Management Board Division conducted sedimentation /
watershed studies in many reservoirs / Tanks in Tamil Nadu. The Forest Department
and Agricultural Engineering Departments have carried out many soil conservation
works.
CHAPTER- 5. COASTAL ENVIRONMENT
5.1. INTRODUCTION:
Chennai is situated on the
Coromandel Coast. Total CMA coastal
length is 137.30 Km from North to
South. It has Marina, Elliot beach,
Thiruvanmiyur Beach, Kottivakkam
Beach, Neelankarai Beach and small
beaches at Thiruvottiyur Fig. 5.1. Marina Beach
5.1.1. Ecologically Important Areas in Chennai Coast
Coastal zone is a dynamic area with many cyclic processes owing to a variety of
resources and habitats. Coastal plains and seas include the most taxonomically rich
and productive ecosystems on the earth. Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu, an
important coastal and mega metropolitan city of India having a major port and many
coastal industries.
Table 5.1. Coastal Length of Chennai Coast.
Sl. No. Coastal District Coastal length (km)
1 Chennai 19.00
2 Thiruvallur 43.00
3 Kancheepuram 75.30
Source: Institute for Ocean Management
5.1.2. Biodiversity of Chennai coast
Fishes constitute one of the major faunal groups and the next vertebrate group
occurring in the Chennai coast is sea snakes and turtles. The marine fauna is rich and
varied. The coastline encompasses almost all types of intertidal habitat from
hypersaline, brackish lagoons, estuaries and coastal marsh and mud flats to sandy and
rocky shores. Each local habitat reflects prevailing environmental factors and is
further characterized by its biota. About 11 animal phyla are represented in the marine
ecosystem of Chennai coast. This includes sponges, cnidarians, crustaceans, mollusks,
echinoderms, fishes, reptiles and mammals. The benthic macro fauna comprises of
resident species such as scleractinian corals, molluscs and mud-burrowing fishes.
Among invertebrates, sponges and echinoderms do not prefer estuarine ecosystem. In
Chennai coast, the species diversity is the maximum in Mollusca with 273 species
belonging to 151 genera under 72 families. Crustaceans are represented by 200
species belonging to 125 genera under 39 families.
Free swimmers or nektons are important components of marine biodiversity.

The dominant taxa in the necton are fish, others being crustaceans, molluscs, reptiles
and mammals. In Chennai, 200 species of crustaceans, 272 species of molluscs, 493
species of fishes, 19 species of reptiles and 6 species of mammals are reported.

5.2.1. Ecologically Sensitive Area – Pulicat Lake:
The Pulicat lake adjoins the Chennai coast, and has significant importance in
the flow of biological resources in the Chennai coastal area. Pulicat Lake is a rich
natural but at the same time is very fragile ecosystem. This lagoon provides nursery
and breeding grounds for many species of marine fauna and supports commercial
fishing with major fish landing centers at Pulicat and Arambakkam. The flora and
fauna of the Lake ecosystem are changing both quantitatively and qualitatively,
mainly due to the natural process, especially reduction in depth and in water spread
area. The anthropogenic influences like over exploitation of resources, land use
changes and alteration of the habitats are also influencing the ecosystem to a minor
extent. Major biological resources in the Lake have been described in Table 4.2.
Table 5.2. Major Biological Resources of Pulicat Lake System
Year
Resource 1960 1980 2000
Number of Species Number of Species Number of Species
Phytoplankton 43 30 49
Micro algae 16 8 12
Zooplankton 31 44 31
Benthos - - 57
Macro fauna 43 28 26
Fishes 50 13 39
Birds - - 115
The Pulicat town is a major fish landing centre. Fishing and boat making are
the main occupation of the traditional fishing community living around this Lake.
There are around 20 villages near the bar mouth region on the landwards side. Major
villages are Pulicat, Kottaikuppam, Jameelabath, Annamalaichery and Avirivakkam.
People own their own catamaran and mechanized boats for their fishing
activity. The data on fishery show the reduction of annual catch from the Lake from
2562 Tonnes in 1951 to 1120 Tonnes 1999. About 39 species of fishes were recorded
so far from this area Of the fin-fishes captured, mullets are the dominant species.
Other important fishes includes Sardinella sp., Hilisa keele., Chanos chanos, Plotosus
canius, Liza parsia, Mugil cephalus, Hemirampus far, Platycephalus indicus, Lates
calcarifer.,Epinephelus tauvina, Sillago sihama, Caranx sem, Leiognathus daura,
Lutjanus sp, Gerres sp., Siganus javus and Tricanthus sp. The larvae and young ones
of these fishes are dense in the Lake or canal connecting the Lake. Eight species of
crab have been recorded in this Lake. Of this, mud crab Scylla serrata is the most
dominant species in crab fishery, which have high demand in international market.
Portunus pelagicus has been recorded around the mouth region of the Lake.
Fishermen practice ‘Padu system’ of fishing in the Lake region. In this system,
the individual villages are fixed for a particular area of operation inside the Lake and
duration of their activity is also restricted. This gives all the villagers equal amount of
share on the resources available from the Lake.
5.2.2. Aquaculture in Pulicat Lake
Aqua farms are active after 1990 after changing the agricultural practices in
the channel part present in the southern side of the Pulicat Lake. Both semi-intensive
and intensive type of farming has taken place in this area. The nutrient concentrations
in the waters near the farms are not changed due to aquaculture activity. If this
activity continues in the present rate and more farms are added in this zone, then the
water quality will be affected by the excessive nutrient load and eutrophication along
the channel.
5.2.3. Pollution hot spots along the coast of Chennai
The coastal areas of Tamil Nadu are assuming greater importance owing to
increasing human population, urbanization and accelerated industrial activities. These
anthropogenic activities have put tremendous pressure on the fragile coastal
environments. In general, the near shore regions are of great concern now, due to the
fact that they are not only most productive areas but also the sites of the most critical
pollution hot spots (Table 4.3).
Table 5.3. Pollution Hot Spots along the Chennai Coast
District Nature of pollution

Thiruvallur Thermal, domestic sewage, industrial,
chemical.
Chennai Harbour, domestic sewage, industrial,
chemical.
Kancheepuram Thermal, domestic sewage, industrial,
chemical, textile, tannery and tourism.
The major congregation of industries is along Chennai coast where 1500

industries are located. The group wise distributions of industries along the Chennai
coast are as follows: electricity, gas and water (35%); rubber, plastic, petroleum and
coal products (9.5%); machine tools (9.3%); paper and paper products (5.5%); metal
products (5.1%) and others (26.3%).
Table 5.4. Major coastal activities leading to coastal / marine pollution

in Tamil Nadu
Sl.
Activities Places
No.
Chennai, Pondicherry, Cuddalore,
Discharge and disposal of
1. Tuticorin, Thiruvallur and
domestic wastes.
Kancheepuram.
Chennai, Pondicherry, Kayalpattinam,
Discharge and disposal of
2. Tuticorin. Thiruvallur and
sewage and industrial wastes.
Kancheepuram.
Harbour activities and Chennai, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam,
3.
maritime transport. Tuticorin, Colachel, Vallinokkam.
4. Fishing activities Throughout the coast

Oil exploration, production Chennai, Cauvery delta, Nagapattinam,
5.
and refining. Palk Strait
Chennai, Pondicherry, Tranquebar,

6. Recreation and tourism Rameswaram, Thiruchendur,
Kanyakumari and Kancheepuram.
Kovalam, Marakkanam, Vedaranyam,

7. Salt production
Tuticorin.
5.2.4. Sewage pollution

In the city of Chennai alone, there are more than 10 Million people living
along the coast, and as a result more than 75 Million Gallons /day of sewage get
discharged into adjoining sea. The major part of the sewage is released into Cooum,
Adyar rivers and Buckingham canal.
5.2.5. Industrial pollution

There are 14 major industries located in the Ennore-Manali areas. The
industries at Manali and Ennore are mostly chemical based, manufacturing petro-
chemicals, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, paints etc. There are two power plants at
Ennore, namely, Ennore Thermal Power Plant with a production capacity of 200 MW
and North Chennai Thermal Power Plant with a production capacity of 600 MW. The
industries at Ennore-Manali are using a wide variety of raw materials and discharge
waste products into the air, water or land as gaseous emissions, liquid effluents and
sludge, respectively.
5.2.6. Tanning industry
Oceanographic studies of the impact of tannery waste off the Tamil Nadu
coast have been carried out by the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa. They
showed pollution from tanneries all along the coastal stretch from Chennai to
Vedaranyam. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, is working to find
remedies for the crises. It has designed, erected, put into operation and maintained a
full-scale demonstration effluent treatment plant in Ranipettai since 1977 in a
collaborative venture with the industry. Since then, it has designed several effluent
treatment systems for various factories in Chennai, Ranipettai and Vaniyambadi.
5.2.7. Energy production
The most important environmental effects caused by electrical power plants

are due to thermal and residual chlorine effluents. Temperature elevation, due to
effluent discharges from the power plants in Chennai (Kalpakkam and Ennore), has
been observed in an area of several Square Kilometres. The movement of the thermal
plume on the coast has not, led to fish kills, but significant changes in sedentary fauna
and flora have been recorded in the condenser outfall area.
5.2.8. Oil pollution
In Tamil Nadu, various activities responsible for oil pollution in the coastal
and marine environment are exploration, refining, transport, spills and leakages from
ships and fishing trawlers and from petro chemical industries. The places with such
activities and their magnitude are presented in (Table.4.5).
Table 5.5. Activities related to coastal pollution in Chennai coast
Activity Area Quantity
Oil transport (ship wastes, tank Chennai and 3 X 106 t/yr

washings, spills etc) Tuticorin
Oil refining (oil leaks, spills, 5 X 106 t/yr

Chennai
effluents tank draw off etc)
Petro chemical production (by
Chennai, Gulf
product production and industrial 75000 – 1 Lakh t/yr
of Mannar
wastes)
In Chennai, values ranging from 4 ug/L to 108 ug/L in water and from 1.5 to
3.5 ug/G dry weight of sediments were reported. The values recorded along the Tamil
Nadu coast are slightly less than those recorded in other parts of the world. Thus, at
present levels, they do not pose any threat to marine life.
5.2.9. Pesticide pollution
Analysis of pesticide residues in marine fish in Chennai revealed that the

highest concentrations were found in Pomfret followed by Tuna and Mackerel.
However, their concentration was well below the permissible level to be a potential
hazard to human health.
5.2.10. Coastal Erosion and Accretion
Chennai is prone to erosion and accretion. These have been aggravated by
constructions into the sea. While the walls built into the sea for the Chennai port gave
the city a wide Marina beach. It nibbled away settlements, temples and roads in the
northern part of the city. On the other hand, the area of Marina beach is accreting
40M2 every year. This has also resulted in the closure of Adyar and Cooum river
mouths.
Table 5.6. Accretional areas along Chennai Coast
Rate
Site Length (M)
(M/Year)
Cuddalore (N) 1538 8.00
Cuddalore (S) 483 2.98
Marina Beach 2968 1.70
Ennore 3265 1.30
Mahabalipuram 5450 0.25

Table 5.7. Erosional site along Chennai
Site Length (M) Rate (M/Year)
Royapuram 5380 6.60
Pulicat 710 3.20
Kanathur 240 1.40
Kovalam 3150 0.81
Pompuhar 1905 0.65

