Analog Electronics –II Lab

Laboratory Manual

ANALOG ELECTRONICS II

IV Semester
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Introduction

A linear integrated circuit (linear IC) is a solid-state analog device

characterized by a theoretically infinite number of possible operating states.
It operates over a continuous range of input levels. In contrast, a digital IC has
a finite number of discrete input and output states.
Within a certain input range, the amplification curve of a linear IC is a straight
line; the input and output voltages are directly proportional. The best known,
and most common, linear IC is the operational amplifier or op amp , which
consists of resistors, diodes, and transistors in a conventional analog circuit.
There are two inputs, called inverting and non-inverting. A signal applied to
the inverting input results in a signal of opposite phase at the output. A signal
applied to the non-inverting input produces a signal of identical phase at the
output. A connection, through a variable resistance , between the output and
the inverting input is used to control the amplification factor .
Linear ICs are employed in audio amplifiers, A/D (analog-to-digital)
converters, averaging amplifiers, differentiators, DC (direct-current)
amplifiers, integrators, multivibrators, oscillators, audio filters, and sweep
generators. Linear ICs are available in most large electronics stores. Some
devices contain several amplifiers within a single housing.

Op-Amp
An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.
An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands
times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Operational amplifiers are important building blocks for a wide range of

electronic circuits. They had their origins in analog computers where they
were used in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. Their
popularity in circuit design largely stems from the fact the characteristics of
the final elements (such as their gain) are set by external components with
little dependence on temperature changes and manufacturing variations in the
op-amp itself.
The circuit symbol for an op-amp is shown below, where:
• : non-inverting input
• : inverting input
• : output
• : positive power supply
• : negative power supply

IC 741
IC-741 is a 8-pin IC. The pin diagram is shown below. Every IC
should be supplied with positive and negative dc voltages of +12
and –12 volts respectively. +12V should be supplied to pin-7 and –
12V to pin-4. Pin-2 is the inverting input pin and Pin-3 is the
noninverting input pin. Output can be measured at the output pin-6
with respect to the breadboard ground.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Pins 1 and 5 are used for output offset voltage compensation. These
two pins are not required for normal applications.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Objective of the Lab

1. To sketch the following basic op-amp circuits and op-amp

applications and explain the operation of each:
a. Inverting amplifier
b. Non-inverting amplifier
c. Differential amplifier
d. Summing amplifier
e. Integrator and differentiator.
f. Astable Multivibrator
g. Clipper
h. Low Pass Filter
i. High Pass Filter
j. Wein Bridge Oscillator

2. To analyze and design circuits of the type listed in item I above

for input & output impedances, voltage gain and bandwidth.

3. To trouble shoot and analyze faults in the op-amp circuits.

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

HARDWARE REQUIRED
a. Power supply : variable regulated low voltage dc source
b. Equipments : CRO
c. Resistors : Various
d. Capacitors : Various
e. Semiconductors : IC 741 op-amp
f. Miscellaneous : Bread board and wires

In this laboratory experiment, you will learn several basic ways in

which an op-amp can be connected using –ve feedback to stabilize
the gain and increase the frequency response. The extremely high
open-loop gain of an op-amp creates an unstable situation because
a small noise voltage on the input can be amplified to a point where
the amplifier in driven out of its linear region. Also unwanted
oscillations can occur. In addition, the open-loop gain parameter of
an op-amp can vary greatly from one device to the next. Negative
feedback takes a portion of output and applies it back out of phase
with the input, creating an effective reduction in gain. This closed-
loop gain is usually much less than the open-loop gain and
independent of it.

Closed – loop voltage gain, ACL

The closed-loop voltage gain is the voltage gain of an op-amp with
external feedback. The amplifier configuration consists of the op-
amp and an external –ve feedback circuit that connects the output to
the inverting input. The closed loop voltage gain is determined by
the external component values and can be precisely controlled by
them.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim: - Application of 741 IC as inverting amplifier and non-inverting
amplifier.
Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, Multimeter, resistors (10kΩ, 1kΩ), dual
power supply (+15V, -15V) and connecting wires.
Theory:-
In this experiment, you will learn several basic ways in which an op-amp can
be connected using –ve feedback to stabilize the gain and increase the
frequency response. The extremely high open-loop gain of an op-amp creates
an unstable situation because a small noise voltage on the input can be
amplified to a point where the amplifier in driven out of its linear region. Also
unwanted oscillations can occur. In addition, the open-loop gain parameter of
an op-amp can vary greatly from one device to the next. Negative feedback
takes a portion of output and applies it back out of phase with the input,
creating an effective reduction in gain. This closed-loop gain is usually much
less than the open-loop gain and independent of it.

