Inorganic Chemistry

(MBBS 2017)

Chuan Bai Ph.D.

Human Virology Institute
(Medicine Science and Technology, RM E720 )

E-mail: baichuan@mail.sysu.edu.cn
 Introductions of this course
Text Books:

a). Inorganic Chemistry, by

Gary L. Miessler, Donald A.
Tarr. ISBN 978-7-111-37067-
3.

b). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd),

by Catherine Housecroft,
Alan G. Sharp 0131755536.
 Introductions of this course
Grading:

Final Exam: 100 points

Final grade calculation:

Final exam 70% + Quiz 25%+Performance 5%
 Introductions of this course
Tips:
Attend all the lectures
Practice
Review text books
Introduction of inorganic Chemistry

Questions:

What is inorganic chemistry?

Why should I learn inorganic chemistry?

Introduction of Organic Chemistry
Compounds from living organisms

Insulin DNA
Characteristic of organic compounds

! Flammable (易燃 )
! Melting point and Boiling point are
weaker than inorganic compounds
! Slightly dissolve in water; dissolve in
organic solvent easily
! Slow reaction rate
! Complexity in organic reaction
! Isomerism is common
Introduction of inorganic Chemistry
Q: What is inorganic chemistry?
A: Anything other than organic chemistry.
Introduction of inorganic Chemistry
Lithium

Atomic Weight 6.941

Density 0.535 g/cm3
Melting Point 180.54 °C
Boiling Point 1342 °C

Lithium carbonate pills.

for bipolar disorder.
Size: 0.5"
Purity: 13.6%
Sample Group: Medical

But the mechanism is unclear!

Introduction of inorganic Chemistry

Heme b group

Hemoglobin
Introduction of inorganic Chemistry
Atom Theory
Atom Theory
 Atom Theory
Atomic theory …states that matter is composed of
discrete units called atoms, as opposed to the obsolete
notion that matter could be divided into any arbitrarily
small quantity. It began as a philosophical concept in
ancient Greece (Democritus) and India.
- f r o m
wiki

Democritus
 Atom Theory
Five main points of Dalton's atomic theory
1. Elements are made of extremely small particles called
atoms.
2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass,
and other properties; atoms of different elements differ
in size, mass, and other properties.
3. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-
Dalton number ratios to form chemical compounds.
5. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated,
or rearranged.
-From wiki
 Atom Theory

The cathode ray (blue line) was deflected

by the electric field (yellow).

Joseph John Thomson

Plum pudding model

 Atom Theory

?
Ernest Rutherford
The gold foil experiment
Top: Expected results: alpha particles passing through
the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible
deflection.
Bottom: Observed results: a small portion of the
particles were deflected by the concentrated positive
charge of the nucleus.
Atom Theory
Atom Theory

Emission spectrum of Hydrogen

 Atom Theory

Niels Bohr

Where RH is a constant called the Rydberg

constant.
 Atom Theory
Niels Bohr proposed Bohr model of the atom. He suggested that electrons could
only have certain classical motions:

1. Electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus.

2. The electrons can only orbit stably, without radiating, in certain orbits (called by
Bohr the "stationary orbits"): at a certain discrete set of distances from the
nucleus. These orbits are associated with definite energies and are also called
energy shells or energy levels. In these orbits, the electron's acceleration does not
result in radiation and energy loss as required by classical electromagnetics.

3. Electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to
another, absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation with a frequency
ν determined by the energy difference of the levels according to the Planck
relation:
 Atom Theory
Bohr could determine the energy spacing between levels using rule 3 and
come to an exactly correct quantum rule: the angular momentum L is
restricted to be an integer multiple of a fixed unit:

where n = 1, 2, 3, ... is called the principal quantum number, and ħ = h/2π.

