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DISUOVERY OF THE CAllS,!

OF GRAVITATION

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·WA·VE ~ THE10R.Y! .DIS'C·O'-VERY OF THE CAUSE OF IGR.AVITA·TION!

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MAGNETISM. ELECTRODYNAMICS, AND OTHER FORCES :OF' NATURE OBEYING THE .GEO~ETiuCAL ~AW OF THE "INVERSE SQU.ARES;·· WITH' CD.MPLETE MATHEMA T1CJ\L ~uul ,PHYSICAL' ANAL YSfS"

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1 t int.ell1ga::ncehl.lma.1ne ~ lil: :11le1can 1 que C';lest e,l '!-LAPLACE.

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A M .• Lt. M., St. M. (Misw·u-,); A.. M" Ph.D. (&mt).;

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DUCTOHY RE?:.ARKS.

REl.;ATMTf): 'lHE, m(1GR,E'SI3 Olf THi:rAVE "'~,O.RY.

ID, a ,TTf!Jat,i~Ui;lG:nl 'I5;h~ 'WsV:e~Tne Ql'y w'e .he;v~ t,a, a;eal~';fi.t:h tne: t:r~.a;t~··,1 ,_.;-t r~:K3:iA~;~1 PI' o'b le·ms." rn o.rae rtoooke ·tan.g1.bLe· the In" 1511.:- le CI,CL~'J,,<

.: )-9 ~1,:3 o:f t he- Fen: 0 e'SUD:9:·:e:!r:lz:1·:~bgt; h.e, an ~;e,fP.he nc;(mena .o;f' ~lat:\lr~:.J;. _. '!Jr:,t ~ ·:~L.l.swe,· s~oula tl'B:cetb.\e. ea.rly ad:valc'e,:'l! ~d.e ,by!'lewtousn,·d.h:i.,s 3UC~fj:O'~;

·Betw,e,e.n, tne yeer's' 16·:65'm.~ ,10686' ,fUr Isa,as, 1'';ew·t:Ofl .. :.ac(H)::m:pllg'he,d

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f iti'i,_t~Jfs'im~ C~l(nllu2! mra of e s, tahll.s]i1r1n:g the' !"sw otU!1:i"v,e]'s e,l ~'av;-.

], t B.t 1.'0 t ...&nl·ci s tt h.e: IIi Ttl e ttl t '1.' e 9 of th15 s~t.u.JfH~; rud OiRS· 'p:1 on~e er' :€l f'-;.'" O.l .. t " it .1.5 not l'emiU'kab-l~ thBt lle'\~ct'on alto!i:l:l~: :1;!B'lrs! pe .. ~J!l tq opr,eoc e:u~l~ a t'c e:sl"lQ,tc' equ.sl :att.El'nt.io.:nt.oth.5 'rnor.s: :~~yst eria.QS3 llr6bl~rn; of the 'l):Eiuse

_ o'i" Gravi tat .ion ~·vlt!. ich .in!' ee t o,e-came S o llis-ls· only B.. f'ter 1i;~axw~Tl" s

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E.c·:'eso't t o:OU,gbt" over '~H'. ID.I12, I?: .. ·fe;ri tn~,_~ 'let. ,as,~::!;·"itQir.. l:'lSi:3: ·n~f±r. tJ: e ~~~~::>l,l!;:,.-~eGry in 1673 ~ an G s,t.i 11 Ite.:arer t.O 1 t 46, :{0,ars l.at's!r'" in 1'7-:2:] t

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T:'h:e:Q~Y' ,o,r Impul,se.9 I:Wa va .S}I ,'[ ....... 21 s, e ~u:'ef·'Ul·l'l s:t·at: ed by" hi seelebrate'd pupt.l, CollnMa.:;:tau.r1n:'

frHe (New 1;0 11: JI ae s p:l,f';l:lnly sign,i'f.ie,d that, he thouGht 'th.at tho,se :powers (ot" Gl'avltatlon}aro se from th,m 1.m;pu~s<es· o~f a gu,btile a.et·:her:ialllll}f;'i'diumth,a,t is di.ttu..sed over tlJe Fnl vel'.se" .ar no p,en.etra,'t,.es the .pore's Qf gro.s.s;e~r· bodies.. It app€llli,rs :from iiis letters t·o 'Mr. Boyle ·that t.h 1.'31 wa.s· hi.s o'piniOll eaT'l y;

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ilsrciment, and o't:i,$6:l'vs;t1 on, t,o, give- ,~ sl'Ost:1 sfaat'ory ,ee,cou.nt of thi,s :J;Ile.d .... iu..t1,1 ·an,a the mnner of its operat Len, .1n prorluai!lg the Ch1efph,enom.ena

The lu·cid d.isoussion in Querry: ,21 ,o·r the ard.~ ,editi on .01' t·he QE,-

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t!,£ks, 1721, ~J:1 tiffS;, that I~e Vi '00' n "s: .. 1"11'1 al opini.on was that the .Ae the I" i.nerea&e·g,· in cle.llS,i ty ·Qutv;,ar·lJ.1li'ro·n.! t');1e ,Cele;sti alBo.d'i-es,.. as' i n :m~" .fo1'-

and. tha t,:with tll·e eno,rlt'Ou3El~"stici ty o:t _t~ A,e t.he'~J t;hls, inc,re.ase! ~of -c:;ens:i tl' out v~ar Cl y "may su ftlc:e to :1.:mpeL Bo·d·le s f":"om: t:.he at e.nsex;p-art's:

of tbe1'Iedi,um. to"i'iardstll.e rarer Ii Wi thall that power v~ hj,.c~h, we (:'811 Gra.vity .. It (lO_ptieks, 17~1 ;p.3'2"5)

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Cau s ,:::; ,of (lI' av1, ta t·!. CI.n I' 1. tis. n ,ot re c,ord e,d 1 n the 8.118 11a.0 1. e W or.k 9 • ,,:f'

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tha,t Great m.e.themt.i,e1.a;n.

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.And L,B:lllace ll]ce:,wls€, was t100 busy extendi.ng the, . d o!.ni,ni()n of' t.he, Law of Gran,tat ion over many phenom::na, e1t:1~Jn' Ullkno,fNJil or' larg.ely unexplored ;Ln the tiJ:W or Irevtton" and t.oo 'Qcetll':ied. :Ln using this I.,ElW

as ·;ame:ens of!1,is 'C,OT err a:s: real as observat ton 1 t sel, f, togiv·e th.e

Blla.lyti'c: el t, reet.%!le}lt. o.r the g:re: at e ~t'iYI'oble ms Qt C·elfJ'st1. 81 1rfech~l.c S,'I ~1n the c:elebrat ed Mec,eniqu€ cel1est e ~ by Wf; ic: h. he wi 1.1 a~\!iey.· -s be

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ree·ogp,ized!. as the 'Newton ofF.Jr:an.ce f (P'oi sson) ,,.

of inv~n.tive g,EnliuS" ,and made ID'Bsterly .1nvestigat ions of very ma.ny r. 'of' t h~ mo'st Ii lffi.cultproolems of Physic e,l2~iernce,.F,o·1' a~s:lde from tb.e celebI's,·teCl. work. on Eie ctr'1d ·tY!mJi Meg:n:e_t'isnl_,. 1813,. he e'ven ~l![~tc the St,r;e.$ses· of t,ile J.etlJer, 1.615" u'n. wni.cn ,Gre,vi tatlondepenn.s, ·l'ce.mr'kln,gc orrectly that since 'the e pech cir·J:.Tewton the: progres:s has b~e en ,tt almost imperceptible .. 'It

And S'lH)rtly bercI~eb..ls llre:E.:atur,e death, at 48-" ).[B~l:l, e.fl.t·sr·GaH:~t.;d tll:! i,d·e.a of' a MOiliern. Ki.'netlc Thoo1ry or thi·s l:e,Q1um, ~ si.nc·e :laxge:ly ·cle'lre'lo,ped 'by the pre is ent 'w;rit.,e;r, Ln the New 'Theory o't tl~~ A-ethe r , ltst ll'CIl D, .. ,N,ac n·., 1920 -2\6 ...

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If' I be a. merely t,Bk en tt,p and c arr1.ed Qnl~aXw·ell' 51:· brIlliant la~ b ors: I-a 0 unfo,rt 1i..lill-at'tiI,ly :1nte'rru.p,t a'a and.. thus Ie tt f'r,e.gmen t·a.ry , like' ;B

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-'a1!W1S new,l1;w,rs ·a'.f' ex.plor.at1DliI.:, betsi:.ieosWlitfq in:t,Q' a· v;e·1'1f1-e:d wbol,e~

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1;Infor·t:u.nat ely ·:l,t w1:11 nO'"" do louge.I" to' ,delaytJ:e .p,ubTic'atlon ..

Qf the no'tab.Ie a-dv8ll,eesthu5· _de 'd.ur:1,ng 't. ~,ast 'twenty ye .. ars.,F(n·· ;

~ this would ope~rat,e to inc,r;el;B;.se 'the K,lng,Q.,om qf D:ar.mess." by hi.dmi: under a busbel a t,8np at: I.sst ign1,te4-. burniB.g and e8:fisble of dispersi.ng tlls encire·11ng alo,om.

In,ae,e,d many si.glts- indicate t.nsrt the' ;o.egle c t o:f F'l.md$ment-als I

f;'Qr' many years, :9t length b.Si,$ rtlrougbt, ,Pllls1;cel Sc1e.;u::e, tOI a C!':r.i.;.sl_s - n~t '@like tibet, .Wh,ilch·. e onfr'Oll:li;i,e·rd too .btl';.ollo:m.lea]., SCi:eD c:e~ of! ~he G-cre,ek.S" :Ln tbe Ni.glIl of t.m· .m.i"sp:1.de'd;.Emperolr 'Theoa.9:s~us t Wh,a order.~d the d,es' t,ruat .1o..n al:' th.eT_p.le s ,of' So "ten ce at J.l;f,n~anarl a, '390 A.D' .. ,

am tb:us i:lIi;coC:el.e m.t,e:Q; tbe aldvance ,ot' the Dark A,ge s ,;:

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'file, s1Q:ke.ni.ngsta~ f.mB- otf to b' etl)~r,e:_e1p1.81n; Asl ArSiLls t' ery'es;, 'by H~n:~me~' wend ojllpre$'tJ

Cl.o~ed ~e b youe t QI Elive:rlast ing: r.e st;· ~9.at ,her ~el't 8JP'pl:'oach. and .secret m1gb·t.,.

,Art aft er .li:rt goa S ·o"U.t, end a 11- is' .ni,gAt. .. tt -·Dunei,ad j B.:1 v _,

~us 1 t'Ceni~ to p·!1,Si-S t;h,&t 1'o,l' .mmyc'entnlrl,e·s" ,a..urlng; tOfte Mi'do.le As~:~. a d,~,rk ,nigb't .hUll\govex' .A,st,ronomy. ·tnroughwh1ch h.a'l'.dly a. ray

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ar:d s:'YI,IC!e t·ry." at le,n g;th a avme a UP'Oll, t.b.e lumino'Us ,mind of CQ;.pern1'9U~

VJJt'1o.'t'EI, fte,:r::t"'ers,e.arellese-.xte:nd:1'ng' ,Cl'Ter'S OJ]l9i fot"ty'years.t ush'E!red. :In ~1 mos-t Slorious' ep'Q,ch c,f ];!:od,e:rnSe1 enc:e.,.

Fox willl,e. Le'ctur"1DgB ttm, ,Lowell Ins t1 tute ~ Bo ston, 18917 -81 :Sir O'e,OI ra:~ D,B rWil n ms:detbe just :re .. rk t h.atwb11.s:t thee IltuIlbe:r of"· .61

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Inst1 tu t,1~a· (.1ft· S',ai ene"E!: ~Let!ora:t ori,es", Ob's,e:rv,a,1;ior:le s , e tie.~. has;r-" 1y increas'edr;, durin€the: 19th. Centut'y, yet· MB. lIItttber of gre.:tt tr,: t,l.£~:t,or ,s:, - .1' :~'Bl d 1, SQ:C)v'e:;ter's, ill $cie.n cell - l"smai ns abo ut tbiS! seem g:enerat .iO'D aft;'er ,generat1,QID.,

MQreOVer, staoe thi 9 S 9Ge.ci:ou.s o~b,s'eNatidn flB:S mee e , f"crrty y,ei 9,,[:ip,; t;h~ ,)J!e:wid~ lof 1la,.9.t(uJ,.s 1:pg; parkne ss , _. '\Ul,a.er. th€ vagg.~:, e,n,! Q hf] '1 e at T'e~e.orl or .B~la.t~l vitltl - unfol"t:u.nate'ly .hs's ~rOWD ape:c:,'e' s;t s~,c~ :ra.t:e as to ,B·larmtlile few .expe.rie:no'ed ana eOE.petant diiseove:reI' $: s.~l:

the pr"int'iIl6'" or a work.Wh.lehi5.e.:p,a,l:'t.s; frO'!:1. the, OUrr,ent U!llSO'unOl pol.l. o:fattemp;tl1l&: to'We;&~e.a e~:mleqc'l;~d J'Q2e Qut; (l/f '~"r'e m:a1ns' of" ,san'(l,

r th.u,se: :3.iclU.tU.ilg ,all ... e,-c~»r·ehe: n5,1 va:' ,Bn61.p·o,tomld proges:S'.I' - su'ch as'

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l~ewtoDa:tld Laprlace JI FO'ur1e.r; ana Gau:SIs", HersChel and Maxwell w<ould ,; stmlt"ly g,rasp8nd, appI'C!ve" ~I h,ave:fel::t .1 t aCl.:v1s'i!3; ~le to c o:~S1ill t, tJ

¥J'Ork of the fl.i.s,D,e,s.t ,(.IJ;"Oie-rhs.,s, l~yeell J.;'e:cogn1..zed: lne 'fery' eSe,., .c:L~ 'v:rell 11,1.u.!ltrat,e:Ql tn the" frS.SB' of the ,Pr1·nc:lp.1B;·, 1·656, _, Esllgy 'had

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t:a,g a delay WId prospect! ve cefuu.lt on this Qolig,atloD:so that to a.vp.:Ii.:d' d.is.ap:pol.l:n~·iltt,o Newton; ". Dr .. Halle:r .had ·t'0l'xint t.he llu:l'rk at hi.s O\in e xpe nee. H1. sto~i sn g just lY' l' em.s:r~~ 1:;; bat th1s: l?,r~ompt acttlon 1)7 Ha.ll,~7gJ3t . .1ned .t.he .6x.~ tl tude ,oif :NlliHv'ton and o_.r poste;::.r.1 ty,~

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the l"'e·cord.sho'Ws tbat t·he SllC,Q,e's1ve Memoirsi ~n J";e at began. to. be' f:ileA i

v:ith the A.cade~e ,de_s S:cien.e..es, .as.,e·ar~ 'as .la05; ~end. l.n ·1612 a pi'iz:e' l"~a,s' ~.wa:rtiea.. Four,iel", ill SF 1_t,el Clif .~n im.a..d>e qUfl,t'e .eppl"'e',c'i,~ t ,i 00' ,of: the:

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-

The' Commis,ai.on 0 f: e miI1ent g;e omete rs ......... L,agr-al1.5e j L8.p1 ace II VEl-

:,g~.fldre' t-S~ r Sa p_e-n,c} ell~,JlJl d ye t "t .. h,ewr1t wa:sF ne.t p l'i.nte: a; till 1~22. <B~v:tng' Dl'isnw:lUl'!3: b~c,Q,~,perpeft~a,11Sec;r'ij;tar:r totm Academy I' Feu,riel" printed 'tmI1"u!or:1e, exa·ctly a·swr 1ttm" soJE,ll~ of .i$ :17 ye!?-r.s beta,!'e't

·andi. w.1t'ho,ut.an. ynot~, ce olf Ic~·i t,le .' :1s;m bJ t~~\s.,~ ""'ho na,d f,~ .le ~ ttl ·00:0;p.rehen.d, ,tim i1gor of' om' of' th,e: {5;re.a;tilst iN o,~s. or tfIr:! ,ag,e.

''-hUS: th'el. p.ract1 ca~· dil'Tic'ulties"encJoun.t'e're,d .1:n 16·86, ,61:ul 191:2' ,a·z;e $,t1l.~ W.;i..'~b ~·..For tluJup t,he'Wltve~Tbe,or-y :[:,s: e l:.e~.;rly ,€f:J;p.1.aine.Q,:tm

1

.l

c'tliLa t, 1.tl 'II-:lll be, I:.ea:Q; '~y'f :sw; ,a~d It i. s.. 'tmc,ertain whe~th.Etr e.V'en·t he Il!'Od't 1

. -'

.e.minen t phy~.1,_eal .m.a t,h~~t 1 c i,an S J\ ..:t.b.e. ,IlJPs.t pro,r·OUDd. st ua.~ntLs €lr?i~ Q1lll'~ "

.will grasp .it more e lE;!arly than they ;,iid the Prillcipi.a ·ana.the Trnfb;r-ie,

- .'

,~

n.

L!Io f

'.1

+I:ip

.3- .. C · .. !.It.iJ!l.' g'§ -~1

':u-Je;. 'S' .•

o

I

'+"~I

.L,~'E!J, 'lLm I

I

. ,

II

,I

In' ~ a:e:lli'B'l'.s,t·e.·u crisis atG5.tt.:tn.~Fen." 1'BS,7 I GaU$5 told ~~:eb:e'rt\h:r,U:' b.e :r~l ~' it ne ~ e~'s,'$,ar y t; 0 :pr.o1;e; eti· fl'iC)m :ex't':i D,ci'ti o.n aFl::i;ck;e,;n 'nt $;peirk, ,c;f: :S.a1~:nc: -e~,:l.n. 0 .1'e:e:I' that .]P,ost€'l"i ty might kill die tr'om 'f:t an. ewt he Fl e.:me~ .01' ,l:ll:_€h€rJ.)1rs:c:t)V'~n·I '_ a., p'.r'~l!fl~~·C:,yc..uly Nlf:il,le\Q~, 192.~ ,in the 'JB:lte:t.il,Ei!et e-,d, ~a:nn:ect:iQn be:tw€e:o. ~ .. ~·ar.-ne·ti sm andG.··.r:aCv·i tat:lCiI,n.'· •. di.sQ.·~verEra b: .. t ·me.,>,

.!flo. -_.. • - . -_- _-- ,., ,·r--- ~ ~_.J,-_Ig;C --~ ,i_~j _ ~ _, J

itlhe~'ell 'at Cmnbx:id{g:e; ~IWI'6t.e t;o Ilr ,., :t;.c}\lf(il."t'Ch, .roesp:El;c't~:l.rJ€; tll~Am$iri'~ml: .edit:lon. of' Lap.le.,ce" s Liec .. aaiqu€ Cil€'s,t' ~ .. _ t'h:a:t1k'ing -l:U,m,'.e sne ole.ll'2l" I

~"";;";;=~-:,,,;;;;~~.:::z..;:"';;;;;;"';:;;'.2,,. - - -

,

JJ.l ~ omp;~~t 611lt:phl1uscp.h:eJr''Sw11l' iC iOD~Ul"iJl:!:a..J'fl);~:~'et 0Sj1 a;p'p~:aIs:a,1

"orthe~M,e,Bnl.g;ue Get:rE;lstf3" a.st1;1e: :su'b:11~,,·stpo,rtl~on or 'Bum~~n ~IQWl:~Q~~ ,avai~l~'b,l·e~ a .~ e.nturjf~:'o. 'Bli-t now;-:ll" we'll,ErVEl leIQ.;P'Fe,'etl,.a s:si'gne,cr.th-a