Closed – loop voltage gain, ACL -The closed-loop voltage gain is the voltage
gain of an op-amp with external feedback. The amplifier configuration
consists of the op-amp and an external –ve feedback circuit that connects the
output to the inverting input. The closed loop voltage gain is determined by
the external component values and can be precisely controlled by them.

Inverting amplifier
❖ It is the most widely used of all op-amp circuits. In the inverting
amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input. The
non-inverting input terminal is grounded. The output voltage is fed back
to the inverting input through the Rf-R1 network. Input vi is applied to
the inverting input terminal through R1.
❖ The output voltage will be as follows:

 
Vo = −  R F V IN
 R1 
❖ Gain of the inverting amplifier is
− Rf
ACL =
R1
❖ The negative sign indicates a phase shift of 180º between input and
output voltages.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Precaution: Output voltage should not exceed 15V otherwise it will result in error in
readings.

RF=10k

R1=1k 7 +Vcc
2
-
OUTPUT
6
3
+ 4
- Vcc

Inverting Amplifier

Non-inverting amplifier

❖ In this configuration, the input is applied to the non-inverting input

terminal and the inverting terminal is connected to ground.
❖ This circuit amplifies the input without inverting it.
❖ It is a negative feedback system as the input is being fed back to the
inverting input terminal.

RF=10K

R1=1K 7 +Vcc
2
-
OUTPUT
6

3
+ 4 - Vcc

Non-Inverting Amplifier

❖ The output voltage will be as follows:

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

 
Vo = 1 + R F V IN
 R 1 

❖ Gain of the inverting amplifier is

Rf
ACL = 1 +
R1
❖ In this case, the output will be more amplified than the inverting
amplifier and will be in the phase of the input signal.
Precaution: Output voltage should not exceed 15V otherwise it will result in error in
readings.

Observation table:-
For inverting amplifier & non-inverting amplifier:

S.No. Vin Vo (by formula) Vo (observed) % Error

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

% error = (Actual – Measured) / Measured X 100

Precautions:-
1. The IC should be checked before making connections.
2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-

Waveforms:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Vin =0.35V Input Signal

Vo = -3.5V Inverting Amplifier

Vo = 3.7V Non-Inverting Amplifier

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: - Application of 741 IC as summing and difference amplifier.

Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, Multimeter, resistors (10kΩ, 1kΩ), dual
power supply (+15V, -15V) and connecting wires.

Theory:-

SUMMING AMPLIFIER
The summing amplifier is an application of the inverting op-amp
configuration. The summing amplifier has two or more inputs, and its output
age is proportional to the algebraic sum of its input voltages.

Case-1: If all the three resistors are equal (R1=R2=Rf=R) then

Vo = −(V 1 + V 2)
The above equation shows that the output voltage has the same magnitude as
the sum of two input voltages but with a –ve sign indicating inversion.

Case-2: When Rf is larger than the input resistors, the amplifier has a gain of
–Rf/R, where R is the value of each equal value input resistor (R1=R2=R).
The general expression for the output is
Rf
Vo = − (V 1 + V 2)
R1
The above equation shows that the output voltage has the same magnitude as
the sum of all the input voltages multiplied by a constant determined by the
ratio –Rf/R.

Case-3: By setting the ration Rf/R equal to the reciprocal of the number of
inputs (n), ie., –Rf/R = 1/n , a summing amplifier can be made to produce the
mathematical average of the input voltages.
Case-4: A different weight can be assigned to each input of a summing
amplifier by simply adjusting the values of the input resistors. In this case, the
output voltage can be expressed as
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

 Rf Rf 
Vo = −  V 1 + V 2) 
 R1 R2 
The weight of a particular input is set by the ratio of Rf to Rx for the input
(Rx= R1, R2, ….)

Summing Amplifier can have 2 configurations-

• Inverting amplifier: - When the input signal is applied to the inverting
terminal and the non-inverting terminal is connected to ground, then
this configuration is said to be inverting amplifier.