The lowest value of n is 1; this gives a smallest possible orbital radius of
0.0529 nm known as the Bohr radius. Once an electron is in this lowest orbit,
it can get no closer to the proton. Starting from the angular momentum
quantum rule Bohr was able to calculate the energies of the allowed orbits of
the hydrogen atom and other hydrogen-like atoms and ions.
Atom Theory
Atom Theory

Helium atom
 Atom Theory
Wave–particle duality

Albert Einstein
Atom Theory
Wave–particle duality
 Atom Theory
Wave–particle duality

Energy: E = hν
Momentum: p = h / λ
E, p — Particle
ν, λ — Wave
h — planck constant
The de Broglie Relations
Max Planck
 Atom Theory
Uncertainty principle

∆X uncertaity of the position of the particle

∆ P uncertaity of the momentum of the particle
ħ is the reduced Planck constant.

Werner Heisenberg
 Atom Theory
Example: For a bullet (m = 10 g), its position accuracy can be determined as ∆x
＝ 0.04 cm, its velocity (momentum) uncertainty is：
 Atom Theory
Exaple: For an electron (m = 9.11 × 10-31 kg, radius r = 10-18 m)，if its
position is determined “accurately”, in which ∆x is less than10-19 m，
then its uncertainty of velocity (momentum) is：

=6.626× 10-34 / (4 × 3.14 × 9.11 × 10-31 × 10-19 )

= 5.29 × 1014 m.s-1

Light speed=299,792,458m/s
 Atom Theory
Time-dependent Schrödinger equation (single non-relativistic particle)

where m is the particle's mass, V is its potential energy, ∇ 2 is the Laplacian,

and Ψ is the wavefunction ("position-space wavefunction").

|ψ|2 is real, and corresponds to the probability density of finding a particle in

a given place at a given time, if the particle's position is measured.
 Atom Theory
When solving the Schrödinger equation, quantum number, n,l and m, are
introduced. They correspond to the electron's energy, angular momentum,
and an angular momentum vector component, respectively.

n,l and m

The shapes of the first five atomic orbitals: 1s, 2s, 2px,
2py, and 2pz. The colors show the wave function phase.
These are graphs ofψ(x,y,z) functions which depend on
the coordinates of one electron.
 Atom Theory

The principal quantum number (n)

describes the size/energy of the orbital.
 Atom Theory
The angular quantum number (l) describes the shape of the orbital.

The magnetic quantum number (m), to describe the orientation in space of a

particular orbital.
Atom Theory
Atom Theory
 n、l、ml and ms

• (1) n (principal quantum number )

n = 1, 2, 3, 4…，means the average distance from the nuclear
and energy level.

1. Average distance from the nuclear 。n↑, average distance↑。

2. In a single-electron atom，n determine the energy of an
electron;
En = - Z2 ×13.6 eV /n2
In multiple-electron atom, n and l determine the energy of
an electron :
En,l = - (Z*)2 ×13.6 eV /n2 （Z*与n、l有 ）
3. Electron shell:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Electron shell K L M N O P Q
 n、l、ml and ms
(2) Orbital angular momentum quantum number l
• l = 0, 1, 2, 3…n-1.
• 1. Determine the orbital and the electron cloud shape；
• 2. In multi-electron atom, determine electron energy (n and l) ；
• 3.Determine electron sub-shell:
l 0 1 2 3 4
electron sub-shell ： s p d f g
• 4.Determine angular momentum：
|M| = [l(l+1)]1/2 × h/2π

l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3

an f orbital
 n、l、ml and ms

• (3) magnetic quantum numberml (or m)

• ml = 0,±1, ±2, …±l .（totally 2l + 1)
• ml Determine the direction of electron cloud :ml has
（2l + 1）possible value，so for one l value the
number of the direction of electron cloud is (2l + 1).
Such as for d orbital，l = 2， ml = 0，±1, ±2，then
d orbital has 5 different directions。
 n、l、ml and ms

(4) spin quantum number

ms
ms = ±1/2, means two
spin state of an
electron。
Electron spin
 Atom Theory
Orbitals that have the same value of the principal quantum number form a shell.