5.3.1. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification:
The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011 declaring the coastal stretches
of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters, which are influenced by tidal
action as the Coastal Regulation Zone under the provision of Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986. This proposes graded restriction on setting up and expansion
of industries, including pressures from human activities.
5.3.2. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP)
The coast of Tamil Nadu is replete with several economic activities like
industry, tourism and fisheries. To minimize the conflicts of interest between various
competing activities, an appropriate management plan rationally integrating the
activities of all the stakeholders is essential. In order to achieve economic prosperity
without sacrificing ecological security, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan is
being prepared for the coastline of Tamil Nadu. The setback lines in the coastal areas
will also be drawn based on the vulnerability of the coast to natural and man made
hazards. For the purpose of assessing the vulnerability of the coast, seven parameters
are taken into account viz., elevation, geology, geomorphology, sea level trends,
horizontal shore line displacement (erosion / accretion), tidal ranges and wave
heights. The Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan and Coastal Vulnerability
Maps are being prepared by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) (India), Water &
Environment.
CHAPTER- 6. ENERGY
6.1. INTRODUCTION:
Power is a basic infrastructure
influencing the growth of industrial,
agricultural and service sectors and
ultimately the economic development. One
of the determinants for quality of life is the
level of availability and acceptability of
affordable and quality power. It is one of the
sectors, to which Government is giving
priority in fixing the plan outlays at National
as well as State levels.
Fig. 6.1 Ennore Power Plant
6.2. CURRENT SCENARIO :
Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board was constituted on 1st July 1957, under
Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 (Central Act 54 of 1948) and has remained as the
energy provider and distributor all these years. During the period the Government has
extended the electrical network to all the villages and towns throughout the State.
Based on G.O (Ms.) No. 100, dt.19.10.2010, TNEB has restructured itself into
TNEB Ltd (Holding company); Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation
(TANGEDCO) Ltd; and Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation (TANTRANSCO)
Ltd., with effect from 1st of November 2010.
TNEB Ltd., occupies the third rank in the list of top three State Electricity
Boards (SEBs) in the country, along with Maharashtra and Gujarat, in terms of the
size of its operation gauged by the generating capacity at its command, the amount of
energy sold and the number of consumers serviced. Tamil Nadu ranks sixth in terms
of per capita electricity consumption (1080 units during 2009-10) among the other
States. The technical performance/efficiencies of TNEB Ltd., measured by the Plant
Load Factor (PLF) and the transmission and distribution losses have normally been
above the All-India average and place Tamil Nadu among the top five to six SEBs in
terms of performance.
Table 6.1. TNEB Ltd., Power Plants in Chennai
Generation of
Sl. Installed Power in Million
Name of the Power Station
No. Capacity Units (MU) for the
year 2009-10
Ennore Thermal Power Station, 2 x 60 MW
1 1500.117
Ennore, Chennai – 600 057 3 x 110 MW
North Chennai Thermal Power Station,

2 3 x 210 MW 4825.117
Athipattu, Chennai – 120
Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station,

3 4 x 30 MW 81.794
Basin Bridge, Chennai – 12.
Source: TNEB Ltd.,
Table 6.2. TNEB Ltd., new projects under execution in Chennai
Sl. No. Name of the Power Project Installed Capacity
North Chennai Thermal Power Project,

1 2 x 600 MW
Stage – II, Athipattu, Chennai – 120
Ennore (Annex) Thermal Power Project, 1 x 600 MW

2
Ennore, Chennai – 600 057
Vallur Thermal Power Project, (A joint venture

3 project of TNEB Ltd., with NTPC), Vallur, 3 x 500 MW
Chennai – 120.
Source: TNEB Ltd.,
Table 6.3. TNEB Ltd., new projects under development in Chennai

Sl. No. Name of the Power Project Installed Capacity
1. Ennore SEZ Super Critical Thermal Power 2 X 800 MW
2. North Chennai Super Critical Thermal Power 1 X 800 MW
Project Stage – III
Source: TNEB Ltd.,
6.3.1. Establishment of Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA)
The Government of Tamil Nadu realized the importance and need for
renewable energy, and set up a separate Agency, as registered society, called the
(TEDA) as early as 1985,as per G.O.Ms.No.163, P. & D. (EC) Department, dated
29.11.1984 with the following specific objectives:-
 To promote the use of new and renewable sources of energy (NRSE) and to
implement projects
 To promote energy conservation activities.
 To encourage research and development on renewable sources of energy.
The promotion of Grid connected and decentralized power generation from
locally available sources will reduce the dependence on conventional power. The
decentralised power systems can also make power available at remote places in the
State where Grid power could not be extended and will facilitate development of rural
and remote areas
Fig. 6.2 Solar Heater Fig. 6.3 Solar Cooker
6.3.2. Solar Energy Installations in Chennai

Table 6.4. Solar Energy Installations in Chennai
Beneficiary System installed
SSN College of Engineering Kalavakkam Stand alone SPV Power Plant
Residences and quarters of VVIPs (IAS & IPS
Solar Water Heating System
Quarters, Ministers Bungalows) in Chennai
M/s. Foxconn India Developer Pvt. Ltd. Solar Water Heating System
M/s. Sathyabama Institute of Science and Solar Steam Generating
Technology, Chennai System for Cooking
TTK LIG Pallavaram Solar Air Heating Systems
T.I Cycles of India Solar Air Heating Systems

The Government Royapettah Hospital, Solar Water Heating Systems
Government Kilpauk Medical College Hospital, Solar Water Heating Systems
Thiruvetteeswarar Hospital for Thoracic Medicine, Solar Water Heating Systems

Government Peripheral Hospital, Solar Water Heating Systems
Government Head Quarters Hospital, Thiruvallur
Solar Water Heating Systems
Numeric Power Systems, Chennai SPV Power Plant

L & T Limited, Nandambakkam SPV Power Plant
Turbo Energy, Payanur Solar Air Conditioner
Source: TEDA
6.3.3. Other renewable Energy Installations

Table 6.5 Other renewable Energy Installations
Project
Name of the Promoters
Futura Polymers Limited, Biomass based Boiler and
Thiruvallur District. Thermic fluid heater
Meera Organics and Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Biomass gasifier
Thiruvallur District.
Shriram Engineering College, Toilet Linked Biogas Plants
Thiruvallur district.
State Institute of Rural Department, Toilet Linked Biogas Plants
Kancheepuram District.
Indian Institute of Technology, Toilet Linked Biogas Plants
IIT, Chennai
The Director and Conservator of Forests Battery operated vehicles in
Aringar Anna Zoological Park, Vandalur. service
Avadi Heavy Vehicles Factory, Battery operated vehicles in
Avadi. service
Indian Institute of Technology, IIT, Battery operated vehicles in
Chennai service
AC Hospitals Madras Pvt. Ltd. Chennai Battery operated vehicles in
service
Tamil Nadu Science & Technology Centre, State Level Energy Park
Chennai
Institute of Energy Studies, District Level Energy Park
Chennai
RMK Engineering College, District Level Energy Park
Thiruvallur District
Source: TNEB Ltd.,
Table 6.6 Bio Energy Installations:
Sl. No Beneficiary Installations System installed

1. Manali Petrochemicals Ltd, Chennai. 4.7 MW Biomass Power Plant
2. Sun Pharmaceuticals, Kancheepuram 500 KWe Biomass Gasifier system
3. Koyambedu Vegetable Market, Chennai 250 KW Vegetable Waste based
Biogas Plant.
Source: TNEB Ltd.,
Table 6.7 Power Production in Four STPs

TNEB Ltd., Power savings per month (average)
Power
savings
Biogas Power
Location of Energy per
Area Covered Production generated
STP recovery month
Cu.M/day KWH/day
(Rs. in
Lakhs)
Velachery, Guindy, 15.75
Taramani, Mylapore
Perungudi 10000 -
Tiruvanmiyur, Besant 10000 100%
54 MLD 12000
Nagar, Adyar,
R.A.Puram,
Anna Nagar, 7.35
Mogappaiyur,
Koyambedu 7000 -
Virugampakkam, 6900 100%
60 MLD 8000
Arumbakkam, T. Nagar,
Kodambakkam
K.K. Nagar, Saidapet, 4.2
Nesapakkam Ekkattu thangal, 5000 -
4800 100%
40 MLD Valasarawakkam, MGR 6000
Nagar, Jaffar Khan Pet.
Royapuram, Mint, 15.75
Kodungaiyur Perambur, Vyasarpadi, 12000 -
12500 100%
110 MLD Kolathur, Egmore, 14000
Purasawakkam.
34000 - 43.05
Total Power savings per month 34200
40000
Source: TNEB Ltd.,
CHAPTER- 7. URBANISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION
7.1. INTRODUCTION:
Shelter is a basic need. When the need for shelter is not satisfied, it becomes
almost impossible for an individual to think of satisfying his/her family aspirations
and intellectual needs. Primary responsibility of any city is to provide its members
with a decent and habitable shelter. A standard housing does not mean merely land
and building, but includes basic services like water supply, sanitation and access
roads.

7.2.1. Urbanisation
a) Slum scenario
Chennai City has a slum population of 819,872, which constitutes about 19%
of the City population. The Scheduled Castes population in slums is of the order of
269,301 persons apart from 1830 constituting the Scheduled Tribe population. The
slum population in the Municipalities outside City as per a recent survey is indicated
below:
Table 7.1 Slum population in selected Municipalities
% of Slum
Municipal Town Population (2001) Slum population
population
Ambattur 310967 12690 4.1
Alandur 146287 4740 3.2
Avadi 229403 5895 2.6
Pallavaram 144623 14365 9.9
Tambaram 137933 3675 2.7
Tiruvottiyur 212281 20400 9.6
Madhavaram 76093 5150 6.8
Karhivakkam 32590 4395 13.5
Source: Pre-feasibility study for identification of Environmental Infrastructure requirements in slums

in CMA, 2006 (Conducted for TNSCB & TNUIFSL).
b) Fishermen dwellings
Chennai is a coastal metropolis and there are 84 fishermen villages along the
coast of which 43 are in Chennai City, 30 are in the northern part of City upto Minjur
and 11 in the south upto Uthandi. There are 12 landing sites in Chennai (14 and 38 in
the northern and southern parts). Housing for fishermen becomes important
particularly because the housing has to be close to their working area namely the sea
and the restrictions placed by Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) for several types of
development. According to a recent count there are 36,162 fishermen households with
an average household size of 3.81. They live in 31,688 pucca as well as kutcha
structures of which 16,482 are in Chennai, 8439 in northern part of CMA and 6767 in
the southern part of CMA.
c) Housing for Upper Income Groups
Till the year 1995 Tamil Nadu Housing Board (TNHB) was engaged in land
development for housing and housing construction for the Middle and High Income
Groups. However most of the upper income housing was constructed by individuals.
This has changed since the entry of a large number of small and medium private
builders into the real estate and construction market. This trend is also changing with
the entry of large private sector real estate building construction companies into the
housing field and today the upper income housing is market driven.
7.2.2. Factors aiding urbanization
a) Postal Services
For growth and modernization, an efficient postal system is crucial and postal
system is fast emerging as an important component of modern communication and
Information Technology (IT). sector. Our Indian postal system is the largest in the
world. It also plays a crucial role in resource mobilization, apart from providing a
variety of postal services. In CMA, a wide network of postal system exists and serves
the population effectively. There are 134 major post offices in CMA.
b) Telecommunication
The area of operation of Chennai Telephones is co-terminus with the CMA
boundary notified by CMDA. There is an exponential growth in Chennai in the last
decades. It has grown from 26 exchanges with 2, 14,400 lines in 1992 to 209
modernized exchanges with equipment and total capacity of 17, 86,079 lines in 2005.
Number of exchanges has grown to 331 in 2006. According to BSNL, in Chennai
telephone district the number of their landlines were 10.09 Lakhs and their cell phone
connections were 5.78 Lakhs. BSNL telephone density in Chennai alone works out to
20.08 and when the connections given by the private players also are taken into
account the telephone density in Chennai may be in the order of about 30.
c) Education
School Education Because of family planning and population control measures taken
in the country, and especially in Tamil Nadu, from 1971 there is large variation in age
structure including the school going children age group. It is estimated that in the
future years the school going age group will stabilize at 7.5 % for primary school
going age group, 5.19% for middle school going age group and 3.71% for high school
going age group and 3.96% for the higher secondary going age group. Based on these
estimates, the future demand for schools has been worked out and tabulated in table
below.
The Directorate of School Education, Directorate of Elementary Education,