RF=10k

R1=1k 7
V1 2 +Vcc
V -
OUTPUT
R2=1k 6
V2
V' 3
+ 4 -Vcc

• Non-inverting amplifier: - If the input voltage sources and resistors are

connected to the non-inverting terminal, this configuration can be used
as a non-inverting summing amplifier.

RF=10K

R1=1K 7 +Vcc
2
-
6 OUTPUT
R2=1K
V1 3
+ 4 - Vcc
R3=1K
V2
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

❖ The output voltage for this configuration will be:

  V 1 + V 2 
Vo = R 1 + R F  
 R1  2 
❖ This is also known as averaging amplifier.

SUBTRACTOR OR DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

The function of a subtractor is to provide an output proportional to or equal to

the difference of two input signals. The output voltage of the differential
amplifier can be expressed as
R2
Vo = (V 1 − V 2) )
R1
Thus it can be seen that the output voltage depends on the difference of the
input voltages. (V1-V2) can be suitably amplified choosing the values of
R2/R1. The circuit also behaves as a subtractor if R2=R1.

R2=10K

R1=1K 7
V1 2 +Vcc
-
OUTPUT
6
R3=1K
V2 3 +
4 -Vcc
R4=10
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Observation table:-

For summing amplifier (inverting & non-inverting) and difference amplifier:

S.No. Vin Vo (by formula) Vo (observed) % Error

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

% error = (Actual – Measured) / Measured X 100

Precautions:-

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Waveforms

V1 = 0.20V Input Signal

V2 = 0.30V Input Signal

Vo = -5.0V Summing (Inverting)

Vo = 2.5V Summing (Non-Inverting)

Vo = 1.0V Difference Amplifier

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

LAB Assignment 1
(Based on Experiments 1 & 2)

1. Identify each of the op-amp configurations:-

2. A non-inverting amplifier has R1 of 1KΩ of 100KΩ. Determine

Feedback voltage if VO = 5V.

3. For the amplifier in Fig.(b) determine the following:

(a) ACL(NI) (b) VO (c) Vf

4. Find the value of Rf that will produce closed-loop gain of 300 in

each amplifier in fig.(c).
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

5. Determine the output voltage of each amplifier in Fig (h).

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Aim: - Design and study a differentiation amplifier.

Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, resistors (10kΩ, 1kΩ), capacitor (0.1μf),
dual power supply (+15V, -15V), function generator, CRO
with probes and connecting wires.

Theory: -
An op-amp differentiator simulates mathematical differentiation, which is a
process of determining the instantaneous rate of change of a function.
Differentiator performs the reverse of integration function. The output
waveform is derivative of the input waveform. Here, the input element is a
capacitor and the feedback element is a resistor.
The differentiator may be constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if the
input resistor R1 is replaced by a capacitor C1.

RF=10K

C1=0.1μf 7
2 +Vcc
-
OUTPUT
Vin 6
3
+
4 - Vcc
Rom=10K

❖ The expression for the output voltage is:

Vo = -RfC1 dVin
dt

❖ Thus the output Vo is equal to the RfC1 times the negative instantaneous
rate of change of the input voltage Vin with time.

❖ For proper differentiation, RfC1 has to be much smaller than the time
period of the input signal.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

❖ It can be seen that at high frequencies a differentiator may become unstable

and break into oscillation. Also, the input impedance of the differentiator
decreases with increase in frequency, thereby making the circuit sensitive
to high frequency noise. So, in order to limit the gain of the differentiator
at high frequencies, the input capacitor may be connected in series with a
resistance R1 and hence avoiding high frequency noise and stability
problems. That circuit will be known as a practical differentiator.

Precautions:-

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Waveforms:

Vin

Vo
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim: - Design and study an integrator circuit.

Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, resistor (1kΩ), capacitor (0.1μf), dual
power supply (+15V, -15V), function generator, CRO with
probes and connecting wires.

Theory: -
An op-amp integrator simulates mathematical integration which is basically a
summing process that determines the total area under the curve of a function
ie., the integrator does integration of the input voltage waveform. Here the
input element is resistor and the feedback element is capacitor.

