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2.1 V i s c e s i t v Mtasureroents :
Almost i n v a r i a b l y , v i s c o m e t e r s used f o r
c a p i l l a r y ty pe . Measurements w i t h t h e s e vi scometer;
depend f o r t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n on a r e l a t i o n s h i p
giv e n as
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X = -t t i ^ ( P o - P 3 1 . . . (2.1)
8 V I
•1’ its le n g th .
C a p i l l a r y v i s c o m e t e r can be b r o a d l y grouped as
used f o r the e s t a b l is h m e n t f o r c o n t r o l of a p p l i e d
p r e ss u re as w e l l as p r e c i s e knowledge of c a p i l l a r y
l i q u i d o r to d e r iv e d se con dar y s t a n d a r d ,
ii) F a l l i n g B a l l Method-*-*
The f a l l i n g b a l l method c o n s i s t s of c y l i n d r i c a l
A b a l l of s u i t a b l e d e n s i t y and r a d i u s is allowed to
b a l l pas s es r e g u l a r l y sp ac e d h o r i z o n t a l c a l i b r a t i o n
equations.
liquids i s as shown i n f i g u r e 2 , 1 ,
co n ta in e d in bu lb f l o w s under g r a v i t y back i n t o
v i s c o m e te r used in p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n d i f f e r s from
C <-
H
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v i s c o s i t y of l i q u i d w i t h t h a t o f w a t e r o r o t h e r
ob t a in e d knowing the v i s c o s i t y of t h e st a n d a rd
liqu id.
c a p i l l a r y in the vi sc om e r i s equ al t o h x x g
t he two limbs of t h e t u b e , » i s t h e d e n s i t y of
c a p i l l a r y which a r e c o n s t a n t and on t he v i s c o s i t y
l i q u i d o f known v i s c o s i t y i s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o the t u b e ,
w i l l a l s o be h , so t h a t the d r i v i n g f o r c e i s now
is proportional to t h e i r v i s c o s i t i e s . S i n c e the
r a t e of f l o w i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o f o r c e / r e s i s t a n c e , the
to.
OY
.1 .'.. - - . u .a
2 .2 Practical D etails :
X- -
J
'v
j V
77
small.
pycnometer.
( 2 .2 ).
2 .3 D e n s i t y Measurements ;
The d e n s i t y of a l i q u i d o r s o l u t i o n is defined
78
a d e f i n i t e volume of the l i q u i d i n a d e n s i t y b o t t l e
o r pycnometer or by de te rm in in g buoyancy a c t i o n on
a ’ sinker' immersed in a l i q u i d ( P r i n c i p l e of
of a small immersed q u a r t z f l o a t o r p r e - a r r a n g e d
Ostwald i s very p o p u l a r f o r a c c u r a t e d e n s i t y
-ture.
A b i c a p i l l a r y pycnometer ( F i g . 2 . 3 ) having a
T h i s a l l o w e d an a c c u r a c y of about 5 u n i t s in 5^^ p l a c e
f o l l o w e d by washing i t w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r and
Fig 2. ?- B(cQ.pillary P y o o o m e t e r
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in a g l a s s si de d t h e r m o s t a t . The temperature of
- d i n g volumes of w a t e r were c a l c u l a t e d .
he ig h t ( hj^ + h2 ) of w a t e r l e v e l s yielding a
f o r pycnometer,
(hj^ + h2 ) f o r e x p e r im e n ta l l i q u i d s at various
co r re sp on di n g d e n s i t i e s determined.
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2.4 U l t r a s o n i c V g l o c i t v Measurements ;
The pr o p a g a t io n of u l t r a s o n i c waves i n l i q u i d s
Q 12
and mixtures a re conducted by d i f f e r e n t method .
An u l t r a s o n i c i n t e r f e r o m e t e r i s a s im pl e and d i r e c t
l i q u i d s wi th a high de gr ee of a c cu r a c y .
U can be ob ta in e d by t he r e l a t i o n
V e l o c i t y = Wave l e n g t h x f re q u e n c y
U = / \ x f --------- ( 2 . 3 )
2 .5 P r e s e n t Work :
In pre se nt i n v e s t i g a t i o n M-81 u l t r a s o n i c
i n t e r f e r o m e t e r o p e r a t i n g a t f o u r f r e q u e n c i e s was
13—18
used , The a c c u r a c y in v e l o c i t y measurements was
enterprises, New D e l h i ,
A) High freq ue nc y g e n e r a t o r ,
B) Measuring c e l l .
measuring c e l l a t i t s r es on an t f re q u e n c y t o g e n e r a te
high fre qu en cy g e n e r a t o r .
B) The Measuring C e l l ;
C) Adjustment of U l t r a s o n i c I n t e r f e r o m e t e r :
manner,
the c e l l .
c e l l by a c o - a x i a l c a b l e .
The i n t e r f e r o m e t e r was i n i t i a l l y a d j u s t e d w i th
d = n --------- ( 2 . 4 )
2.
equation ( 2 . 3 ) .
2 ,6 P r e c a u t io n s Taken ;
4) Sudden r i s e or f a l l i n temperature of c i r c u l a t e d
quartz c r y s t a l .
generator.
86
REFERENCES
1. B i r d R B, S t e w a r t W E & L i g h t f o o t E N
4. S w i n d e l l s J F, Coe J R ( J r ) S. G o d f r e y T B,
9, Mikhaylov I. G , R a s p o r o s t r a n i y e U1 *trazvkovykh
u l t r a s o n i c waves i n l i q u i d s ) G o s t e k h i z d a t 1949.
-sledovaniy ( A p p l i c a t i o n s of u l t r a s o n i c methods
1952,
12. P a r t h a s a r a t h y S, P r o c , I n d i a n Acad S c i ,
(1935) 497,
33 (1988) 165.
29 (1991) 601,
8 (1992) 237,
5 (1993) 319.
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sVi "ft ^ 3 (o