and V1011'~:a out the' !I,i8\115: sl':!;,a;m:.tm t,he,Cre8u.t1,rut 'Werve ... C!'O;nes~ ~.,~tena:iI11~:

~~~- . ~ ..

re f:err.Efd '1:;'0' ti'be.1'r A:8:'yi'Illtt.ot'6"$ .s~rrd, t pU5!t1ndieltly:lJlg' fhe, 1::Dtii;tsi.bla olp.er',~t 1 ODS of,~at:;av i~ ~!~ Q~q ~, wh i'·c;h N'le lrttoaaooLa,plac e, hit m:lileI'OJ~ilill tU~$1

~I

were not ye:t able t o'Fer'ee i ve, -- 1101[J much mer-e ,s-ubliJr.i.e - ~"i 11 t-h eo

-,,1'a:\re--Theo,I'Y a'pp,eatr to those e,o,nversant 'lfJi.t.b the -~o14.etri,c,al send p'hY'.s- " i.cal Laws of tn.a Un! VIS_1"S-S' ~I as .her evivi"d_ly illustra,~Ie:Hl?

xii

'~~-,:;'I i ....

I;

T.h:i, s course in;deed Was urged by- the gl'eat, g:e.OIl1s:t,er Ap-ollonlus PeI'6aeUs, u];)onano~ther Creek geomet,eI"~2Z0 B~C. -For the diff'u-s:i o-n.

T'hUJ3I:., 11' a.C' s-nt Ul'Y- later, I have lacorad' many years to' shed Bi, clear li,gt"{t 611 -th.e:i:,l'i:;tsi,c,a;! 9,~ 8,1;). unde'r'lyi.l1,g.-the, I.,8,W$: e st-a.bli she d. in

f,or me to ~ake the mature' work o~ this st1b11rr.-e sub,j'eet: me re , '!;lIe, to, thos,e luorthy to take part, in $uch s;tu_;d,1e s.,

I

. ,

!.

Elst,ab11.shed scae nc e he s the S EtRCt: Len of 'the centurie-s" Uld thou-sane: 9- f'-

--v

Ar:l.d 'We must n at, dSJleJ: t fr:::!.l .. i. t in an age' when the Flli"1.d_?llil- f:;-

1-

c-

ent.a2 ,:;:0 ien.ce or Curvi,lineffrMQt1on~ e s ta,bl1 shed "by Huyghens (167-3)

and nemon (16.67,), 1 s en.dangered by Re1.a. ti vists utterly lvithou.t t:rss-p . ,c,r the exae t ba.lanc e alw,ays~- mal-Ii talLe d hetwe,en CentX'ipe tSl ana Ge-r.i.,tJ;"i-~· f"ugat, Fol'~; end who, 'Wi, tfioutunClerst"Bn ding the~ '5tr'lers-sres .inthe -Aether-·; mak'El t. w arla_azi.~ C,_l.a:-.1111 t 11 .6t It' Gr ,!1ivi t"-Y l s- II ct- a1" 01",0 e ,b u t 9. pTa,pert y Gr~,

.,..,.,"" "'eft- (- c --- 'till-"""" .,}' • .;;1;1;"-....... .•. ... m,p, 1_, "'~ is .' .•

(DeSltt'ar, Mpnt'~l_y Notie-es,. 1916 ,p. 702) NO

'( ~

aavanqe ver--y- 1'~e.p-1d lyl - ye.t we notn.ce t.hlat the :f:irs·t 'Volume .1.s: ,to' cera- t

:prise'tou-r books' ~ 1.0 ,ell .so,me 50'() of' these pages .' !

.

~ !

This- is- t:oo t'i.l"st b_o~o'lq an,a: the -se-cond de,als w.1,th Magnetism and !

~ ~.:, .i±ilect:ro~.'Y'nam1egTSO as to establish :forevE!'.T t,ne Fundemen-t-al Ls.'.'1r- tha-1; t

L_*.:.A:::::::::'~:::.~: •. :on:':'i:lp:::"_k":.:: .. ~:e:.=::::.:S=-:h:. r:~:1=nk=· ... =a~.ge~.~~~ . .:R:.e~::p-~,U~·l=~S=-'i=. Q=~n=' ~t.o~-=€-::x~'P~:a~n~~':;:=:i=-:c=n=- =0::;1'=; =tn::"e:: .. =.A=e=,t=~1=e=:r::___ I

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Wa.ves 1 t"'hu.s mak:Lng clear tbe ,real :nature of Att.1"aQ tlo;t:l.allG.

................... =.....-...;

,'-.._

-8 ,pro1:ilenu leSt llt;t;erly ,oos,cllre $1 m'B 'the. a.ge of Tha.les .( 600

The t:tllrd bo ok. wi 11 ,d.eal. Wi.th. th e '~eo!l" of a Solla Ea~y en,d

th.'s: The'~f .0:£ El.e.stla:t tl, as a.pp·ll.e.a .to t n,e'Ws e en Mecneni' s;Il:I.of thJ~ VBr'1,o1l;l~1 PhyslJc alF,o.rCl~a i wn.:1.le t.m f €) u.l't;h.o'O Okw'111 C'(H10'1 ud.e the' d i0.$ .... cuss10n of tbe,Cause of (;,l"s1'itati,on.t. by' Gt·m:r' e:rg:uments yielding. more thtm on:eEx;ger1m.9Jntum, cru_cJs.J f~ ~heWave-Tlii~o.ry ~ ,lIlue .e.mbrsc "1nt8l~ tJJre c rttc: 1 al a1;J.,d: fi !lsI. d:e:moDs tra:t.lo,ns. Ol!.s.vm fr.om ·t.hepJJ.en.ome·n,a 100·f t]) .. ~, Pby.sl ea 1 Un.!. ve rs e _.

, .

The' Se,e"oD:dVoclllm·e. isC:~s1e;ned. to inQ ludEl: a.. mo'r€! .~n::ha.ust:i v,e au..; alysi.s. of ~U$~,t Tlleorl of t,l1e 'E~thfs M:·agn~t13,lQ., Md t~ autaic:ir's notable ,~.t"ell. s.~tl,l'l. of thatT'n.e:al"Y, l:9£!'2;- crlteri a. into.e· Tbeeq o~f

.,S'u!'"fs,c;e"'ht:he trng..ulat.ocl· TIe or;yofL1sh.t, -e 1;0~, .1. I

\

-iuaemus., re,gardl mg t.J'e., cel.e:brat edTre.ati!lH! on. OonlcS'e eit i:.rU:1S!

, '!':whenI 'Wa;s wi t.h . .YOu .1. n.Fe:tgemum" I o'os,erve,a th:st YQu 1l ern: e'e·~t to 'be OQIiM :SlC: qua in tEuiJd. til ,:mJ1 WC!I !'ki.n _gp.q1'c"o!;!,~;: th·er'et,~~e I S!~' nel 'you

tine: flESt" b o'ok: wh1 e'h I llUlye, e:o'l'l':ecet.ed" sna.t he r'ema1~illlBl' books I .111 fQ!'1lIli:rd .hen ,I B.·:SlV'e .f.i.nl,slb.€!l:Q tbJ~.m ,to my s,at1ataef;1.on","

"I' dare s~8f YDu.I:I,QVe DLO'l:l; t en" go tten. : 'II!!Y·t e:l11Illg 1011 tll18t I,u,n.de!,,~ t:GQk the in yeS t1 ~t,::t o:noft~h:l.9 allb'.1'e:o:~: ~'the reqU.8.t. .ot·-~auqr .• tecs the .~eomet'eir, at t:het:tl!iEc. he ee.me:tio A.1eJ;snd..r1a '8,uo: stl.l),"'ed;w,1.thma r

o ,

Wld. t,ha.t ,to ·arte.I" wo'r't:l~lt !Qtttill eight b'ook:,:!:,1 c·,O,:mE:!:'llDl..c:ate.d,; t'hem

to :tJ,,1m at once . s:omewM.t t oohurr1-edl V' iI~" t.~hO~ t. 8. t;h.jD~OU. ho".·_ •• 1n. c. ,1: ,eVl :9i o,A

~' LI -' ~ ~ - - -- --_. ." ---" - '--' '- .../'~;I!I ~

to, me .. ; 'm th the, intentlo,n af return,iDe t a them la.te r. -:~l1ere'ro:re I ;r~aw t~,~ the 'OPD'Ol'tuhi ty orf pqb . .l1Shi,nc sB.c,h portion f:ro.:1. t ir:.e to

These em.im::.Iltly pb.1,losopb.1ea.l Q,onsideratio119 a rEI' valId tod,i3:Y.

Ac c'ol'd;1n,gly I 1 f the t raiDed re ,Elder Vi! i.l.l. f o11.Ci.';I. tl~ .. :j.$ 1;'1 l'§t· bo'O~{ e a::r~fUlly, th,er-e 1 s 11 ttle ,doubt tJ18:t a. keen lnterest will be aVifakened

,suy ,£'o,re. co,ns,txuc.ti"lle 'll!ork on. the' ,Wave-me ory, t'rn re1da haIr centur-re s a.fter 1 t 'wa,s ,a:lmo st wi. t ntn tr~ gra spof' llf~~/t on and Hal l·ey

.For I am assured by very eminent i nv e s tiea 'tor stha.t the me at outstBIiCdng '.need of' our Age lSi, art esta'blHrhea PhysLcal B~S:ls for t.be ree'o@l1.ze!d: t"awso,t the Un1'¥ElrsE=: ,~here·ta-f·oI',€' very obsem-e , bEl"cau;s.e:

." . +

af allade,qum. te Tl';€!:e,tis.e oa.the Wsr\te .... Theo:rzapJlli€ d to' t'he Inffnl tel Y, E,lasti-e lA.e-ther, f-,or the Ch~~-r :i?h.enoD.ena'o f N,att.1lr6:.

,Aslto the R'Dtoir'!i.b:1c PEint; or ,6, wo-rk ot.t:i!! I'ViI'1 se inaco.eselbl,e

B,nd t·oo e:xtellsi ye to be e op:[ ed by ban,a I acecr d, ins to t h6 iUsa,ge sot' Apo'11Q'lIliu~ and A..r¢h1m~:ales"for the mo'.re s'pee.:! al w'ork,s: or th.e irtimes'.i am un~ae1.QdS X'lH}e'pt {on olf' f t wi 11 i:nd i.e-s·te t}1,att'1ler'e S t.ill ,Qre'som~ who ll,refer De::rkll.aS st.-a I.le,. T:Ill:1~ oomp:rcelle:Hls.ivewoxk: olll.the he,ther and the!!ve~TheorI'-,;ror ~la inill~the Fol.!c~s; i-ll the ilVlbrat1_118 !e:QI\:1umn already c.Gn5:iilte~e d by Ne.w;iou, 1615;, l..s 1,nte,m.e-a. ~F'fmal'ily-

'fQ r 't~hQsle' wortayto' r gllow :1:0 t be l;IJtn.tnoU.sl' f 6:ot,st e-:p:s o!' th.1 '8 in c<Qn-

, ,

",

II

, '

~l'·e.ut. a l!:y,st &I:y s'hou.ld, be like the Gr~ek ge'o~et ~r~, wh.a uno.S'.l'stooc t;l;ni avpr ec·le. t:ed the imsort'aJ_ 'works of A.p'o'll·on,l us aml Arc hi me'i(ie S" •

It iSle II:,ough that I r,ollo\ll' t,he pre,1) eden.t e stab 1:13he d ''by Dr., ~o\u11 tch, v'/ho :pri n t,ed th.e Ame. ric an, ed.itioll at: tJ:~e r.:e.ceniitJl€; Cele.$t'e'lP

a·t ,e ,s.a.exi f:1 c:e of ol1e -th!.;rd Qf' t b.e va .l:u,e~ of hi ~ ent ir e e.srtate i yet i

, litho the:reb:~,. b,ec·~et~be ].;':ast,e·r Teacne,r of'the e 11 t.'ef Jo,...m.eri.e.sn a strOtn~

,<.

I

, ,

poreOV't~l,:r" ln18:94 " Dr., G,~ ~V'~lIill had t o e on tent iai.mse If 11'1 th ~ ve:~

Le s.s ...... a s:co.re:ot' IoUmi.og;raphi.Q CQ;E:1.tl.!:i o:fhi-s :pir1~,ele,.5rs ,Iff.CtUl':~·s' .2:rf)! G,ele:s:tial };:ee,)lan.i.cs,.. T,hat· ~,im.it,e~d: e~,~tlon., nCf\'i!S'Ver, s1iff1c,eq ft)T t:'I1)i'~ few em1~.nts:.tuldents _worthy t_o t ~el pm: t, insu:.e.n l:ec~Qndi,t,e stu.die:;il' "

_" just as '!i\T}Ulm ·A:PQllo',!llus~ anQ ·Aroh.i:medi9s· se.nthen·a.-;mi!iiU1f9· 0:0,1'1."6"3 'of' theil" works to af.ew truth--.se·eklog geo~le:te'rs" 11k,!! Eudemus;. Ph:l1on-

i.e E='S" NaucI'~t es.J~ At t,altl.:!::> ;'DCisl tJ18:US' I Re::ra:d~l:e!ld.'e'S.~ ·Ztato,s,.thensJ.S:'",

an. d C €linen ,crt S mQ S , ..

ArCfhime,deJs,~ In't1lLe,e,dji '1Iiirites to DO -, 51 then,s: af' pelllsri:\UIlj,. ap:trp'<1.1 of q'~ln,ont .presumably at.~~~~at)."d.ri,~~, the;,t ~.~ .cq2IsHl,ereih1':Fj fri,en'd. C,o~o·n ~o .haYi; hEtd t.ne bestt~ en:tfQr pa,~si'~' 1ntel11.i;e~nt11 UjLOa. l:i.s O'WJl CIis,cQv.er'l,Eli!H but that Canon died hefoiI',e he had 'tlme'to' 11ft ...

I

n:e< one With ab:t I1ty wouldla'C or :L:n.du st:tl,o usl y 1.1keCo;n.on t who·,se l:i.te: llnf:ortun:st ely was cut sh_o:rt premat"'\U"e.l,y" sQ.merViQ@t like tha.t of tJn:e tale'nt:,ed l~ar1:el1 s·o.m.e: 100 year sago ..

xvi

yea::s, in or'der t hat. !~1s; 0',.' .. 11 "Froofs ItiCfl.t Qe .p.erfeocted: one' boy cne,

}lier he says' 'be ·avo.i.ded. the exmrple ofsomllll, who claim to d1SCO'ver .ever.yth1ng, yet produ.e!! nOI g.a:tis1'acto,ry Idemo.:nstrations:~ - beoceu-s.e

. HO~7 ye'ry· s:i,mil-ar weI"!\: t,he labors: of the ancient Matb~nl!B.t1ci~n.·9~ to thos'e: af trhe highest Physi9ist s of Mod.ern Tim;l3:.sl~',or exalTl::~,le I't.he gr·e·a:t .Newton bad t.h.~ 'f):I'obleJEl. 0' r t.he C.a;lJ,s,e of Cr.a~it.e.t·i on b~fQI'e

~ .~.~~~.~~.~~~~~

.~

j}

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~ l

'~.

T~V-€ treat thsl"efore of the e;:r.;ee.t·e:st ph.ysj>cal !)ro·blem3.~ sueh a 8: ~

. - . ..... _... t

the roy" if" ry of A t tra e ti on, "nd Rep III at.»I , . ~r "nextens i ve e ev "lOP;"""'~'J wi tb 'viari(,ua tes: ts, a.nd cri.tel'i .. a o,:f the .:l?hls1c elProuert1·es, of the .;

",et:he".> as tile besi .. or the \18.,.., -'the ~"r or the .Chief Forc"" .or ~:"tu:~l -- ·he.l'~tof:c.il"e a.l~~ostun~c·aou.n.tably negl'ected by natural !).b:tlO:.$c01(!H:Lr·s:,.r

F{n~ the Aethe~ Ii wl th iteI:ot·1n.:l t'el:y C,am;p.lex .. an<l ~nte'1"Ee'net:r~t1~. ;1

-___ I I

FoundatiQns c,tSelenee be.gin with ·th,,e w~ve.-Theo;ry.rnot lon.ly rorSo,ul1r.~:

·and. 1.12 t.tO utalso 1"01" all the o·th,er I·crees oflla ture t of' soy all d. e'V!3l'Y descl'ipt :l'ClI]],. ...... a ·g~,n,era.11:zat.l,o;n ·whl.,cn .n.ec;::.e:s:s.arily fQ.l1·Q,\""'~l fro.i)t'· the nat.ure of this "Vibra;tl:r.gMedium:." .•

Vall,fJJ~iO'11 Oa.ll!'omta, .May s, :1.93,9.

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WAVE PO' 'THEO RY'!

DISC,OVERY OF T'NE' CAUSE OF' GRAVlTATION!

1.

BOOK I,

O~'IGDIllLY :-.liI~EN w-lWER "J:1lE. T'ITl-E ~

FIN,AI. PROOF OF T!!l: WA VE-T'rlE(EY OF GRAYI TA-rIOl\ ~ .!l7D CF' :'rE OT1-'~,H

-= - e' =-= ..,. -00 ~~- .. - . - - .'. .. - - .. ~, ... ~ --=-"ZZ7 - zs:;;;;;:;;;;;i:;:::;:::;g;;sr

mIIEF ff'(JRC:ES OF P,ATURE '.1- .. J ... ~ :Si,npld~ -1 ,( Fvl,JiRI'i:R~ 1302): 1,:.fITE lSWFEY5-

. . - . - : 1r'~- :.- ....".,. -_¢""",,"-$""""'F'"'" ...,;I... .. LL.. CT·'· r=~JV"2f""'-=f' ". ni1iI!iii!;;I

lCAL corrs~1IN~s or rrI-7 Ai:]}, H'R T 1d{n:t,,~ ACebll}K~' OF l'fZ i .. T.:' csr Il:J:'I~';rrE

. - ..... ~.-:' .... ':__ .. _-~"- ..,., ,'-_.~'- ,-~ -~ ~ ,''- .. -"""-iiIi:;::!! _ - !&;..~ ... ~.J ~'_""""ii_ ....... _.-=..... P+ *i3fflIJ!Il

DOUS -;FOf!.CiS GOVE.:ru-IIHG THe: !,·:OTIO;': S OF THE PL£E ~S. (:'~IKTI: Tl1PSR. l"'ROJ;~

____ TF ,-- o_ ~'±Q i7;;-=U ;: '

TEE FIR~ A.:N ~5ofu 1920 - SECON'D SERJESNo .. 1..)

I~ --.~ -':_-..!I!I." ~~iI' _iiIiI .~ -_,'_.. _ ....,1

In the year 19,28 I dls cove red tha't the QulyFhysia al Constant B

of' the Aetller heretofore calc.mated,

- = -==s_ -- - .

fa S 8:01" J.C l'erk,e Maxwell., .( s c1 en ti t' 1c :p~ rS,II" p .. 767) I - had he e~

Oil;;., ~!

' ..

declue'ed ·'Ufl;c.e'r the iIDl'11s'd, h.ypo.tn.esi~: of 8 Pr-e,s:surs' of 8;. ai-ngl:e Atmos:":"

phere ,emly.. _- as in'Leb, ora~6l'YExlle rimen ts, en the' ViSC;flS1 ~y of Gase 3, whe l"e.&s: the El.,a,st: icP.te-s,sllr,e or GSS, J 3:2111,15,00 J,OOOAtlliosphere s should nave baen intro,due e!d int 0 a 11 the formul.ae ......._ with tre f()llo.;,r fng aston!. mirl;gly eli ffl8'rent reSU.lt:g::

Me.xwell' oS 'Val u.e s~J 18-75" (Calcu18.ted as in the ,or·din.;ar EX~l"imen t.s on Vis·c.osi ty,

\II[ i th an E,lest,1 c pre s,s.ure of ante .AtIllQSp"'be re only.,'

---{ 1)

60.332 Dynes I

,I ~. {1iJ"'1T"}V' "-t,."J :; !t'i.[ii:1itr.

l't= {~,v =, "221 .. 904,,960,000,000 J 0'00,00'0 J 0.00 •

1

JI

~,

j

,t\ell 'Values iii 19',28 J. ..:

(~,a.ki1JEi ac,comlt, of ~:.. .... -~ the ':3130.9.1;10 Pre.s... .::. ~ ,

Sll-l'''e ,. -m:= 68'~'. -; 21,: . I; I"

t"o:b ,,0'00 At:nos- I·.·~::'

p.he.res). -- - (2) .

.

~

,' ... :

In his C' elebra:tad l'i~oir oil.the!Dyn~ro,i,cal TheorI Qf· Case::.;,., lB'6btMaX"';:ell had laid a-n €Verla;8t.ine~t.llema.tlea.l fcm.ndatioB ror

,

"

one Qir 't,lle' mo~s,t· diffioult bra.noh.e.s ,at" n(ldB-rn P.hy,si.as; so tl'1a,tother·, invest iga tors. in all "",,,,,tries. ha.e bean "ccupied <l !1i".fll' with tho i 'verific·a,ti,Q·.no:f t,he .a.nalysi-s· sndexperlme.nta of t~his l'·eIlo'Vm,e.e\ Eng- ~

- F

~. ~.~

J.~ It·

~ ~ ~t

3ut ha,ving found that Ne)\rton ,and Sir Jo.hn He;rS'.chel alone had

Air:

400 coo .ooe '. OOf)

.I .~.,. - I vv_ J" ... ,

1148 .il 0'00 ,000.'000':11 Herschel (Fami"11ar L,eet1,lre.s;·, 1861 I'·P. ,2'B2) J 689,,321 .. 600"000,, See" ·.A"I'l,,50:44, April ~ 19'20;

I ne,ver sntertain,ea a,n_y a:.oubtof the va~1dity of' tn.-a'" a bov,e Naw Valuesot the Elastio Con.s tan t s of the Aether .<

_,

B'eing 00 cup! e-d, however I with :ma:n.;y o,ther inve,sti. g8.t:i an,s ,; I. pt;t.

I

,~

···I~

.'

r

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asd d e t,O.e Pub 11 pi C orr!El1 c,t, i en or ]i:,laU"e,ll "a .1" a·aU-.lt storr seven ye-a.:r s, : yet in. 19.3 5' I reexamined ,all tb.e procrefjses and cal. c.u la t:li.-cms, car'eful.ly -- and n·eeam.e lmpresised "J-;:ith th,s v,i,'l!ilwthat so fundame.ntal a

!,

."J1: I

I (~::, .... '!Iii!

.,'

.... ,

>

''11- [ I

, - I

3.

NIVl&ion ,of thePhY~lQal '£Qns'tants o.tth~e .lether ought not tq l)·e allowed, to li,e hidden away ilHlefini tely amo,ng my unpubl:tshedr·esle·arohas - since the' inadeSl,ua.,t,e C·onstants of' M.axwell left the Aethelrincap..s.,ol·e of tran~ml1;t~njg the .stuEe!ldo.lul st'reaa~e,an whiehthe·Pla,n~tarl Forces of pray~tatiGn 4e~end.

,A1:wu. t a ;'f'eaI" ago I happen-eO, to ecjne upon :Frlenkel IS apparently

hat ' laarB~d Treatise on W.v~~MeDhanios,_~ubl1ahe4 by the C1arendon Press

t,h,e I, at Oxf'ord ,1932; ;yet W:8,'S a:~rt.olnis.hed t'o f'lnd t,ha. t the -au:thor :seeme'd unaware (}'fth,e: ei·gn t M·ennoirs on t'he;New Th.eo.r;1f' oft1'!e A,~th;er, am'! in th is Tr e a. ti Sloe Q n\'a..ve -,".9" c:ha'ni c s merrtt cna no .Me·d_l. \l_rn 1 n whi o h th e

I,

, .'

Wa.ve s may exi·st~

Here was a c;l.ear case 'of aotion wi "thout an;[ V9ih1 cle :for conviqiing theaeti ~nj - Il'a M'ediu~ forconv~:li~g S·tress·e s ,- auah ·a.s a lJ:ens,i on an,a t,'illO '!3'qual normal )<lres 3U;re.Bof the8'tres,s-ElliE8_0_1'~" known in the !neory of' an Elasti.c Solid fo.r m,Q:retha.n a ce:n.tury.

It waaa. clEl:-araase of s,Q.m,ethl:n.g for no t.hin,g', - a part ij·ftbe perV'9crs1on or though.t be:,gun by misled Rel.ativis·ts, 1916"that"Gra,vlt i,~ "[kot, ,g. .Fore,e_, btl t a prl~pel··ty '();f SP?;oe" {IDe Si tt~i[' .. Mo:nthll No~i fJe~~,

If' _ , _ ., _

the' etr'onge at 8t~~'1 wou.ld holo: t!l,e M:OO'D in her o<f'b1 t about, the Ea.rth or the Bar't. h in her oI'Qi t a,bout the Sun':. butfo,r Relati:tJ'i:sts

, . ~ .. ~~-~~~~

s:U:.c:·h ij,t,upendo,u·a T~lH3,1pns (1:0 not repr'e:~:ent F'crce 8,,- ,only a" 'itproperty o,fS:pa-C€l,tJ. (e,mpt.ine-ss )!!.

On.creb s.:[01l:' e J in, tb e.:[,i s;'t a ry Q f .Sci e',n..e:e,·" .abvs,urdi t'II':ea-el'li en U!;1ch: ~m:ollnt,ai:no\ld~li hel g;bt:sthat ~ a'lgnlf'l.c'.a.n.t protest was oa,11e'd f'.orth. •.

4.

Hear1y a ce~ntu.l"Y' be f'or·s the' time of' Cop ernfcus.. 1 mfe e:a , t.h e 'Ilo:pr o'f'-·

i ta.ble .epe,cula:tionSi o.f 5cho,latrtic:i,_slm hadao ~offeDdedthe e·OIDmllon SC;U:lIB:e··· ;~. o-f th.at Age: th.a.tthe celebl'a,t~d Oa.rd::1 .. nal Jl":i:'COla.,l1S de'Cus:a {')f Treves put. f(u;th ·th e wo·rk.:: De:' DQlil't~ 1.g;D:()r,El1iltl a. - !1 On Le:8irne d I gner ane e."' ~

:~iia-t.i.a·e.....Q:;' Vl!a.v\e-~e,eha~i G:S· J - lM3'c,aU!1I'e it i s without a;.nyMedl:.um Ln wh1ah ~.

, !

t;b,e.W.a;ves. rna1 op'8'rate! The Relativist·s _al.l Iteam t,Q be entirl!fl,. i.g.nprant of the iliJle ,ory 11) f a~ mla.st:Lc Soli.a, tb .. o'UgIl t'hi. a: Th'E!: ory 10 e 8~ 'back to E:u_ler anal the' BerD:Qlll111s, e..rrd La-oUr Jjl1t :i:t 'ill :tt'8 r!HHler'n :ro;r;'m~'

"

-<

, ;

".,dth p e:rfe crt. symmetry oLf N·o,t.atlcll.; in Le't ~ .. l!1a_d;e, la.~h'er!e Mat,bem.at- ).

}llI·e ,!!le' L"~ha'ilrti_e:t t.e 'des:Curl~9 Sft)litle:e~, p·a.ri·s'1J' 1.0;-.2.

It U!lHrtc be :a,dmi t,t,ed:~ hOl!('E!V'EH'" tha,t wi til l~a~\'ifell' s GO'ne,t~ntlj! o't I the AetJler :not .~et re.p·la.,ced. by dyn.amio:a1 .. 1y valid de:t.ermtnations.~ - ;! ta~:Ltl.'g: a£1l~ount of' tbe E1a.s,t:lcar ·;Bursting· :I:'ower of the· A:,e:th:e:r,- cal~ ;i

~111 1

'I

!

Yet s1".~ Lodge. 1'90~. had a.vot.a the whole lX'tb., C'hl!qJh .. of '~I

h-i.s WO·.rk: "'EtJJ:e.l"· ot' S;QaQj.".J! t-o t~h:e:, c.a,leulat;Lmll Q·f .~t_;;,h;.;;;'e .... : ..;:::..::=~~~.......::;.=--..;;.::.:;; If

}

P-1M!t!r;y :rD:roe~B" - a:s ·g1."V'·~.D ill; ,my Fi:rs:t, Paper on the New' T'hear::x: ~J"f' ttl'a Aether- already knorwn tOI me.. in@,eE!'dt 51.n.ee '1,881 :,,- t,ner-e n:!;tfl 'b,eaR g.r.ea.t D'e,&d: ·to i:ntr'(1:du.ce tht·fl.- e:l'll.o;rimou_sE,l~as_t:i!!li Pre-saur~ tniG 'Q\l,r "o'I'mul~ae ,fe'lL gi ,,(i.ng the y'l'a];~Lrv'a,lU!es' Oi'! the Phy sri. c.,al C Glost,ant.sof t:li!,e Jlet.h€J:' _.

Jlu,·t a. ,dlffi QuIt,Y aro's,!? J 'in that, Ma~weTl ~ ~9: name' iuPhysd:::.e,al Sct-liHlce long hasb·een '01' the highest au thor:i ty; .and t:Hetiml1:d.

-,..--

It of' h~li int2',emu1.ty..I· eCI]j[f~es,s", t,hre're,l'o;l'E;l'. that t,OI 8,tt,ai.n :v-s:l:ia:an,a; ,et.ernalv:alues, o,t the ;F,h.l$:tc,al IC,oIist.ant;s of ·ttre ,A~ll'"tn~!l" lOR!' seem.e~ ''b..a .m,e an ,a:lmost .Bup,erhuman .UtlElert,ak!n{!, ,""'_b~¥ond the .utmost flight of'

mortal. POW8a:-S"

,But aa Newto'n mad€: a.s;ood begi,n,n.ill,S i[l, 1721" and Hen;""fI.ct.iJB·.l cal"-' rie,i'l i.t f'Ul'th,er' in 1667.1. d.i, r.l ![1Q,t, g:I1"0 up, hO'Pe o!fr:sls:to:.rdllel; a ,E,lio're 'ad-equate ,Teml',le. 01"' !Seiene's'lI 'Ollt of' the, .ru.lD,s all.dunflnisheGl. oolUll.'trJis., left etandln.g on the ro'u:ndatlon·~1ala. b~y . .Maxwell,. but n,,6,gle'ct'ed: sin,e-8 h.113,premature.dea.~th in 1'67"9', -s;otha't these monuments: .ha;:QJ, b'sco.me:

ovel"gr;QWn with briars, 11.k'e t.h.e forgotten -Monument, ,or' AD:e:ll.imetles; at

8,:ra._Otls:e·, resto.l',e,d by C 1 Ci8'ro ('Ius e ~llisli'_" VI' C·h •. 2;:;,) ,f Wh$,Il, !Q:u.ae.st·oit.-

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51' r.~at.ur;ttlly 'would httsit,a.te,'to atte-mp"tto re'visehls wqrk .. Fo.rtunat'Ei'ly"

aft··ar corr:€'ct,:i,ng J,iaxvielll s Q:vEl:rsight S ,of TheO:~ill - I was, able t o E,e't, ,ar'o'und[ t h.;Ls: lli1 fJ;i ouI ty by eri t e1'1.& .ana, t.est.e,darguments whiel1 adm.l t

of r:,o~vas1.OIl, '.'

'ds. need' onlyt,o refleat the t, i,n any Ga.s eons Me4iWIJ the ·pu11lne; ?lhic~ 1Sposs1'ble is iIjl5igD,ificant for .13. feebl~ p·~essure. of only oaea,tm.Os.pheF'81:J - a.p,eT'f.EH}t 'vaeuumbetuog E'i'oduQed ill a e]Q.,:ind,e:r .f1tte,d !!i t·ll f'rJ.c;,!!onlesspi.stons by the .s,m.s,ll El'uct,iQD of 15 Ibs ~to t-be ::i.Quare . .in,en,.. ~~or'eov'eX' ,: we notice' t.b,at i.nhi e F'arailiu L~ctuI'es" 18'6,7' p,,2ll2, Sir Jo,hn, Herschel ha'o.. the ,supf5I'b ,Rhysi,cal i'Il,slgpttorema.rk that to ;att.ain thec.UX:liting tl'ower o'r th'e' Aether\'tehave to :m1iltiply hi-a ~,enseElastie CQn.etWlt" 1,146,. 000 ~ coo, omJ'Atmospher's'So,by 15

- 10$. t.o til!';! s.quare Lnch, ;,JUl. ·thus "li'!e see,t:r~e tr.ar.u:>.c611d_en.t. im!;port?mC~:

.]!O~ of') i'eialprol~'ress cap be made in, )ratura:l Phil£!OihiwithQlut sll:oh a: foundation,: and yet. he.tet·of'ol"e i't;-ba.s, b'ee!1 beyont!;, 'th:e,' l"'eae·h

I -

1i• I.n the' Hi,ljI,t,ari'o'al R,~tro.;sll2e:'Qt·.,· t:rru::ed inse~t1.onT below~ w,e· .give m.o<re~ Q,etails 0<1' the ci,l"cn:metance's, requirln.g a ,re.sulllp',tion of t.h.e New _Th,e 01'[ of, tb:~ Ae t.h.er I - in t.bi laS e c·o nd S, 81; 1. 'eS: olf pa.pEl!!!. - ~El't etiid..- 111 PU,I' s.1l,edduT'i ng the Ila~s1;, '12: y;e.ar e, ·UD.,leT; t:he gene.ra"ltl tl.·s: WAVE;,:"

-

T:IlEO,RY:, DISCOVERY OF ~IRE, .C_AU.S.E 9,fGR~AVIT4TI'ON t 'ato.,; ~ndshowD t,C) 'b.e.

_ - _ "1

a::j;i\l?ll.,rj~:le t.Q a:ll 'th.er.~rlQie~B of mrs'tu:r:'·e· ~

~ I ~,

."

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J~:r

.

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2,. 'Bere' 1 t, mU,st, ~l;'lifl·1ce t,'EI' com.1! dire:etly 't,.CI. p:cd.:nt.!! req_nil'i.:o,,g ,e,arly '; eluoid.atl,Q,nl, for the bouy (l,f tec:hntcal rea,li·etB~ - in. l"'EHlul t81 wblQh will