Directorate of Matriculation Education, Directorate of Non-formal and Adult
Education and the Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training are the
principal stakeholders from Government. There are a number of private organizations,
trusts and charitable institutions in the field.
Table 7.2 Number of Schools Required 2026
2001 Average No. Average

No. of of Students Strength 2011
Schools 2001 assumed
Primary 1427 370 500 1329
Upper Primary 775 471 500 920
High School 998 261 400 822
HSC School 662 210 400 438
Source : General Education Statistics of Tamil Nadu, Directorate of School Education

As regards collegiate, technical and other professional higher educational
institutions in CMA, they serve not only the CMA region, but also the State apart
from catering to the demand at the national level for certain specialized fields.
The Directorate of Collegiate Education, Directorate of Medical Education,

Directorate of Technical Education, Directorate of Legal Education, Universities, etc.
are the principal stakeholders from the Government sector. There are a number of
private players running self-financing colleges and autonomous institutions of higher
learning.
Chennai has established itself as the health capital of the country and is fast
becoming the health destination of choice for people all over the world with its
excellent facility, competent specialists and good nursing care. The Director of
Medical & Rural Health Services (DMRH) is in charge of planning and
implementation of programmes of medical services This Directorate provides the
health services in the districts except in Chennai City.
The Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (DPHPM) is

providing primary health care services. Directorate of Medical Education deals with
medical colleges and the Directorate of Family Welfare is in charge of planning and
implementation of family welfare programmes. The Directorate of Indian Medicine
and Homeopathy deals with teaching as well as providing health care system of
Indian Medicine. The National Institute of Siddha established at Tambaram is a joint
venture of Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu and it has been
established with the objective of imparting post graduate education in Siddha system
and to provide medical care through Sidha system of medicine.
A large number of private hospitals deliver health care in Chennai

Metropolitan Area; Apollo Hospitals, Sri Ramachandra Medical College Hospital,
Malar Hospital, Vijaya Hospital, Devaki hospital, CSI Rainy Hospital, CSI Kalyani
Hospital etc. are the major hospitals. According to the approved Government list, as
many as 130 private hospitals function in the City area itself.
7.2.3. Industrialization
Tamil Nadu has been consolidating its position as one of the leading
Industrialized States of India. The Government of Tamil Nadu has been instrumental
in providing a pro-active and dynamic policy environment, which has enabled it to
attract huge investments facilitating employment generation and raising the standard
of living of people in the State. The Government is constantly working towards
realizing the twin objective of providing employment to the people through rapid
industrialization of the State and balanced growth by dispersal of Industries to all
parts of the State.
Table 7.3 Industries in Chennai Metropolitan Area
Type of the
SSI NSSI SSIDO NSSIDO
Industry
Engineering 38 14 - -
Automobile 83 27 2 3
Power generation - 2 - -
Chemical 15 3 5 -
Leather 2 - - -
Pharmaceutical &
16 1 1 -
drug
Plastic 35 13 17 2
SSI-Small Scale Industry; NSSI-Non-Small Scale Industry; SSIDO-Small Scale Industry having
Dangerous Operation; NSSIDO- Non- Small Scale Industry having Dangerous Operation
Source: Department of Inspectorate of Factories
Table 7.4. Category of Industries
Sl. Category of Industries

No RL RM RS OL OM OS GL GM GS TOTAL
1 Chennai District 70 22 564 104 56 919 4 7 104 1850

(only)
2 Chennai Zone 445 98 2005 918 372 4639 27 37 446 8987
(Chennai,
Tiruvallur and
Kancheepuram
Districts)
RL- Red Large; RM- Red Medium; RL- Red Small; OL- Orange Large; OM- Orange
Medium; OL- Orange Small ; GL- Green Large; GM- Green Medium; GL- RedSmall
Table 7.5 a & b. Industries Handling Hazardous Substances
Name and Address of the MAH Unit Hazardous Chemicals handled
Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station,

Naphtha
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Motor Spirit Benzene, Hexane
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
Motor Spirit
Limited
Indian Oil Corporation Limited,
Naphtha, Motor Spirit
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Motor Spirit
Kilpauk Water works, Chlorine
Thirumalai Chemicals Limited,
Orthoxylene
Balmer Lawrie & Company Limited, Chlorine, Ammonia
Sulfur-di-oxide
Cetex Petrochemicals, Butane, Sulfuric acid
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Chemical Petroleum Corporation Motor Spirit, Ammonia, Chlorine, Ethyl
Limited, Mercaptan, Hexane Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone Propane Propylene, Sulfuric Acid
Toluene, LPG Tetra Ethyl Lead
Hydrochloric acid
Coromandel Fertilizers Limited, Ammonia, Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid, Sulphur
Caustic soda
Hydrochloric acid, Diesel
Indian Oil Tanking Limited,
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Kothari Petro Chemicals Limited, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Ammonia
Chlorine Diesel
Madras Fertilizers Limited, Ammonia Liquid Petroleum Gas, Naphtha
Nickel Metal oxide as powder
Manali Petrochemical Limited, Ethylene Oxide Propylene
Propylene Oxide
Manali Petrochemicals, Chlorine, Ethylene Oxide
Plant – II Propylene, Propylene Oxide
Southern Insecticides and Fertilizers, Parathion Methyl
Sri Ram Fibres Limited Liquid Petroleum Gas, Hydrochloric acid
Formaldehyde
Sundaram Fasteners Limited, Liquid Petroleum Gas
Tamil Nadu Petroproducts Limited, Benzene, Hydrogen Fluoride
Propylene, Liquid Petroleum Gas,
Kerosene, Epichloro Hydrin (ECH)
Tamil Nadu Petro Products, Limited Ammonia, Chlorine
Hydrogen, Sodium Hydroxide
Caltex Gas India Limited,
ELF Gas (P) Limited,
Hyundai Motor India Limited,
Propane
Indial Oil Corporation Limited,
Praxair India Limited, Liquid Oxygen, Liquid Nitrogen
Hydrogen, Silane
SGS Petro Organic Private Limited,
Spartek Granites Limited,
St. Gobain Glass India Limited, Liquid Petroleum Gas
Thomson Press India Limited, Liquid Petroleum Gas
Visten Automotive System India Private Liquid Petroleum Gas