Cf=0.1μf

R1=1k Ω 7
2 +Vcc
-
OUTPUT
Vin 6

3
+ 4- Vcc

❖ The output voltage is given by-

1 t

RC 
Vo = − V 0
dt + Vc
in
1 F

❖ Where VC (t=0) is the initial voltage on the capacitor. For proper

integration, RC has to be much greater than the time period of the input
signal.
❖ It can be seen that the gain of the integrator decreases with the
increasing frequency so, the integrator circuit does not have any high
frequency problem unlike a differentiator circuit. However, at low
frequencies such as at dc, the gain becomes infinite. Hence the op-amp
saturates (ie., the capacitor is fully charged and it behaves like an open
circuit). In order to limit the gain of the integrator at low frequencies,
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

usually the feedback capacitor is shunted by a resistance Rf, and hence

saturation problems can be avoided.

Precautions:-

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-

Waveforms:

Vin

Vo
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: - To generate a standard waveform using a 741 IC as an astable
multivibrator.

Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, capacitor (0.1μf), resistors (10kΩ,

1kΩ), variable potentiometer (10kΩ), dual power supply
(+15V, -15V), CRO and connecting wires.

Theory:-
❖ A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of
simple two state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip flops. An
astable multivibrator has two states, neither one stable. The circuit
therefore behaves as an oscillator with the time spent in each state
controlled by the charging or discharging of a capacitor through a
resistor.

❖ The output of an operational amplifier is forced to swing repetitively

between positive saturation +Vsat and negative saturation -Vsat, resulting
in the square wave output.

❖ This square wave generator is also called a free running or astable

multivibrator.

❖ An astable multivibrator is a rectangular wave circuit.

❖ This does not require any external triggering to change the state of the
output, hence named free running multivibrator.

❖ The time during which the output is either high or low is determined by
the two resistors and a capacitor.

❖ The output of the op-amp in this circuit will be in positive and negative
saturation, depending on whether the differential voltage vid is negative
or positive, respectively.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Rf=10k

C=0.1μf 7 +Vcc
2
-
OUTPUT
6
3
+ 4
R1=10K - Vcc

R2

11.6k (20K POT)

SQAURE WAVE GENERATOR

❖ The time period T of the output waveform is given by

2 + 
T = 2 RCIn R1 R2 

 R2 
❖ And then,

1
fo =
2 + 
2 RCIn R1 R2 

 R2 

❖ This equation indicates that the frequency of the output f o is not only a
function of the RC time constant but also of the relationship between
R1 and R2. If R2 = 1.16 R1, the this equation becomes

1
f =
o 2 RC

❖ This equation shows that the smaller the RC time constant, the higher
the output frequency fo and vice versa.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Observation table:-

Frequency Frequency % error

(Observed) (By Formula)

Precautions:-

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-

Waveforms:
VOLTAGE ACROSS CAPACITOR

+Vsat O/P VOLTAGE (VO)

+v1

- v1

- Vsat
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

AIM: - To study the positive and negative clipper circuit using 741 IC.

Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, PN junction diode, resistor (10kΩ),

variable potentiometer (10kΩ), dual power supply (+15V,
-15V), CRO, function generator and connecting wires.

Theory:-

❖ Wave shaping circuits are commonly used in digital computers and

communications such as TV and FM receivers.

❖ Wave shaping techniques include limiting, clipping and clamping.

❖ Clipper is a circuit that is used to clip off (remove) a certain portion of

the input signal to obtain a desired output wave shape.

❖ In op-amp clipper circuits, a rectifier diode may be used to clip off a

certain portion of the input signal to obtain a desired output waveshape.

❖ A clipper circuit is of two types: positive clipper and a negative clipper.

❖ Positive Clipper: - A positive clipper circuit removes positive parts of

the input signal. It can be formed by using and op-amp with a rectifier
diode as shown in figure given below.

❖ In this circuit the op-amp is basically used as a voltage follower with a

diode in the feedback path.

❖ The clipping level is determined by the reference voltage Vref , which

should be less than the input voltage range of the op-amp.

❖ Since Vref is derived from the positive supply voltage (+Vcc), the dc
supply voltages must be regulated.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

4
2 -VEE
- D
6 Vo
Vid
3
+
7 +VCC
+
Rp
Vin
10K
-
Vref = 1V

Figure 1

Waveforms:

+2V
Vref = +1V
0V t (Vin)

-2V

Diode OFF
Vref = +1V
0V t (Vo)

-2V
Diode ON
(a)

Input and output waveforms with +Vref = 1V

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

+2V

0V t (Vin)
Vref = -1V
-2V

0V t (Vo)
Vref = -1V
-2V

(b)

Input and output waveforms with – Vref = - 1V

❖ As shown in the waveform, the output voltage has portions of the half
cycles above Vref as clipped off.

