Cancer Research

Abstract
Researchers: The purpose of this investigation was to learn more about the so -called
disease named “cancer”. We found out that It is an uncontrolled cell growth
Melanie Cruz of abnormal cells. It develops when the body ́ s control organism stops
Kirei Olivares working properly. In the proper conditions, cells that appear to be damaged
Ana Burguete should kill themselves via apoptosis, however cancerous cells manage to
Eduardo Ramírez
Leslie Espinoza survive this process and start reproducing themselves, eventually forming a
Migdalia Orduño lump of malignant cells called a tumor. Cancer cells have the ability to
Fausto Velazquez influence normal, healthy cells, molecules and vessels that feed the tumor, an
area known as microenvironment. How can you diagnose it? For a cancer
Editor: diagnosis there are two ways to know, via laboratory tests, and imaging
Melanie Cruz procedures. In order to find a treatment, first you have to classify it into the
four types of cancer. The classification of cancer is based on where it begins.
There are four main cancer types which include: carcinomas, sarcomas,
Group: leukemias, and lymphomas. But you may ask yourself, how can you prevent
4°C of having this disease? Cancer Prevention is the action taken by many
individuals where behaviors are changed in order to lower cancer
possibilities. Some of these ̈ c ancer prevention ̈ behaviors include: hand,
maintaining a healthy weight, be physically active for an hour or more
throughout the day, Limit sedentary behaviors. This research leads us to the
conclusion that Cancer is a serious disease that has a lot to do with genetics
and cell division which is an important subject.

