Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Material Properties
Binder (Asphalt Binder)
Aggregate
Modifier
Asphalt Cement
Semi-Solid, used for aggregates in pavement
construction
Cutback Asphalt
Rapid curing: Gasoline or naphtha
Tack coat or surface treatment
Medium curing: Kerosene
Prime coast, stockpile patching mixture
Slow curing: Diesel or the other gas oil
Prime Coat, stockpile patching mixture
Emulsified Asphalt
Asphalt cement + water + emulsifier
Rapid setting: Surface treatment
Medium Setting: Open graded cold asphalt mixtures
Slow Setting :Tack coat, fog seal, dense graded cold mixture,
and slurry seal
Blown Asphalt
Roofing, automobile undercoating
Road Tar
Obtained from coal, rarely used in pavement
construction
Rate of curing
Increase in consistency due to evaporation
Rate of curing of cutbacks
Volatility of the solvent
Quantity of solvent in the cutback
Consistency of the base material
Temperature
Ratio of surface area to volume
Wind velocity across exposed surface
Resistance to water action
Temperature effect on volume of asphalt
Consistency Test
Kinematic Viscosity Test
Rotational Viscosity Test
Float Test
Penetration Test
Softening Point Test
Durability Test
Rate of Curing
Distillation Test for Cutbacks
Rheological Test
Dynamic Shear Test
Bending Creep Test
Other General Test
Specific Gravity Test
Ductility Test
Solubility Test
Flash-Point Test
Loss-on-Heating Test
Water Content Test
Low cost
Available to find temperature susceptibility
Disadvantages
Not a mechanical property
Reduce overlap
Wide range of test instrument is available
temperature susceptibility is measured
Disadvantages
Deceptive performance
Not adequate to safeguard against low temp cracking
Time is longer
Slightly more expensive
Specification
Available material
Trial mix
CA: 55%
FA: 39%
Filler: 6%
Result:
Calculation
P aA1 bA2 cA3 ......
Analysis: Yes or No
Graphical method or LP method
Objective:
Develop an economical blend of aggregates and
asphalt that meet design requirements
Historical mix design methods
Marshall
Hveem
New
Superpave gyratory
ASTM C127
Dry aggregate
Soak in water for 24 hours
Decant water
Use pre-dampened towel to get SSD
condition
Determine mass of SSD aggregate in bucket
Determine mass under water
Dry to constant mass
Determine oven dry mass
Page 35 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce
Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
Gsb = A / (B - C)
A = mass oven dry
B = mass SSD
C = mass under water
Gs,SSD = B / (B - C)
Gsa = A / (A - C)
Water absorption capacity, %
Absorption % = [(B - A) / A] * 100
Page 38 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce
Phase Diagram in solid
Aggregate
Vs Solids
Ws
VV Air 0
Vs Aggregate ws
Ws Wb
Gmm Gb = specific gravity of asphalt
Vs Vv Vb
Pb = percent by weight of asphalt in paving
WT mixture
Ws Wb Ps = percent by weight of aggregates in
paving mixture
Gse Gb
WT
WT (1 Pb ) WT ( Pb )
Gse Gb
100
Ps P
b
G Gb
se
Page 44 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce
Weight-volume relationship & its parameter
Effective Asphalt
Percent void in compacted Mineral Aggregate
(Void in Mineral Aggregate)
VV Vbe
VMA 100
VT
Voids filled with Asphalt(%)
Vbe
VFA 100
Vbe VV
Page 45 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce
Calculation of VTM, VMA, VFA
VV Vbe
VMA 100
VT
Ws WT WT Pb
VT Vs
100
VT simplifying
Vs Gmb Ps
1 100 VMA 100
VT Gsb
Ws
Gsb
1 100
WT
Gmb
Page 46 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce
Percent air voids in compacted mixture
(VTM, % air)
VV
Pa VTM 100, VV VT Vbe Vs
VT
1
VT Vbe Vs Vbe Vs VT
VTM 100 1 100 1 100
VT VT 1
V V
be s
WT
VT G
1 100 1 mb G 100
WT mm
Vbe Vs
VMA VTM
VFA 100
VMA
Ws Ws
Gb
Wap Vap Gb Gsb Gse 100
Pba 100 100
Ws Ws Ws
Gse Gsb
Pba 100 Gb
Gsb Gse
Pba
Pbe Pb Ps
100
Where
Wa
Gmb wa = weight in air
Wa Ww
ww = weight in water
1
.5
.3 Compaction Range
.2 Mixing Range
.1
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C
stability
flow
VMA
Unit Wt.
AC weight(%) AC
weight(%) Asphalt Content, %
Stability
Flow
Page 63
AC weight(%) Highway Engineering & AAC weight(%)
irport Research Taskforce
Marshall Design Criteria
Air Voids, % 3 to 5 3 to 5 3 to 5
4%
Upper limit OK
OK
Minimum
Lower Limit
Air Voids,
%
4%
Asphalt Content, %
Page 69
the asphalt content
H
at 4%A air
E R
voids
T
ighway ngineering & irport esearch askforce
Marshall Design Use of Data
NAPA Procedure
Stability
OK
Asphalt Content, %
Upper limit OK
OK
Minimum
Lower Limit
Advantages
Attention on voids, strength, durability
Inexpensive equipment
Easy to use in process control/acceptance
Disadvantages
Impact method of compaction
Does not consider shear strength
Load perpendicular to compaction axis
2.49
2.48
2.47
2.46
Unit weight
2.45
2.44
2.43
2.42
2.41
2.4
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
%
% stability flow
5.0 1458 7.2
5.5 1602 95
6.0 1550 11.2
6.5 1412 13.2
7.0 1200 15.7
1600 16
1400 14
1200 12
1000 10
stability
flow
800 8
600 6
400 4
200 2
0 0
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
% %
15
14.5
14
VMA
VMA
13.5
13
12.5
12
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
%
Gmm Gmb
Pa 100
Gmm
For 5% AP
2.54 2.43
Pa 100 4.33
2.54
4.5
3.5
3
Air void %
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
%
Disadvantages
Impact method of compaction
Does not consider shear strength
Load perpendicular to compaction axis