❖ Thus diode D is ON for Vin < Vref and OFF for Vin > Vref. The output
follows the input only when the diode is ON.

❖ In the circuit diagram, if pot Rp is connected to the negative supply -

VEE instead of + VCC, the reference voltage Vref will be negative.

❖ This will cause the entire output waveform above - Vref to be clipped
off as shown in (b). The output follows the input only when Vin
< - Vref.

❖ Negative Clipper:- The positive clipper circuit in fig.1 can be converted

into a negative clipper circuit by simply reversing the diode D and
changing the polarity of reference voltage Vref.

❖ The resultant circuit is shown in fig.2.

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

7 +VCC
2
- D Vo
Vid 6
3
+ 4 -VEE

+ Rp
Vin
- 10K
- Vref = - 1V

Figure 2

❖ The negative clipper clips off the negative parts of the input signal
below the reference voltage as shown in (c).

❖ Diode D conducts when Vin > - Vref and therefore during this period
output Vo follows the input Vin. The negative portion of the output
voltage below - Vref is clipped off because D is off for Vin < -Vref.

❖ In fig.2, if -Vref is changed to +Vref by connecting the potentiometer Rp

to +VCC, the output voltage below +Vref will be clipped off, as shown
in (d). The diode D is ON for Vin > +Vref and Off for Vin < +Vref.

Waveforms:
+2V

0V t (Vin)
-Vref = -1V
-2V
Diode ON
+2V

0V t (Vo)
-Vref = -1V

Diode OFF
(c)
Input and output waveforms with - Vref = - 1V
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

+2V
+ Vref = +1V
0V t (Vin)

-2V

+2V
+Vref = +1V
0V t (Vo)

(d)

Input and output waveforms with + Vref = + 1V

Precautions:-

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Lab Assignment No. 2

(Based on Experiments 3-6)
1. Design an integrator that will produce an output voltage with a slope of
100mv/μs when the input voltage is a constant 5V. Specify the input
frequency of a square wave with amplitude of 5V that will result in a 5V peak-
to-peak triangular wave output.
2. A certain op-amp has an open-loop gain of 200,000. The maximum
saturated output levels of this particular device are + 14V when the dc supply
voltages are +15V. If a differential voltage of 0.5m Vrms is applied between
the inputs, what is the peak-to-peak value of the output?
3. Sketch the output voltage waveform for each circuit in fig.(a) with respect
to the input. Show voltage levels. Assume the maximum output levels of the
op-amp are +12V.

4. For a positive clipper circuit, draw the output waveform if Vin is a 5VP
sine wave at 100Hz and Vref = +2V.
5. For a negative clipper circuit, draw the output waveform if Vin is a 5VP
sine wave at 100Hz and Vref = -2V.
6. For a precision HWR, draw the output waveform if Vin is a 300mV peak
sine wave at 1KHz.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

7. For the peak clamper circuit, draw the output voltage wave form if Vin =
0mVPP sine wave at 1000 Hz and (a) Vref = 25mV. (b) Vref = -25mV.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM: - To design a Low Pass Filter circuit using IC-741 and plot its
frequency response curve.

Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, resistors (10kΩ), variable potentiometer

(20kΩ), capacitor (0.01μf), dual power supply (+15V, -
15V), CRO, function generator and connecting wires.

Theory: -

❖ An electric filter is often a frequency-selective circuit that passes a

specified band of frequencies and blocks or attenuates signals of
frequencies outside this band.

❖ Filters may be classified in a number of ways such as passive filter and

active filter. Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors
and inductors.
❖ Active filters, on the other hand, employ transistors or op-amps in
addition to the resistors and capacitors.
RF=10k

R1=10k
2 7 +Vcc
-
OUTPUT
R
3
+ + 4 -Vcc RL
20k pot
Vin C 10k
0.01uf
-

Figure (a)
❖ A low pass filter uses an op-amp as the active element and resistors and
capacitors as the passive elements.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

❖ Although the 741 type op-amp works satisfactorily in this filter circuit,
high speed op-amps improve the filter performance through their
increased slew rates and higher unity gain bandwidths.

Gain

Practical response

Ideal response

Pass
Band
Stop Band
fH Frequency

Figure (b)

❖ Figure (b) shows the frequency response of the low pass filter.

❖ The ideal response is shown by dashed curves, while the solid lines
indicate the practical filter response.