Limited,
BTP India Private Limited,
Formaldehyde Oleum Sulphuric Acid.
Bay Forge Limited,
LPG
Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Methanol, Toluene
Limited, Acetone, Di-methylene
Chloride, Dimethyl Formamide
Dimethyl, Sulfoxide
Source: Department of Inspectorate of Factories
7.2.4 Status Of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) in Chennai
Metropolitan Area
The Common Effluent Treatment Plants that treat effluent from the tannery
and textile use the conventional treatment system, before it is discharged into water
sources, on land etc. The conventional treatment system does not contain Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) and its related parameters. Moreover, these units require
more quantity of fresh water for their processes.
The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) keeping in view of above
issues has exhorted the Common Effluent Treatment Plants to implement Zero Liquid
Discharge (ZLD) system, there by resolving Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) problem
and also conserving water resources.
Of the 2 Common Effluent Treatment Plants in Tannery Sectors, one Common
Effluent Treatment Plant is at Pallavaram, and the Zero Liquid Discharge system is
nearing completion. The works pertaining to the other Common Effluent Treatment
Plant at Madhavaram is yet to be commenced.
7.2.5 Pollution Management
Water Quality Monitoring
For attaining high water quality the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board is
constantly monitoring the inland water quality through water testing. The water
quality data of Chennai water ways which are assessed from various parts of Chennai
Metropolitan Area are given below.
Table.7.6 Chenni City Water Ways – Water Quality Analysis (Average)
1. River – Cooum
Pont of Collection & pH Conductivity TSS TDS Chloride Amm- BOD COD
Year Period Umhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L Nitrogen mg/L mg/L
mg/L
2001-2010 Thirumangalam 7.37 2382 114 1470 493 46 75 241
Causeway
2001-2010 Aminjikarai Bridge 7.34 2278 162 1358 449 46 76 259
2001-2010 Namasivayapuram 7.34 2296 163 1362 478 50 79 260
Causeway
2001-2010 Anderson Road Bridge 7.38 2291 206 1374 482 46 93 342
2001-2010 Binny Road Bridge 7.38 2405 89 1456 530 44 48 173
2001-2010 Chithra Talkies Bridge 7.38 3304 88 2143 897 43 45 166
2001-2010 Chindadripet Bridge 7.36 4318 59 2747 1288 40 44 176
2001-2010 Laws Bridge 7.38 6592 61 4443 2167 39 43 169
2001-2010 Periar Bridge 7.34 8886 82 6132 3274 37 44 172
2001-2010 Quaid E-Millet Bridge 7.22 5714 131 3679 1840 48 76 250
2001-2010 Napier Bridge 7.28 14908 71 10815 5752 40 65 244
2001-2004 Sunflower Garments 7.97 11090 259 2453 3842 53 250 591
2001-2002 M/s. Kun Hyundai 7.19 1504 1004 1149 311 15 154 485
2001-04 & Koyambedu STP 6.87 2583 869 1542 551 72 291 752
2005-06 Bye Pass
2006-2010 Koyambedu STP 7.02 1867 292 1077 320 46 189 647
Inlet
2001-2010 Koyambedu STP 7.52 2164 57 1367 482 28 33 126
Outlet
2001-2003 Greams Road Pumping 6.68 3210 229 2190 589 39 118 343
Station
2001-2010 M/s. Shanroyal 6.76 2096 41 1398 479 43 237 855
2007-2010 Koyambedu STP 7.07 1660 791 933 280 90 327 1207
Inlet Extn.
2007-2010 Koyambedu STP 7.76 1511 45 870 272 22 21 82
Outlet Extn.
2010-11 Alandur STP Inlet 7.24 1557 199 970 237 27 74 301
2010-11 Alandur STP Outlet 7.66 1540 19 837 251 8 7 32
2. River – Otterinullah
mg/L
2001-2006 Thirumangalam 7.17 2870 220 1788 648 59 117 354
2009-10 & Causeway
2011-12
2001-2010 Block ‘L’ East 7.37 2232 78 1343 465 41 61 215
Road Bridge
2001-2010 Avadi Road Bridge 7.28 2000 148 1191 434 38 82 284
2001-2010 Aspirin Garden 7.24 1876 208 1115 373 39 89 287
Bridge
2001-2010 Kellys Road Bridge 7.22 1809 230 1091 357 37 94 286
2001-2010 Cooks Road Nridge 7.21 1782 171 1050 334 39 93 305
2001-2010 B & C Mill Road 7.24 1912 131 1141 365 42 73 232
Bridge
2001-2010 Vyasarpadi Road 7.26 1908 128 1135 371 44 69 240
Bridge
2001-2004 Wheels India Ltd. 737 1309 243 2335 751 22 80 291
& 2005-06
2001-2010 Kilpauk Water 7.22 1045 499 642 190 42 165 456
Works
2001-2010 Slaughter House 7.05 5717 3373 3679 1052 352 2569 2587
2001-2010 ICF Shell 7.28 1019 142 630 176 25 59 210
2001-2010 Villivakkam STP 6.98 2580 433 1468 484 75 257 867
Inlet
2001-2010 Villivakkam STP 7.26 2385 312 1418 475 53 150 475
Outlet
3. River –Buckingham Canal
mg/L
2001-2010 Kathivakkam Bridge 7.19 15533 230 10630 5965 45 86 290
(2001-2010)
2001-2010 Manali Road Bridge 7.31 3857 129 2610 1088 46 76 270
2001-2010 Basin Road Bridge 7.35 2396 825 1476 509 52 162 577
2001-2010 Elephant Gate Bridge 7.23 2686 504 1662 643 50 128 456
2001-2010 Central Station Bridge 7.25 3175 210 2032 805 48 118 414
2001-2010 Kamaraj Road Bridge 7.1 4020 248 2587 1063 79 124 488
2001-2010 Dr. Radhakrishnan 7.3 2290 112 1427 466 63 83 259
Road
2001-2010 Wallajah Road Bridge 7.0 2773 291 1780 584 68 172 557
2001-2010 Elliots Road Bridge 7.36 2724 301 1714 623 42 106 371
2001-2010 Lattice Road Bridge 7.46 3588 198 2448 962 34 58 226
2001-2004 E.F & A. Leyland -1 7.37 2848 447 1952 611 32 160 583
Outlet
2001-2010 Ennore Thermal Power 7.33 32637 66 25208 13501 29 51 260
Station
2001-2010 M.R.L.1 Outlet 6.85 4888 1170 3153 1214 21 78 315
2001-2010 M.R.L. Outlet II 7.41 4100 102 2758 1046 19 61 283
2001-2004 IOC Drum Plant 7.36 1583 368 666 324 19 195 959
2001-2002 TPL Sathangadu 7.54 1471 14 921 298 20 14 55
2001-2007 M.R.L. ETP-II Outlet 8.35 4781 122 3239 1372 27 74 348
2001-2007 M.R.L. R.O. Reject 6.91 7381 86 5211 2205 45 34 154
2001-2003 Central Station P.No.11 6.53 4444 756 3318 1187 57 543 1498
2001-2010 M.F.L. 7.81 6338 50 4095 1794 204 33 161
2001-2006 India Pistons 7.58 4248 24 2957 148 17 16 118
2001-2004 TAFE 7.44 2063 52 1388 472 10 28 98
2001-2004 Simpson & Co Canteen 7.39 3854 52 2687 951 14 31 131
2001-2010 Kodungaiyur STP 7.05 2488 439 1562 496 61 249 748
Inlet-1
2001-2010 Kodungaiyur STP 7.47 2437 55 1538 514 30 35 127
Outlet –I
2004-2010 Kodungaiyur STP 7.10 2184 648 1363 406 51 237 932
Inlet-II
2004-2010 Kodungaiyur STP 7.48 1997 138 1235 376 31 35 167
Outlet –II
2001-2006 Perungudi STP 7.07 3980 558 2602 989 62 322 950
2007-2010 Perungudi STP Outlet 7.37 1567 48 896 292 23 31 115
2010-2011 Kodungaiyur 110 7.02 1847 274 1048 308 45 114 409
MLDSTP Inlet (From
Oct 2010)
2010-2011 Kodungaiyur 110 7.75 1631 24 915 255 19 16 56
MLDSTP Outlet
(From Oct 2010)
2001-2006 Nesapakkam STP Bye- 6.93 2309 605 1465 419 82 324 985
Pass
2001-2006 Nesapakkam STP 7.41 2038 91 1287 392 31 39 165
Outlet
2001-2006 L&T Outlet III 7.90 3224 80 2080 791 20 39 167
4. River – Adyar
mg/L
2001-2010 Manapakkam Bridge 7.46 1722 41 1137 348 16 20 90
2001-2010 Ekkaduthangal Bridge 7.33 1840 84 1127 332 39 49 182
2010-2011 Alandur Abraham 7.44 1535 64 903 220 19 18 98
Bridge (From May
2010)
2001-2010 Maraimalai Adigal 7.48 1905 59 1151 332 37 39 146
Bridge
2001-2010 Kotturpuram Bridge 7.53 4991 48 3303 1572 32 39 155
2001-2010 Thiru.Vi.Ka Bridge 7.66 13756 56 10192 5401 28 34 175
2001-2006 Deccan Overseas Exp. 7.37 4384 145 2822 1366 24 86 566
2001-2010 Slaughter House 7.05 4348 8503 2770 718 450 6783 2335
2001-2005 ABT Service Centre 7 1688 77 1186 299 18 27 127
2001-2004 L&T I Outlet I 6.41 2872 328 1951 636 29 202 677
2001-2005 L&T Outlet II 7.85 3386 72 2345 741 36 64 226
2001-2010 Guindy Industrial 7.43 1936 159 1168 321 40 71 246
Estate
2006-2010 Nesapakkam STP Inlet 7.03 1750 324 1021 284 47 199 633
2006-2010 Nesapakkam STP 7.51 1535 23 928 264 17 18 80
Outlet
2006-2010 Nesapakkam STP Inlet 7.15 1770 833 1044 293 74 529 1660
Extension
2007-2010 Nesapakkam STP 7.92 1660 22 1000 313 23 17 68
Outlet Extension
Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO), a Government of
Tamil Nadu Enterprise, was incorporated as a Limited Company in the year 1965 with
a view to identify and promote the establishment of large and medium scale industries
within the State of Tamil Nadu in association with the private sector. TIDCO is also
planning the development of multi product SEZ at Ennore near Chennai, an
Aerospace Park and a Free Trade Warehousing Zone in Tiruvallur District.
7.3.1. Information Technology (IT) Corridor project
Information Technology (IT) Corridor (now called Rajiv Gandhi Salai) Project
starts from Madhya Kailash Temple Junction and terminates on East Coast Road near
Mamallapuram. This project is implemented in two phases. In Phase-I, 20.1 Km
stretch between Madhya Kailash Temple Junction and Siruseri is being improved and
2.1 Km long East Coast Road (ECR) Link Road connecting Information Technology
Corridor at Sholinganallur and East Coast Road has also been widened. This work is
being implemented by Information Technology Expressway Limited (ITEL).
7.3.2. Biotechnology Park II

TICEL Bio Park Limited, a Joint Venture of Tamil Nadu Industrial
Development Corporation and TIDEL has established a State-of-the Art Bio
technology Park-I at Chennai, which has achieved 100% occupancy. The Bio Tech
Park II shall create employment potential for 1,500 scientists.
7.3.3. Financial City

The Government of Tamil Nadu in its budget for the year 2009-10 announced
the establishment of a Financial City near Chennai. TIDCO has prepared a broad
concept paper for the development of the Financial City in consultation with various
stakeholders. About 187 Acres of land has been identified in Sholinganallur –
Perumbakkam villages near Rajiv Gandhi Salai for locating the Financial City (out of
this about 25 Acres of land would be utilized for establishing the Media and
Entertainment Park).
7.3.4. JAFZA Chennai Business Park near Ennore Port in Tiruvallur District
Jafza Chennai Business Park (India) Private Limited is a company formed by
Dubai based Economic Zones World, which is a part of Dubai World Group, the
leading Global Operator and developer of Economic Zones, Logistics and Industrial
Parks. It is proposed to establish a Free Trade Warehousing Zone / Business Park /
Logistic Complex in an area of about 337 Acres of land in Ponneri Taluk near Ennore
Port in Tiruvallur District.
7.3.5. IT-ITES SEZ at Taramani

The proposal is to develop a State-of-the-Art IT/ITES SEZ with about 4.00
Million Sq.Ft. built up space on 26.64 Acres of land located in Thiruvanmiyur village
of Mylapore-Triplicane Taluk in Chennai District and Kottivakkam Village of
Tambaram Taluk in Kancheepuram District with all supporting infrastructure.
7.3.6. IT-ITES SEZ with Integrated International Convention Centre at

Taramani
The proposal is to develop a State-of-the-Art IT-ITES SEZ with an Integrated
International Convention Centre on 25.27 Acres of land located in Kanagam village
of Mambalam – Guindy Taluk and Thiruvanmiyur village of Mylapore – Triplicane
Taluk in Chennai District. The project will have State-of-the-Art facilities with built
up space for IT&ITES and commercial activities to the extent of about 2.1 Million
Sq.Ft., an Integrated International Convention Centre to seat 1,500 delegates along
with 100 Service Apartments.
7.3.7. Dry port / Express Highway.
The Tamil Nadu Government will allot 125 Acres near Sriperumbudur to the
Chennai Port Trust (ChPT) for setting up a “dry port and multi modal logistics club”.
The Government will provide the land at Mapeddu near Sriperumbudur SEZ on lease
for 99 years to the Port Trust, which plans to develop the hub near the Sriperumbudur
SEZ on Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis. The private operator will build and
operate the facility for a 30 – year licence period. The hub will also have onsite
Customs clearance facility. The two road connectivity projects- Chennai- Ennore
Road connectivity Project and the Elevated Four Lance Corridor to Maduravoyal will
be completed soon.
CHAPTER-8. ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM
8.1. ARCHAEOLOGY
The physical evidence of the monuments and keeping them in proper state by
adhering the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) norms and Venice Charter; the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was
formed in 1871 AD to preserve monuments. The Ancient Monuments Preservation
Act 1904 was the first step and it was replaced by the post legislation under the
Ancient monuments and Archaeological sites and Remains Act (AMASR) 1958 and
AMASR Rules 1959. Having in mind, for posterity; any structure, erection or any
tumulus or place of interment, or any cave, rock sculptures, inscriptions or monolith,
which is of historical, archaeological or artistic interest or any remains there of which
is priceless and irreplaceable possessions of mankind.
In order to protect the historic value and reveal aesthetic value of the heritage,
both Central and State Departments are protecting the past by declaring as a protected
monument in Chennai Metro as detailed below.
Table 8.1 Protected by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Sl. No. Name of Monument / Site

