Human detection Robot using PIR sensor

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By:
Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University

SUBMITTED TO: …………………………

Contents
Introduction: .......................................................................................................... 2
Principle: ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hardware Used ...................................................................................................... 3
Block Diagram ........................................................................................................ 4
Working ................................................................................................................. 5
PIR Sensor: ............................................................................................................. 9
Software used: ..................................................................................................... 14
Applications: ........................................................................................................ 15
Limitations ........................................................................................................... 15
Reference: ........................................................................................................... 15

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES

Figure 1 ................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2 ................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3 ................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4 ................................................................................................. 12
Figure 5 ................................................................................................. 13
Introduction:

Human detection robot is not a new technology. Many types of human

detection robots were designed depending on the application. During
the natural calamities like earthquakes, it is difficult to rescue the
human beings under the buildings. Though detection by rescue team is
done, it consumes a lot of time. Detection of human in appropriate
time is very important in such situations. This article presents a simple
human detection robot that is operated manually using RF technology.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The main principle of the circuit is to detect the human using human
detection sensor. The wireless robot is operated manually using PC. The
wireless technology used here is Radio Frequency technology. The data
is transmitted to receiver through RF. Using the received data, robot is
operated and controlled.

Hardware Used

 ATmega16 microcontroller.
 Bluetooth Receiver
 L293D IC.
 Robot chassis.
 Motors
 Buzzer
 PIR Sensor
Block Diagram

Android App

PIR Sensor

POWER
Microcontroller BT Receiver
SUPPLY Atmega16

L293
Motor Driver

Motor 1 Motor 2

Figure 1
Working

 Initially burn the code into the micro controller.

 Arrange the robot chassis.
 Connect the transmitter and receiver circuits as shown in the
Block diagram.
 Now arrange the transmitter to the robot.
 Enter the character F in the hyper terminal of the PC.
 This makes the robot to move in forward direction.
 Now enter the character B to move the robot in reverse direction.
 Enter L and R to move the robot in left and right directions.
 While the robot is moving if any human detected by the PIR
sensor robot stops moving and a buzzer is switched on.

 Microcontroller ATMEGA16

The ATMEGA16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based

on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful
instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATMEGA16 achieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed.
PIN Diagram:

Figure 2

Features:

• High Performance, Low Power Atmel ® 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions - Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 1 MIPS throughput per MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Data and Non-Volatile Program Memory
– 16/32/64K Bytes Flash of In-System Programmable Program Memory
– 512B/1K/2K Bytes of In-System Programmable EEPROM
– 1/2/4K Bytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/ 100,000 EEPROM
– Data Retention: 20 years at 85°C/ 100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Flash Program and EEPROM Data Security
• On Chip Debug Interface (debugWIRE)
• CAN 2.0A/B with 6 Message Objects - ISO 16845 Certified
• LIN 2.1 and 1.3 Controller or 8-Bit UART
• One 12-bit High Speed PSC (Power Stage Controller)
– Non Overlapping Inverted PWM Output Pins With Flexible Dead-Time
– Variable PWM duty Cycle and Frequency
– Synchronous Update of all PWM Registers
– Auto Stop Function for Emergency Event
• Peripheral Features
– One 8-bit General purpose Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler,
Compare Mode
and Capture Mode
– One 16-bit General purpose Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler,
Compare
Mode and Capture Mode
– One Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– 10-bit ADC
Up To 11 Single Ended Channels and 3 Fully Differential ADC Channel
Pairs
Programmable Gain (5×, 10×, 20×, 40×) on Differential Channels
Internal Reference Voltage
Direct Power Supply Voltage Measurement
– 10-bit DAC for Variable Voltage Reference (Comparators, ADC)
– Four Analog Comparators with Variable Threshold Detection
– 100μA ±2% Current Source (LIN Node Identification)
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-Chip Oscillator
– On-chipTemperature Sensor
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Low Power Idle, Noise Reduction, and Power Down Modes
– Power On Reset and Programmable Brown Out Detection
– In-System Programmable via SPI Port
– High Precision Crystal Oscillator for CAN Operations (16MHz)
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator ( 8MHz)
– On-chip PLL for fast PWM ( 32MHz, 64MHz) and CPU (16MHz)
• Operating Voltage: 2.7V - 5.5V
• Extended Operating Temperature:
– -40°C to +85°C
• Core Speed Grade:
– 0 - 8MHz @ 2.7 - 4.5V
PIR Sensor:

Figure 3

Operating principles
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in
the form of radiation. Usually this radiation is invisible to the human
eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected
by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.
The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do
not generate or radiate any energy for detection purposes. They work
entirely by detecting the energy given off by other objects. PIR sensors
don't detect or measure "heat"; instead they detect the infrared
radiation emitted or reflected from an object.

