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Re-cap
Log-Normal Shadowing
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Introduction
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Propagation Models
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Mobile Radio Propagation
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Propagation Models
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Propagation Basics
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Properties of Radio Waves
• Frequency-dependence.
• Behave more like light at higher frequencies
• Difficulty in passing obstacles
• More direct paths (LOS)
• Absorbed by rain
• Behave more like radio at lower frequencies
• Can pass obstacles
• Power falls off sharply with distance from source.
• Interference
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Units of Received Signal Strength
P (mW) P (dBm)
10 10
1 0
10-1 -10
10-2 -20
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Electrical Field
Electrical Field
The electric field is expressed as a vector E
E = xE x + yE y + zE z
and its magnitude is given by
E= E = E 2
+ E 2
+ E 2
x y z
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Radiating Power to Electric Field
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Propagation Models
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Radio Propagation Effects
Building
Direct Signal
hb Reflected Signal
Diffracted
Signal hm
d
Transmitter Receiver
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Antenna Basics: Free Space Propagation
T d R
Pt Gt Gr 2
Pr (d ) = Pd Ae =
(4) 2 d 2 L
Gr 2
Ae = : effective aperture (of the receiver antenna)
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Pr : Received power
D : Max dimension of transmitting antenna
Gr : Receiver antenna gain
L : System loss factor (L >= 1 , transmission lines etc,
but not due to propagation)
= c / f = 3 • 108 / f : Wavelength
(units – f : Hz, c = 3 • 108 : meters/sec, : meters)
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Radiating Power
An Isotropic Radiator is an ideal antenna that radiates power with unit gain
uniformly in all directions. (reference antenna in wireless)
EIRP = Pt Gt
where Pt : Transmitter power
Gt : Transmitter antenna gain
EIRP represents the maximum radiated
power available from a transmitter in the
direction of maximum antenna gain, half-wave dipole antenna
compared to an isotropic radiator. radiation pattern
In practice, effective radiated power (ERP) is more commonly used
ERP = EIRP /1.64 or ERP (dB) = EIRP (dB) – 2.15
ERP represents the maximum radiated power available from a
transmitter in the direction of maximum antenna gain, compared to a
half-wave dipole antenna.
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Free Space Propagation
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Free space propagation
The Friis free space model is valid in the far field or the
Fraunhofer region
Far field regions: regions far away from the transmitter satisfying
d >> df = 2D2/ (df is called the Fraunhofer distance)
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Free Space Propagation
Program:
Program: Given
Given aa transmitter
transmitter produces
produces 50W
50W ofof power.
power. IfIf this
this power
power isis
applied
appliedtoto aa unity
unity gain
gain antenna
antenna with
with 900
900 MHz
MHz carrier
carrier frequency,
frequency, find
find the
the
received
receivedpower
poweratataafree
freespace
spacedistance
distanceofof100
100mmfrom
fromthe
theantenna.
antenna.
What
What isis the
the received
received power
power atat 10
10 km?
km? Assume
Assume unity
unity gain
gain for
for the
the
receiver
receiverantenna.
antenna.
Solution: MHz � � ==(3(3• •10 (900• •10
8 6
Solution: fcfc==900
900MHz 10)8)/ /(900 10)6)==0.333
0.333m;
m;
PPt t==50
50W;
W; GGt t==1;1; GGr r==1;1; LL==1;1;
At
Atdd==100
100mm
Pt Gt Gr 2 50 1 1 0.3332
Pr = = = 3.5 10 -6
(W) = 3.5 10 -3
(mW)
(4 ) d L (4 ) 100 1
2 2 2 2
or
or Pr (dBm) = 10 log(Pr (mW)) = -24.5 (dBm)
At
Atdd==10
10km
km
Pr = 3.5 10 -10 (W) = 3.5 10 -7 (mW) Pr (dBm) = -64.5 (dBm)
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Free Space Propagation
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Free Space Propagation
(Vant / 2) 2 V 2
Pr (d ) = = ant
Rant 4Rant
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Propagation Models
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection
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Reflection
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection
Intrinsic impedance
(at free space Ω)
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection - Polarizations
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Reflection – Angle Relationships
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
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– Magnitude Relationships
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection
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– Magnitude Relationships
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection
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– Magnitude Relationships
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection
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– Magnitude Relationships
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Reflection from Perfect Conductor
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
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Reflection – Two-Ray Model
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Ground
http://home.earthlink.net/~loganscott53/Two_Ray_Propagation.htm
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Fresnel Zone Geometry
T h
R
d1 d2
When d1 , d2 >> h, h >> the excess path length (difference between
the direct path and the diffracted path) is
h 2 d1 + d 2
2 d1d 2
n d1d 2
rn = is the radius corresponding to the nth Fresnel zone,
d1 + d 2
which has n /2 path difference, or n phase difference to the LOS.
A rule of thumb is that as long as 55% (many materials say 60%) of the
first Fresnel zone is kept clear, the diffraction loss will be minimal.
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Fresnel Zone Geometry
http://gbppr.dyndns.org:8080/fresnel.main.cgi
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Fresnel Zone Geometry
Observations:
n d1d 2
rn =
d1 + d 2
• rn is dependent of
the wavelength (or
frequency).
• If d1 + d2 is fixed, rn
takes smaller value
when the position is
closer to either end.
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-Edge Diffraction Geometry
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-Edge Diffraction Geometry
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-Edge Diffraction Geometry
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-Edge Diffraction Geometry
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-edge Diffraction Geometry
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-Edge Diffraction Geometry
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-edge Diffraction Geometry
2(d1 + d 2 )
v=h
d1d 2
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Knife-edge Diffraction Geometry
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Scattering
hc
Smooth
smoothSurface
surface
hc
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Scattering
• Scattering loss
factor by Ament σh :: standard deviation
h standard deviation of
ofththe surface
e surfa height
ce height
II0: : Bessel function of the
0 Bessel function of the
first
first kind
kind and
and zero
zero
order
order
modified by Boithias
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Scattering
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Scattering
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Radar Cross Section (RCS) Model
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Radar Cross Section (RCS) Model
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Practical Link Budget
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Long-Distance Path Model
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Long-Distance Path Model
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Log-Normal Shadowing
• Long-distance path loss gives only the average value of path loss.
• Surrounding environment may be vastly different at two locations
having the same T–R separation d.
• More accurate model includes a random variable to account for
change in environment.
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Log-Normal Shadowing
70
Yimin Zhang,
ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Log-Normal Shadowing
• Values of n and σ
are computed from
measured data,
using linear
regression such that
the difference
between measured
and estimated path
losses is minimized
in a mean square
error sense over a
wide range of
measurement
locations and T–R
separations.
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Q Function
Q(-z) = 1-Q(z)
Q(0) = 0.5
Some results of Q(z) and erf are listed in pages 647 and 649.
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Log-Normal Shadowing Model
The probability that the received signal level (in dB power unit) will exceed
a certain value γ can be calculated from the cumulative density function as
The probability that the received signal level will be below γ can be
calculated from
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Gaussian Probability Density Function
1 (x m) 2
P(x) = exp −
σ2 2σ 2
Pr (x ≥ x0)
m x0 x
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Gaussian pdf-Q Function Relation
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Percentage of Coverage Area
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Percentage of Coverage Area
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Example
Example
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Outdoor Propagation Models
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ECE 8708 Wireless Communications : Propagation – Large-Scale Path Loss
Outlines
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