I,

~ReRu·l;e,ion:a.ri eee, fI"om an ll',!·~,re.as.ei...Jl'f~:i!e,-AIlD,ali:tu\i-e'·a~. ,o,.r' ·Ex-pan.s1.e'l1 (l,f "

,tbe~ Aei't;hth"" ._ so' 1;';b,at, t:!b;e, iliH:) !lU .. e"Bi· are »1R;shed. ~~eL~nd:er t -,as' 'a:bs!er~'e·'d in

8ti 11 ·seem to be ·.as utt'fu'l;r bew1.1d,e:I"e'i by th,e ~pe:rpletual mi.rac:Le 1 Q;f Gray! tat,io:na,s, in t'b.e 'days, of New-to'D; and. C ij,tee;, 11'1'5 ..

:5. I't, i;s,remar~abl,e :f;hta't fram th.eearli es,t ·a.i~e~s· ,'!1:!1l tawe, .ha"d. no'

~-

ii!.s·ti.:Q(lt .'imBge' G't the UlWe~nM~echttn.1$Dll \lnde~1;ytngJ.:t,'tra.a.-·t1on:· ana, ;!-!e ... ~ru;ls1 on. We .sol va thl:6 pl'·obls'm of thethol1s,andSI 'Grf· :/eja.r-e b'jr ·s~'iOiwi'llg ~,- Att·:r_2.o"t.1.o,n ,i:~ du·a~ 't"oa 's.~rink'a,g'e oftme .,et.~e,;I~, w'ae_n 't'h!9 I_!,t_BX':-

,

',enet~ati·n,g; 1'S,Y'EH3 .. Q.f OJ·Hi!~jB1:te. ~,arq!u'e Un,~OI ea,_ob Q'ctlleX',11 e·,ot;,h~t tll.q

WS"l,e ... Am.1I:1i tudes] dEH~:l7a·8,6\ejwh i n!', m~~'~'s to,,} .A,e:ih(lr' a.a: fU![It.cLRul1: wcb_11 e.

I - '. .-

r- -r

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4,;,;' If we S:~D~!:Hi in ilTum.1n.a.tin§: th'i9 greate,6c:ret IO'r Na.ture,

evan, c." an e:I.hau,s·t-i.v·'e.· (l1.6Ctl~si,on of m,18"ny p.he,.nol!,ena; of t.beUll!1leen:JJn.tTfllTs'e·,., t,b.e re.B'u.lt, w111 be- e;m1n.!~,ntly w'or"tb, while:t' - i.n it's'elf', afl(ifrom. t'll.e o!itf.1ri9u,:a: Lef3.sQn.~ .in N~ t~~r:alPh11os:okl,hl. that w·e, canno,t, I1!'Xll€ot t,o wi·n .~v!?irI,a .. stln.G· 'l.l"uth lill,l, tb9~t'll?aiYlng t'b..e .p.r·i.e.G! Qf long an,dpat1 e'nt

labor .0

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'7 II. 'nIE I~tt~ .S~G..mO:F TIB ~'II!E"R ,W:I'nII_:tI.:USTRATIC1ilS:QF ~HE

.~:",__IltHQATlbllfS OF' THE 'USES _9:'_ W_~OIREUr OF

•

_ __ __ _ J

The, .rnf :i:o::tt e ,~'ltI'!D~?r(jn ,at to he .Aethie r 1. a th.ef ix' st; '0 and. 1. tiona£'

a i'.irm .fO:UIl.a:at.i'Q:~ !o.r val,id.....tsss.oni. 0'0 fib's Fo,!':'ce:s oi'NartuI'e ii, Hence" we haY eto' $Gl,e um::u lat· e Ete;rlyerv id. enc e,:, fro m..se'.1ferr'el 1"'1 g 01." OIl:lS C l' i:t ~!'r i,tA'l

"

to' s'how ths. t the tT:lli ver:sHi~ lSI fi.lledwit fl. mvi:s<t.'b,le F,otlI'i.er fl&v,E;,9 t oif

Here t.o·r ere t:h!ilil' ew er:e ao v'alia: 0 on. st. e;·nt s: Q!f't he .A!iJ t'h e r " and..

-~~.-~," .

--- Ii

Tlleq;I'ie ".n .. atyt1il±1l~ de 191 C:ctalElu..:r~, 1822, ge,trt;£-.OIis .355.-41-15,) ftUd.:i.t· 'was

.s~~O .. 'ifn· ( :~ 41:5.) the t tl':~ la.rger the lllUl t'f,Jl,l~ P 'j. t:he sho:rt;e~ t be W!!!:~es,'1 as ind.Io sdsd in. our E:eo·o:na. Pla~t e:. Entin Fh}\s iC!al Se:i.en.cs;· D.atu.ral

. p)'ri 10"s sphEr:r.S ha ve beieIl qui te unaware of ·t~prQi.found: ·si"gn:.i fl ,c·~ n.cE!

O'r tp~s.e: Tm, Ol'~mS .~. from w1J::iQh,iIl 19'2~7'~. I o:etiV'ea eve:ry f·Cll'lriu.la 6f'~ _ Nevitt;pn m d. Lapl;e,c,eJ,6[J.la: t,hns:tbe 'Wole' .(Ilt O,e},€! s1tl81 l.'~eclJg_n:h.:::S'., I~ th:€ S,ta'bll1 nor: ~ Ll'~i 'Q; C;r_11E2:9:r s the t ne:ol'.'€"ms '(fl:'f:: are qu.ruL .im.p:o:r-

_~~.-ii':'I'F._ -,EII<IiiII! - ---

t \9.nC:El". * 'T"he g,e:Th eo 'P.efilS -a;ef'uFth sr' 'd.is' 'CU1:!:'s;e' CI. ill S'€ '0 t,l. fJ'n VI~' 7< l ';c:e- 1 ow ;~'e tt~ .fl.gure.s ou.@.t. 1;:'0, 'oe; 1ut~ro'OJ~,~,,i;::ea he:r e , s<w ee ~e; 11:; will

.:g.i ve tJJ.e re:S:der a. Sll..l.t a"bl~ 1.d$\a 'Qif' ··t.tlJe F'tou.rl;e rWaves .~,a ·o,r tile Tj'fElV(!?;-

-_- . ~ .~.

, ,

'*'F:f)otnen Tlre cela;];;':r;"8;t eCl.pi1.ysi'ei st ·P·.I.eteeu di.s:e ,overe d. that' 'Liquid ..._

C _ fl1Sirs rl€l_8rti.r:a;g in .' ;su.sp:~·:a~1_0~ ~~eCqmeun:s,t:~1!lI.l.e~ if' ·the· length of. the' c.y11nq,)t-r eFx,eEf .. e:frs' the diaErletsrI' by e lH£tleQ"ver;3,; and,site·r :8,n '~xhau'1l~~ tl v'itl=e Qrnfirm·'IJ. :1 ®.n ot t:l'le l? ia t es:tl e:-xpe;!'--lmi~n t; Ji 'T:;yl1l.Qall .fs,u'nd. th,~t tl€: propel" mul,t . .ipl.'E! 1$,3: •. 1416" the ~chim.e'dean ~ -.. Therefore th1e Fou;;1"'ie:r '-:;av:e·g.,. shO'!l.~n in (4.)1 a.bow, 'enter in,t .. e the ,1Jt:a:O.l1i1A'Y~ 'o,f; :1' of 11 .1.11.d

2l.1.,:i!lnlerS"t -. - ·'\11n.1cb. v o.s:tly .in:cre,ases· t.h'e si sn1 r lca.nc~ of ..x1 .. €',r-9 !h:e;'i('u?Em: Q :1"1602 Jc ·md ottr;.e ';I,'.~ve -Th oor y!' in e ver:;r da'Iil'&1.a Q;fTbysi. 0:81 ~l!rlfe;n:e;e'.

~ ,4_1. +-

Plate I:.

\

I ',

I ~ I

Gra,Ph:l.oal , Q.1"'lBO':!f; ,

111u,st rati, aD Q.,t the . F.o;g;:rier ~f{:s;ye -Tb,f#O:l"B:m. ,

- ~~ _- -'

z,~/~':fi~"!,IJi I' ne'g.l$ot,~d\ in~sl.ea~l

-~

tl: vezos,al 1I:1sei$.J!ltl1e ~h$ Q'il- o,f' S,;.:l,ll_Q _B0e:1,~s I the, ·~lIb:9iriolt'.1 I""

r;

·o,~ Ll'qUi d G l,o'bttI~J~'wt, tJ).,. n1t!rli,.alStU'fa.;o,e s; of' ~~""",""....."......",.,,,._... far', :li~ov.1ng W&v'sa'i :.anat"he6;ihs'l'C\i·C!,al Fj/gure:l@,a;.f"th.a

·Sta.l"S ami F!:enlets~ . .A~QV,e' e,n IIIllLstra,t1.!~n of V.;atar. {}om-·

,

i'.

.. -0.

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~ jam'" ,,~

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,.

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I

Y,Ci':t"'81 co~m111et e Ill'u:erti ra t:li. on 0 t t,heFaur,:L Ie,r '~a.ves ,f;,~

every dire:et 1 on, .. sIul1u-:s,v-el.:hl;g i,J:l:e'Ve:~y d ir-eeti, on,if-~J'j~I,

- ,-,'ftI

unde'1" b~l8,n(l!<t\ld ~lmm~l't;q Q'1" S:~r'e$ila abpu.:t a Vlb:re"t,:L:o,g 'O£:,-

l'~sQle 01" .Bodt. Inth:is l'lSive ... ,Theorelll,01'' ,1802'J a~ro!\lr-

, 1e.l" s:c.o.ws~, '(tileQ;r:i.e Anagt::lQJ!1s 11J;,e 18 OMleur',. seot i on ';15) 't'he 1,a.~g,erl" th, eilliUl,t~1,p'l:e,p ,th,e ,Sill.D,l"/fi;,eo:r' 'bB:ewavBs. SiS- '~BQWnl.\D t hi.; pla:ti'& 1!. InD:e,ihure t:h:-e l'o[ilcge,r.a"l,es" m:ov!:rli W1:i,E!'l:" iJe;~&1s,tl\[1'e"e. t-sl'l:i t '0 b~rea,k, \1,1" int,crsbLOI;ttell"

wa~ve_B'; a,n(;l Jtl.IW e t htew(ltWlll~iflaL 6Rmu,t, ('-:i W'a.v:e a,_ pa_~i~~;~n~

t'l:!;"a Unl''9!'B:c''S ~" _ - tff,i s e Olsrni c ~Gter • ban l'ileg er:c:lt s t,:e,dfo.r' m"11,S,,ocll,a, IQ:f' ,ag,el'6,'; $',S',j,1aL$,t,ll :r'eaarkell b,~ sf~ 'lIUli.,HersoJ;te.l.

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~,~p ~!:tt~!:!~~1 +~Q~:;'tJ.'el" ~a'll~ ,ij:£ tlle, O:prp'O~~~e.. S~F!~~~!~~S ~.i.{dl mu,st -;Cu)"lii, ill Et, .:EU,O'~~:Q,~ ,""t_!llre,l' "t'o;pJi,!v'e;mt: t~e dtf3!xupt ion

_ D.! tli·~ ,L[e!~U'~ .. , 1;n ;,si:t;:a;b.le' .moti S_I.'-.j;th.erij:(:fO~;O~1'the c~llt.ri,fh-:.

~al F'cil"o!€l'8"na. -Cent,r:,l,pe:tel, FOlll'eeare eKSfe1t'lybala·I.lc,ed ~

It i,s,shawniu t:h'.t,si"ap e~r t'~t" t~b1e Si.t.'l'~e:s:se IS I of't:tla aErbhe,r

- .~--.--

mar be ,sib lE;:aSlttl' .OOO,.rOf)iO t::iL.m·e.s, gf'€la:t'e.rthal;l~nell· a st ronge·st s:t eel e ,QuI d sUp,po.r:t:.

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!.let·e IV ~ .Pla·t e .. SllO'W·B a s,ect,i.oll of tb,'e .In.tint t·e Syst elm of Ell.1I'is,01 ds,., 8.Illd~ 0;1" th.e! 'cOl'l"eLs!po.it1.~l:t1i'" ·Gr'thogo.:Dal -, eurfa,e!.~. _,af tge. In.f'in,-

~te S,~j;lj,~~~_,:Qlf' ijy~~b:~ol.~:i~s., H'e.,ar ·tn,!!, Q,elltrd 0'1' t;m:ePlatf!

1$ ell.own th.e·· e(n:rt:r1,~"""'al '!t.eD.,~sJ:Q;lfa a,: -Ild l;'J,ul';u;nd.cal.l%1'_,·- Ib~u. ~l ft,6",EHii\ll"~

',I." '1.-'·,1 - - ..... :~" > r' "'. -

! '

,1,1t;!~~'1 i!f',~ Jj .. .,.~L ~ ... ,~, iII'Ii! ~"III!I &y.".",. ~ii"'U" :t'.::, ~ ~~ \r!~~n.~'~,.i~~'l"

Illuf;!jtr,ation a i~ ~~J~,e ~1 rf. ':t'l~:.(1la,re._,5.,j ~o:r ':~~:"if"~~":il'lC L1r:ht~,

~

e "~~ • ,,.' -ove~l!'ld,j,€£ SUrfa(he,s:, ·S.;;:: ~'7r' Cd': ,r "

f 0'1': :s c,on.:e oi" 9tcd:i.i! l®'o~1c~ol iinc19: td' 9l' th~' In,v,ex~', ,,~'Clu.~;r'El.$ ,~lfb.:r

.• ~.,. Ei"\.I1: A:' ." '1"0,'''""

~~\ .• ~v"",~,_, ,.ili.Jl" .'~ .:?' ~v J

1

otT '!2 g'S o:f'- the ;;:fJ.v i~ -~,Je~ of .. t;r6!'V'i tu}t:i.'Q':l, :iEl:in ..; '9 't,'""1E! ti.tle of' l~e 'r.t 01 h.~,

-··--"'_""!"'~'--:"'!III~'I"..., -- ~.-=_,,,,,,.~~,,,,,,,,,_._.

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.iI!IM"~.II!i •. -'" ~f!1l.ZIf.tll. rh'1~:.;H '1iI1 Mi. :~Ml~!{.J Wii-'q<F ~ .. ' ...... ~.,.l.I.;J~ ~~~I" f.

. ,~-' ~"

( ,r~'i"I, .. l.l.' ~n.,....I, ''II' • ..I:"Y'.,1-'-~~, rf~'" , ~j_~'

- , ,fjJr=--.J.~.,f<-..'11" :il., - r

. ~~i,t~l'b"ilio ~rlfii ~I •• ~"_i'l" ~ "'~ :L.III'I.L,.f"'~r' wii""~-VHp.:~!e:I_~~·, on; ~": tr.. ~_~l' am~· l!ti!':Ii~ I;_·~V~. ,~. ~~I!',t~ ... ~ iic. I;.~.~-N~IG' ;M !I!.:I:~1l1 "I~""l'!f' r.~ I'iIIii ~ • ..t1 iI. L~r· ~~;f ~taiti:.M •. i!i~'f.I' ~~"'f.I"I. it:1I;~ I,~",;p,," .. l'I .. r:. C.!I!t '""I'~i.I"!J;i~

, - - 'ji

~tir~~,:~h1j~ .~v If.'~ ~\"~$

•• r ~~Ij ~i,;jIT _ j .Ilifr.i!,;.r J;~I~ ~.~Jt:d!~··m.,;f,~~t~'UliiI·~Q!

!!Il~ t" ....... "I :I.~I.oI.i~I!;(._ C'1iI"i"~o:L!,IIIii[~Lf-" . .r-I:.m.,~ l"'I' ~'.',,".:tI:r ~ I~P. I~~ ~' __ ',"l""@..~I!":i'lI!,!_~~'i"ii',I.Ip;;ill.ar~ ~ .. ~.'llnC"'-h1I t- ... ,~~ t- ....... rMij~1r'5' ~'!,.iq~jpwili!.~~!1 !1F+ ..... r:n .... ~ ,!!!I.,

, - ,,'

-~r('.I~;j·.IJo .z;.~..,.. .... ".ci

Plats' 'VI.

crf the A,e:th:er iii' v~ ~ -;:: It' - j: ~

. -- ':s 11'-,.-

WE g'O ell tv:araJ,l f"J;'om the Stm~

I,'

The aboi1"e· ('J,{)1I1s1d.e,ratlons w:!.ll ,suf'ti.c,i.ently imliaa,te t.ne impo:t-, t !:i.l'l.c e of t l1e:I1l·,e,~.e;Qt :1 n qui l"y :Ln, t'Q·the ;fn,~'~ ca~lC 0 n:stant S< ,of the'Ae-

the'r: y~,t.i tl' emalns t·o a.d.'llf cirthwt:t;Th'l. tW"O ind'@it~l,;d,€nt ~lna 11erfectdl_ i "

s . .imnle d.-emo'ns,t·rat!,o;ns of tIle t;~~vc..;'I'j;~~~Or.10r [IF,avit;at:1,on I rtl'B,,~'n from, tvro Ana,l'ent Lan:~:r'k~r :i,n i~s~trjJ:pO'ml:

{ «l Tt~e ea.,rl.i est., b,.tl!·S',ed on .8,: d:s'1:felep:}":c)O!i' ·o£~. th€ Ge:'Oim,e!t,l"'!, cal

,anA Fj1l$:iiC!~~L _sj,&l);j_f:tC',ianc'e Q-!: K~plg'" !3:Thil'~; Law;L__,~b18 ,-~ v~h.i¢.h riei th ... , er Kepler, Iitewton, nor ·any""r t,ne il'suc·eessors wiere .a 'Ole t o:ma'lc€' out ,j

( ,,,. ) The let aI'" ,bas e.d. on the .G~io1n(€tl"l cal and DYl}Mi'c:-,al S:teni- f:tp-,a)lc.e iQ,f- t,~ h, .e,.· Gau,sa,ia,·,',lJ C,'':(l,Il.,·st!a.n't, k~i.,~~Q . ~a=:.l ~ (5) n whicb ~au'$.S. hi:m-

~-- ': - ' , " .~: ~:t+~.f ., ., . , - ,I . ,

s·elf us,e,a, €)ol"re.otly J w.ith:qut :Sl):s!pe~ti:n!i. t:hEtt -t:nl~~ .~Join~ttnlt.polll,t_$ ,.di~

r'ectlyto t;·.he :Wa:ve.~The.ort, ...

If thei pI"oo'f~ now a QtG-Ilcre'd ar~e. v{'l,l:1: d~ t,]!J,e! .a:d:v911't"~le!~ ,o~t s:xu)haoubl.810onf1rma tia:n of' thel WaTel~T-l1eOi1'1~ w:i-;tha 11 t h..e r.ilSiQl"' of Ge'omet·.ry and "Sigher Anal.ys,is, wll.lbe great, 'eno"-'l$jhlt"O ,~u8:tlt!;J ~ immediate Dot,:i.ce· !a~ou,~i la.te,s,t.I'es.:eap'c:lte:s In tn1,s, d:iftl~ul1l; sub~jec\" ~ me,,:!i:e 1m 1;9. :2. 7 .•

01 to, ~

11 •. ,-

r.",

0J

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- i

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b .i.Jut -WQa'11-Jr; j, rcrvle\L!ll.l. e. to mO rt &1 E:i ~t:t~j.m.Uflt '~.,; t-end:, r,.~i _~lflf!c\erni oJ: •

, ,r

by the,' ll(e!(:!,eEf;"r •. ti~n~ vi, ~'lH:lliJ, 1Q·f~ t'nel ~~G~e!ti;s;rl "~'4.tI·t:~:~, pair.a·etc.,,!!;!· .11'1 the

lilo'et. '~~a'c t 1,:11' e El~me til$,it'l$g m 1.\c·~ -.fln e~t~a.-n (;'~E3.'~ Sie: ma~ t·e::\' ~,

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Q l" [Il,S:t' eli :rli~or"o ~,e,1 y..:!" 0 rtl:12:~. e t ~,ry u~a ~ se $ me..nd.m '::

~. . "ct!.. . 3 ...3t

t lIT 'kt) .:tt~'} =::a_ :~ a: . ~. ..-. ~ C 7:;

Ho' ex;pl e:nati on. e:V0i1:'n'2ti9". 'tl:e'9lil .fo ~1"t'h'cQ,m1n:g as tCl! why lfe

.hi! t!'e .In thei .f,iret m.e~l:Yer o-.f thi a eq,tr~ti otlth,e .. ::ati 0 0 t :egua.}t.:e fll.wb.il,

~--._,~,,-

ltll the ~ec;.(ndm.·e~be,·r we haeV,S t.h.erat,l 0 l_feh,.1i ,c:u~e:s.-. 'The :&t.r!Oml~d. Ott

~I:_

tni. a .s. a', .. Ylfl.m et·.1!;y ~. np elf e;.re n 'B'ver wa. is" a "S,e, !-_,gD ed. b, Kel#l ei'l' f 'Wbe foll ,oW I~H,~ . Fy'tl:1a~o.l"i\ul inerxpil It InJ n~ -tll-e _HitrmQi'El,~Clf the, ll!'l1 verll!,ei 'Qyn"Al1;aS= :!tn R:J1,d t.h"J.s,' 1 t :&p,p18l1,;l!ed t'o mel <'''"Orr'l!;'~y e,f in", ee'tll'~tj ill'!. I t ,c~Qjnt,~:h~ B t 1,nde,e,d)j ,~n impe:t,ant :eH~~:C'~!iet G.r' N"arti'cur'!il! '·i'h1·cJil 'l1:~!aE!£n:!,~p,ei4 t~,el·ilg'enu.1ty ,or

. ,

( aQ It e;:p'l eirl eLa.J,' .~~a·Q·t 1.-50"9, '1"~~ e verY' (n!1",e'fJJll,~ de'" d.~ ecd! by b:iUm., M,4 ,h~~b ean l!'1 g[Qil",ously Ci'.Hl.'f1 med. - e'v'er e'i.n CieN'ewt'o~l

prrc'vled in toll e P~.l·n~c~lJ)!\~&.1 &a.1';) .. t ha:t it Pc 0 !.fjt,e:to a:p;q, oS! c'el :to l",¢!,e d\irElot.e.d. tOlthe scm!' is C e'nt'r'€l: .•

The ::l:o'll,oiv;i~g' f·1gj~:re. wlll ms.k-e ,clear' the? Law '!:ILf Are~a;ES;~ in, ;l':,e·s·pei,c·;t 'l:;Q, f;o~c,_ela;. f!rlOl t~,e:.B,~a,l'Y e,~it.8e:ll tl)\e ch,:!:,J!!'! fSJl

'EN AI r MENJI 'D"'Uktlna

MET • A9 A iNAT'~» rI I 9, re: 0 ~ 'II N • A ,l s E P I t4 A' n M

,MEMORJAE VlR,ORUM, IMM~OaTA'LIUM N't.WT'ON'! ET LAPLAC-EI

M·C"·M',·;vX',V··-' I' I'

, ._ ~ _,' ,J"\.. ,-: ' . -, _ . l , " ~

GRAVITATliS cAUSA, AET':HERlS, 'UllDA!'

KTHMA, 'TEE,:r ,AEI 9. t I. l,R8

rIa,banl:. A. Meme:rial Pla,tet dedi oated t Q tbe.MelBo'rl 0,:[ newton, ana

Lall'la ee , 1.9'2'. when I d,iacovel"ea, 'bow't: Q, deri:T·e 8~"r.,' ,P'ot, e:mtial BJj,a, ,Folr c.eFun. ct .:1 OIl fd~ C 61 El'S t i .1, ,Me c:ha:r.Ii., c afro., F,o'luol'Dl"" SfOrg:~,·~,el:ll. ·wave .. ~elor,e~ of' 'l.SO!: ~k., .:i; I

_OICI

,: I~.i ; ... 'i .:

......

I

"

: .

'1'

t.

"

. ,

r-

,j ·l

:1

-'~ I ~

1='

"

11

Plat:e VII:. FInal Diagr8,m:, 1927" .illustra~ing the opt'ration of'

t:h e ";iave ... T.lu'iOX' y ,of Gr' e:v i.tat lor ... at j?e:r1he l:1 on end·4phe 11 (In. 'The W~a"fe ... ,iblpli:tude Ai :;:-~ ~·f :~,s1n ee f , to'e :r·~tpe'n[i eri!,~ on tiM t~g~elQt, to the di·recti,on, of'tbe' FI.aue-t ~S' m.otion" (,'l('jlineide s· wl tb.. the ra,diu~ 'vector at the apSies of' the ell.ipse.. ..Andas the l,ioo'ar veiloe! ty

theproj>ec,te.d ere as: of' the Cone.s represent th.e ~epleri.en

at Peribel1.cm and, Apne.' Ilion ..

T.b.:e l::nt:enstty Of Gra1':ity, b..oQviever, 'varie.s a.s t:he s,quaxe of the

2.-: 1< ~

Ampll'1tude A= r"~ ,and thus as the Bases of trIO cOlnessnOll,n a,t P and

A ,res]B,¢;t,ive:ly,.. Accordingly this fIgure is· very u.serul for S:hOll'J"i:n.g Ke'pler f s I:aw of Ar3j!8,S,. N-ewt"o,nfs L:!aW of JJravlt,a'tl.GQ t an:d. the manae r or 'aper'at i!)"ill of' th.e, Aetb.e.r ~ijfav~,:s; ae: tb:e Ceil).§e pi Un! ~e~fls). Grav! tatJ2~, Ln the prod,.'Wi'l tbon or the, Ch i.e· f' Pluen,OmeJlBl of N~atul:'~ .. ,

N'O\V~· for 'Kepler's .t£.W'1 1618, w·e net! ce that if a 'bod.y mo,ve,s .iD .. ,s'e.ircul.er Qfl"blt er rsil.i us' r", a,nd vel oc 1 ty v, 1nt.i me t:

_,; to· ~,.. 'I!I. ,.2.-

ii ...;._. Z"}T~ .V .;..., "'ii!F?C3r'. = _,,·v' ::e . .. • _. . . . _ ." _ . . . _ . .. ,. • _ _ .;. ..' . ,, 8'>, 'I.

Y, . ~ t~ - ~. I

fi 'f~ar''''''

fm:'s planet ,ott ms,s ,8' a.

But thee-en t,l'ifug,al fQir-,ce.:-

~

f ~ b;nr =,'}.tL " . -r --r,a

---(9)

by th:e: Newtonian Law; and theF'ou:r.1, 'er':9ta:ve -T'o.,eolre·n-1, ~ 18-02 ,me·y· be int,m d"u;esl'd~.

,.;. ·90,

. .1; ~ . ~. r:

., =._§~.·~;-L .. = .*l-!-ftj__....~MhU!i$

't (11-"",,1: I" ~ U<fr~' 7.t.{I;; '§j

Ilene e r or "tMI pl:Ej:'oo't;s, ~onllg

---,(:1.1)

Q .. Z, .. D.

_ _( 12)1

_ _( 7)

18

N"OIW' 1 e,t, ~a, B,ee what, the In:.ean,i:l'),g' Sa ,@;:e~Dmjftri eal'l:f'~ '\11'9

n 0.1'.:··1 €Ie fJ,om 't,h,B: a.bcrve fls:~,~:e tha-t t meaS~J\re:s th:ec .,e;,et 1 'Or!! ·(I,t thecG;r:!i'V"~' .i:t a,tiCl,n,al. cc,:ne lebown" by theM. ',o,"t .A:resJa: th.·.;u~ 't·b'l! a::re diS} at'A1lhe!,-

__ - -:iiIii!li'~.~ L~~'iI!!"'~ _,,~ -.. '~I~' ,~. "' •• -- .;0

,Alld' the: al'e,a Q.fthei c~enle-tlEH!le, ,cd' radl.i us ds b·sl eomes,:;

~:'~~"~!W~!!!'~I~'i-!ii"i ._,~

. W' e .,gait:

". . i1S~.Jj'·~ rtJg)"'"~t( /+ 1'n}~ . 3~~ t,t;+'fff~ =~S~' -.,. (:l.r)

A!n'~. 1I,$lh;c\e it :l S ·sllswsooi·e 111 (lfrelCi"rr!i,t!-t, ~ ·ttl e q:Js't e, t'il:a ~l!l.'"

p;l' o.pl'l acta ~ia: :t:'t'So f 'title !eiUz!rf a el'as G~f. sipn $'l'!!~e'B 'tattle!,!;r, 'v"l J;lmt!d!l.,; "We, illr~,'B -t:bs,t

Ke'pl e'r te Tn.:1r'"di L:aw ,;L"SI geCimet rlo;a:ll;~' l~,1fSQ::tQiUqa·~, Q:.,jJ!'~ n.

th~ v'QVames, o.1',the., Co·nee:

~-~-...- ~ ....,...._' -¥"'._-ipiiiIi

,IT ~.··::CQt /.,; ,e:kl1s;};z..g"'.<2"· ~,tt"i:~(" l.L e· ~llS{~.J ~.,~. ~ "f/7'1 f I

. 'J" ',' ... " ¥ 3,qc .. cr··· . "1 '"

.. .. .~. .

c1V ·;·dY'~ t r."H"'NI1'.:'lt/~ _:~) .;::;' a 3: .. ·4 ~;~ - :lr:IJjQ~I:~ . .J)~

J .

Vi ) KEPLER'! STlil!RDL AW., 1.. 61 ~,~.; J~:~U.c].lD M:PiU_,'I Dl;l[AM:I. CAt PROC~f\£ES'I' !R.OH T~ rr~o;m{ OF TiTfln sl'H8SS-Ef:~LIPsOID.

r- y .,~ ... ~. tl.-.".n-t.-~· - J~;'5! .

."Uj':;:',--~. ....... ~c .. ' :I;

[~ ~ .. "'1'"" t.-.;,-.=.,- ~F

I ,

'1

'~ .. '_\

, ;;,., .• '

. '.

"1 :1

i' t '

- i

~,

,

~I'

I

. i

I:

whi cb tH)crre'spo·nds' to the me,·m sft,re:s.s of the' Wa:vt~-A.m!:Pl:i,tu de,

. A ~ .. _~ ~ _~ .. (' 20)

of, 1Ul,e~Aether,~ .'r:lUs: lilleJc'E!·s t'he!:K!eWib:in1a\n l'trJe:5:a~ VM~y lnV'erslel'~ :as' the,

L~ ." il.'" ..

,,,,,-'''''11 .. <(il'_"Ii"'.l.,' l ..•.

-70 '" '-,.. ; J

. . _ .. W ., ,"~.' •

ra -"'~ j, 7"4 ·=At .'

Likewi.$,e', .!ro·m ~'ne' Nfll,liftpn,-~€ll'eAs~pto,t1,c: L.f)JI ,cd~"' D-ensitf ,(A .. N.504.4"p,. 58,J'" --·th·e, Telna:iDns o'on.£or:m1~ to tm Similar ,As.ymptoit,ie L,a" 'Of the' b;alallced '(:me SI'l, )eten t ,r1 :,f'US."a;L F~o'r c.,a:

- _ ~

f ;. :~ r' ~ (. . -_ ... [ 22·)

Therefore, tbe pro,duc.t·s of the Ten-sio_IlS M,d num.erl.ca11y equal

PI' es sures, 61 ve for th,e! i,llCOll1lt re:s:s1 b.le· e~eJlient·s. 0 tvolunie dVil flY': '

wher:e.foJ:'e:

~ ;i

t·"'(··/ ......... r , ~". "C • ~Jc . ,3 ,...'

.. ' r-.'J. 10 fdi'.'b1: .' ="a. ;. ~ .'

n '!It" 'D"

,~ •.. ,I ...

--, ... tTl' alia" wi'th (17)

.1.9,8 d ,e"t; one 'B't 0 ,t be rc.1.go,:r:cn~ s: rON o,f'~'e111e r 's ,Tl!. i.rd 1&w·.,

Mfrl's:swr l'" ,iII. tha FreS1le!~He rs.Che.l-Jl:a.xwe 11. S't:t'I3'ss-Ell::Lp sold t t:be

a."ld: i'cr' a·D:oth:el"'Ii'Illa:nret: _

''l. J)i' ~a,

A' = +F.:.~ ,J!j '~ ~.K·' - " (.!' =:;, ~ .:H..' ~. .

,8''1.1'''1' 'e'1f'1" 870"7

.t:.A~;e = 4~q;.QI .... Q. ~';..tR. ~~C~ 'Q:;:Q:di'~ (iI'.' ' •.

---,(25)

--'(.2,6]

:1l;l, the' J;e~jlte:r., att net.o }J:tam:vt s ..

A!lr:d thus'w;a 1:Jav,e Bllo'ther' 'way otd..eI'1 vlng Kep.le~r I,B Th.:trd Law,

,./ fI',e,,s'ed., 0& the Ws:'wy-Tp!9 !ii, '_'Ii.t,be v'erlt'l ad mtresse,s lorb ,Aetll:e.r,

:. lo:DS .l"ec·ogn.:I. zed :in the!, Tlla o·n:: !c.·t' 1'::la,~'t1~ltl •

• I

i2'

1<.1 ~'

·Plate 'VIII:.

. ·'~·II ":/11~

'Gener alVle:w o"f' thei Wa..ve,s 01: Grav1 'ta"t ::to:D. , s tretehlng ""., #~

, . . ">i:~

t,n e . AG, tll!.er- bet:wee n t.he St Wi·s1.n:t o,~h 1.8 beau.t,if'u!. .co b-we·b~ st,.ruet:ll:;'e·or ",: ~

;s;n,erboI.a.s, wi th tbe W6v~e~eO:n:e'a tangliult to the:H:;aH!r'bo:l,as, t1tro:u~,0V:1 .:l·.~ •. , ":

Sp~ce,.,

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2,0

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fo,r t be ThlJr'd LawOii' Ke.l?l~r J' .1616, - d,eil"i vrmle .from t~e WS:T'i(:,St,resses. a.c;t'ing u,pon, an, ~'leme:ot Qt, ~ Aerther, t.he Stres,;9,""-Ell1pao~d-, wl1ic.b we .may vi ,ew' sa .. SDl,aJ.l sphere G.t C onst an t: 'Tolu:rne:

dY-~. :'irk, T.'ll1var~= .. ~ "wka,lJ;

J :1/:

,llV ~ ()~.

,.

,

i ~

Th1.s wonderful Network ,ot' q:olne~, tang.ent; t 0 t,h~ E'lPer~ holas, :re:pl'es:en.t~ rigpl:o,USly -t,;heL,awol .G-r@.:T:! ta,t1o:ll,~, end. also t.Oti: eo .. , in.c:i.d.'en.t Wave'_~h;~Qrl..lf tlle;re' l;l,e ,W:av~la, ,ot GrSlvtt,at1.oD."th;~Y8!I",e' c'or-, "

J r

r"eatly pla~tured lJJ~,3r'e:,. ,end by the ~brse:."etlt'1'maj' ,rerc,o.r!ri·ed. 'i'll Plate XI",

it is prove.d:t·.na.t, t.hes"e' Wa"l'e.s, IdQ :l!'elrs.ll,y en. 's:t 'and>. Qillierat'e thr'Ou,g..'l,Qut

Und.er the'perfect 'coi,n,e:ic1ence of t,]!JeGravitatle,nal Plo ...

- - '

te_nti als vd. tJ;i: the PhX$! cH~l S~t r'e,IJS'BS Of tbe Aetlle:r r e qUi vs.,len;t to t-ha t of t,]lEl ;Mut;llal,.E,::dI.BUst:lo,.n; 'Df t.he ]'l,Q,tc:'ntlal. EneirSi::JI ~,en t.be A'toms crf

ta,ll tos,ethe:r';

'",'i"'IlO· .... Cl. ;::=:: ,~,

th .• W9ve-Th~rQr'1 ,hollde ·by· a P'rcbBll·l11V ~,nQt <mIll' ·sr'eat,.e':;f."' t:Q1il 8,11. tell.: p,o:ltnt.3 ln, Spa;CU'J c,ompar ed to oae, but al SOl. by t,M t .of the Se':ttupleI'rl.ti!l·ea.1.tl I tltr'ee. Q,rde:t's hi. F~r l! t~, c:ou~'l:i.D-g en:ry :po1.n,t wi tho lever,.

c)I't;·h'er t,llrOUgbOI\l)t; s,ll Space ..

The. ,Br,gum.ent; t·he!',efore 'stancls f,Euttma.themat1.call,yena ,ibJ';~le'.s1I:I1Y~1 'mi'I.tiLU. ·pr'€WeO,val,:ld,i ty t;ruly ~~·,Jl.i,medft·d,.,; m.di.s forcT,ar'

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The re,,?1..11t h~l"e at. t:i:1v's,d 'by tb.esim"9,l e!.s;tpytnle.Ss.e:$ :i ~ vel":t r ema r ka01 e~, ax:: a: lNO'!,t. hy D't:' :th e wo st S,!2a 1.'0 tri r~.q e::;r&"!1itl.a: tio II by n:J.. t,_