Construction
Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the
'sensor face'. At the core of a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of
sensors, made from pyroelectric materials—materials which generate
energy when exposed to heat. Typically, the sensors are approximately
1/4 inch square (40 mm2), and take the form of a thin film. Materials
commonly used in PIR sensors include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium
nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyridine,
and cobalt phthalocyanine. The sensor is often manufactured as part of
an integrated circuit.

PIR-based motion detector

A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people,
animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar
alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems. They are
commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive
infrared detector".

Operation
An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared
radiation impinging upon it, which varies depending on the
temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in front of the
sensor. When an object, such as a human, passes in front of the
background, such as a wall, the temperature at that point in the
sensor's field of view will rise from room temperature to body
temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting
change in the incoming infrared radiation into a change in the output
voltage, and this triggers the detection. Moving objects of similar
temperature to the background but different surface characteristics
may also have a different infrared emission pattern, and thus
sometimes trigger the detector.
PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The
most common models have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror
segments, an effective range of about ten meters (thirty feet), and a
field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of view,
including 360 degrees, are available—typically designed to mount on a
ceiling. Some larger PIRs are made with single segment mirrors and can
sense changes in infrared energy over one hundred feet away from the
PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors
which allow either broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain"
coverage, or with individually selectable segments to "shape" the
coverage.

 DC Motor

Basically, the motors can be categorized into two parts, AC

and DC. The basic principle of operation is almost same. In any
electric motor, the operation is based on simple electromagnetism.
A current carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is
placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force
proportional to the current in the conductor, and the strength of the
external magnetic field.

The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the

magnetic interaction between a current carrying conductor and an
external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

Figure 4

 Motor driver IC

As the most of the PORT of MCU or any other controlling ICs

are not powerful enough to drive DC motors directly so we need
some kind of drivers. A very easy and safe is to use popular L293D
chips. It is a 16 PIN chip.

This chip is designed to control 2 DC motors. There are 2 INPUT and

2 OUTPUT pins for each motor.

If INPUT pins are not connected to +5V, then both the drivers will
remain deactivated until they are enabled. Whatever power supply
we provide at pin 8 and pin 16, this supply will go to both motors.
 Hence we have to be careful about the rating of motors while
connecting the power supply to this IC.

Figure 5

 Power supply:

A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to

an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert
one form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power
supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some
power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are
built into larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the latter
include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer
electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as
well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an
energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain
energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical energy
transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a batteries and
fuel cells, electromechanical systems such as generators and
alternators, solar power converters, or another power supply.
All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the
energy source, and a power output that delivers energy to the load. In
most power supplies the power input and output consist of electrical
connectors or hardwired circuit connections, though some power
supplies employ wireless energy transfer in lieu of galvanic connections
for the power input or output. Some power supplies have other types
of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring
and control.

Software used:

 All the software developed for this project will be loaded into the
memory of the AT89S51 microcontroller.

 The language must be supported by the AT89S51 compiler

 The AT89S51 compiler supports C and Assembly

Reasons for Selection C Programming Language:

  Vast amount of online resources

 Ease of development

 Team members have experience of coding in C.

Applications:

Following are the main applications of this Human Detection Robot.

 Human detection robot can be used at the time of natural

calamities to save the lives of human.
 This can also be used to detect the humans in the war field.
 This can be used for security purpose in the jewellery shops,
museums, etc.

Limitations

 The PIR sensor cannot detect human out of its range.

Reference:
Augarten, Stan (1983). The Most Widely Used Computer on a Chip: The TMS 1000. State of
the Art: A Photographic History of the Integrated Circuit (New Haven and New
York: Ticknor & Fields). ISBN 0-89919-195-9. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
"Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 8048 Microcontroller" (PDF).
Computer History Museum Oral History, 2008. p. 4. Retrieved 2011-06-28.

"Atmel’s Self-Programming Flash Microcontrollers" (PDF). 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2008-

10-25. by Odd Jostein Svendsli 2003
 Jim Turley. "The Two Percent Solution" 2002.

Tom Cantrell "Microchip on the March". Circuit Cellar. 1998.

http://www.semico.com

Momentum Carries MCUs Into 2011 http://semico.com/content/momentum-carries-

mcus-2011