Experiment no.

09 (Case study)
Use of Mechatronics in ABS (Anti-lock Braking System).

Aim: Design of Antilock braking system, Electronic brakeforce distribution, Electronic control
unit.

Roll Exam Seat no. Name Of student

No.
F171 T150880978 Shivam Vijay Wadkar

ABSTRACT:

Antilock braking system (ABS) is one of the safety feature provided by automobile industry. Due
to the use of this safety feature, braking distance of vehicle is reduced as well as stability of
vehicle is increased. Due to the use of ABS tyre efficiency is also increased as there is less
friction in between road and tyre. However this system does not work effectively for adverse
road condition. To overcome this disadvantage automobile industry recently come up with the
new advancement known as electronic brake-force distribution (EBD). Electronic brake-force
system works efficiently even if road conditions are adverse i.e. icy, watery etc. It also reduces
braking distance and increases stability of vehicle by just adding functionality in control unit.

INTRODUCTION:

Antilock braking system (ABS) prevent brakes from locking during braking. In normal braking
situation the driver control the brakes, however during severs braking or on slippery roadways
when driver the wheels to approach lockup, the antilock takes over here. The ABS modulates the
brake line pressure independent of the pedal force to bring the wheel speed back to the slip level
range that necessary to the optimal braking performance. The ABS does not allow full wheel
lock under braking. In simple terms, during emergency of braking, the wheel does not get locked
even if you push a full auto brake pedal and hence the skidding does not takes place. It allowed
driver to control the car easier, even on roads with low adhesion, such a rain, snow and muddy
road. The brain of antilock braking system consist Electronic Control Unit (ECU), wheel speed
sensor and hydraulic modulator. ABS is a closed circuit, hence it used the feedback control
system that modulates the brake pressure in response to the wheel deceleration and wheel
angular velocity to prevent the controlled wheel from locking.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ANTI LOCK BREAKING SYSTEM

LITRATURE REVIEW

H Mirzaeinejad and M Mirzaei (2010), “A Novel Method for Non-linear Control of Wheel Slip
in Anti-lock Braking Systems’, Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 18, pp. 918-926The Stopping
distance is a one of the important factor when it comes for braking. Stopping distance is the
function of vehicle mass, its initial velocity and the braking force. Stopping distance can be
minimize by increasing in braking force (keeping all other factors constant). In all types of road
surface there is always exists a peak in friction Figure 7: Effect of ABS coefficient. An antilock
system can attain maximum fictional force and results minimum stopping distance. This
objective of antilock systems however, is tempered by the need for vehicle stability and
steerability.

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER:

The work of ECU is to receive, amplifies and filter the sensor signals for calculating the speed
rotation and acceleration of the vehicle. ECU also uses the speeds of two diagonally opposite
wheels to calculate an Figure 3: Electronic Control Unit (ECU) estimate for the speed of the
vehicle. The slip of each wheel is obtain by comparing the reference speed with the individual
wheel. During wheel slip or wheel acceleration condition signal server to alert the ECU. The
microcomputer alert by sending the trigger the pressure control valve of the solenoids of the
pressure modulator to modulate the brake pressure in the individual wheel brake cylinders. The
ECU reacts to a recognized defect or error by switching off the malfunctioning part of the system
or shutting down the entire ABS.malfunctioning part of the system or shutting down the entire
ABS.

3. METHODOLOGY:

Classification of ABS System:

1. Four Channel, Four Sensor ABS

2. Three Channel, Three Sensor ABS

Different schemes of anti-lock braking system uses depending upon the types of brakes use.
Depending upon the channel (valve) and number of speed sensors the antilock brake

Working:

The ABS is active safety equipment which helps the driver to maintain directional control of the
vehicle by preventing the wheels from locking during braking intense episode [9], [10]. The ABS
braking systems are not all configured the same way; some prevent blocking of the four wheels
whereas others avoid only blocking of the rear wheels [11], [13]. All ABS systems, however,
operate by monitoring wheel speed. If a potential blockage of wheel is detected, it applies or
rapidly releases the brake on that wheel. All ABS systems use four main components: the wheel
speed sensors, the hydraulic part, the braking pressure modulator and the electronic control unit.
A. Wheel speed sensors The wheel speed sensors are inductive proximity detectors. They
monitor the rotational speed of the wheels and the vehicle. When the sensors detect that the
wheels even one of the wheels no longer rotates, although the automobile continues the
movement, it means that the wheels are locking. The signals delivered by the sensors are
processed by a digital electronic system in the sensorsB. Hydraulic part The brake control is
affected from the master cylinder; the centerpiece of the system which is connected to the brake
fluid reservoir. When the driver presses the brake pedal, the force is transmitted to the brake
booster, which then transforms this power to the master cylinder. So the strength of the supports
is the one that determines the braking power. C. The braking pressure modulator The braking
pressure modulator has the function of modulating the hydraulic pressure to the wheel cylinders
or calipers. The assembly modulator contains the solenoid valves of the hydraulic system, a
motor pump and two accumulators. The solenoid valve is a controlled hydraulic valve, managing
the transition between the master cylinder, the wheel cylinder and the oil tank. These positions
are arranged and organized by the electronic brake control module with electrical signals of
different intensities, powering the coils to create electromagnetic forces. D. Electronic control
unit It is the electronic control unit (ECU) which receives the information from the wheel speed
sensors. In the modern ABS system, the ECU and the hydraulic units are integrated. The ECU
detects any signs of rapid deceleration of a wheel and commands the electronics unit to act on
the electrovalves [14].

Advantages:

1.Stopping on ice.

2. Lower insurance costs.

3. Higher resale value.

4. Traction control.

Result and Conclusion:

With development in a technology in automobiles the braking system is getting more and more
advanced. Antilock brakes help drivers to have better control of a vehicle in some road
conditions where hard braking may be necessary. In vehicles without antilock brake systems,
drivers who encounter slippery conditions have to pump their brakes to make sure they do not
spin out of control because of locked up wheels. Antilock braking system coordinates wheel
activity with a sensor on each wheel that regulate brake pressure as necessary, so that all wheels
are operating in a similar speed range.