"fq~' r-' JOC' U-' "11

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to un.de:rstan.d ,.' It shows t,ne sublime character of tl1.eT'·I"a:rre,eena~/3ntE.l :Physic,s, ut.l>de::rlyi.n'IE the W,9,1re"",Th_e:R!X, a.nd how erdr·'~nt.1Jr useful th,. s

Th'e~rJ!: may be in future d.i.5¢'01!'e'l"y.For levtn~::t L3:.\,\·of bapl·.e.r iind !~'~i:'?~' ton can. nm-v be derived from the, ~lif8,VTe-Theo.~, alone; and even.rel<.l tien;..

In :the T-heoria, '~Iiot:U$., IB09,P·,.2, GaQss glve'5 1:;01' the Constant of ,1ltt,ra;e.t,iun in the Solar ;S15,t~:

k-= ,.2: ?r _ .= t:fjiTm

t, = ;,6; • 256,~S, 5"

_ . s _ .:It

-Q,f' nl'as:s· liIl_".1 .1 't 1.s k ~ ,_ Thus' A< ~_1n:...p. i ,t!i.=l .' a. t t'h,e Ea::rt:h't's,;,

~ 1"~'-r~,"

. m~an di,s,tana,e·., Fo~l' lO-UT'i.9-1"rCla,:Y'f:',s ,a·t any ~laneta:ry- mean aJi;stM.ee ,0,

,ana. ~l1ldi.us·ve'ctor' r' J w'eha:v'e'.::

'fh.i:s l:~st. el:ll'l,·',es-si~~):ndefiJl~§I tb~ ,s:t.:t'ess· ,o,v;e-r the. sphere' surf',a. ca, app,J"opriate, ttl amy ,planert.· a"t an'Y m:ean.uts tan e,ee: Oi,

The obvious r-eason foOl' .ll~,lD.g ((;z:.'

t!l$,t the centr,1·tugal Force:. t,c, b,s D'VSi"'C;ODli,B bytba~ 'Cent,J:i'ipet·sl :!Oil"C'B of A.tt,feo,t:lOl'l .. reqtJ1,'~e:'e th~e eq;1are '0'1 th, :plane\,Br)r' velQ"Cli.ty:,

'oJIi '1l'&'

T'~' ~

'e. -'~.

t·O o'k .r ~_:t"ril. w! til. 'iav'GiS 'O'! }mlp;:L i t ~"e e1 ty,At. .' ca~r'1"',p.!3Pon.d.1rug

tand; the 1'0,1"0 fa! of' 1nt'enba:$'e »~

,I t, 1,13, 'WQ.l"'th:;r "0 t' r',emar): 'that., :hl the IVNfe ,@ll1:i qi~.e c'i e st'B,. when Lt4;" plac'e, has: oc eeBe~, C1'l t'o cit e" th'a: ;s:tr-.on,g.e:e,t, :1l~I·Sie;:i~l Bj j!,vi.,d.'e:p'!ea sf the .!I:!~\g'Dr~,liJe' 1"a1, 1::J\Ut;,~ of the Ife,w:t'Qnlap:r;9..~,., ,he, 1 s, .ac'EHj:it~m.ar to,~e3li1a~k ths:b tb~, EI, I~·aw b11., be~ ome a m.ean,.EliO'f" . .-,,* s,~!i)ve.n; aj!~ :r'e',el as, 'Q!b,lulI'n'sti,on

,1,t.self. It was l",t111 'flJ.1rt,h'el" e~emp'l.if"led in 18,(6" bY' th.e: d,ieco"e'ry 0·1' 1I ept lWl e. from the iB,imi'l ar 'theQ retl ,cal res',eBl'ebEH" '0.1' Adams and L,e:v,e:'~~, r$'e<l'~.

!,na.e:J).e'n~er::lt", prcH!.t' tb~t, the' Wav~l""'fllepr.y )1 {:il. jim.pl,;1;Ja1(i, ~,n 15'e:pl.e.r~ B 'fbi·I'd L~w CIt .Pl,a;net.a17 l;~ati on. 1618, ... ,fr.iH!;!";lt, ,'O'2i!',sa:r;'<S b'e,fq,~e! tlie Bllpe;arw;Hl8

Df N,e'wtoll' e: P:l'.i.n~!:p1,a"., Th":;:Sit .:final.ly,. with at l~eae-e tb'l'e~ p'roo:ra,po.1n:t .. ::tiii!; to the Vi,By.e~"'ThleQr:Y I ['rom .. t,he La;ncdma'~kB ,of Aer:t.'r,j'~n,ot~. h.an.ded. ,doll'm

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by K:opl sr en d Galles t i'rQrn: f'o'11Rec'l' 'e ernt 'u,r! e,e.. we n;!'ed ·llQ furth;,er ~1?:i ..

denee, a,f l"i,gol:" I,D t:hat; theory. Indeed, thfiUi!e La:n·Wnsrk,8 aSBUl"6 \:lI,;., Q t:be con t, :ln1.u;!Q t:X"$ ~ph, ,o't th,u 'i!la'ye~'l'beo 17 through t-he c en t uri e.!1 ,and thousands c,f' yeal'Bt 0 ,coime'.

IV.. INCESSANT GRAVIT AT I ORAL WAVE ... STHES5J:';$ IN THE: AP.:rHEn D·litBiCT1.;1Y PHO'flEII BY t!-A8T ACTIOlLlf.lN,I:MAt, COND;I'TI~O,N,S., fY=~i~ V~ll~jJ=

10B 'TOr POTENt I' J\t, Q'R NEWT'CIU.AJBr 1ST.ElSa ~ ·AL't{!') )7(ra . THE, .~O!n::AN" LAW.

-',

,m,t rae 1 s,!'! of G:r.a y j t at i,O';fl, :r~,~ 'b ~en fUJI g~ea t a. myet e ~ that :,fc 1" two; .c·er. tu.r'1eel it def'ied t,ile' l1tm.Qst 1"ng.enuity oil' natural pl1"lGe{):phe~e"<1 And ,a1 thc·u,gh the s,:'oc:rv& 1n:di-cat1 c'.ne- f.rotm. -Kie'pl &1" 1 e Th1,!"~_'L8~, 1 e~~ ,.,ana ot' Grnl:SB t ssa s,t ant ,t 1.BJJ9 .J;O ~z:)t :.\pc ontee"t,ably tOo t}:Ul, Th.etlry at W __ v~" ,Mo'V:Ln,g in the maB.t,t,C' Jae.allfiWl 0,1" the Aet:ne~'_;;. ,yet; 1f 'we ea'uld have a

ve,r'Y s1.mplel &:rttu~ent. ,for l"eest Act:Lal1.p lIll1de.,Z'r :M1n:i,malCQcnd:lt,~oD~i fCI " t,:Q,e Ne;wt!lnlan T'ell;si'on " , 01" Pot'snt.ial V, ,i,nt.t"o,du,r;t·ed 'by 'L:aplac.,e.,

. - _.' l1~l

-- th.e :reeul t wo·~.d be~ most lmpre[s.s1vEi. as v:! ej\,ble~ El'vld,enc,e of" the TI,e:n·s;1 'on ~,n the Jl.~·tiu;~>l" ee t ~l,]y (lool) eath:l@: il~,lief b;cH'.U!, eSI 111 pa;:hfll :"_ 8,_8

,

,eno,wn D1tb"e· re liIB:g_Q :tn.g Fl at, ,a' V:I~]:. of Se;pt .. 22 ,t l'9'~la. 1'blef Ae'th,e',:I,'!' T en $lG~.

,CI!u'mecti·,ng ·t'he bod! sa :Lllpa.1:!ta~ as b~~ st,~aj.ght .. l :t,ne T"entael eflt ;pull ...

ins lUte etretcn,adba:nda of Indls-Ru'bbe.r'~ thu.at ell th,E! v/liale eto'7' g" ·the chlJsfL.S:"· 01' Naturle,~

ThtJ 1,~IJ,o:-t8nc:e ot'tb'eJ rq:'sw' Cons.tut:B ot, the 'Aetli:el"',1! g,! '¥,1ns; UI, a lted:lum cepa~l Ii d,:!' l1Ql din,s tJ~:'e P1.anet,·s: :h1 '\t~e~r' o\l'btt~8~rc 18 now 'Ifb:

V1P'\.tfq; e.n·d. '.'e a,ee the Ina·de .. ;:r!Jl,acy 'o'f t·he lo:UI con,st,an.t·9" h~a;n,;;ted dQt"'m by ,~ell. If' th_'i!' :f'ee,ble A'c,the:r;r ,,-,1 th ,9: pre,esutt'e ot oneIAtrnoeph-e;'l'e.

18?5" 'wa-e, so 1.nwale'q'u.a,ts"ji iSI '0 crt, 'ti"'e, t;.alk' of' G~aivi'ty be1ne;:.·9 dp-ro.pe:rt·, O,.f'· spe.~c,e'l tt£e~leTY o~1::I!m:i,n.at1'oIlo,t' 'thee.lonfu,·'si,.c:ruJ. introduce·a bY-Nela-

~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~.. . I~.

t"lvlty. in an ABe ~',f' Dat;k:n,ela'B ,

I.fN~ewt,Ql1·i.e.n GlC"av.i t.~r'bi Q,n :t-8 eh,ovm: ,t,1l be a eG,ura·te to .)tbe 'jh.

( ~~' n r6 » -,'." .&- a1' ,

c:.', '-.1'7'. iF"; ... ' ... 'r-'-II!"' ...

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t,l:le~ em,all d!e'liat·iolll .be.yo:l1.Q t .. be "th., d,eC'iNl pl,BC' e, be,ln,g: s;t\ r-i:'b'ut,l:4 tiolli,beo r''bt 1" on. Or:f'lav!.-.E!J,e:r:q'. - ,tD ~ r,o,p-ag'et 1. QD, t 11 l' 01 USh th.'s :D;148:B e,;a 0 t 'tbe eel. ,ee.t:iJ:ll BodS es,t'ben _ ltt.QIlsiw'8J th,at a. stl"8'lla aOI It.lg:QrDulil_.y

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waveSl'ot.at1llS':r1;sllt"'lum,dei[('J a.a the'y' 1,ea,'Vetll,. Barth, WS't:h t'o:rqule,~, e,omb1.Jlli.r:I,g 14 t·h. the similar _v:els "'='1:.,. pro,o·&&-d,l~I' front the 5l.lll'1 but

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:tnt.erpe,neti,r.ati·q .&Te8~w1 tho th.et[Ol'q1lUB, '''i+'~: I[ undo. e:ae'a. otber, so' ,8: sto 08.\le. i,ntens.epull:1¥i b:r' t}l,e 'fj,8:Qiae'us'1 ,of' the.letl'1e~ t'o !~Dnaps' ••

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a.ga..1,n callas,s, In,:tensepulll11g, s,lnc"e' t'ne int,e[rpem,e.ii;rat111g wa:ves t,si:ul to Col'lap:se ,:

1'111.& will.b.e more tul.11 ,t.:~\'s.ated at' 'her:eafte'r" :1et: 'th~!a' mueh 1Ind'Sl"sctf;tDi!1ng' O,f' tile' onsle$~ Meoba~lem IO~· '~,Yit'at:1:GD shoU1!1, b',ilq.'1'Q'CSQ''II

·2.,~'€I[ Aarfi,he3!' :\l,s, a '!Ils'a1 mn. [c,1": Idinlte 5t,re\DI"~!t·.· -- amtual17 sh,OWD heires.:fter t'o 'b~. IC6'P$.b:le, of' 'sllllc'ta;1.lflrig 4:1'. OCUJ'.:QaQ times gre,ate,r

s't~rB [B·B:1!UJ: 'VaG .%"r8111' B iBit;r.Or;l£:eet [5t,tt,e'1 :Q'Ql;(ld. ·sra;.ppor:t.. !bi B I~terpe'DElt:I'Brt~l:q Wa78~llt"'JIJ.BJdSlD ,la, the ao:taal.,s;Q.urc,e:. o·t't,he, :.Elt~ie;nlw,s

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iQiqU"a1.. beliu;i'Q:.T~S, v;: V' j .ae·filM up,a, tl)..!O .i8tb,er BloQJt eif' v';l~ iIV' : "I

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.2.9 Vifu.eIltMaxwell fo·un.a tllle stl",Brss'satOf be'Po;vElI" 3000 t.:1mes gre·t:li.tsx'

tt~iI,n tha.t Wb',;l.C'lcl ·t·h..lest.r.~/ngee,t ::rt,e:'el e,ou,l-d ,suJJ.po;r:t") ," ,ne v,ras:n.tterl.y tJ:i3J'wi ,1!dle~·e~Ii:. '~Vci ttl! OUFreitd at EJ:r:titdna.t '1 0.0. of t.h.!! Fl'tl'S~l cal C 01Jl.@ct~,Ilt,~· ,a.f·

'. t b~: A..!~ e 1'." :no~~ever" t 11 l!3d;Uftt~uLJ._t y 1 se¢tt ]l.re ly ,overcome.:: an~ t: .. he

,,~',J~'t3.1e;!" S1\;.r~s$es :snovm to be adequate t,Q :c:c!uple the" !C:'E!:lleiEM~ia'~. E:.QdiF-s in J}.e:irs , ... ,~ binding ,Star, tiC) Starf biy In'Yts;fb~'§!; Wj1.'Il·e-~'iebs; of ,A;et.he'r,~ infinS[t:.ell m,O:l"Je! JbW'el"fi:tl than milli.ons of mlll .. ion.6i of Co·ahles' c,r the

,

,~ltr'o:n€!,.,e:s·t steel SQuId. s.upi!?ort .Tni~ s,o,1 ves the u,pe,rpetual mira ole'!!

o'f G~·~v:Ltat;.ion, wblQl:} p2\'Ovced ~O. 'rp~w,:t~dj:rr:ing to !?~f;lWj;A~~lL ~IJi,d ;ote~,J 1 ?lJ y·et i,ll. t,be ,iU'ti cle At.t.lr~ctiol'l, 18'75 .,Mla:CV;7ell .says' th!3!.ttl1.e ,p.I"o.gre.s s z:rrad~ si.n,c·€!' thetim.e ait lIemonhas been f1almost· :i,mp:el"c~ptihl~.~ "1'

that h-e·re :also .Attr~_;c,tio:n O'ClClj:!'S .fo.r Chl,rre.nts ~n t'}l~~ ~am€ dirs.'Ct,ion·, as"tn.€ In t.erpen.e.t.ra.t i~ ~';a.y.e'S fromth"e two· Vi'i:re>s.UID(.\o e-ae.·1) '0 ther ii

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Tn1. see.uses 'the 'li'lG:v·e-f.i e:Hlto'~·Ollal?se.~ b-etw€.€:!'J.:t·hev{:i.i'e's, and t. ~".::te

eX,P}91,:n,d ~'a. 'Olut s.1."Q:,etn.e· W'i.:r'fl'f!: i:l11:i ch is ,d, ~:loU:O .le· IS o:u.rQ€ .Q r ~.~~'!!: t olr

~jL ~

",~nren. c:u:rrent~'Gre .flQwing .1:n qp;p.o\Si t=a aJireoticmS •. th-e \'iaV€.B

b et\":e'STl' t h.e w.:i r,e is o.pe~J!'a:t; e t'oe:X:.pan i,:1 the Ae inex.)t here:b.y pu;s.hi rrr-t he wiI"efi '·li:]!ia,.l't i, -wi:'"il:e 'ont,s,l.a>e' the 'YfiJ;"ff'S.,tiHili,' v;;av,es UD:d~o~ach 0tfi.r€F, sO' t.hat :'llri th€!Ea'n~d.on betJi,'If€'e~, [lm,(j[ .snri.n·ka-y' e '0 u:t.s i d e, t.1"~e w~:h:e.s~ t'he)[~

peri'ect.ly conf,llus'tvSl~, and. adrJillts of' no evoasi.on t -- 'as' eT1l·~T e'I'l.!,G~al &,'tu&l\gln:t cool v€,:t;i'1"y t.rr ~.~t.:inii,fe·,~

4~ Thl1.5 if: X!l] :.\"t'r~~ t lqll'i of':E lec:tI'lf)}J;2r~~:n;i c'~tt"rc; et 10m and. ~~), sa 9 Rl1

b:r '!_fi1:.V'.es" WJ;CiN ~ke-te'hed to vi3'i'hiJi tll'~- wh.:L(';'h vfeh,3.Yei 11lJ.,:;t. r''l<t.e.,;1'

cle~Tl~r bv •.. ····· C'OD$lst,ent d.1a"!,rrulls;:'i, -~16 ·Butrnle'me.nt~tl t}vth:e €:·:"' .. '.;l"~::.l'.;t';;.J: ..

r:z:. - ,-.~ ..... - . - - .'....' .

•

i if! a. Int e;r f,K[!:f !-;;r of tfSs·Sec::Hid,

''''h.e']! ti he Un Ii ke Po lQ sare· plr.e s,en ten " t.he Ampli ~~!l! S" 15i~:t._ !l.!.e I:nt_·e.:rpenet,l'\_IlI_ Lt'lIla' Wa.'v.·. e·s s:l\riri,lt, 1fh\\UH

- II;) r_"r._k'. __

P-f" 'beins: t,be: ·a.:ttffll"ence, 1tl t'he wa.va-phe.sela~ ,azul a ana. a I tb-€l~Sella~.

at B' Ampl,1 tud.e a t 'b,slf'ore the:.,. &r,el g:c.mpQW1:ded.,

. ."..

.If!L . a. '3.-/- ~.4, a '" e 01 s:r?"'"':p:I+ a.',

tllt g;~nle'!'al, inil,~I'ea,e,e :in' ~plitt1le, '!lo,min,,+!; f'r'om the 'che.ng~, of s.1:g!_-.!!t

..... ""'j"""" _ :== ~ t ... ~ -.".. ..... , ... ~..t!""!!!!' •

_ t~he~ ~a~~,E!', t~~~., Q,.,E.D I~

S:1:J:H:S' A·ttl'ale~10ll pass;les intoRe;~lai~D withtbe cOls~lle Olf' 'tb.el Sl1S1e y ·li'stwee.D ·ta,e '8x~s;G-fthe Ma,gn,:tli, ~ ,~sy becorrti.Ilg n!'g,"" 4'ibi ",e' when'lj1' )o-~' rDlB%imu:m Re,':pu1SiOD:11 y;; .~~r - t we' .baV'e· tn •• 1\ol,Q Jfhe01"l of' Jme.,et:1,Q A:tt,raQt"lol1 B!.n~ Relp:ul,si.o~: •. ill one formula.:

Th1,s, argwnent i.e 80 eimp\le' t., __ i,t :1s t_~e· lllDa Old Ome,ga of' Q emons.trati.Qn.

ldi- :By V1rtue o,t the Co:rrela't1!OD an.ill t'J'o:t1icat,6!lat,iol1 with t.he other 1I,t,tra e'11v'Eli' ,~or'eee'o.f' :Uaturs,.-Sb.OVnl to deIlen,al O'D shri,l··l!ks.,ge Qf- th .. Q .Mel4\1u.c.

• • ~ "=-!' """""'I!

'tUlde'r 'Vls.ve-Illt.er.~n-et\l''at-1011;,-the Ccs.q.se of. Gra-vi_'ta:irion. th.erfjlfori8 ,1Si sc.lv:eu. :fo!r'evler,. N"o ,other cocD'elJ:iI$;i.QD is. p(~r;ss'ible wi'thO'Q.1;; eh:l:.n,yi.ngthe e,vi,s:Sl1c,e Qf' O\lI'li ,aensas,.. Fort.untl:t-el,Y-, ihe· I3Ixpla.nB,t,1on isbotb n'eces'S:SI..ry 8,ml su.ffleie.llt,and 've1'1fl.e,i!. both Hatn€lIInat:t,call,Y -ana Plly~ie a:tly 1!Ii

;.;y

I ::

c •

I i,

r= I -

'I ,-

-'-_-"'--~. ~-~.-' .~'-_=

.]i) •

o;,j_

·1 1

~ f I I

'31'

Yet 'ee shall e onf1rm tt. is dis cove:ry frmil ::rr.any Fo1.:nt:3 of vie 17,

ch1e f'lt ,in t,hEhope of renderin~ ·this sublime !:it portion of Human Kn'QI'd edgel mqr'e intellIgible to tho,se mo have, d lffic'ult.y in eva.luat 1n.g "the eb D,ve sex.tuple in t e.grsl s: ,'be tw,e en 1nfi.ni te 1.1m.1 t s, 'f or inf i: 1 t e w,ave ... f.i.e lds~, _ ... , wh,jlch will a.l so 11.1umina t'e s-omew]),ert the Do1l1bly:

Inf1 .. Diteln.t,egr·al for sll,tn e .;tnt,erpe·ne tr.~tt,.n! ~'ave'~f'ie·l'ds ·of the U

7 . ., Let it [Hi!: noted thstthe. elem;-nt of the Potential J -for a. part,i,

"by s1mpl:e integration, l'eaas t_OI all the' .Pot,ent1,eJ. ~m.d Foxce-Funo::tio: ot N·ewtpn.Le.gr eng e" Lapl 00,6 .i.

r =Y ~,fJZ~.tri~!_ .. J_f+;,,7'JFr _,

_ 0". 'iGi-X}t-ll-¥/:l.+ ( t! -if) 2. 7r... - .

. _ <l4

+ ., ... "1-

.rr: .~ 7 ----'._-_--t 4·6 ) A" .. "'.' _ -= ,r Ott" --".j..} +-'(jo:,'_. "I./' .. "}' ~+' (~._.::::r ..•... ) .... ,'~

I" r <I.~ Jl' "'"'.".7

'r ~-t"1'I. 6

_-{~"111:' r

Tb,e Integl"a.le .tor the Force.sere given. in, equation. (49) below" en,a tbe Dou.bly Inf'! n1_te lnt egral .forlBalm.ic ed, ElastIc. Stres:S:~11 ot: all t;h,e. ill't.erpene trat in:g wave-f'1.e 1ds , a-s: S !lawn 11;1 tlu!! acc,omp,Bllylng Plat e ttll!' 1928.

• ,~

t,

~·~1

, .• I

,~ .-i ,tJ1. ~'

e 'A,!

III

'il

I.

H

"'.:,;1, I"

•

8 n -1,.,

...

...

~ ..

~ ~. M

'ill'.

~ .4J

Q.)!

~'.

~,!

H

,0) I ,~

.,j..;l ,....."_.,,,

~: .8' 8

tU.. ii,

.~. r~

.:n- rl ~ H

'-·1 '0)101

'"' ~

...

w

0'

s::

Q,

.-P

~ or! ro,

'P!i

• o

Ill! 0 .f.iI' 0

~I a;I'

~~l

GJii

..q

G),I ~;I ¥

...

...

t

l

f

I

: t,

I

I

I I

- .....

.~ .~

I~

·'i!t

4!,

~ ~

+,

~ . ~

H z. I0I.l . oi:i' .,..

It

- ,~,

~.

!p.

~S

-w

'g ,;;:1

CiI ':I!i .. >:

I ~~~..t

S,.1r 'Is:aao NewtO'll I(Jrd. etli:ti?D.of t11e Op't,lok:;S~I' 1 ~',2.1":~'.,;.'2') " ,s,i1'" John Der,scbel ('Tl"0at,is,,fJ J)n .Li&tiJ 18il1~ aec,'t.1.on S61J ,f~11l~r' Lecitttres,la'6? ~ ];I iIi!~a 2')], and ~.i'.o_fesrsor Ji. Cl:l.e:I';te Ml::I:xwel,l (Jltrti el,e Ae't'b.a:r., .lS'7S),. ,a;re t.be ,cllief au.t\11~r.i.t,ie:5 of f,omer ttme.svm;(J :h.sve

e:o,n~ribrtJlt·e·d $om.:€.t,hi·mgt 0 t.he 'TheO~:l of th;e .A.ether.1 --''!:;I'erlor's .my .re.. ~ I ..

ee;nt r,e:s,e's::aJ:l.E:,s o:nt hi B ;8 ub j!9,ICf-t,:;. lrD: a1 uded . 11) ~,i.i.ht :liD:ertibre~t 1e~1 ~~emQ'1rsl,. putr11sfiedbytJu~: A~,.N' •. sines. 192['1,., (.Ao"N;.t.;IQ44; 50413 f ,0119', 5'(Ha'9'I,$13D~ ,1.4,1'.»;, S,olne!.'e,rnt1mme1"" B,and 2:11, :N'€trr,,~. 192;2, 1,dem,~, Eana

c22l,6". Feb .. - lQ26" .~.

~ -"'~ ,I· . ~ ..

Thes'll1teriolr ·geml.u.::;;, ~If .Ma~¥tell11n Ma.t.hem;ati~etal p1hys:1c·shas

p,eell '\~ld e l.yr 6'C'c)cgn1:z:.ed ,~vex' g tRee ne Wi!aS, As'S i·s'lian.'t t C!l1 Fa.;r;s,d:ary". O''V'e·:r: tWttl~ t Iti rift a of fl. aefJt 'lJl)!'f a. grtH bat b..i . s: 'bri 11 ::1. a.n'f. e ,~u,e'e'r 'Wiascmt: s'ii~o::rt "~.t: .A,S 'b.'o·'RI""'em ... ~t.~'t'(l'!o dets· iI-:'" 1.11' 18,",.elf'l'.. and .i.n.·.· . ~.\:·rt W. ""."IiI.!.l.<.l.d.·:··. ''''.' e.c. -'TI~,"O'~""'; ~'t· c.:llf·

""'. ""." i,)... .lit..... ",,", '!! .... , ....._, ;!;I,J;,!,., I J! ~ . ~- '''''.-- Y. '~.~::r:..;a; '~''''-I''.''''' ,;i.

x €,.r.'(\l,S '€int·,ed. tly a. 'c,'l'ok:ea ,eol$1JJDO,fMarb'le .~~~~~~~~=;;;.,.....oS'""'_t"",·Q~'m"",e .... ), ,t rrrJ'A«.i<' 6iEP ;&'j1" m<p{o'~' .l.,'~Oi~ a ilJ1(;"J~ ...... ~l!t~a:!: .,Nem. ,..IV i' 8,1. )f,

- I

Ind:~,t1;r .!lf~~el.l~ 3,re,~arell;lis,@n. the: E.JLe,cft p';!Lc:a 1 Mr€,d.l~ p,eg;a.n, :.a1- re'ali.dY!;lt tl:t;lea,~ys of Fal;te.,cla\Y.t of Who. as: beemae" thie: ee:l;e:1brart,ed. >

ma tb.ema tie,s lin~t e r:,r's"ter,'" - ;e sp.8'c.i a.l1-~ iill Ele,C'jii,ri el ',1 ,a .. n!;i. ~!a:;il!e't"i~llIh. ,~~¢I. ollly ~blor't.ly be:rQ.JB·hisd.eat~h, 1,8'l~I.JI .:flje wa~ . be:9,i~i»~t.ol ,a ttBOl!; tl::J,e Aet;he;E'mO:re~ g~ene<l':ally" from .the .il([lint. ~ir v1e~w Of· .t.ne ,K1D:~t'~1,c:

TheoX'.1l o:fs1Jl.e.h :a" Med.::I..rrut t :1.1} cll:r~ri6'S?POiD.eI:em.e e 1l!l:! un 'DX'1I!I S '!!i' To,l:v ar Preoa;ton

.~~~_,....___. ____;M$=" ' ...... c .... la ...... ·_zi_· r.n .... ie_ ... t ;rune and. SCllft€:M(cer ,I' lJ3'1~~ , e.t)~ .. ;..~, H •. 501,4,41,*,

':r f.QI' .ezP'.lai'llll1,tt.}le; ph'e,tloma,n:a of Gravl ti,ers" 1',815. In~.~eed.. hi.s c'Orre·Cl:'tl.Y'c.:~l'c;1ala.tedd.Qimpo;~rx.ent;B -{;I ft:b.·e St:l' B8'~:Eali !'~1!~ W(Elre' ·cnl:y'~ppll.e:d.

i:jrt'i"

J: ;; I

";/ "

,

. -, I.

I' ,I

I ! ~

. I

• I

'-I I

Th:ll .' elas't w,'O'rk (')fMQ\xwe.ll. W~,8 thus' 'only. ":flLf~l1.D.€'dJ yet hellad.

- ,-

wit-n:iBt-e·rcha.;ngeds:i,gn,si·J' yetthls: ave'rs:l"g·ht Q~D_::f'U;s€:d;~)'~h eI'B: ;' and, as Max,\'ie 11 :hi.[[I.'s€'l f d.id n'€It oIfJ':8-l"l·W' g_1f,a,s;pU:l:e, "J!aa.e:t1.s 3F-or,:ae_, Gl" Yn.I"l€!l's:al P·r:e·.$lsu,re,.!f Mle .Af! t'n.er ~ 1:revtas, ;sa"blFw';la.ie"'"Fe.~ttra t lrew:as: 1tUla'Olet'{,1

p:t cO e:e, ed .• a

T·hU$ no 1.;,\'11. th_s, tan,O:'i fig mtaX1i'lEd 11:s, Tci'1.t't,sft)~,nd·inJ5,em1nEtnC e: 8.,;S one ,eff' the gt:ieate.-stphysii o,i 8t:8 of Mcme.rn T'imesot w·e boa.veta l'€~gard muo:h c<f'

hi S" li!f'(;)·:rl. ·a.s p.tceli.X!I.i.na.r;y 'Q1).ly - I!fjlrc:v-l"s Q.i:re:tr,i 'as H<e!l+i "l"Gi1'l'rC'a~re~cal1edr 1.10:- 'wh"i.icl:7r~9.i'9" ereill' e"Cf! al·l:y ti"'U,91 a'f· n:i s 1f:l~fi n:l '~:h, €l.a t¢:S€ 'a.l!'c.h~. 9 eu 't~hi!.

A.coorcU.ngl.Y_l-du:r i.ng't.t~ e 2a~"t' 2;0 :;y:'ea.J:'BI h~'Vt! had to< r E!- exam.i.ne, e~;te~irl.fo.ull':iat_i()il:l l:ald 'b,~ hi Ill, "With eearTl,hlng: . :e:;c·'Jrl:ltln;y:.: ':an~d wEll_I! f3<~tendln.g:, th'i s~::r:O',be 1lCi: t:,n~e ~1l:tt·~.I;m9-,srlj IlElll!t~~~,J 'lJl",=l'92.g..t, '?iT:~~ n"otj. e. 111- llJ~j :B:ur:R!.ls:6dl to, 1'1J¥,d ,~~:gi:1"~'t'~'ig:l;l;t W:h·l'.9t~ e,nt,ir~ellin:val:Hl::aft.,~dh:ts, O'0ustcar,rl:ei G~f 'tte A;e!b.i·e:!': I' !,2;r :know:o, 'the.I,·u,··e.tl,a,~l,' andp];'a:et'i c'ail l"!eaSl(!),ft,B, ••

!JlI'~e)~e',f:'6:r-ei ,w'e'h~iVet_o build: Cltl;:rf;OttDdLiatl0,ns: f!"aJJ!lthe~ g;!,'o't:l:nl U:J-h, ana m~~s't 'rz::he ok~llt,he. :oa..l,cu,1a::t1-0·OLB lHfth tb.·e :'.'1'1'"12 t i ea._lly B:,ndL lP"r'aJ:~t;:1 c:alI,Y" - t·,o mat:e,e.~ul"fil:!'!:;'};_[at:nO" t:q.NHIl:~ 8f:3! 0'1;' at.€!,;p.: i.n th.e l'lQ'rcee:c..U.,te i6 i;n-

s,e e.uar'e , e'1. th er ma,tl1e~mat,i o-a11y :e.)' .~:hys,1cal11.'

ctf; A,~tFaot:1cIlJl.r01 liiJri¥lw.-l.r.tg:, t';fi,a't ill, t 'lHlnsli srts 1.11 tk,e' !J~))J.lll·l'iacot,.:l!.,OrJj or

. '~all<a:,1:Ht,~; ·0ftc1:ie ,~e ti\]tex. u:Q;a,:ei'lf ,t,be-! .Mu.·t:rJ..al I nt-e'I'll! e~e; t.J'{al"::LQ'll\ .!I7l(t W'a:.Y'S. B I

~. ~~ ._~- .. - -

36,

la"g:el,:¥' 0.11' e: ct,B,1i t, D,t-h,e 0' pp 0> s1, 1, I:Bsn S e I wi, tb opp OJ :13:1 t e t,Qrl'!'que ~Tb:1 B

1lrfn,ed..i.ete1.~ undoes ,tl;le wd,eting exp,an,ei'r~ G,f this 1~ed1unt, thu,gc aUeing 1 t t 01 'a:Qll,ap,es end e;'i;s::-t a d,i~'ec;tp~l Ion the conn eoted 'bO'd1~-B) like the Ea'rtb an a s ':In •

,

cs,\1,sel of' ,Be:pul :ai, Oll", in tn's' _iXll'1il".tS1Qtl ,of the 'o[edl um~. wd.er an In't'er ..

~,e:pet l'at,;1,I:i1' 0;1' WBYI!::~ "j t'i1.ai,m,:l'l,a:r t a r,;J,ue; liD that the l"{awu~;'tB s.ref

I

p:ushed, ee;un"Q,e,r" by tl1.1 & exp'an, 81 on. wi. t,l;!, m,eximum effelct ,sl(;mg- 'the line

c-o:nne ctln,gth,e bod!, ee :hl pa,:t,::t's. !]x p,a, n, Ed, o'n o.:t" O~e l!e,d,j" Ilmj how'sv.e,r, 1,81 'I: en-fined to' ~!alin,et1em and ~lee,t.ro,t!yn,8::m.i as.

'C QUP!. :lng' t'h.,e, bo,d' e,B~n pe.~l!I?o,., :a,,:El, ;un,de:,r'L,a:g,~a:nge 18, li~o:,rqeF'tml:l t!rJ;J:'L ~f the :hIe:wtc,ni,an Law, 1'7'7,2::

.". H1':m :"U~

~~3

+ ~'~~~' a,;..JI

. _". ~ ""

". ~"" .. , ~

~}A

ot.1r :t'scsl'Ult s r-M 'bsu;:k over' 'tw,e:nty yel?;.re,. ye:t t.h~ :fhu::l ",,1 :61'1:11 Ell p:::o"'QIO,f'Ai i-NFl a:,t.e.:f.Ii¥fhicih the ey,e S-;El,. si.1)" ..;:va sp~ in I~ :si n ~l ,e' 'vi ew ~ ,date e chi efl:Y-

fr'tm tlYe ,.y,e'a,," 1 '9~," ~ In s"orr.e {;:,2~_e g,the pl'e~e::.a,t~'oll of' 2. s1n.tll f!: Pl,at,s :I.;n,.'l 'v.'ed, ,e la:bor elf many.: days. ye;;t I ;f~lt, myself ,sn~:;r;:llY :r'~~pal_d. b:?

, .

,> ,

;1":'

1

, '

i'

;" .'" ... ., •• 'I

...... ,.,-._ .. (49)

P' I .,,, '" ~ ....

\

/

. ; .. '1.'

"'" Q , ••.• • _." • , -- = ••.• ~

... -\J!n

In thai p'resent

C'QnQ.eILs~(I sketch of t!"'~ese vast mYstel'"iB's c,t I'J'at'ifti;~:

to a ,void. 0 erfe:c;t: S .' i.n s ea ond.a,I'YJ}.oi.nt,s;. requ.iriuo.:'J'.

1\ ~

tur.e 1: dare not hope

supplementa.ry e,xposition; ye.t· if the 'bas.i,s of the proc eecu!",e is

made, se cur,~ I' Tl'l e shall have G J/,en.ad a wayn e e'G e a for ,the' pe:,rOOn911,t ,a.dvan oe of Light over' ;o'arkn~_s,~, .•

. .

sus-:&a:ln Skt:Upe.llG. ,ousstre'fhs,es in the line, dra.vm£rom the :i!:a:rt"ll to tl:U91

,f;i"Wl -- 8'qniv.alent to 'the t:en.sll.e .strength of all l,l-il:lc"h c:a.'ble. of ste:el on 'i::re."~'h squal"e f'o'ot of' a erOs'!iI seet,iQ·n.c,r ·ou.r ·globe. j!th(911 th.e ste'.e.lwi;Ll hold 30·-t ona . to' the square' i-nc·h. -- thus .Il.raotiaa.l.1Y 00'ITerin.g th,e' :Eartl1over siolio1 m,th 'C 0: lo.mn $, of' .s.teel ... li.k,e lar'ge trees,

