Tempera

Class of
Insulation Materials ture
Insulation
Range
Cotton, Natural Silk, Cellulose Fibre,
Y Paper and paper products, Pressboards, 90℃
Vulcanising Fibre etc.
Impregnated cotton, silk, Paper and paper
products, oil enamels, Laminated wood,
CLASSIFICATION A 105℃
Wire Enamel based on polyamide resins
OF INSULATING etc.
Wire enamels based on Polyvinyl formal,
MATERIALS Polyurethane or Epoxy resin, Phenol-
E 120℃
formaldehyde mouldings of cotton, paper
etc. Cellulose triacetate film etc.
glass Fibre, Asbestos, Oil-modified
synthetic resin, varnished glass fibre and
B asbestos, Shellac, asphalt, Bituminous 130℃
compounds, Built up mica, Glass Fibre
laminate, Asbestos laminate etc.
 Tempera
Class of
Insulation Materials ture
Insulation
Range
Alkyd, Epoxy, Polyester, Silicon-Alkyd
and Silicon phenolic resin impregnated
glass fibre cloth, Built-up Mica with
F 150℃
Alkyd, Epoxy, Cross Linked Polyester
and Polyurethane Resins with Superior
CLASSIFICATION Thermal Stability Silicone Alkyd Resins.
OF INSULATING Silicon Varnished impregnated Glass
MATERIALS Fiber Cloth, Mica Silicon resin Bonded
H Built-up mica and combinations of Mica 180℃
and other class materials with suitable
bonding materials.
Mica, Porcelain, Glass Quartz, Asbestos,
C Built-up Mica Treated Glass fiber cloth. >180℃
 1. Heat
2. Formation of track
FACTORS 3. Presence of Oxygen and Humidity
AFFECTING LIFE 4. Excess electrical stress
OF INSULATING 5. Chemical deterioration
MATERIALS 6. Mechanical stress
7. Incompatibility of Dielectric Material
 ▪ Electrical properties:
1. High dielectric strength
2. High specific resistance
3. Low dielectric dissipation factor
PROPERTIES OF ▪ Chemical properties:
GOOD 1. Sludge formation
TRANSFORMER 2. Purity
OIL 3. Acidity
▪ Physical properties
1. Low viscosity
2. High flash point and fire point
3. Low Pour Point of Transformer Oil
 1. Solid particles like rust scales, dust and fibers
2. Generation of carbon particles due to ageing of
switchgear
LIST THE 3. Moistures absorbed by the oil resulting in free and
dissolved water
AGENTS WHICH
CONTAMINATES 4. Absorption of air

THE INSULATING 5. Aging fluids produce absorbed gases, causing

equipment failure and arc suppression in switchgear
OIL 6. Sludge formation
7. Increase in acidity level
8. Chemical products are caused by oxidation, as well
as cross contamination of other product
 1. Rising oil temperature

➢First step is to raise oil temperature up to 65°C to give

latent heat which separates moisture and gases.
Heating the oil will make it easier to filter because of
the decrease in oil viscosity.
2. Removal of dirt and impurities
➢Second step is to remove sludge and dirt from the
FILTRATION OF insulating oil. There are 2 ways to eliminate dirt in the
INSULATING OIL transformer oil.

• By filter candles

Insulating oil filtration by filter candles can be

classified by using classical edge filter or depth
type filter. However, new advancements were
made in which transformer oil filtration
machines use filter cartridges instead of edge
type paper filters.
 • By centrifuging action
Another method for separating dirt from oil
is through centrifuging. With this process,
you can save recurring cost of changing
FILTRATION OF filters.

INSULATING OIL 3. Dehydration and degasification of insulating

oil
➢This is the stage of dehumidification of insulating
oil and removal of gasses. This process is completed
in the degassing chamber.
 1. Electrical insulation should be kept in dry
PROTECTION OF condition.
ELECTRICAL
2. Heating of the insulation should be avoided.
INSULATION
DURING THE 3. It should not be kept in dirt and dust.
PERIOD OF 4. Rusty condition should be avoided.
INACTIVITY 5. Surrounding weather should not be acidic in
nature and contains low amount of oxygen.
 1. Use of Rags and Brushes
2. Liquid Solvents and Water
METHODS OF 3. Vacuum Cleaning
CLEANING THE 4. Sweeping and Moping
INSULATION 5. Compressed Air Method
6. Sandblasting
 Vacuum Impregnation is a sealing treatment of porous
castings with a medium by filling the pores with a
thermosetting polyester resin under pressure to stop pressure
METHODS OF leaks. The castings may have leaks, cracks, and voids that
are created in the base material during the manufacturing or
INTERNAL
subsequent machining processes.
HEATING &
Methods of Vacuum impregnation:
VACUUM
IMPREGNATION 1. Dry Vacuum and Pressure (DVP)
2. Dry Vacuum (DV)
3. Wet Vacuum (WV)
 1. Dry Vacuum and Pressure Impregnation
Dry vacuum and pressure impregnation is the most robust and
thorough method of impregnation. DVP is used when a casting or
component’s sealing requirements are critical or when parts have a
design that makes them difficult to seal using the other impregnation
processes.
2. Dry Vacuum Impregnation
METHODS OF Dry vacuum impregnation is an effective method to seal porosity and
INTERNAL leak paths. However, since it lacks the final pressure stage to assist in
HEATING & sealant penetration, it is less thorough and requires much longer cycle
times.
VACUUM 3. Wet Vacuum Impregnation
IMPREGNATION Wet vacuum impregnation is suitable to seal larger porosity and leak
paths. The wet vacuum process, in general, uses an aerobic sealants
which cure at room temperature. It is less consistent in its sealing
effectiveness, but it is the preferred process through which to seal
powdered metal parts and electrical components due to the large and
open nature of the porosity. Because the wet vacuum process does not
require a certified pressure vessel, a sealant reservoir or a sealant
transfer line, it is a low-cost option, but it is limited in its application.
 • Daily Basis Maintenance and Checking:

1. Reading of MOG (Magnetic Oil Gage) of main tank and

conservator tank.

MAINTENANCE 2. Color of silica gel in breather.

OF 3. Leakage of oil from any point of a transformer.

TRANSFORMER In case of unsatisfactory oil level in the MOG, oil to be filled in
transformer and also the transformer tank to be checked for oil
leakage. If oil leakage is found take required action to plug the
leakage. If silica gel becomes pinkish, it should be replaced.
 • Monthly Basis Maintenance of Transformer
1. The oil level in oil cap under silica gel breather must be
checked in one month interval. If it is found the
transformer oil inside the cup comes below the specified
level, oil to be top up as per specified level.
2. Breathing holes in silica gel breather should also be
MAINTENANCE checked monthly and properly cleaned if required, for
OF proper breathing action.
TRANSFORMER 3. If the transformer has oil filled bushing the oil level of
transformer oil inside the bushing must be visually
checked in the oil gage attached to those bushing. This
action also to be done monthly basis.
If it is required, the oil to be filled in the bushing upto correct
level. Oil filling to be done under shutdown condition.
 Maintenance of Transformer on Half Yearly Basis

• The transformer oil must be checked half yearly basis that means
once in 6 months, for dielectric strength, water content, acidity,
MAINTENANCE sludge content, flash point, resistivity for transformer oil.
OF • In case of distribution transformer, as they are operating light
TRANSFORMER load condition all the time of day remaining peak hours, so there
are no maintenance required.
 Maintenance of Transformer on Yearly Basis

1. The auto, remote, manual function of cooling system that means,

oil pumps, air fans, and other items engaged in cooling system of
transformer, along with their control circuit to be checked in the
interval of one year. In the case of trouble, investigate control
circuit and physical condition of pumps and fans.

2. All the bushings of the transformer to be cleaned by soft cotton

MAINTENANCE cloths yearly. During cleaning the bushing should be checked for
cracking.
OF
TRANSFORMER 3. Oil condition of On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) to be examined
in every year. For that, oil sample to be taken from drain valve of
diverter tank, and this collected oil sample to be tested for
dielectric strength (BDV) and moisture content (PPM). If BDV
is low and PPM for moisture is found high compared to
recommended values, the oil inside the OLTC to be replaced or
filtered.

4. Mechanical inspection of Buchholz relays to be carried out on

yearly basis.
 Maintenance of Transformer on Yearly Basis

5. All marshalling boxes to be cleaned from inside at least once in a

year. All illumination, space heaters, to be checked whether they
are functioning properly or not. If not, required maintenance
action to be taken. All the terminal connections of control and
relay wiring to be checked an tighten at least once in a year.
6. All the relays, alarms and control switches along with their
circuit, in R&C panel (Relay and Control Panel) and RTCC
MAINTENANCE
(Remote Tap Changer Control Panel) to be cleaned by
OF appropriate cleaning agent.
TRANSFORMER 7. The pockets for OTI, WTI (Oil Temperature Indicator &
Winding Temperature Indicator) on the transformer top cover to
be checked and if required oil to be replenished.

8. The proper function of Pressure Release Device and Buchholz

relay must be checked annually. For that, trip contacts and alarm
contacts of the said devices are shorted by a small piece of wire,
and observe whether the concerned relays in remote panel are
properly working or not.
 Maintenance of Transformer on Yearly Basis

9. Insulation resistance and polarization index of transformer must

be checked with battery operated megger of 5 KV range.
MAINTENANCE 10.Resistive value of earth connection and riser must be measured
OF annually with clamp on earth resistance meter.

TRANSFORMER 11.DGA or Dissolve Gas Analysis of transformer Oil should be

performed, annually for 132 KV transformer, once in 2 years for
the transformer below 132 KV transformer and in 2 years
interval for the transformer above 132 KV transformer.
Thank You