❖ A low pass filter has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cutoff

frequency fH. Therefore, the bandwidth is also fH.

❖ After that when f > fH, it decreases with the increase in input frequency.

❖ The frequencies between 0 Hz and fH are known as the pass band

frequencies, whereas the range of frequencies, those beyond f H, that are
attenuated includes the stop band frequencies.

❖ The operation of a low pass filter can be verified from the following
calculations:
1. At very low frequencies, that is, f < fH,

v o
 A f
v in

2. At f = fH,
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

v o
=
A f
= 0.707 A f
v in 2

3. At f > fH,

v o
 A f
v in

Precautions:-

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM: - To design a High Pass Filter circuit using IC-741 and plot its
frequency response curve.

Apparatus: - 741 IC, bread board, resistors (10kΩ), variable potentiometer

(20kΩ), capacitor (0.01μf), dual power supply (+15V, -
15V), CRO, function generator and connecting wires.

Theory: -

❖ An electric filter is often a frequency-selective circuit that passes a

specified band of frequencies and blocks or attenuates signals of
frequencies outside this band.

❖ Filters may be classified in a number of ways such as passive filter and

active filter.

❖ Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Active filters, on the other hand, employ transistors or op-amps in
addition to the resistors and capacitors.

RF=10k

R1=10k
2 7 +Vcc
-
OUTPUT
0.01uf
3
+ + 4 - Vcc RL
Vin C
10k
R
- 20k pot

Figure (A)
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

❖ A low pass filter uses an op-amp as the active element and resistors and
capacitors as the passive elements.

❖ Although the 741 type op-amp works satisfactorily in this filter circuit,
high speed op-amps improve the filter performance through their
increased slew rates and higher unity gain bandwidths.

❖ High pass filters are often formed simply by interchanging frequency-

determining resistors and capacitors in low pass filters.

❖ Both the High pass filter and the Low pass filter have the same circuit
except the fact that the position of resistor and capacitor is changed.

Gain
Practical response
Af Ideal response

0.707Af

Stop Pass
Band Band

fL Frequency

Figure (B)

❖ Figure (B) shows the frequency response of the High pass filter.

❖ The ideal response is shown by dashed curves, while the solid lines
indicate the practical filter response.

❖ A High pass filter has a stop band 0 < f < f L and a pass band f > fL. fL
is the low cut off frequency and f is the operating frequency. f L is the
frequency at which the magnitude of the gain is 0.707 times its pass
band value.

❖ Obviously, all frequencies higher than fL are pass band frequencies and
lower than fL are stop band frequencies.

Precautions:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 9

AIM: - To design a Wein Bridge Oscillator circuit using IC-741.

Apparatus: - Bread board, IC-741, 100 KΩ potentiometer, resistances (10

KΩ, 1 KΩ, and 3.3 KΩ), capacitors (0.05 μf), CRO with
leads, DC power supply, wires.

Theory: -

❖ The function of an oscillator is to generate alternating current or

voltages waveforms.

❖ An oscillator is a circuit that generates a repetitive waveform of fixed

amplitude and frequency without any external input signal.

❖ An oscillator is a type of feedback amplifier in which part of the output

is fed back to the input via a feedback circuit.

❖ If the signal feedback is of proper magnitude and phase, the circuit

produces alternating currents or voltages.

❖ The type of waveform generated by an oscillator depends on the

components in the circuit and hence may be sinusoidal, square or
triangular.

❖ In addition, the frequency of oscillation is determined by the

components in the feedback circuit.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Wein Bridge Oscillator:-

RF=24K (100K POT)

R1=12k 7 +VCC
2
-
6 OUTPUT

3
+ 4 -VEE

R=3.3K C=0.05uF

R=3.3K C=0.05uF

❖ Because of its simplicity and stability, one of the most commonly used
audio frequency oscillator is the Wein Bridge.

❖ The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC

network in the adjoining arm.

❖ In the remaining two arms of the bridge, resistors R1 and RF are

connected. The frequency of oscillation fo is given by

fo = 1 / 2πRC = 0.159 / RC

❖ In the provided circuit, we are using RC components which are most

suitable for audio frequency applications.

❖ The output of the circuit will be a sine wave.

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Precautions:-

1. The IC should be checked before making connections.

2. All the connections should be checked thoroughly before performing
experiment.
3. All the connections should be tight.
4. The supply range should not exceed than 15V.