1:n a fore.st erovlc:ed to contaot.. Other~vi:se cur ]p:la:net cannot 'be' held tOI it,s Kep~erian. Ellipse about the SUD. i~ t.he ~O'Cu.s" bu.t instantly

3S

Tln:£ B much has been knOM1.to< CH',I~et,ent :1nv'eet:Lg,ato,l'"fiI' e'VIB,l' ltinc,e l-I~,~belle, (l,C)7'3) and ,Newt,oll, '(leB!5',)eej'tab11elr~e,d. t)le .L,aWB of Our .. , v1:1. ine,e .. r l~Q·'tl(m , D,ver' 250 ye'ars, e.,go ~ and ~",!aB kn,Qwn t,o· th,s pr'esent writ el" i,n hi B; [Bt ud.eo't d.a,y e, eO,yeal'a e.go. lS86,.

(P') Tn ~ret'c rei th IE! Ae.th e~ m,lj,a;t, Jri·2 Vel enc'm,caJ, 9 atr"en·~·th. ,an,11 sue .... , t,~in enormous, et,l"e.seee -- ather\7l e,er t.hepl,ene't:azy pathec oul.:i no''t be

c ut"ved 2,S ttl·s,X are a'ct Ualll!: o'bp.el'ved, to bel ... un.get" the: oper,p,;,t.i on9! ,o.:t 'tJl'Jilv.et ea,l Gre, "ii'1 t ~ t j Qill ~ It w'ill 'l;H'!9hG-wn 1 e"t el"th,a;t .!iI'~wel1 ,: '!' Con .....

st ant s c f the Aethe r ,gi ve no such at 'ttlrl.gth, an 1. thu s e T'e 'wholl.y ,i, n ..

f1 ed Lawet of TIynafnic ~. that\':e .never find them c i t,ing the £It r,ess-ss e1 Gl1~ the ra:,a .. :l1 'V'lin:::tIOI"e1~ (l(f th,~planet,ai ret]:lti red to be suetaine:d by 'the. !":~ct.:t 11im~, ye,;t they cit e ve'ry t d n,1.ng: se:con d:e: ry ph,en.ol~,ena~ ,.... 1 ik.e ,the Defl e et ic:n 'Of the R,ay .01' T:.1gbt :plisa1ns near' the sun d\.n:.:Lng

Eol.1 );l"s.esl~, Ule Ex a,a eH; :,-;r'ot i on Of ; ~a:t'C'ury 't B Fe,r.1'hel i on ,. etc ~ - _, rli thou t the emallee't g"re:sp. hov/ever, (J·.f t,ha: s't'upendousTene1on ! 11, yo 1, vedL in th! a ];,>1. 2TJ[.·et a,c::J ,mo,ti o~r., ,_ - a .. EI, j f 't11 e t'l!io e;.e con da 1::/ p;herunr~e:n.a J u'st elite.a we'l'!"et,ha: ch.lef dif':fjG:ultie!e~o be GI'\I'e·rc'~Rlle. 'r'he-lr(JI'.fore the

ReI a t1 V1 at e eJl'e' utt e!rly ,:L:n cap,ecl e Q,'f d·e aling: .dym SJ:l:i '02117 ,,':1 th t'1e,

Aeth~1"'1,n t,n·€! a,nly a·Olm.! ~,_ai,ble, ''If,l!e.y I' a~ re:-;tdr'ed 'by the Ki.ne:t·i C: "!h-elD:l;Y~

• ' 1"'. - _ . _ J.

J\,ther ,e. ·2 e:.lP'.el:'{.iru~ WC)'l"l d Ga-e.w.i th part,,! cl e.B or A et'h,e 'l"on SI , 'havi'ng the me.~,l\l m,pl,! cOl !lIr'i' ~lo ci t,y -v ~ f y .~ I.Y7y;' .. _ ',. (52) :. where, V :: 3xJ.,o~l'O c. G~. $., • ,ar,a tila't, '11 := .9'1,23'9 .lons'. Q,l'" 294;.000 !nil ee pel'" eec and. (C,f.

A .J~ ~ 50 ",,4 ,t 1P ,.!;;"' ~ .~ $112'01 •.

"'M"I

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I 1~

39

'With,lilthe ye,a,,1"e 192?, ... ~Q I prepare:d. tour othel"Papere: Oll t,hi,g Imp"ortant;S1.tbJ,ecit., 'yetJlubl1ehe,d ncne of th,e.m:: but, n,QlW tv'elve ye,al"s 'llt:lVe ,pe.,et &di.nc e th·e app.eeranc,e of' 't:he 8th~Pepel~II' Feb •• ~l 926J (A~N .. Band .226)~, and fj,om.eextreIlJ,ely imlHlrt,e.:nt. res,ul, t,sna:ve:cElI'en sttel n.ed~ '1 arg,Q'l y i.n .1 9',2';1'~, an d 192,8.· An,d, s.i.n c,e they er'e ve~1 f i ,e'd by various, ec.ntr'ol. ee.n"d dt.~pl.,::L cat-e. 1,odepe.n.den.t and2.c cordan't J! :f.nveiBt1~a,· :t,i'Dnsll I hav,e d,e· ei·d ed, to reetmle publ i cati.Dt.) orf part of t;be· la.ter

I' "

ere.tio,rl.;S c:fthe: As,ther, - wi t,ho·J,twh.1cb1 t ·is hopel eee tOI expec t p e man en t pro~r e a'S j ~ l~ at ural Ph.i, 1 Q. 6'.6phy .'

The. eal·:l.1HH~ 0 f .E..a.t1o:r;:.~1 IJynanrlos began a'bo,ut, 20 year'a: -..eg:o. and the GminCJi1.H~ shadow con t1nue·s unt1:.er·the C1,.InI'1H!';,oia:n narkne,i"e. of

~:ela.t.iY1t.y, - $vs.gue ~Jl,d. chimEH'i"ca:l deice'ptlo,r~", .in wh-ich .n,at a. $,in'" 1'1 e wr,t t er he 9 'the d;i .at bl Clt,'ti',e Slfl (l f j dss'!' e· apP!"1J:pl:8. t e t,.o a Q lm.d Phys1 ...

; I

(53)

~n.d ttl'! e que:l e otnpo.nen t $treS!-s'€ e (rt~nne:l. pr'El sa u1!'ee) at 1'1 g;ht engl a'a. tbert'to:

(! _.

~~ ,fPr"1'

the Wa;Vie-~€ory j, f9;l' two .Zq~.a,l Ste:rs ~ 19q3,~, ~and ~/tlcl be more fully lU S.cuss ea. later ..

{t I 'By i:!:D, Sli.r' guIfie 1], t c :f! 19 :29. il:1.1 0:-11 ad. m;i ta· 0 f l'l (J e ".8.:$ i ,on " I first showed! 'that i.ri. 1875~#we'11 treat E!d 'hl'Le Aet,her a.s .if it were

aD 'or(lina,ry e[.lS,u.n:de:rt:il'e~ .rIorm;:;;.i ]rl."'8SSUre elI' e,la..st.1e torce of' onl[ one, A.t-rnOlspbe·I'e ,...- just· 'as,' he dia CCH~IG.;n, gtus,es 11]:e Oxygen, 1H tl"o~en I

~,al'og'€rn t ,e'te ~ in h.:i-sLe.:o:o'.l"e..tn:nry ExIi·el'im.~nt,s. on. 11i.sc:o·s:it:r: whe:reas: ·the pcress;ur'e of 6e-9 J ~'Bl., eO'Cl., 000 ~tf!l.o8":gh€t:res (.A..l'1·~ ,E.04·4.I.p'. of!) I shou~d. haves 'b.~H;:n int rod ne"ef:1 t.hrough.cnt the Ga.s FQX'.[8!ula.:e ~

Hewton -bav::l.ng ma~,e· thl:s 31ast.ic Consta.nt 490 ,OOOt OOQ.~ 000; (Opl~ek$.; 1721 ,p ~ 326 ),' ~d' 5:t1" J'ohn Her!s·c"l1..s1 1114-8,000,000,000,

( Fam.i 1i 8;.1' Lect lil'!zys:,. 186 7,p ,Ii' 2: aa ) 't :ttwi IJ he se 9,!1 'that_ myva:.lu e~:i s,

') EtppI'ol:-;;:-:i.rr::a:t.e1l th'e mef'.:n ,o,f thes,6! older vial ue S;i ye t \,:8.·S· d .e.:ri wed 'on

tb·eirig~l'o.'t.ts b$9i is of a .Mo:nl:;ltl~miaaOll:st l.tut i.o.n. 'of t:he ~et];:Jlll'J! -- a pl1j'.sic al t.jrpe ,of i~la.s unll':lOYi!ll i-nth.a t·im€:.Df' N'e:wtan ~) .. ~:aEerl" s.ehelt

b:ttt sub s e qUt;.D t ly ,dis cleve 1"9 a ant): exl' e'r'ime nil al.lyv' 9,X 1.tf ad 'b::tKtill r[ t:.,

:fGI' i~er'~ury VapoI", 1€U32,. ,andl.·a:ter verifi·etd exp.e.r.1ment.ally f'Crr .Ug·Oilll, Neo;n t G':f';rp't~ 0!l11 X,eno:n:., boy' L:Qrd RB;y.le i.,gban.d! ot.h.erexIH3~irn,e:nter'a, whe als-o oon.f'i rm:e a.t: he t,neo,l"t;!: iii: i ,cal. aec ora. vlld .. ·:t'h, the D\?'IJ!e.mi. Q 81 Th. eo'l":Y o:f" [:8.8,'8\5 fJO eariom.ll,y established. by tOll,S gl"eft.ot: ~,s,t e~ ~~ell f :in.h1s: cielebra.t el~ Fa.R,er .of .186 6~. fPhil ~ Tra·n:S! •• , 1~66, lAxweiIl',s Scien,ti1":i 0 P~PW~Sf, vol~ II~ p.3BJ~

(I i" m:.;r e x:t reMIleq· f'a.·.re-'r'e,aeJ}i..ug' re s;e,~u:"c;ne~· em tll e ,M e,cha n':l c s, 0 l' 1.lh e tTtl i _, v eJC;SJ!'. .Eve,na.f'tel'th.e. d:.isooV'sry ·0f the! Efrro,r In. i~xwel11·sC'O'lI'ls·tau::rta

Q.f th~ .li"eth.er (UP7S )1., '~~I i c:h I made i.!!l 1928:, I .pu t the· ~ub j.ect;asi:d t3,

! .

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I

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i

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At leng'th, in Jun'e, 1925;1' Ie,:a1n ra -9'xami-ne,d t,ne who.1.e

ll,roblem,f'rom t;he most exhaustive oS'tUG.y; qf the li~w-el1ian 'T;lCO!,,::',

1"n its f·otwrIa.tions" relative t? e cmmon GaS.EHI; ana as the cgrlolu ... sian. of 19'28 was fully vex,frisa a,no. ca.,rri.eC! .further Djir lleVi end. important proofs of the almo~,t inflni te Stl"en6thl,. E'lasti ci ty ,and, Rigidity of the~ AethJJl",t I d,eemit a.dvlsable rIqt t,o e.lb:n.iltb;ese,;pro:f'6t:.nd-

-- . '~~,

ly sign1fieantNew C,o:ns:ta.nt s of the Aether ,a.ny longer..( lie hip.:d~n avia.y

am.ong my Ul.3pub,l.:1.sn.ed. i.nv9st ig2tion,s.

For I have- been pJ:'esse-d by many 1nvestigatorsilo ma.lte

public t,h.€1 gl'oUllil.s of' .myres,ee.:rehes; yet Desi tatecl ,]artly from. the a.i.ff'i c ul:ty of' ,a'bbr'evia·t €l.a. axp 03i t iDn of's, 0 va_iS t eLld int er:rela,t e a_ -8

subject.,

ae L to G,aUSSJ c,ont·s.ine,d 'in a l,et·t.er ,Q·B..teel. Konigsbe,rgj ·28. 1{ay J 183,7 t -- exactly a" cen,t,ur;, ago,! - ... and thu.s beoameo'ClIlvinced tr.a.t I sh~o'1lld. not delay i.nde:f.in!.tecly annoturceme.nt· of' tl1.scovaries- need.6'd by oth,rs. foJ:'!' theli-ll:t,e~lli-ge,n t Idi:rec.tlon (If their .r.esearchers in mode.rn Physic a.1 -S-ai,enos ~

. I

n'ORC':' ''r:JI' D<ll!! ""'f1m:T-I'-Il 'DV 'D~'C ~~ mo' '"AT'!'''' f!!

al'.": ' ... ~ t~ ~I· ~,I.": VUI.a.:,JjJ1 J.LD' ~,.t. .~1~"~ ..L". 'Ii:", "~.~~~ _j

,

!rIO.DAY IN; THE: ~BEQiBY OF' TIm .1E!"'RiRi,'

,( ,CO( ) ·)b:'tract' 'of' eo :Ls-t-t E;'Il'", fro-m, Bess,e 1. t,o Saus 2 ida ted. ,I{OlJ.i,gJ!-

be~tt" 28 !.my. 1837'., (Brief- 'wBQ'hs'el zwischen. Ga.us.s Wld·!assel. teip-'

il

z.ig., 1S90, pp.~16-51'l).

rtlh.ave re·a.,Q with great inter.est what ,you h.a.ve made p:u'b- 11 e Ln t be' l.a :3,tvqluro'e ,of' Slchwna cher t B Jah~~u.ah t regtl;rd ing yo.ur :.i:l.ec t!'o~mag:nS'tic E::1;;Deri.men.t ;, it hasb,ee.n. ve ~ imp'Q'rte.n t ,t 0 me, .!'lo·t

..."

L\2"

only Q.ne.~,H"01,1nt of tb.i~ aure andf'irm pr,ogr.ess" whicn, f'cl'l l'DW 9; fr.9m

i,t., but a,lso on ac:,c:olunt o,r th.e- ccn"r,e,crt:ion o,·t a :f,a.lse' opinion.-

til b,el1eve'd,in advance, tbat th.e S,en:era11tl and simllltan,e1t.y at t.h 9 a.nang!' a ill tho, I'ar"tll,' s M:.ag,J1,.e'tii, am are' tho sa t,o W'hi eh '1 IOU h.a vie dite cted. attent:l0,n; noW' I see an ·e:xhau.st1 V€!' th.e·or.y of the' en.ti.re' phe·n.omena O!r g'a..gnetlsm, ·an.d i.ts ,o'onne~ot1.on wi thEle:ct,rlc:1tl wtllbe ma.de 011 t, by yotl .. Trf

"1 call only w"1. ah go 0 d for tUDe t 0' thl.~ .exhallJ!I,t1 va The Ol:y,- 1. f I can only see its im-portanCH! pls;ce'G in a clear light J - af't,er y"'ou

n.av·e:gi yen us ;Y,Qlur d:i.sco·veri.€$ :i11, th1.e, sub j !ll·ct,. H.IO''ih1,eV'E:l!1'' 11 ttl~ I am. just1,fi.ed. in bopi.ng; th.at my ,,,rish baa some we'ight .IdIQ no,t C.HH10eal f'roID yo,u tha,;t it i B direc·te.d wholly t.o the e.arli est ll'oBsl blepublle a t·1. on orf ~ bu,r' :r e.s e aro h e s ~. tt

I,

ary !Etogre S8 of ~n.o·wl ~dge by tbe timely pulili"ea.t:!>on Gf ,8Ui.tabl,e'~arts

.of' ;r(rar ,ent·i!l.." e 0:1 ac 01 l' e.;r ile' s'j ,yo-u 1.1 v i! ·for'e Cils'te>]'!'·i1:il ~.III {51 e le,'benf:tl! II

die Nachwel t)l ..

"Th1 a , bow,evG':t , is ,q1l.1.'te c·on.t,.ra..r:y t.OI !Il~vi. ew; I bold t:he opinion t.hat lib e c l.ai.m o,f the pre'.!;':!i,e.;n'Ji; fj,iQJ;'B sll:u~u14 'b~e th.e m~F·e:. 'r1e co 0 gn:i sed t tb.e m.o'r e I~ e:rta:1 n 1. t, 1 e th,e re.brl '1 a,1a~~r t 01, aO,!t}1&!1 i, n t Of Au:t,htH,':i't.y .. '"

"When th.e n.ewpl.aneta. ea.,Fled :fcrrtb. your ·Tbeor1.,a Mo,tU:B, you. dl d ncrt then w(lirk exo.l ueri v ely f,or .po et eri.t;,;Y "I o.f wili en ·tp,·s D,i; B!\l:i s1- t! onesl a.Iso gi ve the p:rO()l'., ~

-

an ~111d. h.8l've exp e.Cl t,ed. ae 0 c r d i, og to :flour own atan,da.I'd i, y'et it oann crt;

have, rem.ainedh.id.den from jl'ouhio'w' stE"enuous the e fto·r·t, haa b, lrn t·iJ

~r,~.

"':

: I

: I

"

_ 43

follow the: :path 'Y0'u .os-v,e la.1d, O!o;,m~. Wil!e re would the M8the·m.ti 'o·al

S~:i ens' s,a ll'Ow1;J.,e' ~ .llOt only l.n y,o]J,I:' dwel.littg t; b~tin 8.1.1 Europe. 1f ,&""' h,aG! ;pu~t forth all l;'batyou 'CoaleI.' put, f'ol."'th. It 1,8 D,ot ne, sa ~],s.a.ryt 0;

, "

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Bu.ton t,he on shana I' i,f we ·pu:bli sh the i,ne onte:Bta'bl.e eonG lu.s;t. on that " :for qUic.k-,ac:tiJJeforees:

II

it will sCtS"rde:lj' 'be .i.n.t'elligi.o.le w;L.tll.(iut ~t l·east'?Ln. outlin.e.. of t.lie exteLn;=·ivefo:,ulld.a.,ti . .ona Olrl VIl~J~C.'b it re::s1U:h ~te mustthe.refor.e,. ~xarrd.ne,

For MaxwellJ',s: _life 'was Gu.ts~.OIJ:"t by' 1'.'2;·6'm.atUJ."€I Icreath a·t

~, .

48 ,Vlil e;n b..i. :s, ,A'~rt~1}e ,r \t!bx<k;he,d J'.309.X ,cel, ,b 'E:gullf ....... :y'et"" had m!il::Q e'ap,:to_mis.,..

.ing s,tart, .inae"€ia·, in e·a:nn€n;~itiQn lNith.DJ:o.S~ if,ol:vsr J?r'sfs:tOl1 (.Fh·i1. !.

Mai,aa.zin,e, Ju...Diaand 15;,ept .• , 187'7~, :c.f .•. .A .N~ffi044., .Il,.oB )1. ThU·!3 af.iie·r

the" l,8.p,8 e '0' f many y e':e.rrs·I ws:,s an an !,e ·d. t.·{) r e sum9 th.i s p!:r'~m,1:sin:s. 'be:ginn.1ng'J" e...!:ii:i t 6. ,ttal"I'y" 'the r eSlllts muO'b.. fil.,rther· in trb~l"e:w ~eQ.;r!l ofe: the A~tl:rfe'r. '1ge_O~21»).

On ther o,the'Z'ns:l1,Q I.. tihe ·mi .. sle,~"a:ing '&II:d ·'Utterly wor,t;llle,ss ,TPeqry of .Rola,'b.;tv1 t-¥" h1E!;s- in,tl'O!d'llJ~,'e}d vex'S wi.de'-B.p~a&j ,e~rFlrerr' and, g:9'Il.eral e·gll:.f'U:si on or 'bh.:o.ngn t " y11 t llaQlut: a single, c'lear1d~a,.rFCi.ri:.:n ll'l'OIl'osing to del mwa,ywi ... tll, t~0 A9tbe;!Yl:'~I' ·aSi 'E:tn3teln v8..inly ·e,ttef:m.p,t,a-J~

.",

toQ:,o, in 1919., t,h.a .ReIst ivi.s't.s· 'Wo,u.ld. ha.ve s.e:t otu" Selene e, of ~De.:Gl-

4Q.

fo t, all th,ePh;y:si ca,l S,ol en ee, ~ IPtel' oed.,i"ng Buy g;he:na, (167",') :antl, R'ewt r~rn.

f, i 6a6) •

:rejlsct,ion b;:rMlcbeleo.n a,nCll '$1.1 (l!ctlle r ex,pe'rl,enced.p.bY'Eii eist,9 ,,;wh,a

1" eallz,e that th,e r e mu.,s,t, be a MEHt:iumi b,e't,w,e,e,n' .'t"la eE:Q:r thaaa. Sun eapabl,~ (l,f' sus,l,al,n1ng the' Teosi Cl'Jl; a~nd, underlying t"he st.u,peodous planetary F,or,o e:8 c. arre o/t~lyan-a.ly s,~:d in tb.e! F't,l's'tP,a"p,er (A .N. 5044" p ~ 51 ) •

'We must bave th'e' full Tenstil,e g,trength Otf,':

I ~5 ,.0,00 l 000 ~oon, !:.OQ~O col.umns o,r' ,S,teel.1, at' t~~!!il'e

ll.tr,engt,n SJ)~~:o'ns_ tQ the, $:qna:r'e i'P,ob.l;""~~h.e,ne'ao,~ c:olurnD., is a, 8'q'lla.r~ i'oat in oro·'aB-,se~tion.., - fo!" h..ald,l.n~.g' t,n,'e' MOD!,n, .in i'~s orq:ft;, ,~+. ~,(5'5'

I,I. Ail 11 .. 1nol!_£8;,ble. O'f t,he same. tl]"e- 'olf tete:!!l, IOn. e,aca

,

I

$ g ualC'e: fo~1O t Qt, 8" cr'o'ss:-s,e 0 t.i:,an G f'the' Ea.Tth~.:.. 'far. '111:),1 ijn,g .. our p,iane t

i:a ita: Kelllerian Ell1p;s:e -aa:Qut.- t,ne Suni-I), tfl;er:(te~us' .. , +-." •.•• ,.' (561

AlI e:ady in i 8:;86 thea e pla'fie tary for e e-a "lIl~~r e: know!l, t,Q ma (A..,N .. 5044" p',1) J' a,no. t.hu.s I ,n,ev.er was d.,e c',e;lve_d b,y th:,e ev'as.1, tn:HJ of Rela:t1 v1'ty ~

T'Q 'ta.lk, atl'O:ut Gl',a"li ty bein.g a d'Prope.rt"y a,rSl1.aqe" ,(' emp1;:i~ .1leS'B~: 1; - a'i3! certa.1n i:ll~o;mp'ete1l,t ll:'fH.,a;t,:l:vi'B.tB 'f _, llke De' 3.1 tte'r

(M em t,hcl.j!" No ti e 8;.8 J! 00 t , 1 9'..16" ,. 70i:2.l f Edd,ingt,o'.D, ~na Q;th,E!:i:s J _, b.8-v'e

'donI! ,:ts lonl.l' to sho'wnoW' 'gre~t, was ~the 1,e!'ndency to', r,eturn, t.o; 'tbe l'~glle .aad Gi~i.Jller:i: cal ,reas:cm1ng af the: Da,r'k. A,g:8S ..

1

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wer·ei.hQllly illca.pa.bl e 'Q t' filu;;t:8:.:l.ning· ·t;,he~ st,up, e.ndQ~B e-.t ~e:.8 eEl s·Ult:1.derly.i'n.!i ·the~ C'Ul"vi11ne~a:r y"('.I!t·io·ns 01' t~e Planet S.; ancJthu'e',"; e'v·en if' the!

Rt!'l,etiv'l at Sf he.d. eno.t...tgn g~-a;ep of ]lY'nara'i ce t,C!· c on t eJIlp-l at· e tne"o~k.in~ o t' Isutdl C e:l1.t ra,l :J.~ r··ce,e, I' 200. year's alf; e,rHl.Wg~!m. s .. an 51.. N,:~~ on hB~ e' e-

tabll, ~he'd. the. v2'1.1 dT·}1.eo EY OfBU~h C,u.l'vl~l :hlearKbt:l on .... tne t-eeb-

1 @'nels of' Jlaxwell 'I' e (}an at a:·n t. is rn! €lilt pa':ct'ly ex cUeethe't, l; Shctrt com:!t'u~:e .•

]3/Jt j t, Vloul d n.o,t eJ[€ uset,he·ir fe.11 ure tos,eorch fQ~' an s'de!q;uat eptn;yd ·cal loeusiSfcr .i.r:le,e:'B·~a:nt:lye·,~rv·ine: the p~.t·be; o,.f the. planet .. su;nder en'onnoue fore e B a.irec~t:edto 'Ul.e ·eun.'1 B centre.

q;ue at:1. anI. ar t::l:lld. many oth'e'r B 'il e ai.de s, Yet 1. f' tb.esll- pot'le,l''tU1 Medium 0 f 't.{h~ .. A;et1he.Ll" is!: niece s;s'a.l7'

fQ r ,ho:l d1.ns;the Fl an et e: j,n t.heJ. 1"' '0 rbi t '~~I by the'! e:nsi!Hl A.. ,alo;ng' 'tIl,a ra.dJ. u e . vect 0 i"" an . .at th-e' nur.I'1B r1 ea.lly e qual e cUlll)llne.n t stl"e eia e 51 I B a~ d C:,c whi eib ar.e:p1r'eeBur·ee .n,Q·rmaltQ the l'adl't19 veat,or', - tl"U!Ul the: ;l\e:-

,~'

:st r.eilS .Ell,ipeo.id~ and ther·efol'·e i. II essm.t:1e;11y :1ncompr·ss:sibl.$:"

Tni'lJ ·0 on d,:l:t'l on i @tolt-Illed by .t.'he well ,k'o c·vnequatlqn :

Th.e extreme: d1.:f"fio ~~ty of obtal.n,in,g, ·the '·sm.all,eat c o:m.pr'eefiJ::i CcrJj- of th e !!the~ 91& ~ shown. eX1iNarlmeni ally by PTCi.I.aea,a r lU .. pb.e:r' ii: exp e!rlmen te, e. t. se .·Lo~:£ PI 1901-0,4 -10, .11il dlDyn,em.:lt Eli at Qn:el wa.,s

found to aC: t quick. enQugh.a;,nd 'V"i olent enough to' g.en erat 'c a Wave in thl III .)ted!·W!!l ~ "hie sho'we the. t i tor·,e 61 steeu d.den chan.ge, Ei!i alma, etw1 t·b,:

illrin.i.t·elY~ great power.

The e,xpel'imenta, ofP'rof,e,ssQ,r 'l'yntl,*,ll, Ion tna {g,'€::Qel'f<at.ion lot Wav'e,s, of Sound In dlf"f:el'en.t Gas,ea, atth,e !Royal Instltu:tion, Lrlnd~m~

som;~ 60 'YearS ago, .le·a. t Q tbe 'following :n'otab,le g,enera'l1.z'ation:

Tha.:t , f:or' ~'8, lla;.htslIis I lUte HZ~;lrog.~n, w'1 th. g.uiek-mo,vlng

lI~o l'sc:ul.es, J t,h,Blsnock f'or .ired-no ing, a. WaT€! ". has to be' both ~ueh qulck~r an'a m;u,cb stronger, th;an Tor' a.sluggish gBa' Ij.ke O~ygen·ot'ONbon Di o:xi de' " .

'Tbe appl,i.catlo11 of this :res:u.Itto the, Aet.her' follows 1m ... medi·ate:1YIj Fo!"' therAe,t,he:r'p;ro'pagat,e& 'Waves ,err L1:gbt :;n 78,39' t:ime:s. f'asiter than theoreti .. c8.1 Mona:t,omie Hyd,ra,gan Qoes ~~V'ave9 'of Soun~.... \';131 note ,a'Iso th.at to:€: observe:dm,olec'ular velocity of 'Hydrogen i~1694m per secnnd , while that ,Of' the: J:ethel"OD is 4·71,,, 2;'~", OOQ,m, whic.b!. is 278 t' rsi times larger'., .and l,s. more tully a:naly·sed in. our Summar, s;n~ Co~elusions 01) r cif .. 'II e\1,uat 1 em. $ (25')· ... ( 25·511.,

No wo:ntler.Dynami te is l1e'~ed tOI geqlel',ate :a W~ve i.n the Aet'h;,erl, 'l{e immeid:i.ately see: whyl The mol.,e·Qul,es· nove 'o~t 'Rr :tbe _wa.x: .of' all exes/V v'exy quia;];:. 11l1splecemen.ts] ·find v:l!.,ol.€n<tdis~lateement,s, require t,h.s: sUd.den exertion '9'f ve!:Z.p"ovier:ful, .:PQrc::es ·for gen.er'at,lng a l'faT'6

~ .& ~:II- :_.~~!!i.;

Notwi ths:tan,cH.ng; t 'heL unas,ltaila.c lie, e bax·s'.e:t e,r of' th,1a p'robf, I h~ve felt obliged to develop yet, two :more in(h~'pend~nt and over'wbe].mi.ll.g proQ,fs ()f' 'this, S,D,e '1"'113s)'ul't I i.n t,ne:Re;f'r',a,c;tio'B of Ll.gbt.,: one

.• . ~~. __ _I

by Bir John Rers'chal, 1827" -- u'sl.ng tbametho,ds, of' Newton, tOl'" sho~' r -'

,

in.g t.bei illfinl tely g.reat fo:rce's at, wor:k:; the o'ther my ,own adapta ...

t.icm. of the Refra·c:t·ion "fes,t to ·th.e \!Eave:-Th.e 'OJ: h, 'by t:tl.e Maxwe'l:U.an S,tr,ey~s, Ecl.l'i;pspld ,.,.

AS the tWd independent results are in,c lose a ceara. ;,an.d

furthe,more a gree~ w fth .. N1pl'J.er r·s us e 6f DjT'Jlami t 9: f o-r pr-oduct ng. a

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There.tor·e the Ae.ther 1 sthesupe!r.fin.e 'War} d Gaa PQ$t~l.at, ... e.d 1 n t,he l;H~w tb:eo ry olf th.e Ae th ;%', wi, t~ Aethe'ro,DB abo \it 1. 000 j 000,

'000 time's emell,e''l'' than. the :E1 eetl"OD, wi.th ~i~:IUU ty 277 billion time g,r£u!t e·::o thanthst:. ,of steel.. Q,,,E. D.

J!;rnam:1,cal Th~ozy I ·now at 1 en.gth ~.st,a.:b.l,i shed" it ,1 e neoeieslu:y to pro, cef!",d step by ,B.t.e'pi e;11-d,. thus w,e fi l"£IIt ci,t'e Four1 el',1 B cel e'bl'at,ed W'e1I'-e:-Theorem of 1802,::

+t:fIJ'

;1~~1:~ ~/. - - (,$lU

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which, in the year 19'2'1. I de::! ved eve,ry g,rav'l·tati onal fo, maul a 01' Ne,wton end L,a.pl~oe.

)

Al'UJ1lt i ,:!'u,e c"de, 1,8 en,al eur~, 'se ct:l.. c.n s ~5·6, .. 4;10'} :5. t da .. t e,s 1"1'01:1, h1:8 e'S.r .. , 1" ~~ert l"e sear-e,ha E! i .M,d ,QP'P!!u,oe'n,tly tCHok Elhap'e: {'rO.m hf 1l;I: an.alyt:t.c,i!l researCh,ss on, 'the bankS! of the 1{11 e~ durin.g, BQn.a.p:a'rt e" $ ~ped..:1ticm' t,o EgyPt;. For 1n Ara..go ' 9 E10~ge d.e pcuri~r" .1 t :iel etated that !'l'Fcur-

~...."",;.;;'---~__.;;",-___;".....;...., _....,

10r d.evet,ed him~ el f t (I a e s~ ~1;,lOUB 1"'9. ae.al\"·ch.e e:Qn almost, 8V81l'Y bran, eb. of' k~.Q'wledgen, unde!> the va.s,t Jill,an 'O.! the .Ins:t1tu,t ,ot .Egllt, w:1~h .i'Durie'·r .:B perp.etue.l s;ecret"anr~ which immed.1ate:ly :follc'Tl"ed the Batt·l

c,tt,he ,Pyremtd,S!(JUly 21~ 1798) ' •

. BU.t, Fouri, er be camePr'efe at of' Grenoble,. JIlUl. ,:~. 1802.

4,8.

a'nd thue I have a.ee-mea it, 'beat to d,a,te th'e Tl:H~:Qr'e'm, 1'802., - s1 .. no·8 nearly j;ne: \'I1',bole of th.e .:!h~:a!=a!'j&.:E:·al~t,~iu,e at,: 1& aha~'l~lll'_. W'S, Sf (u,j'm:-,

posed at GrenQble~

A,t· pre sent, the: important tbi~g' for us: .La to, note t,na.t, thle Theare.m 1.8 a Wa.ve,-Theorem,~ app:lyin.g to Ae·the,r Wav~,.s of every cuncef va·ble lengt,h;; and ~,lthQ/llgh l,"·eco';rdedL by a few ana,lyata:" a:i.n.c, .. ,e t'h e t,ilIl,e '0 f]f'o,uri e r' '~' :l .. n i t s:pbl~i cala.ppli 'c;alip,ns, it la,to! bar':!. '!3:'dl :from 1802. to t927 .... 125 years! T'huB 1,orDg ago 1. t shcl'al,(l have en.-

,. - -. ;; - -

a bl e d:i~n:v'e at1 giit ,c'r s: Q,f th,e P'xi)lrJi pi,a an.i Me,e:an1gue C'B.l ee t:e: t·Q 1" e'ac h

tll'eWa've-T~eorl. o>t :Gr,avttatiQIl ~,per.h,a.pl a. oentury 'b,efore it w,ae d.eveloped by m.~ 1917-'8.

W,e tre,al,'t ,ofth1,s T'h.'~H)re.m more fully nerea,f't e,r 'j ,and h'e!l"6 only rem,ark that besides applying to t,heL'!)ng~.WaYIHL o,f Gravit.a.,t'i,on., ~a.gn$tl s,m, El'E!!.c trod,ynami CSt. i.t l:J;oldB 'al s~'fO':r' t!l:1]I SJ:l.o,rt Wave 9,under-, Iyin,g Moleculal":a.~t1d Atom.ie Furnes .• , and 'thus yi,eld6i :a't last a vali.,1i ba 5:18 1'0 r a .T'n, e OJ 1;;1 D,f'Sa 1i d Bodi: e;,s" '.!i1hi c,h: he'r e t G),fair' e ha.B· S,U, a 10:9: s:&-,