1 Arsenal
2 Big Ware house
3 Chaplian’s House
4 Clive’s House
5 Garrison Engineer’s Depot
6 Guard Room
7 King’s Barrack
8 Last House On The Left Of ‘Snob’ Alley’
9 Nursing Sister’s House
10 Old British Infantry Officer’s Mess
Rampart, Gates, Bastion, Ravilions With Vaulted Chambers and
11 Water Cisterns Underneath: Moat And Defence Walls All Round
With Glacis To the Extent Of The Existing Barbed Wire Fence
12 St. Mary’s Church
13 Wellesley’s House
14 David Yale and Joseph Hynmer’s Tomb
15 Old Town Wall
Source : Department of Archaeology
Table 8.2 Protected by Tamil Nadu, the State Department of Archaeology
(TNSDA)
Sl. No. Name of Monument / Site Locality District
1 Memorial Pillar Saidapet Chennai

Source: Department of Archaeology
The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library was brought under the control
of this Department in the year 1980.
 For safeguarding the monument from the encroachment and also get clear
atmospheric view; Government further announced under sub-rule (2) of Rule
32 of the Tamil Nadu Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological
sites and Remains Rules, 1971 declared the area up to 100 M from a protected
monument as prohibited area and a further 200 M beyond it as regulated area
on the Government of India pattern.
 To give awareness among the general public. The GOI has recently
commended the validation Act 2010 by enforcing the punishment severely for
the violators including the officials in this regard the Principal Secretary and
Commissioner of Archaeology has been appointed as a competent Authority
of the Archaeological survey of India and behalf of Tamil Nadu and Trissur
circle
 A part from the protected monuments, Government initiated to implement
Tamil Nadu Heritage Conservation Act, 1999 to identify the heritage
structures, precincts, monuments and sites and measures for their restoration
and preservation. In order to achieve the above, chief metropolitan
Development Authority identified buildings in Chennai Metro. (List enclosed)
 Transport, Tourism and Culture Department, Government of India
recommended to form ‘National Commission on Heritage Sites” in respect of
conservation protection and management of heritage sites, both cultural and
natural which is under the final stage of bill regulation.
 Government of India formed “National Mission for Manuscripts” which is
functioning at Government Museum, Chennai under the GOI Grants in Aid.
 Similarly, Government of India formed “National Mission of Monuments and
Antiquities”. Action has been initiated to document the monuments and
Antiquities in 3 Departments; in Archaeology; Museum; and HR&CE,
Department by the TNSDA.
 Tourism Department also gives full support by allotting funds under the
Tourism Head for providing Infra structure facilities to the monuments,
conducting sound & light programmes etc.
 Tourism Department is also examining to conduct “Heritage Tour”.
 Tourism Department is also conducting Heritage Campaign Programmes
among the students in District Wise for creating awareness about the heritage.
8.3. TOURISM
CMA is bestowed with a number of tourist spots ranging from renowned
temples to beach resorts, heritage buildings and amusement parks. Chennai is also the
cultural capital of the south where music and dance find a special place in the hearts
of the people. The dance and music festival season in December attracts a number of
non-resident Indians as well as foreigners. The tourist arrivals in Chennai have shown
a steady increase in the last three years as seen in the table below:
Table 8.3 Tourist arrivals in Chennai
Domestic Tourist Foreign Tourists Total

Year
(in Lakhs)
2005 6028582 499071 6527653
2006 7312540 564780 7877320
2007 8750587 651623 9402210
2008 11033027 762630 11795657
2009 12739186 909088 13648274
2010 13944360 910227 14854587

Source : Art and Culture Department
8.3.1. Recreation
Recreation is a broad function which may be organised or unorganised,

indoors or outdoors, daily or intermittent, local or distant. Sometime even sidewalks
could be an important recreational facility in a residential area. Television viewing
has become a major daily recreational facility within houses apart from music,
hobbies & crafts.
Indoor recreation activity pursued by people include the ones provided by

cinemas, drama halls, music sabhas (halls), clubs, indoor stadium, exhibition and
fairs; outdoor recreation facilities includes parks, playgrounds, beaches, zoos etc.
Chennai is endowed with the second longest straight sandy beach in the world,
called Marina. Elliots Beach, another major beach in Chennai attracts large number of
people. Thiruvanmiyur Beach, Kottivakkam Beach, Neelankarai Beach and small
beaches at Thiruvottiyur are also being used by people in these areas. These beaches
are used by the people throughout the year and the Marina & Elliots Beaches attract
thousands of people every day.
In Chennai City, there are about 195 parks with extent varying from 150
Sq.M. to 3.5 Ha. and totals to more than 60 Ha. Playgrounds maintained by the
Chennai Municipal Corporation number more than 200 with a total extent exceeding
50 Ha. In the rest of Chennai Metropolitan Area, unlike the City, the parks &
playfields are a very few. A world class cricket stadium is proposed to be located near
Mamallapuram by a private agency.
8.3.2. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
1) Imbibing tourist friendly culture among the stakeholders and service providers
under the campaign “Virundinar Potruthum – Virndinar Potrruthum” to ensure
a pleasant stay by the tourists which has generated a more acceptable word-of-
mouth publicity and repeat visitors.
2) Highlighting quality and affordability through effective publicity both within
and outside the country.
3) Focus on high spending domestic tourists. Lengthening the stay of the tourist
by various innovative tourism promotions.
4) Alternate demand through promotion of medical tourism, education tourism,

adventure tourism, rural tourism, and business tourism.
5) Conducting marketing meets at potential tourist centres.
6) Frequently meeting with Hoteliers, Tour Operators, representatives of

Airlines, Railway authorities and other stakeholders for new promotional
avenues.
7) Promoting lesser known tourist spots to add more alternatives and to ease the
pressure on core destinations. Subsides have been introduced to the
entrepreneurs to invest in setting up star hotels, motels amusement parks, golf
courses, spas, boathouses, etc. and converting heritage building into Heritage
hotels.
8) The parks and Elliot’s Beach have utilised to popularise the traditional art of
Tamil Nadu and every weekend, cultural programmes have been conducted in
Elliot’s Beach in the name of Folk Art Festival and in anyone of the park in
the name of “Poongavil Poongatru.”
9) HOP ON HOP OFF TOUR

Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Villupuram) has launched a new
“HOP ON HOP OFF” tour in Chennai City from 25-02-2009. This tour covering
16 places in Chennai City is from 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. with a tariff of Rs. 250/- per
day. The Tour covers : High Court, St.George Fort, Marina Beach, Vivekanandar
Illam, Santhome Church, Kapaleeswarer Temple, Theosophical society, Besant
Nagar Beach, Ashtalakshmi temple, Tidel park, Guindy Childrzen’s park, Birla
Planetorium, Panagal Park, Valluvar Kottam, Govt.Museum, Ripon building
CHAPTER- 9. TRANSPORT AND TRAFFIC
9.1. INTRODUCTION:
Road development, public transport services and suburban rail transport are
recognized as essential for the efficient functioning of the urban system. In Chennai
the urban rail network development is carried out by the Southern Railway, the major
arterial & sub-arterial road corridors and other roads are developed and maintained by
National Highways Authority of India, Highways and the local bodies concerned
respectively. As regards traffic management and enforcement, the same is looked
after by the Chennai Traffic Police in respect of Greater Chennai Area and District
Police for the remaining Chennai Metropolitan Area. The public bus transport is with
Metropolitan Transport Corporation.

9.2.1. Road Network
The total length of road
network in Chennai City is 2780 Km.
Chennai has radial and ring pattern of
road network. Prime radial network
comprises
- Anna Salai (NH 45)
- Periyar EVR Salai (NH 4)
- Chennai-Kolkotta Salai (NH 5)
- Chennai-Thiruvallur Salai (NH 205)
Fig. 9.1 Air –Conditioned Metropolitan Transport

9.2.2. Rail Network
Commuter rail system in CMA

operated by Southern Railway essentially
consists of the following 3 lines:
 Chennai Beach - Tambaram,

Fig. 9.2 EMU Train
running south-west
 Chennai Central – Thiruvallur, running west and
 Chennai Central – Gummidipoondi, running north
The first 2 lines have dedicated tracks for commuter trips. The 3rd line,
however, caters to both suburban and inter-city passenger movement. In addition phase
I and phase II of MRTS are currently in operation traversing a length of more than
15 Km covering the residential and IT corridor in the south-eastern part of the City.
9.2.2.1. Chennai Metro rail:
Chennai Metropolis has been growing rapidly and the traffic volumes on the
roads have also been increasing enormously. Hence the need for a new rail based
rapid transport system has been felt and towards this objective the Government of
Tamil Nadu have decided to implement the Chennai Metro Rail Project. This project
aims at providing the people of Chennai with a fast, reliable, convenient, efficient,
modern and economical mode of public transport, which is properly integrated with
other forms of public and private transport including buses, sub-urban trains and
MRTS. This project is to be completed by 2014-15.
9.2.3. Airport
In Chennai Air port, there are two air Terminals, namely 1.Kamaraj Domestic,
2. Anna – International Air Terminal. There are 26 International air lines connected
with Chennai Airport and also 5 Domestic air lines are connected
Chennai Airport is third busiest airport after Delhi and Mumbai airports; it is
the major airport in Southern India and has the facility of Domestic and International
Terminals adjacent to each other connecting with common canopy. Moreover, the
suburban railway station is connected with under passage to the airport.
On an average, daily, 10,500 international passengers and 18,000 domestic

passengers were handled during 2009-10 at Chennai Airport.
9.3. Trend of growth of vehicle population and its composition
Motor vehicle population has increased at a phenomenal rate during the last
few decades. The graph below presents the trend of growth of motor vehicle
population in Chennai City. Composition of vehicle population for the period 1984,
1992 and 2007 is shown in Fig. 4.2, 4.3 & 4.4 respectively. Figures reveal that two
wheelers experienced a remarkable increase from 87,000 (1984) to 15,19,357 (2007).
Source : Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai - Dn.I) Ltd

9.4. Traffic characteristics
Arterial roads leading to the Central Business District (CBD) carry heavy
traffic and are congested. Level of congestion on arterials and other major roads has
increased seven-fold for the period 1984 to 2004. The average volume carried by
Anna Salai during 2006 was about 1.58 Lakh Passenger Car Unit (PCU) as against its
capacity of 60,000 Passenger Car Unit (PCU) per day. The volume capacity (V/C)
ratio on many links during peak hours was more than one. In CBD, the V/C ratio was
more than 1.5 for most of the road links. Phenomenal growth of vehicles coupled with
minimal increase in road space, has led to a low speed of 15 Kmph in CBD and 20
Kmph in other major roads. Provision of orbital roads such as IRR and Chennai By-
pass (Southern Segment) has generally increased the speed on the radial roads.
9.5. Goods Transport
The number of goods vehicles in Chennai has increased from 6,671 in 1980 to
32,629 in 2005. According to a study by CMDA (1985) the main items of movement
are manufactured goods (15.5%), building materials (9.9%), industrial raw materials
(9.2%), perishables (9.1%) and parcels (8.5%). The most important places of arrival
and dispatch are George Town, Salt Cotaurs, Chennai Harbour, Industrial Estates at
Guindy and Ambattur and the Timber yards near Chromepet and Tambaram on NH-
45 and the Petroleum installations at Korukkupet and Manali.
9.6. Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC)
The fleet strength has gradually increased correspondingly to the requirements

of the public. MTC has extended its coverage up to 50 Km beyond the CMA. During
2007, MTC has purchased about 500 new buses. It has also introduced a new service
known as deluxe bus at a premium with an objective to encourage those who use
personal modes to shift to bus transport.
Table 9.1 Growth of Chennai Metropolitan Transport
Years
1972 2010
Depots 8 25
Fleet 1029 3421
Route 176 681
Employees 12178 22594
Passengers per day 12 Lakhs 56.93 Lakhs [Avg.]
Collection per day 2 Lakhs 215.10 Lakhs [Avg.]
Table 9.2 Services
Type of Services Nos.

