steel building is a metal structure fabricated with steel for the internal support and for

exterior cladding, as opposed to steel framed buildings which generally use other materials
for floors, walls, and external envelope. Steel buildings are used for a variety of purposes
including storage, work spaces and living accommodation. They are classified into specific
types depending on how they are used.
HistoryEdit

The Minor Basilica of San Sebastián(1891) in Manila

Steel buildings first gained popularity in the early 20th century. Their use became more
widespread during World War II and significantly expanded after the war when steel
became more available. Steel buildings have been widely accepted, in part due to cost
efficiency. The range of application has expanded with improved materials, products and
design capabilities with the availability of computer aided design software.[citation needed]
AdvantagesEdit
Steel provides several advantages over other building materials, such as wood:
 Steel is structurally sound and manufactured to strict specifications and tolerances.
 Any excess material is 100% recyclable.
 Steel does not easily warp, buckle, twist or bend, and is therefore easy to modify and offers design
flexibility. Steel is also easy to install.
 Steel is cost effective and rarely fluctuates in price.
 Steel allows for improved quality of construction and less maintenance, while offering improved
safety and resistance.[clarification needed]
 With the propagation of mold and mildew in residential buildings, using steel minimizes these
infestations. Mold needs moist, porous material to grow. Steel studs do not have those problems.

DisadvantagesEdit
 Heat conductivity: Calculations show that the web of an 18-gauge steel stud is about 31 times
thinner than a "two-by" wood stud; however, steel conducts heat 310 times more efficiently than
wood. As a net result, a "two-by" steel stud will conduct 10 times more heat than a "two-by" wood
stud.[1]
 Corrosion: Faulty design leads to the corrosion of iron and steel in buildings.[2]
 Can bend in fires.
When it comes to reinforced concrete structures, steel over powers any other material .
No other material can match the potency, the strength , the durability which steel can
provide. Due to the several advantages , steel is the most preferred element of choice for
construction.

Steel provides the structure with high resistance due to its strength and are cost effective
in compared to many other materials. Steel makes the constructions environment
friendly and makes it resistance to several natural calamities.

Types of steels used in construction are :-

Mild steel :
Mild steel contains between 0.05% and 0.25% carbon. Carbon is the main interstitial
alloying constituent and is used as hardening agent in steel making. The more the
amount of carbon is present , the harder the steel becomes however the ductility
reduces. As mild steel has such low carbon content , it makes it more ductile and is a
good choice for earthquake resisting structures.

Rebar steel:
It is used to provide tension to reinforce concrete. It is usually a carbon steel and has
ridges that grip onto concrete.

Structural steel:
These steels are developed from steel that is formed out a precise cross-section. At the
same time, it also follows definite standards for chemical composition and mechanical
properties. Structural steel can be made available in various shapes like Z shape, I-
Beam, L shape, HSS shape, T shape, Bar, Plate, Rod, Rail profile, structural channel,
open joist of web steel, etc. Standard structural steel differs in different countries with
different specifications.
Common Types Of Steel Building Constructions
November 04, 2016 | 2 comments
With steel, we can create structures like no other material when it comes to construction. No other
material can match the potency and durability that steel provides. Structural steel is becoming the
most preferred choice for construction due to the various benefits it offers. The buildings that are
made from steel require various structural frames. Also, constructing with steel requires less time
which makes it the most sought after way of constructing structures.

Steel constructions have high resistance due to their strength, and they do not cost as much as other
materials do, such as concrete for construction purposes. Also, there are various benefits of using
steel over other construction materials. Steel building constructions are environment-friendly, and
can withstand natural calamities like earthquakes.

Following are the common types of steel used in construction:

Structural steel
Structural steel shapes are developed from steel that is formed out of a precise cross-section. At
the same time, it also follows definite standards for chemical composition and mechanical properties.
Structural steel can be made available in various shapes like Z shape, I-Beam, L shape, HSS shape, T
shape, Bar, Plate, Rod, Rail profile, structural channel, open joist of web steel, etc. Standard structural
steel differs in different countries with different specifications.

Structural steel is durable, ductile, strong, and it can be transformed into any shape depending on the
type of construction. It can be constructed in no time on the construction site. Structural steel is fire
resistant.
Rebar steel

Rebar steel is also known as reinforcing steel. This type of steel is commonly used as a tension device
for reinforced concrete structures. Rebar steel is made from carbon steel and it is commonly used as
a tensioning device to reinforce concrete and other masonry structures to help hold the concrete in
a compressed state. This type of steel is available in various types of grades that are found in varying
specifications in vital tensile strength, yield strength, elongation percentage and chemical
composition.

Reinforcing steel provides durability, resistance, and stiffness that spreads through a wide area that
the other types of steel are not usually equipped in.
Mild steel

Mild steel is also known as plain carbon steel. It is another type of steel used in steel building
constructions. It is very strong and durable and does ensure sturdy establishment. Carbon steel
provides high strength which makes it more suitable for buildings. Mild steel just like structural steel
 is very flexible. Hence, it does not crack when bent. It is very much like structural steel. It also can
endure calamities like earthquakes.
Steel building constructions are gaining popularity across the globe. Almost, all the fields have
benefitted with the various advantages of steel. With the growing use of steel in construction, it will
soon take over the entire construction field.