• .. of -

Inth.e New The 01'Y QlfDi sp,erSi,?:n,Au,g. l' 4", 19"5 ~ the' shorter Wa·v·es o,f Li.~llt, are g,bQW'D to t,ravel,more Q:I01W~I,;Y in all. dens;e medl,a.,wbi.,tfh lon:gwaa :suspec'tea.." yet hereto.f'o:re not, aa:ti sfa.ct·oI"11:r pro'ved .• , Tau's w;'e ba.v! '8. vi a1 bI,e (lemon'str·a.ti. 00 of 'WI'hy Sbort Wave's: are beB:t in, .Ra-iii Q,-':t'e11e.gr,aph.y I, ''Phe ,g,reat'B'1' r,e.a.i Sl·tanJCE! .of th,e .A.et:her W's,'v·es· wit bIn t.he' .Earthe,au,s e 9 the m ttl, b endm.ore eas:i.ly· 8::1" oU,lJid. the' globe'" as: :;ll:i:Dwn

~·n· .~. 1·~1-r·elt· p:~ne,~ A ~ 50'.,

... ~ :1i',U,..I;;!, I • , .. ~.~,.. ..!Io. J! . A II! ,~',~ • .':'~ :_, ."

Piobably we CQuld D.ver estab11sh this increased re~ie-

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S~~~ .. ~ s ~;''i" ,.f'r~J.~' ~r1' '~ltIct'~. ~~,I~' ",n "'~ wi. AS 'Pl[~,EIl. -"''''. H_I~' )',

l, ",Do!1"~'il a~ ~g·\I'I'~'! 'i',ol ,.~tlijl'AH~ '~'..G'~ S .'f .7:IIikJI~~~" rUM iil/,,!I:UM .~ 1;!~t.,rQC'~1'.I,~'. b~ ~Mi:TIl'T,liI~ ~J:I'~9·1!..,1:

HITII' Wl'il.Tf U~H T.BY!iitEQ."~ ~EY~1I;':!(!)~~Ht.

~GOlH:)j~ ~ T!:i CAl)'CJr.i's, FOR." UtA; J:.. = p - ~ ... ~ -"'.,.. -tli!l3S)

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"'" III [!In., fi!!(,"('11l!j:fJ~"":DQI ToWrt"UQ,!' r.w"'~.s' r~!S'T~:B ~ A!R T1~lI' f,N" WA."i!.' ~ I.Cb N ~ "1!l'j~Q,~ L ~'\iliJlilil:,l!;U't" 0 ~ T'M I' O'alf~IiI:~,~ 1OE";,o:~,a;'Tl~!! s <or lro1!A(i'I!'~ ''Tg,~'''I[IUut.¢ :I'~E ;tu.o_~ 1£I:l\ii'!:,1I!!,''''''1'~'''' i\,HI.,i;;; l"llJlU Fitlll'l .i tIUll"Al'U,!t;, M11I: \1I.~1i. .,r:';t"z

i . . ~G' 1I7,1i. -

iin~M' ,_O]l;~~"'T~:a 'l!"~' ~,[~~cl~,E tntUlI: "'~i!; ........ :r',n,.,'I='I~ 7!NI:.,:: ,ii'. , . ~ ~4; 'J:n"..

Pla.:t,e XII. nlust:rat'l'on o,r B, 'valid ~e(!r:l ,of' t.h,le lJlspersi"on of',

'Li,ght ;-",hleb e,xplai,ns ,by the ,co,sine of' the angl'e, w=90·;_~ ~ thel!!lJet,el"Y' (lif Cau"Gh,;Y ~'S'FQ~~!:1l~~' f'or~Dlspe.l"SlQlI'li< ,18,3:5.

.sh O;'E, ttl:¥:

Tne 1.n,cl"ea,si,nglyr:e::duaed Velo(ri tie',BQf t,heAwaves ill the,

'De:nser Msd,i,um are t:he cause of tl'le Dl,Bll6.rsion of uight,: ud, 1"1" 01 olngati,oD of th-e R,e,slstanc e 910.1;r t,l"811 rd"o'rms all Wave,s'l ... '_ bl"eaktn,g up even s omr-e (j,f t,h,e :'lIar;?" long waves

I I,

Tlld s 1 a a lead in,g ao'urc,e oli t,he' Bhort waves sh~. in the Li,gh·t and Re;atof' the

Stars, - thus, tending to pro.loDgthe l1fe o,t &, star' ,almas, t; forever.

New Stars bla,za fortb",b'y collisions wl·th·Comets,;: but, t,t

. ..i ~ _ .=,..!b. .... ,."I!..,."'Ii It _"Ii.=.,_,.l!i . .!i..'-_.L _ .iii"ii U • _

'II- . __ . __ •. _._ =.. .L.!IIJ _,_ ... '""!I.-. _i!iiI.., =""'"

and ·ai:rl~9tly conn,er.rt,ed hy the t.armcrnic La.Y'1 g'i";ren in '!file "7th. P~per CoIl:! the Aethler, (1fov. ~ 1 i~J2,2'1 .z.. .ff:~ Band 2.17) JI \~fhi.ch 1. wa.s enable~ tCJ

i s'mus I 18.:39.

- - Y.

cul,a:r ;te fra,cti OIl "una e.r tiJ·eracrt iOl'lof the COr:1llell:.:rt ri e Layers o f . the

Pl~ne'tary Spheroid. ,8 ;, ~et it i'S! sl:la:1 1" 'wd aJ?'p'~~H!,r'S ehi.e,i'ly inth& Flll.ctua~i,ons of t,n,€: Moon's Me·an l.:ro,t,io,n" :first ,SUSllsctslQ by 'Laplace,. 1B02, 'but: o.nlypr·o'V"ed ~by Ns:wco.m.b,:. 19()9 taf'ter :res·e:~,rel1es ls,x-jjerrding

,

,P',e rt1 e"fill: ot tn.a .Ae:t.b.e.'.l"'eal. Med ilUlllll1S D'eg1n.w1th, th,a t,reet\m~'nt of Vi·s ... '

-

cps;it;l" .. l\lld n,el"e! .furtUllat,el,l:, MiliX'N'e·ll ijlef"ines·the·Vis:cQSitl intel'ms 'of" l'tlHlIl t,a.Dgent"1al f"Q'l."ce o:l'lthe 'Ullit ~xt' ~r'ea of :e1 t.lle.r '. of two hor,l'" zonta'l planeS) at the uni.t Q,f di"sta,nc:e' a~rt.., ana ofwh.1ch is (:rela.,tbtely). fix'e!! .• while th.el ,ot:h.ermoves With t~l1,e UD,it ·c,f' veloci.ty, -the, spac"e'b etween 'bei,Ilg f'ill eCl wlt.h tbe vis 0 (H.lS- ma;t~eI:'1al."'

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In iCfa.1(lulatln\~' the' Co,ef'f'1.cien.'t clf Vlsaoflity,. weth:us

have to cle.·sl w1thtbe sllpp.ingor one tmngi,n.ary et.ratum oV'er al'tother, whi ch, prod:uc es shea.r:, pr,es,sure of a'.ne· ·la.ye'I", cl,n. a ,un:l t ar~,.

a.;U'li:nst a.not,h,er [I of t',hla,kn.es;s dz. In,oreas,~s the r'e.5,istance to I.:heal"~

"" - - .. " If

whioh is visQos1tl~ .And when the, .s,olldf:l.lling the s,pace~, emhr;l~~-i by an El:le!Qen,t of !!laSS: ,d, rn =: q-d~ l' K~'y' = f~'~fjifJ(:f)'JJc"

'O~at:t1 -..f [f v-1(;j(;y,:'i!J 4J:,ayi~ I

J lIDder stroDa pressure.m- t is .mer,el]!' foree'a .into ·de'.formatio'HJ with ... ,

f

outsllRPlllS.depending on t'he, time I' wer h.ave rj.gidi ty •.

Thestre:ng,t'b :or 00i9Jfic1e'n_!. ,ot :rl.e;id._itt t:hus a.epend.s dl,r',eat,l~ Q,nthe .b:old.ing- power of the :molecular force-s. in ordllt9:FY solid,s jj ia,r themo,le('l:tllar f·orces ,depe.u:d. ont]l~ 'ti:sb.t<ness of the· 'AQ1~A\~la.r grip, and it 1.8 eV.i,dent ·t!Ult ill .. a"o.cmp,sratlvelyho,D[o·ge:n.eou.s, medl\U1l

_ _j

like: the, ,Aether, under a pressure equiva.lEmt in. action, to 15,8-" .'21., 600,.0'0,('1 Atmo5ph.eres I' 61 time.s: great,e'rthe.n that ~xe1"te'd U.:p'Oll the matt"e.ra t th:ec,en.tre o.r the Sun .. t.b.erlgidlty 1:5 ;t.ner,eased pro:px>T.ti,onally to· th1,s, ellormous, prle'S5Ul'eJ 8'$ in t,he fO'l"mul,a:

--,-<'1),

I.n.d.'e·e,d, t .tn his c'e.lebrated Pap'ex of 18661 on t·~e .D:p1a~iJeal ,Th'eO'l7 OfGe,St;Jl,(Bclentl·.r,1c Pape,:rs, vol ~ II. p •. 321, Maxwell 'tUlrl"etul.ly inv€N3t.l.gatesltisc:osit:r., a..nd takes t,h,e ~J:i'gl,dltl. '. = .P,i the pre,ssure ~ l'e:ma'rk1.ng: u-l'he o,'06f1'io i en t 0 f R1,g i dl t,y 1 s therefo!l" e ,= p. t~

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(13') EASY ;FR,OOF ~THAT EYDOl,WL, L1fG :THE, ;p"RE,SS1!1RE Il~ .:\_ !G.AS WJ:il .ALSP .OOi!.ffiLE 'THE VIS:: (lSI H,t· ETC-.

-

t Qthe ,eolli ei,on S [lj'1.,d, rebo,unde (llf tbe fly,in,~ mol ecul.e:3 ~ If W9, ha.l ve

tbe volumet by d'orib'! ing the pre"eeure', we aleo do\t'blethe denslt,;,r. and ,Ett t'::he:BUllltl time eJ:.o uble the fri ,et i aha! e 011i e!Ornau.!)l0n \lIh! ch the yi ·ec '0' 6:1 ty 0, f'.. th e. sa;5;1 dep-en d·s:.

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At cen fod,en t, Arb·sol u.t e 'T empa·r.a t ure: T~. thi 9 be coro,·,S :3i.:

l(JI = :..t- ,Ii,. ., .!, (6' )

whi, ch gp~phi. ca.l1yi,se. R."h~tal1,gUl a::; RjlIlerb01. a ref Eu·red. t 01 t a lb~ym.pt .at ,e

Y.Q1w:n:,s- pr-e'.!1le!:).r~ C")

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,J:tLS.~l ~ l:.llti'et l'la.ti. OIl ,of Eoyl e ts L,av~11 ,ofPt"eaB,'dre & Volwnei~ :ro·rr:;'aee.e~ Tn.i s le thefam.:fll.a:t', OUT:'¥eeJlexywhe'l'"eexhi'blted. in .the Theory' ,ocf' t,he

__ ' I .""ether .

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u.'E'iavfill t enid to e. t tel0 in !'lnit:ely gl"ee.t .p rpi?lo!it:l. on 3 ,.yet .in t 8l"-

l'19 atrial g" a 1I3 e 1~ th.b~! j s .no t. .p'h.y ~'i ea llye tt.' B l.r.! e'ble I' ow1 ns to the f'1n~,·te d.im..en ai(:J!:n.9 0 fth ~·mol 9C.·U! e s., Anx'll 11' ·the ''\1',01 um.e. ten rio B to. V,e.rli:lsh.. the vi ecer!lJi tY,due t.ofriC: tiorwl. colli ehr[l. in e;rea,·ses 1n. th.e

5·4.

Tlll.s a.teeU.8s:i,QID.Le so ol.·e.a;cr tbat· i,t n.eed DQttHl e4tella~d. ..

We shalltb.e.re£o:r,9 be antbcI'lz.e·,Clto,lntrodu·C:e :t.nto our -r'Qirmul,a,e

. f Ol" tn e .l,e!ther t.hs p.l'e a'sur,s ~denlS 1 t;L (w.... 1 ;f'.o·r t b. B e twa: e,le;pc n t 9: ar e DC taJttywhere 'Gl.nt! rel,Y 'lll ati . ac t .~.un.d.:St" tb.eRe ter O€i,ene :ttlo~'. t"h e Ae' t·ne'!'" f::tr 8·t suep.e crt.,e~. 'by New"t'on. .~. 1121 t bu t9fi1y p:r ov'ed by 'me

1'1 g'o<t o"U,s:ly in 19).-3...:

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rMJd.i 6·S ot t.ne 6un, St·8.I'S', :Planete '~n,d a Drnet·s ~th.an_ In. th.e .e·m:pty c..ele. s.t1.al ,ep~c e s be tW'S,9!Jl ·the·m1A~di.n pa.SI.s.ing f·tom th·'e.~to gr e'~td.i.s~

t,&UO,8S II a. a t·!l 1 t 'A'ct gro,,:1i'iI' den .. sel" .,a.nd de:n.serpe;r:petuall,l, an.d. the'!" e,b:y c:a.u~se thegI"avi ty of't~,ho'B'e! great Jloa..·.i.es t·owair·ds O.:til .. 9 a;n..at:h,er)1 ancl of ·their p.a'l'ts t owaI'G;e tbe, brod..:te·sj. every Hc,d,y erj,d1.e.a;v:qU.r:i.ng to gO i'l"O.iJ tb!! dens,erpal't;,e .0'1' tlHI Re~dl.ll.rn t,QW'ards tn-era.:rer:?' For if tJt1 s .Mei:- 1u..mb, er ali erwl t h.111 t.o. e 5,u.n l' sIB!!l aly than' ,act, i tee S~1ll:rrac e • and. l' a l' e r

~b:.e'r e t:han at the: nun-d.)r'e·Q tb part Olf' ·an :if!(~.h fX'sr1l. 1, t·:s B,a.Ci\y ,a.nd! ra:rthel'etn.an at t.he f'ittie-,thpart Q f an ]Line h ir om 1 ta B'ody ~ and r'al:ie'r '\h'Ell's than. a.t the (H .. 'b .ofEhatuI'niI '59,6: nQwI'~'asQ:nw.b;y' t~e! ll:u:u·iea".e

··:gir£.d, e:b"S.;i,t" ,8, b (nll;a. S t 'Oll' .any,wh!! reo ~ 'anAn flr~ I'ali/I:!! arb e (H:li n.t:i. nue-d t:Q"ro'ug)1

,all J~i8tallee sf'r'lorn t'h,e' Sun. to S·'St-ur:n, and. "tie-,,·orad. ~ An.d ttloiugb tbi:5 J.I

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ff.c:a"to i.tl!lpel Bodl 9'.sfr·.om lih;eden.s€r parts of th eMed.i.u,m 'to{lYarals

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res.dJ' kna:wn , to me in 11920. 1"e,'tin thl ~ :d1 agra.m'f F:J.g. 3, we ",se the ;'SY.mPt,oti C .Law of Den.st·t,. to.r t~.e .Aethezi· m.Q·J':e ai :atinetlyln."'Ottght

00.."",. .10:1" beg.Jl'1tli.l.n.a; wl,th Q. :finite' value at, t.he S:un~t-s- s'ur'lac e, th.e dfule1.1:,7 fGJllowe, the Ey'p'e)rbo~la e'xt rennin;,; t Q th.e! ·:tlgh t.· 8b.ove: ·thel Gra.v-

VI 1.1 ~ IlEl"AII~.S C),FOUR .RE!NVE:Sl'IGATION· OfF 'THE oCNMAN'TIS OF" THE.AE!J!"lO!;R 19;,29 ...

~

1.., In.t. rei du crt! o'p orf ·tb~ "E: ~:,lr:et·j,tlg Power d.:! 8 C!lI,.h~a~ed ,.

In the' (tttlPub:l1 i!hsd) 10th. P'a~al':: .om: the. 1ieW' T'he0 z:y' 'o,t th,e ..

A,ethe:r', 1928 .• we 'lC".e1nv·e.!s.t.1S,at ', ed the pon,stants of' ·thel\!eli;ler.t e~,pa71ng t.h:e d'ifJfe:ct"s yihleh :ji\!·sxw,eJ.l ba.d. O\""~ia'). O~lUI~d, E'Dfd· ~B naw ~e.cal1 the r·eeuJ, t·e tll,.,;n._ Qltte.1n.ed.

~ft·~n.· M> exa.'n:inst·i;'on of tbe~ two .!,Mipo'ej'!l.g.vol t1.ritee .0'/ 'Set>e.D.t,.i;l',~, Q P··&:PEn~.s ~ an do t.he'l:' wa .• k:s.~ _OJ:l rr'::L ad. out ~wi. ten gre,ltt ,e~l'at ~ l't~ ap, 8\111' S

"hoe' AetJ1A!l"1t whS, cb· 'wo-ul d r.esu.l t, f:rClm' t:he ·etfOf.J!MO'US, pr:a:sS1.tl'·f!h lor ·l)lIl"B"t ... ::I;,ng-po:w.eri, ejjJl jU9tlyefQpha,tdl'2e'"~J~y S!.l.,rJQ~ ne'l"9,.ahiil. ij':a:ml1iRl" I.8e ... tUl!ies' Q:Q _,;;c:l_ent1f'ic SU'b,J~et'6~1 .;t..f16'?'." p,.2'B2~ H~'en ce J'::~aX'fl;ell' s 'C,ona,t;an~tiI, f.or th.!, .~et.h'er ere d.ei'ect·fv;e·, ~ .. (')11", ,e;'s l?ei:t:tl":1 Pcd:nca,'r-e cailed,them:. ll:ro'VisQlirre I'" atJd. "d"t·eDe's whol1,;J mi. sleadlnlS' t~.at they do n,ot, fur-, lili·Db e-~e:n ,a, roug'h. e..ppro.ximati.on to the' Tr·Jth., we eball. !'lOW d! ee'p.s·s

As f'Ol"ti:H3' ,coJ,lster.lt g.t §plar r'ad~8it1,on,. ~i~+"1'lil!l~' a~.OiFijs the! l"'$s,ults of P~uilletj 1.I'U);5$ ,C·8, '.~i £0,1"' 6rarn...,e-Gerrti.£r~a e 1:2ui t~!:11

1 S 38., and ,J anl,e T a Mee·b.an,fo a'l Iqui val en t of lIea,t I -ma.ki_~,el .po'·'"ti 11 etl s

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I'ad.i.~ tion equl. "alent: t q 1. e~4:X;lO Izgs :pel" s,ee:oJJ:a .• , Di"t{id. :t:r~: this

by 3~ Q.O'4;x:1010 J th.e Y¢l.Qei t~f o·fL:1.ght; in,c,'6n,ti .. m,e1;i'.1'€s ]fecr S6·Cg(l.IO." 'he

1'i.ru1 S ,fo,:r the ene,r.gy .in e. IcuD,i.e centimetre .4.,.lxl,O-5 Er'C's. .r~dl;.et.,r' I:

at 0t fa,c:to-r' QI. &3'6612:IJ i.Dplaa:eJ ··od~· JCaxwel.li: e as,sumed i,~ 'Lc;;,,;r,d ~el.,ti~: ~ .l~EtJ.'bimore.:LeiatiUr~~H:'l:..190:4, ·P: .. 2,63.I·hGla·1n~ tlla.t· the t11le i":Si.otQr:t:s b,D'!'!" tweeD, .' and ,1)1 ,.An.a. i.n my Ic,alc-ala t;1,Q·n :Oml.l Be,coilmt l.s tax.en ,of tine 1~resJsu»o''''~'. 6,9;9',32:1 f' 6QO"O.QfQ a:tlM.osjne.l'EHs,=o, 10 ,!',eS93,2116xlQ,l.a,c, .G,.,S •• f7.IJ all,.;!: a,lB,OI.of'~,lle e;~DaeaillS emal"ln,e,ss o-ftt.:e: .~at·ia IQNi" t.lle' Amp'~.1 tue-e

cC'71J~

tel the. wa;v:.e-l,engtla '~~IO= 'Q~OOOrl '000. 3!lSQe,Sf2.1 .• ,'·'·--ThUs: tbe~tilla;l va,llle ~t:,

"''1''" .' A

the. 15u.n,"S: ,s1IC!l:':ta.c,El: is ve~' ,I\HLf'f~l'-"B;o:t'_.,e.,s ~r;s'::St fm3:."·ee·C! ·to ,b,e,e~:T;l@Qt;'en~

.~1. _.,.J! ,M oil! ~ • ."""

the Sun the energy would oe45 I' 000 times t h.i S ;0 OI'''B =:,1 ... 88:'0 E'l"JZ"s.

!F:he, IfJo t,t er 'wa, 8, la,se,dI ,CI,ll .,B1g:a:lo,w,19 :50mewhat la,l:'tSs,r ,,,,un si;:B/,.nt o,ts.ala.r ,ra~,lat'11Jl,n., ,R,= 3.98, C'lI"" but took: ,B.eccrun,tof thE:imo~ a~C!,~llJt-

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Inther.;e;ft;io:tl9;f' .lnte:n13'8 WEtll'Eii-l\gi t,i3I,t:b"1i.1' ju~1i alloyetile:~ :s~oln.r Sl1~~

. . . &.

j"ace', wlt~.tb-e~ A,etbsJ1 pr·e,ssu;r'e: ~e=. '0 .. 6'89321.6Xl@l.S~~·i~ ~,pl:te :a.f t.h,e

mu,cll '~ull~11e~ r,B,tic' Aft t ItwEkS 'll:Ilth1n;k:aib'lJ3 t;h~.t in 'fd/;, '[:l1:,!,Q'-i.c c'errti... '~

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~a:J:'lgent1~lst l"'l~ls,Bp~r SQiu~:re cent i.metre,1 the r'e,as,orlil'lg, ahoi'lU,d, 'be ai,I i'lar: :l't 1 e 11 t er~lly ,1 n c·re di bI e that theg,l"'eat eS,t t engen.t't.a'l str'e-e'E eho;ta. d be so small as M,axwell gives, name'ly ,?O".3,6:2 dynes: ~__)t·het\yn,e"i

-

be it .noted, (h~~i:1n,g: a.bo~t 1: sea 'Df gr,gvfty C'Jil1L th'e'Eal"thl, - and. thl,13 i{axwel11~n v,alue 60.,3,52 dynes" e,.q:uj.v~lentl ,to ,about 1/1,6 of' t,hQ e.c-

of- tim,e ..

p'J"e.s B'\l;~e tbe t ang,en t j,8.1 at re-,lil'ii! p't;ir S,.::[~la,re ee:rJit imet :r8 • 'Waul d hav·iJ t,!) be COl"J.'EU.ip,o.nd.ingl.y l.arge., 'TP,'Q.e: '1 ti a OQ,t eu.~pl'i8i.n"s to' !'In:d'by. (l',elc'ulst.1en that th,e val ue is.:

!' ::::: o. ';;,3' ''';~{IQv-)r ~("'l1o

=: S:"; ,~, "0 I -400 ~ 0'00. 0001" 0100 Dyn e~ f=Ii •

(18) (79)

,..

l;!' t'~·nr

:'""Iit ~,.~' -- !",.. "-' ... '.

::: 2,21 ,904.. 9\6Q ~ 'O~OO'I' eoo t ,001)" 0100 1,000 that af etee'l be:1ng, -nro _, "a::ao11 (l.!g..~~·.r!Bll).

,(81) (Sr.) (9$)

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1:1 1:ltr« ;:::; 2:? "I' 381 • 210 0 .c aon.r, .. ~,~ E. II •

1.:DI5CUSSI:ON (IF THERIJiI:D-lTY O'F T:g31' AE'lHER,I! UN'l1E:R

0"""1 rt'V "' ... 'TI- ·lo.1rG--' "fl'o-nt'1i'!'O'

,u- ~ W:\-~ '. -.i~l _r ~ •• ••• ~~.~H~ ~

.

Wei isnal:l Erht'1B'ri.ntOlth~, (I i,Si_¢US$io:n sf the .iU,tptd1 t,y

. of the l;.ethe~r~, ana havs' tagi v8:physical. gI'o'U.Dds ,for the v-ie:ns :COO'{ att'ai.ned e..n~. veJlr'iti.·e I!.

'~he reaSOill t'or't;n.ls ·-alino·s-t inf1:nlte~ly h1,gh Ti.g.idi,t,~: of the .lather ~.- ,&.1:1 Q'ut 2"17' :,, t381., 200 ,,0'00 t im.e.s t,hato,f at e 8,1 --undI91'" q:uiek"e.ctis for'ass,"t a.nd thus n,ot so mc·recli:bl,es.,s "th-is ~nomou,s v'alua· -migl\rt' 'allp.ear ot,hervtil,e:6,.-,1splai.lil el'J/JUgh. if lflEl! ~-DtlS-ta.er the i"o:Jl GM,IIl5: £:a.et ~.:

"""

,1m. ,ora ina rj!' strong ela,stie&.ol:i-d a, Ifkast·9£il t

,l"i,-par1:tY,or reosi'st:,alu:e to sh.ea.r i.s due t,o, t!tJ."e ~~i_nd.:tiQg· t:og.eth,e:r of: th~ l[olec,ules @Jl',11 At'oms un4ertNlolecula:r 211(1, AtOll'j,i~ Fori!,e.s.-extreme1i 7'SW'e,xrul. B,t' ';LDse:mu3ible dis'H:ltoees,.;t .1 fk e 1/100~ 000 of an i;nehl hslf tbe, wave"'leiO!gth .of' Gre,en. :Light. But, :·,asth-e lJa,lea:ular' and ~t,on-Lic

sefi uplthese powe:t'fUl f'Ol"Q'e':s, , at 1,nsensible il:ist,anaes " whe;n neigh,-' bo,ring Ato'ms :e;,ndMo,l,£ullll·as t!eD!~ ,to bel ,crl'.s,pla,ceCl t, ·.5,0' 'SUB topl"oduta thel"elly :avery ;l"igid s,o'l.id, -:-' s,o alsClli:f' th.e lay"ers o:f Aetber'". itt-, f'1:nlte'lJ" ~hin:, shCl,uHl. 't,eJ,nCi to bel3-he!ar~,a, o',l:'sli",tl over each ottul!r"

'Zir~ t),89'ltc3!1 ,,6,OO.J')O(l at,mo$lne-t;s:s. thercub1.e .cen-

• I ~.r

-t:lmert.r,e fyi confiDe'a. A,e.th-er llteCle'ssarlly 'wQJuLi :pcr.ov's tClbe 'Cl,f e,nOl'mO'tl.6,.

U:IIJ~: e1" the nre s::su.re

., _;- • _. _"_ I _ J:;,_" ~ - _- fi , ..

(1:1:) Itsbo~Ja :b&:~3i'_~l]:(gmll-~,re~~3" the;i'the;p,re:s,sur'e W <:I>s;

:the' "l,qtli va:Letlrt 'tf th·et~[§1gh.:t 'at ,&., 'e 91u~m o~f';.,mercrl€:ll .• 'Ull!d,e~ t'b"a. Ulli,-' :f~Ol"~ ~r~''''J -'fly Qf, tn,s' ,.di.r,tlll ,,3 •. 5~ t;lmes ;8. S '1011;iA as f.r-om this IE,B,rth- toO

-t1t1l! sun:: a~a,uni;er Souah. 8t;RreSSU'l'U;:l-, the,' b''Uz:,st;i,n~ ll'O'w:e~ as Sir' Jo'J"!~ ~ers0he'1. ea 11 s it, of'·s. te on:f:ine:~ 'cub Ie ce:n time t'.l"e 'of&~¥ ;i1C m er:!il

be: ~l~os,t i.nfi:'nit_e, a:nEl i-hus ftnO·rmous. f,o.rQ;esw~':11,d

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. e..PIHlar ·t'o o.pe'l"at,e to'. r'ee,j,e.t oile:a,r. ..hi ,cih 1 s "the rtg,idit,y.

. W,e. may,s e e th.1 a ,sJL so' vel:r:y IE!;aeil:y in anD tbe;tt· .,u~y i ·re e:a.l.l,f,uS t,li.wt the' pl"eS'iEW.-re er the Aeth.e·l' '»P,(,U'l .:1. t 8·alf:! a 61t,imes tbat tiO. "'hi em. m'a~ t er is, ,slub,j: e et,~~ ;at the ~ en t r'e of the a~upi 'wbel"e the·pr.e.ssure 1·8 11 f 21-5 ~ opo" 'ClO(l,atm.o:a:PhErr'es ~ and tl1~ we:i .. @tot tllil IBupel"'imJ)o'se,d 1 'BY s·rSI 2:1 V,f)·el the- Sum, th.l"(i ugh'p n,t tn.a w1,ole i:n:ter'i,Q 1" a

ris·i·di:ty tllf' I,ver ,2.00'0 t,im,QI9 that of~ IU ck,el at a,e!.., (ef I, A~,.lr ~ :'1 Cle,)1 •

I

the subj ect further eon 91 dere.t fon" o\7ing to--ft;,he 'modi,!! catio,n o:f'

T'.ile,;o.ry ,above cutli.ne,d, es 'reqild.J?ed by th.e, 'TlleO'ry ,of" the P.r,e'a~eure, = i5,ege~ 321. 500 I' 000 A tm.o'ellhsl"'ee.

The Den,s·j, ty 2t t,ll, Ell Bun' a :9:U.1"f'ace, 1 e::'

"llTr) - (: Q5'? ·'.i e80',5ocl 0-1 8.,) (; 68'93;216'000-0·0,) e» }

,: (.315?;o r5a,Q,e,') i(CL1.6f\9$216·}xlo-,!51 == 'G,~OOIO-246561e. (85)

A,a, n,e:t'e e'x}'llre fH!:lie¢ tbQ De;tsi. tY-PI'(lasU!!.,fttll; eXp3t!'e.fule,d arlO; nlJme"'ica,l.lY :r'e4.u9,e~'4, ;~a i jf' t,}l'e A~the1" 'C~:l\dd be 0,0.8-

d.!cl'leect 1 i k,e Ai r 'Il,:r):d eormnon g:a,ae S', y1, el-d s the val ~e' 0.000246'0·6-1,8'., '.oh 1e abo~t 1/5, thl.t ot the Ai'l'" undi.er n.olT.a1. c~on,dit,1,el:1B".,

:yet obv:.i Q tU3ily Wie ar'~ nat teo' t.ltink af't116 Aethe~ fil;'9 . SiC! C'Q~:n."' ~e'lle,e<t: 'bu,t ''1~th-e~' aa ·hevi.ng at the S1lA1"t,B!C'e of the J!la:rth

,t:~ ...

{'8b)

Ji.ft'd, ,at, the fl·'ll.ri'el!::'e Qr' 't'h f!! S1iO].:

f5 ,=357.,6!865:tlO-1B: CJl"fJ (cf.,A~U. 50791 ~ PII. 235 ... 257';) (9'7)

'1 rOrl;fl. '-Gas I vd th ~t:s4ethe·ronSf'l,:t"i'n;S i naIl C!i r-eo ti ens \\1'1 th I th..eoean; , mol,€): clllar v.elQ'i.:dt:,- 1.517 fJ,.:i.mes tl~ t a·t· :IJ.:~,ht", or 2,94.000' ml ie.s :9 e:r se~ondt we are to vl~wthe c:norm;;;lus ~res,Gur€lI'·~'~6.a9.321:tG.CO,.oOO

.Q.t·gioS;gherfisII ,e.s~'.;Lel.al-ntr thE;!' '"";:Q:st i!.r:fe,~t ;p.e.lletr,a.t1,:Q~ .. j2pYl'!')r. n-o] cray fQ:r'" th.e A!et]19.ro·n:S",bu.t ~ls6 fo~ tj19 t,;iaves D,t ,Ae,Mle:t",: eS;]}lcehi.llj1

::*-.:/ £."'Eo~S! thr"oU:Ch, nUl!: ~rth. SU]], ann- ,~·tal"·s w:l>tll irnpe:=c:e~pft;;lL hIe lQs~ of .en,er~~ It vlh,icinpuz'£"l,ed lie~.tol'1 (Pr1n.Qi:o:is.:" Gener'al Scl:lellum-). '~1lE1' G~H:3~ (Algsma.ins ~'h€:lOI'i'ij aes~c:.r.:12.Dll-e·ti'S-m:us, 183,8:,) i ~nd oe.usea ~i.r JoJUI.

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.i~erSe2:;,el t·oO' s,e.ak of tb.e SU,L, I G prlanetar'y Gr~ '1,1, t s;ti on" as trth~t ~";~1 s-

Etir'th.

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v~ele.d· ti:~~ t l;~):¥;rel1 is ,C:::-'i t;i Il,e.l. S ans-t-lU1ts··O f file Ae·.ther' .11:875.1 ar,s no t

.:-:. ,,*,,"::_C:::=_& _ _

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If 't~!.1S~a91'e eo. Sir J!oJm Hc~:s,c:i.~l ~·3c. :in,f"i:oit e

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fares s in t;he Re r.rac ti 0;0 of ~cig!1..tJ 16:2;, 7.t ·~·/hi oh we ha;v-.e a ou~lY' ve ri _,

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in it- ... ,..;"!ich is no~ verifi.ed.,

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whl.ah shows. tha.t the -Me·alum is almos'b1nc,Qm;p,t·s8.sible·" ytl·j Drot \lllloll 9,0.. Thi.s Is clonclud.e·d also· from. N1.:pb'er f'~ 'a1El,s·of' Dwna.miteJ, 1901·..,190 ,as the onlY' e.x:illQ slv e q'O.:1ok enougitJ: and I10werful e'Dough t Q. gen·a 1'a t·e

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a. wave in thel A.eth.er •

.,.

ou'r .cl'onstantr9i the-r"l\'i;fo m· ,arEl· cO,ll1':i:rmea by aev.(;l,r·lj!;l ilt~;,e.p,e,nae~t pr.QiCSSl6;e3:t e:nd we, a.'O!:a,pt aefi:lIIl:.i telU:.

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n~ 221" 904, '960,000,0.00 t 000 I' 000. 000.