Leyland 1368
Single Decker
Tata 79
Semi low floor buses 1774
Bus Types Vestibule buses 100
Volvo A/C buses 100
TOTAL 3421
Table 9.3 Performance indicators of the MTC
Year
Sl
Item
No. 2004 -
2005- 2006 2006- 2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
2005
Total Fleet
1. 2773 2773 2803 3084 3260 3280
(Numbers)
2. Average Age of Bus 7.62 8.39 7.83 4.77 3.59 2.23
3. New Buses put on 100 57 379 1139 732 774
4. Scheduled Services 2554 2554 2600 2775 3000 3057
5. Effective Kms (in 2085 2111.85 2061.38 2401.9 3033.60 3329.29

Lakhs)
6. Km/BUS/DAY 261 266 271 280 298 308
7. Fleet Utilization % 78.78 78.39 76.4 81.63 88.11 92.11
8. Km Efficiency % 87.47 86.50 83.52 88.54 99.04 101.08
9. % of Occupancy 80.81 81.58 85.88 81.17 75.27 80.22
Break down./10,000
10. 0.85 0.80 0.7 0.33 0.03 0.00
Km
Accident/1,00,000
11. 1.32 1.19 1.49 1.73 1.46 1.27
Km
Tyre Life In Km(in

12. 1.53 1.55 1.6 1.69 1.66 1.73
Lakhs)
Passengers/Day (in
13. 36.18 37.24 38.18 40.84 47.76 52.05
Lakhs)
14. Men/Bus 6.68 6.39 6.25 6.83 6.93 7.01
15. Absenteeism % 5.77 7.05 8.325 8.23 7.14 7.29
16. Km per Lakh 3.65 3.77 3.83 3.94 4.24 4.46
9.7. Pollution due to Vehicular Emission
Pollution due to vehicular emission has done a lot of harm to the environment.
Periodical monitoring conducted by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
(TNPCB) revealed the following level of pollution:
Table 9.4 Pollution caused due to vehicles
Pollutant Load Permissible level
Carbon Monoxide (Co) 1908 to 4198 µg/M3 2000 µg/M3
Suspend Particulate Matter 264 to 451 µg/M3 200 µg/M3

Chennai port
Chennai Port, the third oldest port among the 12 major ports, is an emerging
hub port in the East Coast of India. This gateway port for all cargo has completed 128
years of service to the Nation’s maritime trade.
9.8. GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES:
To cope with the scale of the travel demand, the policies and strategies
proposed are as follows:
1. Moving people rather than vehicles- Redefining the role of both the rail and
bus transits so that they move the bulk of the travel demand in the metropolis.
2. Integrating land use and urban transportation- Recognizing the strong
interrelationship between land use and transportation, land uses can be
planned matching transportation supply and vice versa.
3. Priorities to Non-Motorised Transport (NMT)- Appreciating the fact that the

modal share of trips made by cyclists and pedestrians is more than 45%,
allocating higher proportion of road space for them, if not an equitable one.
4. Optimising the existing road and transport infrastructure- Keeping pace with
the increasing mobility requirements, increasing the supply of road and
transport infrastructure.
5. Segregating freight traffic from passenger traffic- The seaport activities of the
City necessitate the freight traffic to flow to and from the CBD. With the
expanding cargo movement and the general traffic flowing virtually all
through the day without the distinction between peak and non-peak hours, the
necessity to plan and develop exclusive and semi-exclusive freight corridors
not only from economic considerations but also to minimise the conflicts
between passenger and freight traffic.
6. Putting in place an environmental development management mechanism- To
mitigate the negative impact of vehicular traffic on environment particularly
air quality, it is necessary that various suitable measures are taken.
7. To monitor all aspects of transportation in the Chennai City, the Government
have constituted the Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority
(CUMTA). The basic purpose of CUMTA is to achieve integration of all
modes of transport in the City to provide seamless travel facility to the
passengers across the entire network. The mandate of CUMTA is to integrate
all available Public Transport which include buses, Mass Rapid Transit
System (MRTS), sub-urban railway, mono rail and metro rail. It is expected to
facilitate a common ticketing system for all modes of public transport, thus
enabling seamless transportation across all modes.
CHAPTER- 10. POLLUTION MANAGEMENT
10.1. WATER POLLUTION:
With regard to City Waterways, there are two main rivers, namely, Cooum and
Adyar. The other two, are Buckingham Canal and Otteri Nullah. Buckingham Canal
was constructed as a famine relief work during the British period, but has fallen into
disuse within city limits. The Otteri Nullah is a small waterway. Its catchment area,
which is almost built up or paved, as a result there is no natural flow. It only carries
flood discharges. The Cooum and Adyar have catchment areas of 287 Sq. Kms and
847 Sq. Kms respectively. Both catchments are studded with small irrigation tanks,
which also supply domestic needs of communities living in their vicinity. Due to this
fact they have very little base flows in normal periods and act as flood carriers during
monsoon, between September and November. More than 99% of the City area is
provided with sewerage facilities. The treatment facilities are already available for
486 MLD. Sewage Treatment Plants are under construction for 114 MLD. The
proposal to provide another 120 MLD capacity is finalized and awaiting funds.
The following are major causes of pollution of waterways:

(a) Lack of proper drainage system, resulting in mixing of storm water and
sewage. Treatment plants receive copious supplies of sewage mixed with
storm water, reducing their efficiency.
(b) Cattle which are maintained on banks of waterways add to the pollution load.
(c) People living in slums along banks of rivers aggravate the problem of
pollution by open defecation, tipping solid waste and other non degradable
material into the rivers.
(d) Solid waste dumping into rivers is one of the main causes for deterioration of
waterways.
(e) Industries also dump solid waste and discharging untreated effluents into
water courses.
10.1.1. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN WATER POLLUTION:

The Ministry of Environment and Forests, GoI has initiated the Chennai City
River Conservation Project (CCRCP). This project aims for the up gradation of the
sewerage system for preventing the entry of raw/partially treated sewage into the
Chennai city waterways. i.e., Cooum, Adyar, Buckingham canal, Otteri nullah,
Captain Cotton canal and Mambalam drain.
Existing S.T.P (1974-1991)
1. Kodungaiyur- Zone I = 80 MLD
2. Kodungaiyur- Zone II = 80 MLD
3. Koyambedu – Zone III = 34 MLD
4. Nesapakkam – Zone IV = 23 MLD
5. Villvakkam – Zone V = 55 MLD
---------------
Total 222 MLD
---------------
Newly constructed – 2001 – 2006
1. Kodungaiyur- Zone III = 110 MLD

2. Koyambedu – Zone = 60 MLD
3. Nesapakkam Zone = 40 MLD
4. Perungudi Zone = 54 MLD
--------------
Total 264 MLD
----------------
The present capacity of treatment is 486 MLD.
All these Sewage Treatment Plants are based on “Activated Sludge Process”
technology. Under this process, methane gas produced in the sludge digester is being
utilized to produce electricity and the same is utilized for the operation of the STP.
The energy recovery reduces considerably the O&M (Operation and Maintenance)
cost of the plants. The details of power production in the four STPs are given below.
Table 10.1 Power Production in Four STPs

TNEB Power savings per month (average)
Power
Power savings
Biogas
Location of generated Energy per
Area Covered Production
STP Kilowatt recovery month
Cu.m/day
hour/day (Rs. in
Lakhs)
Velachery, Guindy, 15.75
Taramani, Mylapore
Perungudi 10000 -
Tiruvanmiyur, Besant 10000 100%
54 MLD 12000
Nagar, Adyar,
R.A.Puram,
Anna Nagar, 7.35
Mogappaiyur,
Koyambedu 7000 -
Virugampakkam, 6900 100%
60 MLD 8000
Arumbakkam, T. Nagar,
Kodambakkam
K.K. Nagar, Saidapet, 4.2
Nesapakkam Ekkattu thangal, 5000 -
4800 100%
40 MLD Valasarawakkam, MGR 6000
Nagar, Jaffar Khan Pet.
Royapuram, Mint, 15.75
Kodungaiyur Perambur, Vyasarpadi, 12000 -
12500 100%
110 MLD Kolathur, Egmore, 14000
Purasawakkam.
34000 - 43.05
Total Power savings per month 34200
40000
Source: TNEB Ltd.,
Fig. 10. 1. Sewage Treatment Plant
The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board is monitoring the Chennai water
ways to assess the level of pollution by collecting water samples every month both at
water bodies and industrial outlets as detailed below:
Table 10.2. Water sampling stations in Chennai
Number of stations
Source
River Industrial / STP / Domestic
Waste water outlets
Adyar 5 6
Cooum 11 5
Buckingham Canal 10 10
Otteri Nullah 7 5
Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
During the year 2009-2010, 1160 samples were collected and analysed at the
Advanced Environmental Laboratory, Chennai. The mean values of water quality are
furnished as detailed below.
Table 10. 3. Water Quality in Chennai City Waterways
Sl.No. Source TSS mg/L BOD mg/L COD mg/L
1 Adyar 58 42 154
2 Buckingham Canal 154 89 253
3 Cooum 64 46 135
4 Otterinullah 120 60 159

