CHAPTER I

INTRODUCE
 CHAPTER II
PROBLEM

A. VOWEL
Vowel is a speech sound produced by human speech organs without
obstacle another speech organs. In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken
language, with two competing definitions. In the more common phonetic
definition, a vowel is a sound pronounced with an open vocal tract, so that the
tongue does not touch the lips, teeth, or roof of the mouth, such as the English
"ah" /ɑː/ or "oh" /oʊ/. There is no build-up of air pressure at any point above
the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as the English "sh" [ʃː], which
have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract. In the other,
phonological definition, a vowel is defined as syllabic, the sound that forms
the peak of a syllable. A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a
semivowel.
In oral languages, phonetic vowels normally form the peak (nucleus) of
many to all syllables, whereas consonants form the onset and (in languages
that have them) coda. Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus
of a syllable, such as the syllabic (i.e., vocalic) l in the English word table
(when not considered to have a weak vowel sound.
The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis, meaning "vocal"
("relating to voice"). In English, the word vowel is commonly used to mean
both vowel sounds and the written symbols that represent them. There are 12
vowels in english :
Part Of Vowel
Vowel divided into three, that is :
a) Short vowel, is a simple (non-complex) vocalic segment occurring within
the nucleus of a syllable. The following is an overview of the oral cavity
for short vowel known as ‘vowel trapezium’.

b) Long vowels, are vowels associated with two X-slots within the
syllabic nucleus. Examples include /i:/ (/hi:d/, heed) and /ɔ:/ (/hɔ:l/, hall).
The following is the vowel trapezium for long vowel :
B. DIPHTHONG
A diphthong, literally "two sounds" or "two tones", also known as a
gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same
syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is,
the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the
pronunciation of the vowel. In many dialects of English, the phrase no
highway cowboys /ˌnoʊ ˈhaɪweɪ ˈkaʊbɔɪz/ has five distinct diphthongs, one in
every syllable.
Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech
organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound. For
instance, in English, the word ah is spoken as a monophthong /ɑː/, while the
word ow is spoken as a diphthong /aʊ/. Where two adjacent vowel sounds
occur in different syllables—for example, in the English word re-elect—the
result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong.
Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid
speech during a conversation. However, there are also unitary diphthongs, as
 in the English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single-vowel
sounds (phonemes). Diphthongs use two vowel sounds in one syllable to make
a speech sound. There are 8 diphtongs in english :

Types Of Diphthong :

1. Falling and Rising

Falling (or descending) diphthongs start with a vowel quality of higher
prominence (higher pitch or volume) and end in a semivowel with less
prominence, like [aɪ̯ ] in eye, while rising (or ascending) diphthongs begin with a
less prominent semivowel and end with a more prominent full vowel, similar to
the [ja] in yard. (Note that "falling" and "rising" in this context do not refer to
vowel height; for that, the terms "opening" and "closing" are used instead.

2. Closing, Opening and Centering

In closing diphthongs, the second element is more close than the first (e.g. [ai]).
In opening diphthongs, the second element is more open (e.g. [ia]).
A centering diphthong is one that begins with a more peripheral vowel and ends
with a more central one, such as [ɪə̯], [ɛə̯], and [ʊə̯] in Received Pronunciation or
[iə̯] and [uə̯] in Irish.
3. Narrow and Wide
Narrow diphthongs are the ones that end with a vowel which on a vowel chart is
quite close to the one that begins the diphthong, for example Northern Dutch [eɪ],
[øʏ] and [oʊ].
C. TRIPHTHONG

This is the most complex of the vowels type. A triphthongs is a glide from one
vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption.
In phonetics, a triphthong, literally "with three sounds," or "with three tones", is a
monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement of the
articulator from one vowel quality to another that passes over a third. While
"pure" vowels, or monophthongs, are said to have one target articulator position,
diphthongs have two, and triphthongs three.

There are 5 triphthongs in english :

THANK YOU 