be damaged kill themselves via

apoptosis, however cancerous cells

Introduction
Cancer is a complex disease that
lives among us, and in order to
understand it we´ll have to break it
down into several aspects such as,
pathophysiology, diagnosis,
classification, and prevention. In
order to understand it we have to
define it, cancer is an uncontrolled
cell growth of abnormal cells. It
develops when the body´s control
organism stops working properly.
The cells start to divide without a
sign of stopping, and then it tends to
spread around close tissue. When
the human body is working in the
proper conditions cell that appear to
manage to survive this process and
start reproducing themselves,
eventually forming a lump of
malignant cells called a tumor;
leukemia, a blood cancer doesn’t
regularly form tumors. Cancerous
tumors are highly malignant since
they can invade, or spread into other
nearby tissues, making them harder
to remove, but when doing it they
have a tendency to grow back; in
some cases, cancer cells can remove
themselves and travel to different
places in the body through the blood
or lymph system and form a new
malignant tumor far from the
original one. There is another kind
of tumor, benign tumors, unlike
malignant these tumors do not
 invade or spread into the
surrounding tissue, but have a
tendency to be quite large; when
removed there is a low possibility
for benign tumors to grow back.
Although benign tumors are far less
dreadful than malignant, they can be
life threatening when found in the
brain.
Cancer cells have the ability to
influence normal, healthy cells,
molecules and vessels that feed the
tumor, an area known as
microenvironment. Cancer cells can
control close normal cells to create a
new blood vessel which feeds the tumor
oxygen and nutrients with the intent of
growth; these new blood vessels have
another purpose, removing waste
products from tumors. Cancerous cells
have ability to evade the immune
system, organs, tissues and other
organisms that protect the body by
¨hiding¨ from them. Tumors can use the
immune system in their favor by helping
them stay alive and grow. We cannot
define cancer as one disease considering
that it can start anywhere; lungs, heart,
blood, and many other parts of our
anatomy. There are possible over 200
kinds of cancer in the world, and
everyone is a match. Even though
cancer is a cellular disease, the more
rare cancer types can be inherited by
faulty genes passed down in a family
line.
Pathophysiology
Cancer has a really complex
pathophysiology. Along
pathophysiology we include the causes
of this disease, development also
referred to pathogenesis, and the
different diagnosis. A pathologist can be
found dealing with biochemical
features, the progression that the disease
has, and the probable or definite
outcome. Since cancer is not only one
disease but a collection of different
kinds, the components tend to be
different; immunohistochemistry,
molecular biologic, and flow cytometry
are approaches to a diagnosis.
Genetic Changes
Genes found in cells control the
growth, maturity and eventually the
death of the cells; every cell is prone to
a genetic change, there is the possibility
of gain or loss of chromosomes or a
mutation in the gene, affecting a single
DNA nucleotide. We can divide the
change into two categories, Oncogenes
and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes
are the genes that cause cancer. A
patient can possess normal genes in high
levels, or altered/changed genes due to
mutation. Both cases lead to a cancerous
change in the tissue. Tumor suppressor
genes typically take over cell division
and prevent the survival of cell with a
damaged DNA. Cancer-promoting
genetic changes often disable the tumor
suppressor genes. Normally, there needs
to be a gene change in order for a
normal cell turn into a cancer cell.
Point Mutations
This kind of mutation occurs in a
single nucleotide; there may be an
insertion or a deletion at the promoter
region of the gene, changing the protein
coded by this particular gene.
Disruption of a gene can result in
integration of a virus or retrovirus into
the genomic material of DNA.
Translocation
Translocation is a process where two
different chromosomal regions fuse in
an abnormal way, it often occurs at a
characteristic location. Philadelphia
chromosome, or a translocation of
chromosomes 9 and 22, is a really
common example; it occurs in chronic
myelogenous leukemia.
Diagnosis
For a cancer diagnosis there are two
ways to know, via laboratory tests, and
imaging Procedures.
Laboratory Tests
Sometimes high or low levels of a
certain substance are indicators of
cancer. In a lab test, urine, blood, or
body fluids are measured by doctors to
see if any substance is out of the
ordinary. However, abnormal results
cannot always be a sign of cancer.
Pathology or Biopsy is a testing process
where a tissue sample called biopsy
specimen is taken out of a lump that a
doctor might think is cancerous, and
examined.
Imaging Procedures
This procedure relies on the creation
of an image of an area inside the body
that help the doctor see if there is a
tumor present. Some examples include:
X-Rays –radiation in low doses to create
pictures of the insides, CT Scan- a
linked x-ray machine to the computer
that creates a detailed picture where a
highlighted area indicates an
abnormality. MRI- strong magnet
creates images, and later sends them to a
computer.
Classification
The classification of cancer is based
on where it begins. There are four main
cancer types which include: carcinomas,
sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas.
There is a fifth type, the central nervous
system, but it is in a more specific area.
Carcinomas
Carcinomas begin in the skin or
tissue that covers internal organs.
Carcinomas have a tendency to form
solid tumors, and are the most common
type of cancer there is. Some pretty
common examples of carcinomas
include colorectal, lung, prostate, and
breast cancer.
Sarcomas
Sarcomas begin in the tissue that
supports the body, such as fat, muscles,
joints, bones, cartilage, blood vessels,
muscles, tendons, and lymph vessels.
Human sarcomas tend to be quite rare.
Leukemias
Leukemias are cancer of the blood. It
begins with the uncontrollable change
and growth of healthy cells. It divides
into 4 main categories, acute
lymphocytic leukemia, chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid
leukemia, and chronic myeloid
leukemia. Acute Lymphocytic leukemia
(ALL) is the immature lymphocytes,
type of white blood cell, and it begins
and gets worse faster, people diagnosed
need immediate treatment. Chronic
Lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the
same kind of cancer, but this begins and
evolves slower, meaning that it may
take years for symptoms to appear, or
for treatment to be needed. Acute
Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a disorder
of the process that creates red blood
cells, also called neutrophils, and/or
platelets. This kind of disease begins
and worsens faster, therefore immediate
treatment is needed. Chronic Myeloid
Leukemia (CML) is the same kind that
AML, but it develops slower; symptoms
take longer to appear, so treatments are
not taken until later.
Lymphomas
Lymphomas are cancers that begin in
the lymphatic system, infections fighter
networks of blood vessels and glands.
There are two types; Hodgkin
lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
The first, affects lymph nodes in the
neck or area behind the breast bone, or
between the lungs. It can also begin in
lymph nodes in the pelvis, abdomen,
and groin or under the arm. The latter, is
a group of cancers of the lymphatic
system, it can include different
symptoms and signs, treatments, and it
has more probabilities to spread.
Central Nervous System
This kind of cancer has its own
category because it targets really
specific areas, the brain and the spinal
cord.
Prevention
Cancer Prevention is the act taken by
many individuals where behaviors are
changed in order to lower cancer
possibilities. Some of these ¨cancer
prevention¨ behaviors include:
Avoid the usage of tobacco, first and
second hand, maintaining a healthy
weight, be physically active for an hour
or more throughout the day, Limit
sedentary behavior such as sitting,
laying, watching tv, and so on for long
periods of time, eat a healthy diet,
consuming plants the most, try to avoid
red meat, or eating it once a week; and
finally getting a routine medical test,
where every certain time you go to have
a checkup done by a professional, or
just being aware of yourself; like the
checking your skin for new moles, or for
weird lumps.
Conclusion
A plan for the diagnosis of cancer
and the cure of cancer is the component
of an overall cancer control plan. The
main request is to cure cancer patients
or drag out their life considerably,
ensuring a good life. In order to have a
successful treatment it must be
developed in isolation, this means that
cells may lead to personalized in the
treatment, also they need to be linked to
a detection in an early stage, when the
treatment is more effective they are
greater chance to cure this disease.
When the resources are limited,
diagnosis and also the treatments have
the purpose to present all the
opportunities to the patient. Also the
main cancer types are carcinomas,
sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas.
You can know if you have cancer by
2 ways: laboratory test and by
ultrasound. Cancer can be detect in any
part of the body, lungs, heart, stomach,
skin, etc. Cancer can be very aggressive
depending the stage of cancer and the
part the cancer is developing, cancer can
be cure, but also can cause death.
People that have cancer need to be more
careful with the life style, they need
more attendance. This investigation lead
to the conclusion that meiosis it’s a very
important stage because if something
from meiosis goes wrong can cause
cancer because of the mutations and the
genetic change.
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