10.2. SOLID WASTE :

Solid waste includes domestic and commercial waste, industrial waste,
hospital waste, e-waste and construction debris. The Corporation of Chennai is the
largest generator of solid waste estimated at approximately 3000 Tonnes per day. It
has a network of transfer stations and two dumping sites at Kodungaiyur and
Perungudi. The present system of collection, transfer and dumping does not make any
distinction between types of waste other than domestic and commercial waste and to
some extent construction debris. The disposal of hospital waste and industrial waste is
the responsibility of the generator but much of this waste also gets into the
Corporation system. The City Corporation has privatized (contracted) solid waste
collection in a few zones.
The following table provides an estimate of current daily generation of various
types of waste.
Table 10.4. Solid Waste Generated Daily in CMA in Tonnes
Residential Construction
Area & Hospital Total e-waste Debris
Commercial In Tonnes
Chennai City 2620 80 2700 5 500
Municipalities 1073 11 1084 2 50
Town
207 1 208 1 NA
Panchayats
Panchayat
255 1 256 2 -
Union
Total (in
4155 93 4248 10 550
Tonnes)
NA – Not Available
10.2.1. Bio-Medical Waste Management in CMA
The Tamil Nadu Pollution control Board has taken initiatives for effective
implementation of Bio-Medical Wastes (M & H) Rules 1998 as amended in 2003.
According to Rule 8 (1) of the said Rules. Every occupier of an institution generating
collecting, receiving storing, transporting, treating, disposing or handling bio medical
wastes except occupiers such as clinics, pathological laboratories, blood banks which
provide services to less than 1000 (one thousand) patients per month are required to
make an application in Form 1 5 to 53 prescribed authority for grant of authorization.
However irrespective of the number of patients handled all occupier of an
institution generating bio-medical waste including hospitals nursing homes, clinics,
dispensary, veterinary institution, pathological laboratory, blood bank is required to
take all necessary steps to ensure that such wastes are handled without adverse effect
to human health and the environment.
In addition to the provisions of the Bio-Medical Wastes (M & H) Rules 1998
as amended in 2003, hospitals and nursing homes are required to comply with the
provisions of Water (P & CP) Act 1974 and the Air (P & CP) Act 1981.
So far, 12 Government Hospitals and 345 Private hospitals have been
identified in Chennai District.
Two bio-medical waste treatment and disposal facility operators namely M/s.
G. J. Multiclave Limited, Thenmelpakkam, Chengalpattu Taluk, Kancheepuram
District and M/s. Tamil Nadu Waste Management Limited, Kinnarvillage,
Maduranthagam Taluk are collecting bio-medical waste for further treatment and
disposal at their dedicated facility.
The common bio medical waste treatment and disposal facility consists of [as
prescribed in the biomedical wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998]
1. An autoclave with temperature & pressure maintained at 135 0C, 31 psi
& 30 minutes cycle to ensure full destruction of pathogens.
2. Incinerator for destruction of body parts / anatomical waste and
pathological waste. Incinerator shall have two-chamber facility to
attain a temperature of 1100C in the secondary chamber with proper
scrubber facility and automatic stack monitoring facilities. The
temperature of primary chamber shall be 800 ± 500C. The secondary
chamber gas residence time shall be at least 1 second at 1050 ± 500C.
3. Compactor for compaction of the autoclaved waste to ensure at least
50% volume reduction.
4. The facility also consists of vans with compartments for keeping the
segregated waste and transporting it in a sanitary manner.
5. Effluent Treatment Plant to treat the effluent.
6. A fully equipped laboratory.
G J Multiclave is catering to 331 Health Care Facilities and it includes 225
Hospitals, the rest are clinics, diagnostic labs and consultation rooms of doctors. M/s.
Tamil Nadu waste management is collecting Bio-Medical wastes from 123 Hospitals
and 277 clinics and labs.
10.2.2. E-waste management in CMA

Computers and accessories, TV’s & display devices, telecommunication
devices besides household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners etc., are
generally referred to as E- waste.
Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has taken several initiatives in the
management of E-waste generated in Tamil Nadu. In the year 2005, a five member
committee consisting of officials of Anna University, Toxics Link, National
metallurgical Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board was formed towards
the management of E-waste generated at Tamil Nadu. Also key stake holders
meetings were held with the officials of Anna University, Confederation of Indian
Industry (CII), Toxics Link Chennai, Port Trust etc., to discuss the issues on E-waste
management.
To create awareness among the stakeholders and to sensitize the issue on
handling of E-waste, TNPCB has conducted a one day work shop on “E-waste
Management” on 25-07-2006. The participants were officials of Information
Technology Department, Software companies, hardware companies, Electronics
Corporation of Tamil Nadu (ELCOT), Port Trust Customs (Chennai), E-waste
recyclers, Computer Suppliers and TNPCB. The main objective of the workshop was
to sensitize the issue of electronic waste, sources and impacts on E-waste, recycling,
challenges and opportunities. Based on the out come of the workshop, the Board
requested the Secretary, Information Technology. Department to include the
following recommendations in the Information Technology policy so as to regulate E-
waste generated from the software companies.
1. Software companies with GFA consulting group more than one crore
shall obtain consent under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution)
Act, and shall obtain authorization under Hazardous Waste
(Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended for management
of E-waste.
2. All the software companies shall ensure that the E-waste generated
from their institution shall be disposed to the authorized recyclers as
approved by TNPCB.
3. The customs officials have been addressed to furnish the quarterly
report on the E-waste imported through the Chennai Port from the
foreign countries and to provide scanning facility at the port to scan the
materials in the consignment. Toxics Link (NGO) was instructed to
conduct training programme for the informal sectors of E-waste
recyclers located at Chennai.
4. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India has
published Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-
waste in March 2008 and E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules,
2010 was published by Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India during 2009-2010 and shall come into effect from
1st May 2012 as per the Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India Notification, dated 12-05-2011.
5. With the overall aim of implementing a clean and transparent E-waste
channel in Tamil Nadu, TNPCB has issued consent to the following E-
waste recyclers for Segregation & recovery of PCB, IC, iron copper,
rubber, glass from the raw material of mixed computer electronics and
Electrical good scrap and sent for recycling. Printed Circuit Boards/
Integrated Circuits (PCB/IC) wastes are exported to foreign countries
such as USA, Singapore and Malaysia to recover the heavy metals
present in the said wastes and other wastes are disposed through the
authorized inland recyclers. The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
has authorized 24 recyclers to handle E-waste scrap. These facilities
segregate the waste to remove recoverable components which are
processed at facilities abroad.
Table 10. 5 Details of E-Waste Recyclers located in CMA
Sl.
Name and address of the unit Activity for which consent issued by the Board
No.
1 M/s. INAA Enterprises, Segregation & recovery of PCB, IC, iron copper, rubber,
Plot No. AC-31/24, SIDCO glass from the raw material of electronic scraps such as
Industrial Estate, computers, Electrical & Electronics telecommunications
Thirumudivakkam village, equipments-25 - 300 Tonnes/Year
Sriperumpudur Taluk,
2 M/s. Trishyiraya Recycling India Segregation & recovery of PCB, IC, iron copper, rubber,
(P) Ltd., Plot No. A-7, Phase-I, glass from the raw material of mixed computer
MEPZ-SEZ, Kadaperi, Tambaram electronics and Electrical good scrap – 1500 Tonnes/
Taluk, Kancheepuram District. Year
3 M/s. SVP Recycling P Limited Segregation & crushing of waste PCB and sent for
Unit 13, Vyasarpadi Industrial recycling – 150 Tonnes/Month
Estate, EH Road, Chennai.
4 M/s Salisons, 13-4/5, SIDCO Segregation of waste from rejected Electronic &
Industrial Estate, Chengalpet Electrical Wastes – Tonnes/Month.
Taluk, Kancheepuram District.
5 M/s Tes-Amm Recyclers (India) Segregation of waste from E-Scrap – 10,000
Pvt. Ltd. A18, SIPCOT Industrial Tonnes/Month
Growth centre, Oragadam,
6 M/s Global E-Waste Management Segregation of waste from E-Scrap – 1.48 Tonnes/Day
& Services, Neervalur Village,
7 M/s SEZ Recyclers, TP-7th Segregation of Waste from E-Scrap – 1500 Tonnes/Year
Avenue, Mahindra World City
Developers Ltd., Industrial Park,
Thenmelpakkam, Kancheepuram
8 M/S. Ultrust Solution India (P) PCB Board & Electronic Compound – 12.5
Ltd., Pappankuppam Village, Tonnes/Month
Gummidipoondi Taluk, Tiruvallur
9 M/s. Shri Raaam Recycling, Segregation of E-waste 42 Tonnes/Month
SIDCO Industrial Estate,
Gummipoondi, Tiruvallur
10 M/S. Victory Recovery & Recycle 1. Auminium-490 Tonnes/Month
Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. 2. Copper – 1500 Tonnes/Month
Kottaiyur Village, Tiruvallur 3. Tin – 1.5 Tonnes/Month
11 M/s AER world wide (India) Pvt. Segregation of E-waste- Tonnes/Month
Limited, 774, Elandhancheri,
Sadayan kuppam village, Manali
New Town, Tiruvallur
12 M/s. Tritech Systems, Porur Dismantling, Segregation, repairing & disposal of
Village, Ambattur Taluk, computer – 30,000 Nos/Month
Tiruvallur District.
13 M/s. Abishek Enterprises, Manual segregation of the E-waste – 500 Tonnes/Month
No.2G/2NP, SIDCO Industrial
Estate, Ambattur.
14 M/s. Green R2 Reprocesses Pvt. Segregation of Mixed Computer Electrical and
Ltd., Plot No. 19.TASS Industrial Electronic goods and Scraps – 500 Tonnes/Month
Estate, Ambattur, Chennai-98
10.2.3. Hazardous Waste management:
TNPCB has taken initiatives for developing Common Hazardous Waste

Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility in three sites in Tamil Nadu initially. For
all varieties of Hazardous Solid Waste disposal facility is located at
Gummidpoondi in Thiruvallur District. The facilitator for the sites is M/s. Tamil
Nadu Waste Menagement Ltd (M/s Ramky Agencies, Hyderabad).
Gummidipoondi
Area of the TSDF (Acres) 66
Designed capacity(Tonnes) 3,00,000
Land fill generation capacity 1 Lakh Tonnes/Year
(Tonnes/yr)
Incineration Quantity – 3364 T/A , Capacity – 1 T/hr.
Life span of each Facility 25 years
Indl. Estate which falls under the TSDF SIPCOT Ind. Complex Gummidipoondi
& industries location in Chennai,
Thiruvallur & Kancheepuram District
Status Commissioned site notified Consent to
operate authorization issued.
10.3. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN SOLID WASTE:
10.3.1. Source Collection
Collection of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) at source (Door to door

collection) has been implemented in all Zones except Zone VI, VIII & X from May
2003. About 95% of the households were covered under this programme.
This has been achieved only on
introduction of Tricycles which stands as a
wonder tool for better collection of MSW
at door steps. Now about 1459 Tricycles
are put in use. The Tricycles were
purchased from Councilors fund and some
donated by Welfare Associations etc. This
has resulted in reduction of dust bins on Figure 10. 2. Source Segregation of Garbage
road side.
10.3.2. Source Segregation
Source separation is promoted to reduce the waste coming to the landfill,

thereby increasing the life time of the landfills. Source separated bio-degradable waste
(organic waste) can also be home- composted and used. Source separated recyclables
can be sent to recyclable units and only the inserts can be sent to landfills.
10.3.3. Infrastructures Created
 Transfer station at Zone IX has been improved by providing concrete flooring
and raising of compound wall
 Modernised Transfer station at Zone III is constructed.
 Around 106 Compost bin structures have been constructed at various wards in
various Zones to process the segregated organic waste.
The Corporation maintains two solid waste dumping yards one at
Kodungaiyur in the north and the other at Perungudi in the south. The municipalities
of Alandur, Ambattur, Avadi and Thiruvottiyur have small sites of about 5 to 6 Ha.
Being used as dumping grounds.
Table10. 6. Solid Waste Management initiatives
Name of the Daily Waste

Area Project Proposed
Place Disposed
Integrated solid waste
Around 270 1800 – 2000
Kodungaiyur management project for 1800 Ton
Acres Tonnes
Capacity
800 Acres Integrated solid waste

1500 – 1800
Perungudi (Restricted to management project for 1400 Ton
Tonnes
200 Acres) Capacity
Source: Corporation of Chennai
10.4. AIR Quality Management
10.4.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme at Chennai City.
Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board is operating eight ambient air quality
monitoring stations in Chennai under two monitoring programmes:
1. National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)