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T'hL~ enormous. rigiditY.II .fo-r qUic.k·"'IacM .. ng ,fo·roe i's espe,oially ve-rif'ied.·o;r ]ii_]!iile;r: I·S l}y~am1t~1 eXJ?~r~w.€nts ~ t st .• iL,Quis 1901·-1'904, iU3 the on1yrne:ans for .start:;t.n.g ,laves in t·l;J:e Aeiher; S:l1od by ~1'IldaJ._l' s· ss.ga.cious o·bservat .. lcm,tha.t in t!ldr'og~n: .• y,dt;hMo'lac~.ile:J3 .m,ffing· ,4 tl.m;e,s f,·a..s·ter than in. Sl\;l;ggi shand :iIlert O=W~.!.; a !'lli:lO'b: .quie:k:e:!C'· :Eii:Q'il str,oill,gex ;1:1l,nock is I1H:iI·tl':~~h:!d f'corst,a,;rt,ing· wave·.s Si:r'",,:S~'m:la: in.

the~ .1iFt ocr ·c.f' tl)"e.s,J8· ~,exxe st.l'ia:l G:a.sea-., Su.ch iU:':iteria are valid

,a:n;d peri'e ·etly d..e'c: isive .•

NoW' A,eth.er.J:r_op~a.teswa:ves'21? ii,S,~9' times f.~s;t,1 - tha.ri.t:beDr!G,tl oa'l l:,oine. t'Qru,c avdrag'ell .. : _ there tore t.ihe sl:uJ,skt.o SEl,t up

- be,

'haTe t,o,atm:lJ s.t; infl.n.i.te!l:y ~u'ieke:r ana

&t1"eng:~lr t·han. tha·t fer g.e~.e:ra. t ing wa y~ S in Hy'tlrogen ,-- wh! oh .ren~ ne:rs- lif1:iJfier ',IS exp_'E'!~,riment fi-ot only .i1i.'1h1~_l11gi.ble, bU.ti 'lnmina_us. It throws, 'an unerXp·eo!t ed.1".htsh of Light 0;11,' the' d ij!pt.hs ~if '!riNDS c;e:nd etnt:al.

~. .

If'we aida to Niphe,p t S ,.E;.qIe-l''!me:1!lt.\1d C'no! Sci l~Ol'", 04;; the, e,a.r'11 er re,su.l ta,:

(_) B1Eio:hrs'lsoilt, _18..8:6't sh.owi,lI'lIg'. 1:I11at. tbe-r'9 is, rHJ Drift of' the' A,ethei:r, unCle"r' tlFe IQT"o.1t,$,1, motion ,o,fth,Q Earth"

((3']1 ,By ss rOllv'9,r'Lo,d,ete i" (Phil. ~.l'an,slli' ,laSl3- 169i<1') sn.'Qw1,Il_g tha_t 't,he ra,p:!o:, re'volu.t,i,Q1l 0_£ 5,t,eel ,di$Q~, dQe,:s Xlo,t 61s-turb the, .let,her _'... ai_me '8 tb.e:IDGSti -rap:ta. "l'ev,olu ti O'D of tina' di s as is;

utt el"ly in 6:1 gni fi-C'all_tt eom.p'~re·a, to' that . o:f a, ,'lila. ve ill, th,e; Aether _. while! the ,Aedl:,her'_on ,mov'es S}P pce;r(le,nt nst.er'yet" or 294"OOQ mfle':ilI ':per sec- . D_no' •

2:2, ShOVl'iD.g' tl~ t

u= ~V ~- 1 .. 51"'V:'

~r'~L.l the Kim!'.t i c:·~hle ary of's ixT'err'Eils trial 'Ga..S6 -S, ,--, we s.~all 'b 6 ,~!)le to see ,whl' t'he;re i:s :no dri.ft 1l'il lJ'~~e Aethe:I", $d.s,l'" t:b:a 'motion of"t:r.o;~ :hla'rth;wh;~ th~ lieth~:t'" ,s~i;fems ltb~gnan!lwh7 :1 t is -2'7~~ Sal, ,200.

"0'0.0. t,irJ1~S, '~ore, ri-j;i,d; tJ .. ~.a:r.st.,eel.'. vihjlnfinite' t·olro;es R.re· Qper,atlni t,o :bend ,the ~~ of' Li=t1jllt)i in ae~fpaet-i on" t 0 s~p_arat"e' tine d 0;10 r,a .:tll. ~~i·Sliie ]":$':1 on " e ttlr.,

erC'.n.s move: 294, 000 miles !l'er; :seeo.nd·. we: see vI;(l!.ythlelrei~ no res:ie·~tE:,J'H1e le' ·U'.li:e mot·i'a'ns 61" tIl,e' 'Planets".: It ~O:ve6 o.U~, o:t t;.!Ul;!"{a"V of'. all,

.wbi,c,h.vie: e:11JL Insl;'lli31 --an'~thu$ at laS1i liN;!

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5 ,tHJ(I .",(ma ; 0-0'0.,000 columns, ·of 30- t·o.~ .El.'t;,e·e.-l.. e>,a,o'b a f',g'olt, In.dl~meter·,t o~e'Fate·s to bold the- M:OOIlL .in 1",8: crbtt;, and: 'an 11-'i,D,c.h cgble! ,af similar steel mu,st p:~ll on each aquar e fao" of & erQ'I\Hli--Bee'ti~'n Of'

. the E~:t1;,h.t to b:Dld. eur , planet in t:t.s pa,thaboQ,t 'the SUD: ..

~b e w.i B·dom of Sir J' ohA. Her,EI che li.mmed1 at.ely'. f'o,ll,Q"wis' ,f'l"o,m: cur verifi e,d, new C o.ns,:t,anioe . ,of1;,heAJ;~ 'her" w·hen 'tni B srea,t pD.11 o~ Bop,her say-,s:

·1 ,

i 9 no escape, in deali.n.g wi th 'th's phe:nom.ena o,f Li.gh\~. :from thes's gig.anti e nu.moer,s·;, ·or fr'om the Iconce,1:lti on D:f eno'T-mOllS iPhlS:U~a.l f'oree' .in pe:~;p·et1ila.l_ e~e:rt1cn a~ ei:-very point. through all tine l.rnroensi 1;1 of

B.paoe? !'I

!D,d Qu.r l'hH'Il 'Theory c't _t,beA~.ther- le'xplSlns:. the penetrat10n of Gravita:tiQln and, of'MagJl~t~.Bm 'tot,he. ve~1!:y c:en·tres ,o.:f ·th·e Sun and Fla:ne:is--" - :e.in~ce th.e wave $ ar'e v,er~r lilltt',g a.nd are- lru:t 'very slightly Q'b'st,rttc~ed .Ul p·a,ss:'1n,g thl",au~h t,ne ,a:e'Ds-t'H3t fj"hu::a ·an~d. Plane,tel ~

1. tt s u tt e rIll' un tbinka,bl e tha~ t,n e .M~ di'l,lql, r= wbt,oJ':J,. oo,l,as·· jh,e Stars in their orbi t·s, wit~Qiu;t an.~ _:sdl;reft_cJ.l.ing or .yielding J howEfY'"'er: much t·h.e i.n.ten,a1 iy Cit t,n~ forc.e le.b~n,ge!s:fT'IQm .lp,.nelioll tDPerlbl~li o~

- frow,1: to. 20:;OOOJOO·O.,.OQO ~ iu t,.he e:,es"s' G·f t:he Comet. 1843, 1 be ~()tli·.e.t¥ti:ee t~han, e.nortlou;sly l"i,gi.aJ. .fur ·qu1·,fk-a,e,'t1 ng f'oi'ce e.

Ill" the rapid. motion olfthe, .A,!"therORs, 'tbe l~.ck of resie1ta,n_!3,e, \(1 bodies" 1.n orbl,tal mot,ion~ B"na, the .rr\.rength fort,be curv2.t]:r!, of: t,h.el.l:· fP!;:tb~, are a11lteJ eXiP,1~1ne.1i ~ ani tIl¢ e.nQlrrnO"U9 r1gidi ty Lnc cn-

. It@'s.talbly follows.

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4 OC all m:DIFF'IQ;UL~IES: OF ,EXPLli:IIJ{G. TBE Sf'RESS,ES OF ~ti.VITJ.!:I'Clf

"nit' A 'I!i'l'!:"C:''':CfT'1:9 ~ 'i!:iWH-;"l!::fi. C!'TU"'DT"1:! D' '~'I·'V.' ',"""'1--: (\'11' O"F m,'~ '~Q:rmA1'l'"j''''1C'1 'n'ti:'f'I''I'T.'F'''''~, ~Ml 0"' " ~~UDI .:I:L.iCI'.L. 'r.': ~~.~ ."~ _.a;.L;_ .~~ . - ~.-; .J.,~ -Rrl., t'.DJlL·Y,~1 ~lGtil~,.L~

Soon. l:I:.f'ter ,h,i,s Cliis,(]over,y of the RadioW'e:ve,s, a'bou't 1890" Pt:',otessor Ee in,r~lch Et'sc:rtZ\'('6,$ 2Q:G'IlSU'omaa to remark, that Yaxw'ell '8

work on 'the :h[e,liti'um is a U!m'eksera.led 'lI'ti"th se'v,ett -se .. ,l$'I'II'. rr t'h1 s is: true of t,he IQeleb.rat,ed Tr-eat:ise on ~lectrlaity and, MBysnetis~." 1.873';,which was o(.~arefUlld'~ tu.r,led bei"Qxe publicabtlan,;---,,:I!.t is ,still l;l<orE; tru,9 (lei" the :r:re.gII!,entary 'WQ,rk on Grav1 tatioll", g,iven Ch1'efl,;Yj,.,n the (lela br,ated, ,Art i c :18 Att,~a'et iOIl ." 1975" (S,c.ie nt i:fi IO,P&;pe %'8-:. 'vol.. II ,

P'" 485"-i!'91) -

.~. "_. ~-,._:,.

ing' IO.f tni s sealed be 0): wil)o~~ a;ou~lly V'a;lR;s;:b,llf;li""if 'b.:H~ alV!,Oeeo. in, un:£,'olGl1,nG the' .Flystel'J" of :.:a::r.-w~,lol EsG:ravi1t.a"ti,onal 3"tres,$ .. f',l.z.-, Ln a" la1:ea,r.'

mous stroe,.ngtl1, of th~ ,,J.ether.1 ,e~a. i t$ a.l1~o~it ,i,pfini TIe ~t1e.:iG'.itl'. ~-lis, l"eIr:a,iEI,I:l~ld 'a pl"o.:fQUDa r~~·ste'l.',Y', 1'1f·o d.e:na.··~ sl~h~j;u±"el;:r ,a.st;:.DG>er' . the .tij;i:Qccal-,

~~l!tic s€,vells'~~l,~, ~'l~i,"~h c,~~dt· _n_e1:l.!!~~il~ \i&.,t).-,$f ;,~-w:e~l5!;"'£\o ;Ul;~ii,~lIll~';' fif'l':b.nt "CQi!lstant:s ,.of t]ae ~:e~he:r. 'tis,p ·til-e, I?& t:h afoUl" ex]?,fo,!ta tl Ol'::S.

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In the'· B~lln,es·s af l'd S COl't"stlmt:s, pi' ~'he M.th:e'::'>,I·.

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wl.ii ch m·aCJ!e it i:ITiD:eYs'alble to a·cH.;r~Ull.t, :l"Ol" tlie en,ormo'U.s era.:v,i.ta.t i'otu],l Etres's, ea.'lGtlla.ted by him ,,,",_ n~l7' ,,000 "OIu;,t l;,~e.i-~~(ht (mthe' s',quSlrB inohu _....n,3" 00.0 t 11n.~s gr,ea t er th·an t,ha t vthic'h the stroll.ge st £t ee'l c cnl1 a support,." (Slli .,Papel"s " 1111 ];1 •. 489) ,.

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F'o',r Ka~U~~).l ·elb"~i.ou",sly haa OIV..1 tt'~a to include the euorrnm:l., elas:t:iJ"c .ferrae in thiEl' C'O~v3,ta.nt,s 0.1'" the ,A~ethe,r.

_,

ilev/ton himself' had cl,e-arl,Y uAq et-,e;tooQ t~hi os Zlast i 01 tJ~ •

17:3:1; lUlU 511' John" Hers ehe:l ,II l.86T. ll~d. st1-1.1 further cle.rl,fi.ed 1.t \-ihe.n .he cerre.Q,tl,y ee:sc:ri:be~. it as s Uburstlng. ;P'o,wer" I,~ifthe. A,eth~'r be v.ie~·ed like alonf.1ne~' ai-·r, wnd's:r :pre,ssure of" .16 pOI\Ul,ds t,ot.he

wha.t, hypot:b.:e.s6!s wepleaJs,,g, ~ ... t,here: Ls no ,escape ind,e,e.li'ng with the !henomell:m" ,of' Light 'I .f!',sm the.,se €,i.i,ge.nt 1 Oi .numbers (1.,146 II '(lOOt OO'O.J}OOx 15 =,171:1~OI",O(l-O:IOOO"OOO pou:nd:s', 1.,8 Dle~llt);: Ot" .from tb.e cOll,ee:pt:'i,!on of.'

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In t111,·3: \1..Deqec.t ea. lit'f'i.ou.lt'1lJfB..%W~ll 81m,;ly dispaired:: 1iI'\Veha.v·ij, ,Dot, h01w's,ver. be'8:n a'ble hi th'erto to .tmagi.ne any' physical C.au,s9 f'ol's:uch a state 'o.f streB's. HI tlrtlcle At_t.ra,et.l,Qh., ,;S'ol .P~p;e,rs., I: 1,,);ill. 4~l:9~ •

j"Q:cor41ng.ly" 'bythls p.:re1limna.ry s'Ul.'VeYI: we' ha,w ~Q,rI0k-e'n onaof' the saveD, Apm;)alYlrt.lc sea~s ,of' Mat.,.11's re!'sul ts., Em.d thus rrrfJ may proceed to theothe:r:s ..

At the Q ut ~et we iJ~:PP'O $eEl Tl .t abe' t.he 'V'~l u e of'th,e, unbal .... mc'€: d. :T'e:llsi on r'le l' ,e.l1l[,e.dt a a!Ll(fl:i t s, .f' 6'lJirfe:!c e t.io M.:fC h .l,t, .1 s nO,1'nle:l: a,n·d.' we e~,c I'J,die ,!any ;Tten'~i_Q:~' or .;Pl"e:aE:ua~,e Inan1{ r!:L :tt·e cti ,o.nno'l'1lr)[21 to 'T •

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,t e t t b e ci,i ree ti, 'OD,- C O-ec,hl e.s~.f T 'bl e 1 ~ mI. n ; a'n d then the:

el.e.men'itie of tbe fa, rctes a: ctiD·.ffi (mt-he j.nfil:'1J 1 :t,e B.i'malel.eJl!il·ent ilm! ~ ~~ifyl~, ~

d.l'~:wnfrom every ~o:l,;nt, ,of the"I.J~olt"W: G.ct!lL;Y o·f the· e1.lemlin~\t~,d~ '.J o·:r ~:t"e'e.: l i1y3~ ~ yiEl,;l dingt,}Ue: t ·Q;,tal ,t €lnsrlo-n~ in thSitli r,€ot'10l'lS u., m •

. 1':i,)! '. ,~a.e)J t'JleduC'EHl by 't;,1)e ·';a::pp;rOlp:i":ie..t 'e diXe'c.ti,on-cij-"21,hl,e"I' f'~~I:i:n,ea se Q f

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na.v·e f;Qi"'t tl1;e:t'eilelor:lo :lnt_:'f!le_"' SI.A'~ll'.:e1i'al dil"e'ir;'t"1"_ ons l~w z~·

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m't I_·f,(t ~_:. B"~d 'l" ..... ,ul,.,,!t ~ ~:<;Ol'li'\~;"'t 1" yelu1,".i'e! h~ve' fo,'" ~h'" .. , ~'."-' .n. f.,.' t.:.1J."", ':!.6_"

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~h8V<.a:l:r'e,ady done 1n t,h'B 7th., Pap,er on the ,NeW' '1"lleiQl'Y c.t' the Aie,th:er. A.N e. Band 217" 1,,,,22 •

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g. ell ,e ~al type j Bline e we are here, de'el ingwi i:h the :at·l:"eElI!l6s· Q,.1the Q,:rav1 tst10,nal'f rather than t.bo sa 'P"t: the ,~agrll,et:Le Fj.ul.d.,· We 1 abo r"I'

x, 'ORIfIO,AL ~U_INATIOIN O'F MAXVrE:rJ:. t S· C'i\L,CULA'rIC)lf O'F 'THE STRESfJ IE THE AE:T~a FOR, GRAVlT AT tON. AT THE BABT;B.' S, SURFACE .'

OD, ,_., OuntD f; the bigh 1mprlrt,an,Qe 'ot thill' lIaxwsl'l CBlc ui.ll,on. of the~T$.:¥,i tat_,hUllal. ,$t,r,·e tn, at the Earth," iel ;S1lrf'ac!e.,giv'en ln, tti 0, Ut,i'C.·l. a At tl"a,ction., En.o·l~lloi,e'd$ CI., B ~1 t.~t11, ~ai ~'tll-. e,dJ;, t··:L,tln-~,

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(CIt;) In 'ih.e stress T11,8017 u8,edt; l1J"Jf"~ll" I!I Po,zmuJ..&. ,~QW c,B",.tUll,)"

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.

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:1 ~, 9~ 1. ~n • :, ,t h,e me&ifl $ acele,t"Q. t.i on ,0 'f gt"'3.V tty. s,t ·tbe Ea%,'t·hJ S Bu:rtaee'·,.

I •

I'

,R :=. gal - 1 'Oo!!Jl, R

. II ~,

lClIR.2 109 lO~O

1 ~.'; (1101i04O a2,),

10'';' (,I,,, .Si66)1

!:is: !I._ ~83~3~iQ =10r'l 00000'0,0 ::;:,1 ,5~ ';$,3338.0' - Jlrl2''1'" 4-1

, 111 ~< _,~--~r .. ' I

1 '01S !So5,' ,~ :I ~,S'23+" tZ

1'0'1' (Ielt .,1~6S) ;:;; .t,.,22;;5}'1.1,41

'I I

1

l

, I

I

,I,

r [

I

t

,.

~

r 1

!

i

'lGJir -(iOitO."R,2j~ ~ a,6d~J ,= '11,. '1'5,tl6233,-g .ee!l",B:~

lG'1: (9iB1009't - B'., \9·91 !369tl

",",'lllllii.flt~J!'

1,Ge A.=. ,15,. ?6'~5t9 "k-,g .. "er· sq."om .•

(tilt) .

. •• 4-

%n JI~e111 B !J:al,eUJi2,.·a:t$ 0111 ot ·;th'SI value at the ,g-1:'a'1l-

i t ~t1Iona.1. st,re as attna· Earth .• ' 2f 'S,urfa:c e. lYrE! f a.·Md., in t,h e ?'t h jj

Paper, t,;la,t an e':T:'oJr"ota. de~'1~n.:~lpl B:'I'H!! 01 e.C ut'::a. .:Fa 1" he ~:1 V'!fJ, tn& 5tre:e"o, ae o"?·,~~O!O,t,'ons E \leight, :l:jHi.r j;!,:tJ',$l"e ,:li.n,eh·t ·Mda,U!I''' .'s"cdlIUla1;.,l.l:)l1,

'_"'J

:"1 .. '

'I'~'.,

YI~ II

.,

".

- ,

I

"

,

J

; ,.

lOllS ton, 2~' 40 pounds; ,.1:uli 2··~204,6~t' kg'rIH':J.. t.n ~p,ound J s'q,ulu'e' inch - 6.4516 sq. ems. ~bUB we take:

'log (82.,88'0'1000 1

lo',g (.6., 451:6:x~2.~ 2046,213)

= 1 ~9riI8'44'5n ." 11. 1 ;'3Q014 ~. 6: .. 765448'

log A~

~86·· •• 07'7. 'i;l." U

"./ _. J" " J

(, See)

In :p1ou.nda. pereg_ .inc.,n we have ; A. r. "" sa .; 8~8 0 " "100 (,~1.a;xwe 11 }

A ~ 8,"5,974 {Sael

M~xwel1 ~ 5,; val'ue 'ocf·-r wa.s :s:llgtl.'t,ll sm,aller tha.n 'the lat·er valuer=: 666x,1:'0,-10 U.h"ye:·"1694Jj ,a.nd, JI·e.noetJi.e err'ex' in. 'th.e ,chtQli-meil p-oint.m~,king: hie valu'e' 10 .t,ili!l.'eB~eo ,l,arge 118 ,80 weill c-cm,firm.ei!ll tb~_t i,t 's·eem.,sto bei pla.c,e:d b·e·y"onddl sputa.

(1,1,} .N,E'GtEP~ OF MAXriEJ.1L t -8 DESE;ARC·HJl]:S.

. - --

l't; le::r'ema1rk-aQlle ::fa-c.t t.;t;if·at. flUTIng'. t,ne pas·t60yea.re. '9' t her iuve"st :i.ga t;o.r s' , wl t:h to h.~ exe epitt o,n 0 f' I!in~chi n , have do lIe 11'~ tle~ 0.1' n,o~th:i .. ng to ,exi!;unip,e into Mia,}r1;v'ell" siTheorl 'Dt1!,n~(lt'a::~ri t,a,;t:i 0.1';1- _al :stre::s'-'Bj ()cI: 1ts. :B1J,I[t.e'rlcal T'alue·e.,t 1,h'i! E~t:th";s,f;lu~,f,a'Qe; IUlcB! 'th~I:.e.fO-1te it has' l;j'e1ende-e:med -advi 5,ab:le' to' ~·lht.er i.nt,o, 'both T'be-pr'l ·a~d ltu:me,ri-cal Ca..lculatl.OD ·\'ii tho sO.me caz-e ,

Sign", iof the ~t·r',e'E!,SiaQm-pOcru~1'l,ts',.

A=-!l~' . 15=+ lil"~' i C =-+~~

n-r I ,'~ ".,'or

(Ill'

-. Ci!jlrl"'etlll.ly IT',erit!ed. by oon·c.1'UeJ,"v·e If-'1:ndcal t.E!iSt '9 OU m~,stio So'11d'lIIl,t .a.n,d, thB ]I,J.[),o!"er:l"or CI.l1 'the dec im·a:lPl.Qoe, a.llav,s ,dereC :ri·bed. -~ !fsxwel].l' tI' 1ba,o'17 crt 'th,Q S:ra:vi t at i Qiruil st,re I'S not only .1 6 'vall.t1 ~ ~n 1 I.n,c onte-e-

___"".".,.~

'tJabl e" 'but. an e 0 t the mo It ,p'l'ec:i Qua; mOf1,Ur;ilehte, t, at b,el. W'l"i'1 vall ed g,en- 1 u a of< trb'i9 g:l" a'at ma.,t:henlatl 01 an •

Only In:ve ,at 19,at:oII"S ,0 f the 111gh,s 2~t, o;rder 0 f phy 131 ,cai :l.nt'.lI t10n ·:13l1d,. ~,aly·t,ic:al sldll can de',al wi th auch ,pr,ob'l,efl8 ~s that o:f thel Q1"avi,ta:t.1onsfl 6tl"BISS; very few ar.:t·s,e~ 1:n en,l' ,a«e 0,1" ,OOu.rlt:ry, !lS is shown by t,he' delay ailE' 5'0 yell!"rs for' lm~'l"e"vi,ng: (I'n t,heBl,l,·(.Sb.t

(1.11)~ OOBFIBIAT,!Q!f ~OF T~HE Ey;u.It,IaRI, UJl 0.)' 'THE ,AltTpa. III $lIm IGilAfIlITAT:'IQJ.1iAL OOl(ES.

tiU~d.'1 a, t tbe Wav'8 IS A an d 'the Il'en 8e£. t~ ,r 1 ,iI~:

.• _ k... .. ~, ~ r- :~ .. iI •. 5..,O'" = .... J:I

Rc-'!t' !I'l'

(I.I',a)

,A;,. =- "... I'!, '- .. ' .r-'=;r

, ~ .. '.\.- .... ~ .. r =1Ii-' - ~

·oiI'

I,

, '

-kt,·:

~r'

:"1'-:. '

,.

"

, ,

!.

,I 1

, ,

• 1

"

,~d thursthe d.en;S.i t.j!' incr~ease's, d +rec·tlyas, th,e Rad.iusf Or' i-ltversely' as t·ile ,,l.mplituu e.

-To, ,~ _ ~. ,_,.", - !Ii

,Acc,ordingly; the Aethell"' is Ln lIydr9,lla.!!llCal Eq~1.1ib_r:ulll.:

&.ll;p~t ~ 0'.f1 t 'h~ve a'qual Xin.etl e ,Ener~ I 'und.er thep'erilotua,l rn()I~ tion. of the "'ftiv'es" volume, for volume;. Q.~E.D~

I.n a. pas:sa,ee near th~ e.nd of the Ar'tlcle on Attraotion, 1.875, 1:,iaxwel1 s.ay·s,; :re.s;]lect ihg; AOQ'U.sti c; Attra,c:t ion. ,;, .

. Gre a:t ,e 'at •

the Eire s sure i;s ·t,i:",srl"S'fore leas. tt:!L :3ed.; . ~tlC: the Sllsp€uld e.'cI b',oOlY' be'.ill£:' pre.s!i!eaUB.,eg,u.al1y -en otlP"OdEi ta, 51 des,~ !l'iov'es f:ro!'n ·tne siC!:e of &,re~ tel' prssS'U.re ti.othe si.d.e of l€l's:s:' :r:n::-essu;:"e ~, toot is t m'1~ra'S, tl1e t1U;E!.:l·lJ.C

.fork,. n

As tlHI A.!e,t}Jt;e'I' l~~S:Ed.f. h~~ eC1~al. fi).D:S:r'gy ,at e:~vra!'t~]Jat't .~f all., G,rartt.a:ti_oll~l C:01le." $,t 'Wha,te;v~:t" aist·.~.p.ee t,he secir.'i·oll. r:J,f ~:h.s ~:ip.ne

"'iI;,

a.ri~te'te:~ee.·pt: the- st'ea.'Ily press,uI'-e. to'lJ'at'ds the Centl"'e 1a.~J:l.e to th.:E!J:l',e'"

. _" - i- ~ ~ .,:,,_.. -"': . -:=~R= .-~ '.-=_.> ....... -

Q~nHJmg """lave,s t W'il,i,tth are iter}}le:lJuralll rene,vle··d ~ ti . the· ae.ntr·e of'· t.~e ,sphe,rl a-al mass; Ij

IlSOBf, and a mi:BPIlac,ed., d.e"e1l'!1!tlPoint.,·y1eld.1,ng 37,000 't1IJensllv-e1gp;·t to, the Bcqu.a.r'el 1nch~ t,l1. pla(H~ ot 3/10,O,to);l.8, weight,. whIch is Cbs ;p,'Z'op.e,l' f1guJle :fQ'';' G:~avl t"at,i 0,11, at thai Ea.rth" a B·urf'·aoe.

AI ,Gl.lS wi t·ll. the c~al c: u1 at 1 on given, 1t'jJ, 'e 'J.r?t ill ,~ P'a;p.c:r1T on 'the Ail!!ltJiler,pp,.25a'-2-5"'~ we~ .g.lvs t:bal fo,ll'ow,hlS 'f!e.blJ!,of the }.,etl'ier

"S,tre,SB'Ba fait theSlJD and Pi e.neta..

1 I~: 'I.

1;: (in ,em .. )

S,f.

, st ore s:s ,1, n, :;J;.'t). j tal G f " U'le! t:m eil 9'St r'ength i r;yf s:t>eel., 5I1iI,t,r)ne to, the !I".1nch~ 4~ 72.4d, In'etr.:!, Cl t o'n B . J;e;:rs,'1"~

;:6Q5 ,15,. 0 .t.,5.' . 9th, ';"'1 12'.05

le~,33> -

8a5~g'6

10r9 .• , .,'5 1''1 •• 10 ,21'5.5:0

Su,n, :M:e·rc,urY Ve,:Q'U1J

,rhe, EBi~'th Ka.l's

,Ju;pi t e,i'

Sa.tur'(l t11'~u.,

If e;pt W'J,.,

'\ Q. :1 a· :3

-'

-5

2Y·~(n,~!5 lfUhO ,e 7.5., 317' 9al, .,0 ~,??> •. 1'.

20,21, .' ']' 1.1.&:4 •. 2 '130,',.,0

l.e;4'11,6

-. . I,'

,4Sa,g'a,4400.,O a52~'~5 <i,e 66EH)i· ~ .0, 5860'1~' ~ 3 B&~21 ~O' 418;19(3.0

7 9?'.~"9a~, 0 a;2a56,e:~a

, .. 1 a'Q6~~tt'JL:P'

-'~ SFt,I"(;iu!i. ;;;. '~-=' 'i~

(.ltt kgii,P'01r s,q".,e'l~.)

Q 1. 2 ,3

" ,I

I 15,

!'J' S

.3: 14,' 1.11103,5, O~lg141 0,., :25.4"" OI,.,021Bta

e ~ 006"" 96,50 0.0101.605' 0.,00065"'0'

r

I

1

,

.

I

I

I

75·.'.-

." . 'I

It ap'p~Ulr's,that 't,ns' Gravit~a.tio:nalS1rI'ce ae ne~;ar ""tbe S,ur· fa'oe of the Su,il 18 Vi!'ry large l.ndced)1 while fO'T Jupiter,-- Neptune t 'IJranu.s " Saturn the etres·se s 8,·re .a I ae co.nsfderabll:r largle~r th.an 6't tlle .E,al'tb~ s 5iull:"face: .~. be:ingproporti'on.al.to the ~lq'11ia,re 'Q,fthe f.o:r'loc

2.

Ort" G:ra.,vi t,y ,'1

gJ."eat'er ye't.

In. a rev::! 81 en 0 f "M.axwe 1.118" c1Ji.leu!a t1 ems', mad.e 1 n 'lu,D,e; 1'935i, I found "th.at, ,even 'wi tb. M a:xw ,e 11 , e tlec-ima,lpQint di.spla.c,e.d - g.i'v.ing: 37,000 to,uis 1 \Ille'i,gl'lt I' ills:t,ea.d, of 3,70'0 tone' weight. ~ - ·the stress ~Duld be multiplled by

n=-139,721.,

( 121 )

[ or o,c.n~r·e nting the de·o i mal p.!)"i n't

1

~ . ~ ,. "~.'. '[

!

" I

7~

an,d" still. bre w1"th;ln the :str,er:rg,.th oft,oe ~e:tnel" - s'c tbf\t. theE,owe'! 0·1' the A~the1i' pr,a·ct:1, c tl.lll" isi nf'i n.:i. t.e .: ,&nel.o·e':s,.1 d.e-Sf~, ,sin'c e tb'il!'

mol&cula,r velocrt·ty ,~.fn!.e '-Ae·t"11,er[l;n1,~"'" "l-V';;tl.JiV - 294,000, rf1

m.il.e s. per' s,e'(Hlnd t,ne: A,lather' ,lle!v.;tt c'a.n be'dt erttpte,d, by any for.(J·e,s how€'ve:r ,gr,ea.t,.

:BY _~HE l.ruTUA~~TEN_'§ r.OB OF T'RE 'SURFACES' n~ AOO~L.ED SYS,~ O~ "l'OEQ.UAL STARS.

C!1'i1liO'?~,(lI'?S. t~'~IC" n D'·. I'~'t:!I'~T'IT,v' P···R. 'O','~ 1'Fi'l':ir.cL'li' ·~";l'O"L'O·,· mR'.·.'O'··~' 0' .. ~ i;fJ'~ .~~mc'HL\.I:'R.·

~UI~~~y~.!!i.- i n~~~~ _:~_V'- '~' . =-_,'1Ji2j . .L~~ ~~. ~ ~_.,.t" I, .. J: L ._.fI, .iI,;.llJ1i, ~'J."~"_"

1. The 'l1uH~'ompam:ying Pia. t e on th.e~wnlcs .of' t'll-a Wave -Th!2.!.l~

for a, s1srte'm:of twCl' equal .s,tar,s'll W8;,S' :aravm :in 1933·,sn,tl[ >!i'v:ecs eo. leD'''' eral view of'the' compound. vecCit,;OT'3, D:o'r,mal ta, th,e Equlp'ote'D,tlal Su.r-' f"souss at· ,any po1n,t o:f's,p:l, ea', quad,ra.:nt 'iDu quadre:nt, al)out 61 ther ,star:. l:t, CO~,Pl' .. ~h~ll. ass, ..,ery~eller,~l vi ew ot $he f'o~e'a, B.,t work, in all i! 1- recti-ens, ·!r,OIn. ei'th,er g·od,l" aDd the! changes, in 't;he: direet,ion an:Q

mBlp,i tu(1,EI: O,f' tb.a,sa' c,e'llt,1."alfo:r"u~:s I . at. g'r'ea,t, cLi,s:t,aJl,ces f':t.Gira both. o eli!.""

Clo·se to, e1t:b:a'l" bodl'th'e en,clo's':hll;g' sur:f'.9.ee·s a'rGv,ery nearly spheri 0,a.1 II bu.t, as, WEI gOI autwaril f'l'om.the' cent r8,1 regi,on, t.h, 91 d 1.13- to:rt1,Ql1 01" th.e aurfs,ees in,gre,e."se:e: .• , - tn.,a srurfa,ce,g ten61.1n,g to bulg.BJ OUl"t ~d actuallJl eoale:sce i.Dto an . .hO_r",gl,9<.s,9 .f:or·m~tbe:twe'en the ,massest whl1~ 0111:81i& b,oti,h b'o,ditjl;a. in, '(r;h·a 're'gi,o\g IBO' fr'o:m .this: axis, to s,ither ~~ntr,e Itha surfsliles be'.CClmQ ,mO'reflatte,nea, 1.,.8:S 1ItLlge,Q, O'R.t, ow:iD6

t'G the OGDC'I!ll:TenllH!' o,f t:h,etwa 1'e,a,$0'r,8 Q,ireat:s"i t:'otb.e, :ee,parat'BS'"ti&l"'S, here' V'fJr.y naarll in. the _S8 dlr,e'c1i.i,()ll'lrb:;r 11116 n~ear:17' ,paral.l.e.l, l::lne'

(I'f' ,Sl,ctf o,n ..

,

{t:IzU "

WheTO X::;::. 8:ngle~ 'be't'w'ee,n "the centra:l.ly Q,ir€HJ,t,ed 'V90tOrB:. de·fine.d CW'

- ,<lr . _ ,.;,

'or the'vEI'atolls a:re ,at t.ker all-6i.o' X'~ Q; s.nd, a ,:i:lJ.i:lilmumillh,e:ll X~laO!i'

,or 'h~ 'v'ect.ore B.re· o;p'po:erit,ell d1,re'etea. •. t,o a1 t,h-tl.r star sep's.rat,ely ..

I.r3, this' latta·Ii' eaae one vellt,Ofl" dlr1eet:l,1 attta,'otld.ze~, ether oth~er, 8lld. tba relsuJ.t 1,e a di,tterenC€lr Qn11. ':he __tlra,v1t,atlo'nal Cariels:,j eh,own in ther diagram" 81::e 'Sret ;e,:;mc·t,},Y· QPptuU.~el to e',aeh ot:he:r, ... -

fJ'B,dh w1t,h .i,ts ¥e'2"'tex in the' QP'Po·~it:e· sitar', While the bl,s.,sea ar,s to-' Illtha:r", )ret ·they JI18.r bel ,e'gJlal or unequal 8,,1,1.0'01"41138 t,o the 41atra;nQ'ej

Ji, ' l' :ran~r.

EU.t ill, th'emore, 1i18u,al case. t,n·e,ba,ses' a.re UDce"ual, land J],ot parallel, B.G tb&t their.} l.:e: a l"eeu.l,tant verctor R" frQ'D1 . the: po.l~t

"';"~11' }; ) :