Result:-
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Assignment No. 3
(Based on Expt. 7-10)

1. Design a Wien Bridge Oscillator for fo= 1KHz and explain its operation.
2. Design a low pass filter for a high cut-off frequency of 2 KHz and pass
band gain of 2.
3. Design a high pass filter for a high cut-off frequency of 1 KHz and pass
band gain of 2.
4. An ideal LPF with fH= 5KHz is cascaded with an HPF with fL= 4.8KHz.
Draw the frequency response of the cascaded filter.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

PSPICE Tutorial

1. What is SPICE?
SPICE (Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits Emphasis) is an analog
circuit simulator developed at Berkeley. Many different versions of SPICE
are available from many different vendors.
Common SPICEs include HSPICE, PSPICE, and B2SPICE. SPICE takes a
circuit netlist and performs mathematical simulation of the circuit's behavior.
A netlist describes the components in the circuit and how they are connected.
SPICE can simulate DC operating point, AC response, transient response, and
other useful simulations.
PSPICE uses a schematic capture program to generate the netlist, so you
simply have to draw your circuit in order to simulate it. PSPICE student
version for windows is available in download from at:
http://www.orcad.com/Product/Analog/download.ASP
PSpice has analog and digital libraries of standard components (such as
NAND, NOR, flip-flops, and other digital gates, op amps, etc) which makes
it a useful tool for a wide range of analog and digital applications.

Types of Analysis
• Non-linear DC analysis
• Non-linear transient analysis
• Linear AC Analysis
• Noise analysis
• Sensitivity analysis
• Distortion analysis
• Fourier analysis
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

• Monte Carlo Analysis

Circuit Components available

• Independent and dependent voltage and current sources
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Inductors
• Mutual inductors
• Transmission lines
• Operational amplifiers
• Switches
• Diodes
• Bipolar transistors
• MOS transistors
• JFET
• MESFET
• Digital gates

Terminologies
• Subcircuit: A subcircuit allows you to define a collection of elements
as a subcircuit (e.g. an operational amplifier) and to insert this
description into the overall circuit.
• EDIF: Electronic Design Interchange Format, a standard published by
EIA. Usually used for netlists.

File structure PSPICE (Capture)

• Input file for PSpice that has the file type “.CIR”
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

• When a circuit is simulated “.OUT” is generated

• “*.DAT” file is by default a binary file to see the data
• “*.LIB” files where the details of complex parts are saved
• Additional files
– *.SCH (the schematic data, itself)
– *.ALS (alias files)
– *.NET (network connection files)

Libraries
• These are files that contain reusable part data.
• They can be custom or default ones
• Some of the libraries available in the Evaluation version of PSPICE are:
– abm.slb for special functions like square root and
multipliers
– analog.slb for analog components like resistors and
capacitors
– breakout.slb for pots
– connect.slb, .plb for connectors
– eval.slb, .plb for semiconductor, digital devices,
switches
– port.slb for grounds, high/low digital ports
– special.slb for ammeters, viewpoints source.slb for
various analog and digital sources
Parts
• Part is a basic building block which may represent
– One or more physical element
– Function
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

– Simulation model
– When a part is placed for first time its entry is done in “Design
Cache”
Design Structure

• Flat Design
– Small designs
– All pages in same schematic
– Off Page connectors are used
– Figure shows design hierarchy
• Hierarchical Design
– Much complex designs
– Symbols are created called “Hierarchical Blocks”

Things to remember before starting

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

• PSpice is not case sensitive

• All element names must be unique
• There must be a node designated "0" (Zero). This is the reference node
against which all voltages are calculated.
• If any change is made in circuit make sure you create netlist again
before simulating it.
Getting Started
• File à New à Project à Analog or Mixed A/D

• Next comes following window

• This is how a typical “Schematic” Window will look like

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

• Now start placing components and connecting them

• After completing the circuit save it and run it.

• Plot appropriate waveform by probing on circuit.

Design Example
• Take example of a high pass filter (RC)
• First we will follow initial steps of creating a new project
• Now placing the components.
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Creating new simulation profile

 Analog Electronics –II Lab

• Go to PSPICE à New Simulation Profile

• Give a name to profile and create

AC Analysis
• We can choose any of the analysis and options
• Here AC analysis is done to see operation of filter

Run
• Go to PSPICE à Run
• Another waveform window will come up
 Analog Electronics –II Lab

Result