2. Chennai Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (CAAQM) Programme.
Under NAMP three ambient air quality monitoring stations are functioning on
24 hours basis, twice a week. The samples collected from NAMP stations are
analysed for the Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter (RSPM). (RSPM is particulate matter less than 10 microns) and
gaseous pollutants such as Sulphur di oxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).
Under CAAQM programme, TNPCB is operating five monitoring stations on

24 hours basis two stations per day on all working days. The pollutants measured in
the CAAQM stations are Sulphur di oxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx),
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and Total suspended particulate
matter (TSPM) in all stations.
The eight ambient air quality monitoring stations in Chennai are:-
Table 10. 7. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
I Kathivakkam (NAMP) Industrial area

II Manali (NAMP) Industrial area
III Thiruvottiyur (NAMP) Industrial area
IV Kilpauk (CAAQM) Commercial (traffic inter-section
V Thiyagaraya Nagar Commercial (traffic inter – section)
(CAAQM)
VI Vallalar Nagar (CAAQM) Commercial (traffic inter – section)
VII Anna Nagar (CAAQM) Residential area
VIII Adyar (CAAQM) Residential area
The ambient air quality data collected from the above mentioned air quality
monitoring stations (NAMP) indicate that all the parameters such as sulphur dioxide,
oxides of nitrogen, total suspended particulate matter and respirable dust particulates
are found to be well controlled in the industrial area die to the effective monitoring of
industrial source emissions by the TNPCB. The average values of pollutants recorded
under NAMP programme during the under 2009-2010 are in Annexure.
In general, under CAAQM project the ambient air pollutants such as sulphur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are well within the standards in Chennai city limit,
where as total suspended particulate matter and respirable suspended particulate
matter (PM ) levels exceeded the permissible limit at all stations except Adyar mainly
due to the dust contributed by pipe line, telephone/electrical cable laying activities on
the road and also due to the resuspension of traffic dust generated from automobile
emissions and heavy vehicular traffic and pedestrian movement. The average values
of pollutants recorded under CAAQM programme during the year 2009-2010 are in
Annexure.
10. 8. Status of air quality of Chennai 2008-2009 in Industrial Area
Annual Average Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Micro

Gram/m3
SO2 NOx TSPM RSPM

Location
Min
Avg
Max
Max
Max
Max
Min
Min
Min
Avg
Avg
Avg
Kathivakkam
16 11 13 21 16 19 305 147 196 103 54 78
Manali
18 12 14 25 18 21 252 106 177 150 45 86
Thirvottiyur
15 11 13 22 16 20 293 110 196 168 50 100
Air Quality
200
180
160
Value in microgram/m3
140
120
100 Kathivakkam
80 Manali
60 Thirvottiyur
40
20
0
SO2 NOx TSPM RSPM
Table 10.8 Status of air quality of Chennai 2008-2009 in Residential Are
Parameters
Fig. 10.3 Status of air quality of Chennai 2008-2009 in Industrial Area

10. 9. Status of Air Quality in Chennai City during 2000-2010
ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR

Station POLLUTANTS Micro gram/m3
SO2 NOx RSPM TSPM
Anna Nagar 10 25 121 262
Adyar 7 12 50 97
Kilpauk 11 28 98 231
Thiyagarayanagar 11 29 129 278
Vallalar Nagar 12 28 140 359

Prescribed
60 60 60 140
Standard
Table 10.10 Emission Testing for Vehicles.
No. of Vehicles tested 42,206
Vehicles within the limit 40,835
Vehicles exceeded the limit during first test 4,760
Vehicles complied emission standard after rectification 3,389
Vehicles not complied emission standard 1,371
% of vehicle exceeded the limit during the first test 11.28

Summary and Challenges
The State of the Environment (SoE) for the Chennai Metropolitan Area provides the
general profile of the Chennai Metropolitan Area, biophysical and socio-economic
conditions etc. It also provides an overview of outcome responses of the State such as
policy initiatives, legislative reform and changes in policy behavior.
In the Agriculture and Allied sectors there has been too much reliance on improved
crop varieties, fertilizers and pesticides to increase production. Indiscriminate use of
chemical fertilizers has not only affected the soil structure but has also polluted the
surface and ground water. Chemical fertilizers can be supplemented with bio-
fertilizers and vermicompost can sustain crop yield without further deteriorating soil
health. Biofertilizers increase crop yield by about 10-30 percent and also suppress the
incidence of pathogens and crop diseases. An Integrated Nutrient and Pest
Management programme needs to be implemented to ensure optimal yield. Pest
resistant crops and permaculture could be introduced for ecological farming.
The Forest Department in Tamil Nadu is the custodian of 22,845 Sq. Km of forest
land, which constitutes 17.58 per cent of the total geographical area of the State. It is
proposed to increase the tree cover to 33 per cent by 2012. In order to achieve these
targets, various schemes and programmes of Government are aimed at restoring the
degraded forests and expanding forests outside the Protected Area system. Such
schemes also help in soil and moisture conservation measures which in turn benefit
the flora and fauna besides the human communities living adjacent to forest areas.
Domestic and industrial water needs have largely been concentrated around the cities
so far; but the demand from rural areas is also expected to increase sharply as they
develop. Consequently, water which is already a scarce resource will become dearer
in the city of Chennai. This underscores the need for the utmost efficiency in water
utilization, waste water reuse, rainwater harvesting and public awareness towards
water conservation.
Increased industrialisation and consequent discharge of trade effluents from textile,
tanneries and chemical industries is a major concern pertaining to pollution of water
bodies. In order to treat industrial effluents effectively, it has been mandated that
industries shall provide and ensure proper functioning of Effluent Treatment Plants
and Common Effluent Treatment Plants before they reach the water bodies. In many
places, surface river water is not suitable for domestic use and hence efforts have been
made to recharge ground water through mandatory rainwater harvesting. The
Department of Environment is taking steps in the abatement of pollution in the most
polluted stretches of the Chennai City waterways under CCRCP.
The rich coastal habitats are being threatened by pollution especially from land based
sources, development projects such as ports, dams, tourism, deforestation, natural
disasters, over fishing and destructive fishing practices. Expansion of human activities
and settlements has also led to excessive withdrawal of groundwater in the fragile
coastal belt and many parts of the coastline are being threatened by salinity intrusion.
Pollution of coastal water through dumping of raw sewage, garbage, industrial
effluents, pesticides, thermal pollution, and residues has resulted in depletion of
fishery resources and this is a major environmental concern in the Chennai
Metropolitan Area.
Conservation of wetlands especially around the cities is critical for the recharge of
ground water. At present these wetlands which are ecologically sensitive, are highly
threatened. Quite often these wetlands are converted into garbage dumping yards or
polluted by sewage and other effluents. They are encroached and built up in several
cases. Hence conscious efforts are required to identify and restore these threatened
wetlands.
Tourism not only plays an important role in the socioeconomic development of a

region but is also one of the major sources of foreign exchange. Chennai, with its
heritage and natural wealth has a lot to offer to domestic and international tourists.
Tourism development should be planned in such manner that part of the fund
generated by it is used for the conservation of natural resources and heritage sites. To
enhance local ambience, landscaping using native trees and shrubs is to be
encouraged. Usage of plastics and non-degradable materials should be banned at the
places of tourism to minimize pollution. Conservation of monuments and sites need to
be taken as an integral part of preparation and implementation of the city master
plans.
Sustainable development is to achieve the needs of the present generation without

compromising the ability of the future generation to derive benefits from our natural
resources. The State of the Environment Report of Chennai Metropolitan Area has
attempted to broadly outline the environmental issues in various sectors and possible
approaches to tackle them. Optimum utilisation of land resources, sustainable
agricultural production, forest restoration and greening for better quality of life,
conservation of rich biodiversity and scarce water resources, abatement of land, water
and air pollution are some of the management issues which need immediate attention.
Economic development cannot be considered in isolation. The four ‘E’ s - Ecology,

Energy, Economics and Equity are intertwined. If energy consumption is considered
as a parameter for economic development, environmental ethics with inter-
generational equity is the key to sustainable socio economic development. The State
of the Environment Report of Chennai Metropolitan Area is the first step towards
such an endeavor.
************

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STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT OF

CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA

ENVIS Centre, Department of Environment,

Environmental degradation is a global phenomenon. The most obvious concern resulting

The survival and well-being of a nation depends on sustainable development. It is a process

(Mohan Verghese Chunkath)

Additional Chief Secretary to Government

I am extremely thankful to Thiru Mohan Verghese Chunkath, I.A.S., Additional Chief

I express my thanks to Dr. Jayanthi M., I.F.S., Additional Director, Department of

I welcome comments and suggestions for improving the report.

Tamil Nadu Vision 2023

Tamil Nadu Vision 2023 places substantial emphasis on inclusive growth by

In particular, the focus would be to ensure universal access to 24x7 water

1.2. CURRENT SCENARIO:

per Ha. In 2001

1971- 1981- 1991-

2 Municipalities 4.84 8.14 11.84 15.81 5.24 3.8 2.91 240 66

Source: Census of India, and CMDA

Fig. 1.1 Growth of Population in CMA 1971 - 2001

1.2.2. Birth & Death Rates

Total migrants to the City

Total migrants in Lakhs

1971 24.69 5.51 70.61 2 25.63 0.29 3.76 -- 7.8 31.59

Migration to Chennai City 1961-2001

300000 Other countries

Fig. 1.2 Migration to Chennai City

* Chennai Urban Agglomerations (CUA) comprises Chennai City, 14

Table1.3. Sex Ratio in Chennai City & CMA

Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

1.2.6. Population Projection

1 Chennai City 43.44 46.28 49.50 52.39 55.40 58.56 333

2 Municipalities 15.81 18.52 21.75 25.60 30.20 35.69 149

1.2.7. Climate Data for Chennai Metropolitan Area

Table.1.6. Climate Data for Chennai Metropolitan Area

CLIMATE DATA FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA

MONTHLY TOTAL RAINFALL (MM) for 2001 to 2010

vii) To promote rainwater harvesting in the entire State by

viii) To eliminate open defecation and to handle and treat domestic

Crop Area (Ha) Production (MT) Productivity (Kg/Ha.)

2.2.1. Agricultural constraints faced in the CMA:

2.3.1. Initiatives taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu

a) Agriculture Extension Centres (AECs)

Main AECs Sub AECs

b) Uzhavar Sandhais (Farmers market)

3.2. CURRENT FORESTED AREAS:

3.2.2. Pallikaranai Marsh Land.

Metropolitan Area. The wetland

The wetland is rich with 61 species of flowering plants. Of the 15 grass

Nanmangalam Reserve Forest

The Nanmangalam Reserved Forest, is a scrubland around an abandoned

3.2.4. Mangroves in the Adyar estuary

3.2.5. Olive ridley turtle nesting in Chennai Coast

3.3. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:

3.3.2. Ex-situ Conservation Centre

Table 3.1. Zoo year wise visitors

Years Total No. of visitors

3.3.3. Tholkappia Poonga (Adyar Poonga)

Tholkappia Poonga or Adyar Eco

“When water fails, functions of nature cease, you say;

The Veeranam Water Supply Project was implemented as additional source of

In the recent past the agriculture activity in the ayacut areas of

Table 4.1. Characteristics of Existing Surface Reservoirs