~~~t,r. )'+{~.t+;~~}i(*J~.t·

• ,oIi' • '!I!" .~ foal

'';'~vrl.''~l!' k1Fra'JJ.~lffr~;~;~' . . .4:r~J ,",

=l[[J~,rg~;yr+nr~\1~~ .... ' ~ . ","iil~;'Nr-¥r~,..~~I~ ~~J

.flir~. ~rtr ·;'.~'~b-"1.q~~·u:r,

+7_,',!:JjB- If'"''''''''O"'~;'!2 -f I~-b.~,: -_ ,,'- : ...:_c-'

I

.!hI,B, '1s;' tbe mosr·t S8ll,anl eZ'p'l'lessio;u 'for' ''D:no, eo,mp,o:s'1·t-~lon Qf 't,lle veotorsl ,41l!e,ate4, to t,il. e 811t1'8BOlf' thet.o ,Btu'S., We m.~e,t'

I

d ens,!, t:~ '0'1" th.al .Ertuipote'~ 1al Surfaces;:;, :U~,tbBa.1tferen1; dt, !"G, c.t:l o;ns ab"cloll.tt,}Uu;:(t: c emtre S'.

,2., D[BW{J:!ION OF ~ltE. V;ARliB,L.E· DE:l:i;,s;.1T:Y'~, lfl']m~ AE'OLeTHOFl 0.' :T'BiE' &E;nIEH FRt'JIM. :,TBE~ ASYMMETRY OF THE S1[IJRF'AC1ES .' mIeN 1:5 VER.!-

iLLiiZ&£&_ • 7-~ZI'IE' ., Ii __ ,

FlED: BY OJlSER'V~IOlf.s; ON THEI:N!'ENSITY 01' 'THE GRAVITA:!IVE Fa'RCE' IN" N:AT'URE'.

SUTI:'n,O'lU' .k

~ -~:Z, .. _- I"

d.e·:::Ul:rlb,e two equ:1poctsnt1.a'l surfac.e:s abou.t ,OUGI 41" tJ;tem., at: i:ifJ;e'r"J1t d1a,-t.$.ll,ee:,s. w:ul :l,'et t:he d~lf1"e.r,elD:b;1.a18 'ilR an« d.~ re'p'resa,Dti, the, 11l1'e~ll~al

• I. •

lI'i,stg,CO'.S, 'Wller th,B ,asBJDt8'it:.t;Y o'"! ths ·re.d1.\lS VQct,Gr t,0_r.8, themos'j; widel,. B,Ellparat,ea m1d the least: B'e',~,ate'd mrtac,esi• a,B shown ,lathe figur,B:., - thm, differ,Bnt.ta·l ,6Ql1'1I, a:ns;l~e dW bltine COmmo3Q: to, the O';Pi~ .pos-i te q 4ire,ote4 IOGDeS .. Ai' tll.e outer fJU,rfac a, the l"ad.11vec·t Q,NS. ',are rElispeot,ively

TJ +r1R

~ ~,.

I.

I

f

I

~

I

I

I

"

7J It tbeAeth,er a,t the eqni,pote,nt:1al surfa,Q,e h.aV:9: aeons,tan

defi.n.1,tio.D.2,

(/19)

'~heretore: ,it we tnt egret e ,""' ehal"l obtatn:

~:Av'lT-' '3- - -" _' .'~~. -"-:r'I' + e:.

"CI!.:l:'

Brut, wei ,notice t!;1a t ou;1;:rB:lrl!,e ther star,liiIt the equ.,a.l v~alu.s of d;1r' rO'1301lrs, ,f,n a smaller' sPache 41",: ·tha.n ba,t.eent,ht!ll stS:r:8,t ill, the

" -

la;rp:r spa,es dR.. The ceO',nes aa l!.'le:re, ill,t-e\rocl'pt1!!d .. b1' thai eqtlip.otentl,lll

suface, ta:us, ,7ieldsa ine'q:Pl.lty 1~ $.ethOr'Q,e:nal,ty :r;o,I" any ,glven ,e'lua.l chan'g~,s:ln the ra4:S .. 1Te·ofi;0iZ'EUi 411:=dr., thUB::

Ju- ,( ck"'. ,.~ ilZ' ~

tor 8k\tt1a]L a.,latera'9·s a,l,O(fJlcg, th,ElI ,'athS sepR'atl11g t:he surf,l.o·ea, SR.;

Bo'"" nn4sr the _IrON :ll!'8,.~.m,t th.e J..8tJiar', ~l1n:m'EI:t10 Eqll,ll1'b-r,t_, the aq:ua,l ctb.aDg~EI~ of' 4eD, • .1t;J o.ecur' \\lI,4,e.1" ·Ul11equl\.1 ·JI~_1ib.8 alOB.StCff ;r'aA 1 tt Bi y,e flrtOl" ;. IT ,·,ft, ,Bal I' +- 41";;

(l31)'

.J

tI " ,a:r,:f - "D', '.

I'r' =:-~II '"\ ~\;..

ilR.;o J

.,

(/J.fIJ: ,

lielti "aTr'slll:1"essl'lt, tll,EI: .,.la.sii:1e ,to,r~:,.Qt' that ,""ether" as 'tllll ... · anla"e~a". UDa.e:r."-~net:le Eul11b,rbUlU t'lJ;lI'n 'the lllt"e,p!al.,B '\),er'-".eQ . the,

'be d,;I. 1"ferent,1s:1 chMl-ge bee'ames: v;.1l.')G~;J.'QA' ':; 7iJ'.!r' J &~~ a • .,

,_ ,"" '''' ~

J'i.ldl,D5 "'he 'vu1at~f, OlIn

11f~,tr == , ... ,tr";

~ .. - ):

-~' "'"

,I_ ,- ..... - Gr' ':, «r:

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1h:l,:B,is s, 11m,. alld~e.,rkablle: 'o,r!"te'rl,;cD. ,iD, the ~llleD:tl ,of tb,el ".,,,:11,8:1";.1 1,:eCluoe,4 t~OIli t-ltlSl Ob:B,.:".a~ d,atrlbU"t,lall c'f' tru, ,a;g.Ulro,t,8a'" 't1,81 :s:Uft,ces, :1n epuuI1, ,;",101,c1..181 ll-r8e~' eh,~:e,B :1Jl v,01:o., !v. tor

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Dia,g;ra,m ~iq)~t~ten:~r ·~n:Lr'r:a~i$. )d~11U tw:()· eqJJiI,]'I'f~a;!i~d, p lI.:o:d,.I'I, 9rigijmlI;)i: giV'!o'n jIlL r~mJiQ~.n;l r.6;ls·.tt~:tti;S'~. ( htUfli1 PhU~lijr. ,~S. td .•• 1873, Wilb,otHrcega;:I'I;I, to' fbe' ~U5e iiPJVolved tl'Il:5l"1lJlpe'1' dialP.m,,~ ,,'-til til!! Iictl1:l~ w~l,d'li exi14: un!!!", .. Clml!' p:uirrl;j,1:[ 01/ gr.'!,¥iit:d~QI\I ~,C): 'l~ t:'IJu,i:l,.I. :st:us.J fmt li'i, fb~' Ug-'hot of' 'rl)a.e l:!'e.w c, _ of j'h>e Ae('u·· .. '~rni now IltletpM tL;e meaning (lIThe d1smniol'iis' ,of the s!ilrfi.a.c'e.s ·t>h!;1iwJI., wbi:dI w~l'e :fu!ot puh1i~edl1llout. half • amtilJ~ ago •

. In dl)~ lawn ~"g:ulie we see ho~the "'f!cJlo:r$di,r.e~~~ t9 t'h!!~, ~qUBl]~~~ts.{a:(~, ro,!lJP9Uoded ~'~kan" int'v~ patt.~f· t~e diiil:)i!f'!I,m"according tiP t'h~ l:)we~PJe88~d iii··,t'qJtl3lion (~~,,,). 'fhi$illusttill'res the: w:&Qlr lh¢O:lJ" or Uu~: !::qi:d;PQ~f'n:ri .wr.i'~,c"~$." 3j.~u't; ~:WQ eq,l:l,almassesi,lI.md 'CiOll$ti't~h':'5 -as u:itiInpJtOlJ,al II. "eti~catton Qf t!h~WdJ".e"n..~ty a'5 the in«JID-fii!:abl_e Geemeilb of Nt;fQ,t~~~ P~!!Id:pi3 (lrn=s fOif t'I:u: bw of Ulni\tel'$aJ; glf3il,;'ha!!'i!3fl~, now l1ell'c::tired at .t!l.Sit ,to- its truli!l'OlY$e.

AAJiL~ QIF ~KE RlDW DIFFERENTIAIl:I:JR AND' d:r,," AIm fIfE' RA~IO' - !:_'If' TlD 5E:Ci~'I'O.l:ii OF. on n_E:' ~AN!D !Ell AS~OCIA.~E;Jl'~~]fiLE, FOR,

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IB, tbe fOllloiW1ng 'labls,.'e B'iv8val,us;,bl.e data." oal.oulated, in, 1'9'36, for a]:unvlng: the d1r'ec:tspaee.a d,R.an'~ dr', between the :s1ie,oes,slva she:lls ,Of' EqtU1,IH:lteD,t.t,1111 SurfaCes. in 'the ,t'wo '11,.r~QtiGD,S, -._ t:cw,arda

':Ills at:h;OIZ" st~ar I acd: on: th,s 'Gut ei,a e .' 8,.7 from 'ibotll et'ar &1:' tine ,nttmb1Bl!S of tbe shells (,1)' be:gln, 'ollt,he orQ'bisi,ae ~ilf t(hS s'vt'EI;:e,e:s ,abolt t t'he s;ta"Z"8 ,and 11"0 ,iD_r'd, iowards tAa ,mB"s.seSt

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