Orbitals within a shell are divided into subshells that have the same value of the
angular quantum number.

The second character identifies the subshell. By convention, the following

lowercase letters are used to indicate different subshells.

s: l=0
p: l=1
d: l=2
f: l=3
 n、l、ml and ms
n l ml Atom orbital
1 0 0 1s
0 0 2s
2
1 0, ±1 2pz 2px 2py
0 0 3s
3 1 0 ,±1 3pz 3px 3py
2 0, ±1, ±2 3dz2 3dxy 3dyz 3dxz 3dx2-y2
0 0 4s
1 0, ±1 4pz 4px 4py
4
2 0, ±1, ±2
4dz2 4dxy 4dyz 4dxz 4dx2-y2
3 0, ±1, ±2, ±3
4f (7 orbitals)
Atom Theory
 Atom Theory

1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p <4s < 3d <4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p < 8s ...
 Atom Theory
Predicted electron
Cr (Z = 24): [Ar] 4s2 3d4
configurations:
Cu (Z = 29): [Ar] 4s2 3d9

Actual electron
Cr (Z = 24): [Ar] 4s1 3d5
configurations:
Cu (Z = 29): [Ar] 4s1 3d10

Once we get beyond atomic number 40, the difference between the
energies of adjacent orbitals is small enough that it becomes much
easier to transfer an electron from one orbital to another.
 Atom Theory
Aufbau (“construction” in German) principle: assumes that electrons are added
to an atom, one at a time, starting with the lowest energy orbital, until all of the
electrons have been placed in an appropriate orbital.

H (Z = 1): 1s1

He (Z = 2): 1s2

Li (Z = 3): 1s2 2s1

Be (Z = 4): 1s2 2s2

B (Z = 5): 1s2 2s2 2p1

C (Z = 6): 1s2 2s2 2p2

 Atom Theory
Hund's rules :

One electron is added to each of the orbitals in a subshell before

two electrons are added to any orbital in the subshell.

Electrons are added to a subshell with the same value of the spin
quantum number until each orbital in the subshell has at least one
electron.

C (Z = 6): 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1

The choice between the 2px, 2py, and 2pz orbitals is purely arbitrary.
 Atom Theory
N (Z = 7): 1s2 2s2 2p3

Na (Z = 11): [Ne] 3s1

O (Z = 8): 1s2 2s2 2p4

Mg (Z = 12): [Ne] 3s2

F (Z = 9): 1s2 2s2 2p5

Ne (Z = 10): 1s2 2s2 2p6

Atom Theory
Periodic table
 Periodic change of elements
Atomic radii (r)

1. Covalent radii [reidiai]

2. Metal radii
3. Van der Waals radii
 Periodic change of elements
Covalent radii
The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of an atom that forms part of
one covalent bond.
 Periodic change of elements

Metallic radius: the nominal radius of atoms of an element when joined to other
atoms by metallic bonds.
 Periodic change of elements

Van der Waals radius: in principle, half the minimum distance

between the nuclei of two atoms of the element that are not bound to
the same molecule.
Periodic change of elements
 Periodic change of elements
Ionization energy always refers to the formation of positive ions. In order to remove
an electron from an atom, work must be done to overcome the electrostatic attraction
between the electron and the nucleus; this work is called the ionization energy of the
atom and corresponds to the exothermic process

M(g) → M+(g) + e–

in which M(g) stands for any isolated (gaseous) atom.

 Periodic change of elements
When two elements are joined in a chemical bond, the element that attracts
the shared electrons more strongly is more electronegative. Elements with low
electronegativities (the metallic elements) are said to be electropositive.

It is important to understand that electronegativities are

properties of atoms that are chemically bound to each other;

There is no way of measuring the electronegativity of an isolated

atom.
Difference in
Electronegativity Between Type of Bond
Bonded Atoms
Less than 0.7 Nonpolar covalent
0.7 to 1.9 Polar covalent
Greater than 1.9 Ionic form