Properties of Structural Steel for Design and

Construction of Steel Structures
Properties of structural steel include:

 Tensile properties

 Shear properties

 Hardness

 Creep

 Relaxation

 Fatigue

Tensile Properties of Structural Steel

There are different categories of steel structures which can be used in the construction of
steel buildings. Typical stress strain curves for various classes of structural steel, which
are derived from steel tensile test, are shown in Figure 2.

The initial part of the curve represents steel elastic limit. In this range, steel structure
deformation is not permanent, and the steel regain its original shape upon the removal of
the load.
 Fig.2: Typical Stress Strain Curve Different Classes of Structural Steel
The elastic modulus of all steel classes is same and equal to 200000MPa or
2×106 MPa. As the load on the steel is increased, it would yield at a certain point after
which plastic range will be reached.
The yield point is the point at which steel specimen reach 0.002 strain under the effect of
specific stress (yield stress).
Ductility of steel structure as shown in Figure-3 is crucial properties that allow
redistribution of stress in continuous steel elements. Ductility is expressed by percentage
of steel cross sectional reduction.

Fig.3: Stress Strain Curve of Structural Steel

As far as poisons ratio is concerned, it is the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain and
it is about 0.30 and 0.50 in elastic and plastic range, respectively.
Regarding cold working of structural steel, it is the process in which different shapes
of steel structure are produced at room temperature.
Consequently, steel structure ductility is increased but its ductility is reduced. Residual
stress is a stress that stays in steel element after it has been fabricated.
It is necessary to consider strain rate while tensile test is conducted because it modifies
steel tensile properties.
If steel structure is used for dynamic loads, then high strain rate would be considered.
However, normal strain rate is adopted for steel used in the construction of structure
designed for static loads.

The ability of steel structure to accommodate energy is called steel toughness.

Shear Properties of Structural Steel
Shear strength of steel structure is specified at the failure under shear stress and it is about
0.57 times yield stress of structural steel.

Regarding elastic shear modulus, it is expressed as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain
in elastic range of steel structure.

Commonly, elastic shear modulus of steel structure can be taken as 75.84Gpa or the
following formula can be used to compute elastic shear modulus.

Where:
G: Steel structure shear elastic modulus
E: Modulus of elasticity of steel structure
: Position’s ratio

Hardness of Structural Steel

Hardness is the measure of ability of steel structure to withstand inelastic deformation.
Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel products (A370-05)
specify three different tests to evaluate steel hardness namely: Brinell, Rockwell and
portable.

Any of these tests can be used to estimate steel structure hardness. Not only is the steel
structure hardness used to examine the uniformity of different products but also to
evaluate steel tensile strength.
 Fig.4: Rockwell Test for Structural Steel Hardness Evaluation
Creep of Structural Steel Relaxation
Creep is gradual variation of strain of steel structure under constant stress. It occurs due
to the influence of constant stress and the effect of fire.

Creep property is insignificant for structural steel frame design and construction apart
from the case in which the effect of fire should be taken into consideration.

Structural Steel Relaxation

It is a step by step reduction of structural steel under a constant stress. Usually, yield
strength of steel structure increases around 5% over stress relieved strain and the steel
structure would suffer from plastic elongation which around 0.01.

Fatigue of Structural Steel

Fatigue is the failure of steel structure due to crack initiation and development under the
influence of cyclic loading. Various tests are available to evaluate structural steel fatigue
such as flexure test, rotating beam test and axial load test.
Fire resistanceEdit

Metal deck and open web steel joist receiving spray fireproofing plaster, made of polystyrene-leavened gypsum.

Steel loses strength when heated sufficiently. The critical temperature of a steel member is the
temperature at which it cannot safely support its load.[16] Building codes and structural
engineering standard practice defines different critical temperatures depending on the structural
element type, configuration, orientation, and loading characteristics. The critical temperature is
often considered the temperature at which its yield stresshas been reduced to 60% of the room
temperature yield stress.[17] In order to determine the fire resistance rating of a steel member,
accepted calculations practice can be used,[18] or a fire test can be performed, the critical
temperature of which is set by the standard accepted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction, such as a
building code. In Japan, this is below 400 °C[citation needed]. In China, Europe and North America (e.g.,
ASTM E-119), this is approximately 1000–1300 °F[19] (530-810 °C). The time it takes for the steel
element that is being tested to reach the temperature set by the test standard determines the
duration of the fire-resistance rating. Heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the use
of fireproofing materials, thus limiting steel temperature. Common fireproofing methods for
structural steel include intumescent, endothermic, and plaster coatings as well as drywall, calcium
silicate cladding, and mineral wool insulating blankets.[20]
Concrete building structures often meet code required fire-resistance ratings, as the concrete
thickness over the steel rebar provides sufficient fire resistance. However, concrete can be subject
to spalling, particularly if it has an elevated moisture content. Although additional fireproofing is
not often applied to concrete building structures, it is sometimes used in traffic tunnels and
locations where a hydrocarbon fuel fire is more likely, as flammable liquid fires provides more heat
to the structural element as compared to a fire involving ordinary combustibles during the same
fire period. Structural steel fireproofing materials include intumescent, endothermic and plaster
coatings as well as drywall, calcium silicate cladding, and mineral or high temperature insulation
wool blankets. Attention is given to connections, as the thermal expansion of structural elements
can compromise fire-resistance rated assemblies