EE-210.

Signals and Systems

Solutions of Homework 5 ∗
Spring 2010

Exercise Due Date

20th April.

Problems
Q1 Find the Fourier transform of the following signals
(a) x1 (t) = (1 − 2e−t )[u(t) − u(t − 2)]
Z 2
X(jw) = x(t)e−jwt dt
0
Z 2
= (1 − 2e−t )e−jwt dt
0
Z 2 Z 2
= e−jwt dt − 2 e−(1+jw)t dt
0 0

1 − e−j2w 2e−2 e−j2w − 2

= +
jw 1 + jw
1 − jw − (1 + jw − 2e−2 jw)e−j2w
=
jw(1 + jw)
π
(b) x2 (t) = [u(t) − u(t − 1)] sin (πt − )
2
Z 1 Z 1
−jwt
X(jw) = x(t)e dt = sin(πt − π/2)e−jwt dt
0 0
1
ej(πt−π/2) − e−j(πt−π/2) −jwt
Z
= ( )e dt
0 2j
Z 1
= −0.5 (e−j(π+w)t + ej(π−w)t )
0
∗ LUMS School of Science & Engineering, Lahore, Pakistan.

1
 e−j(π+w) − 1 ej(π−w) − 1
= 0.5 − 0.5
j(π + w) j(π − w)
1 1
= −0.5(e−jw + 1)[ − ]
j(π + w) j(π − w)
(e−jw + 1) j2w
= [ 2 ]
2 (π − w2 )
j2wcos(w/2) −jw/2
= e
(w2 − π 2 )

(c) x3 (t) = e−2|t| . Show that X(jω) is real and even.

Z +∞ Z +∞
X(jw) = e−2|t| e−jwt dt = e−(2+jw)t dt
−∞ 0

1 1 4
= + =
(2 + jw) 2 − jw 4 + w2
X(−jw) = X(jw),
hence it is even , and obviously real.

Q2 Find the time-domain signals corresponding to the following Fourier transforms.

(jω + 1)2 (jω + 2)
(a) X(jω) =
(jω + 3)(jω + 4)
Let s = jw. The order of the numenator m = 3 is greater than the order of the
denominator n = 2, so we will obtain a polynomial in s of order m − n = 1 in the
partial fraction expansion.

(s + 1)2 (s + 2)
X(s) =
(s + 3)(s + 4)
C D
= As + B + +
s+3 s+4
multiplying by (s + 3)(s + 4) on both sides, we get

(s + 1)2 (s + 2) = (As + B)(s + 3)(s + 4) + C(s + 4) + D(s + 3)

s3 + 4s2 + 5s + 2 = As3 + (7A + B)s2 + (12A + 7B + C + D)s + 12B + 4C + 3D

From which we find by inspection, A = 1, B = −3, C = −4, D = 18. Thus,
4
X(jw) = jw − 3 − + f rac18jw + 4
jw + 3
so,
x(t) = δ 0 (t) − 3δ(t) − 4e−3t u(t) + 18e−4t u(t)

2
 jω + 2
(b) X(jω) =
(jω + 1)2 (jω + 4)
Let s = jw. Partial fraction expansion :

(s + 2)
X(s) =
(s + 1)2 (s + 4)

A B C
= 2
+ +
(s + 1) (s + 1) (s + 4)
The coefficients comes out to be, A = 1/3; B = 2/9; C = 2/9

x(t) = [1/3te−t + 2/9e−t − 2/9e−4t]u(t)

jω
(c) X(jω) = √
j3 2ω + 9 − ω 2
jw
X(jw) = √
(jw)2 + j3 2w + 32
0.5 + j0.5 0.5 − j0.5
√ √ + √ √
jw + 3/ 2 − j3/ 2 jw + 3/ 2 + j3/ 2
From the table of FT pairs,
√ √ √
x(t) = e3/ 2t
[cos(3/ 2t) − sin(3/ 2t)]u(t)

(d)
+2
π X
X(jω) = δ(ω) − 3|k|−1 (j)k πδ(ω − k10π)
3
k=−2

Expand the sum and then take its inverse FT, you will get,
3 −j20πt 3 j20πt j −j10πt j j10πt
x(t) = e + e + e − e
2 2 2 2
= 3cos(20πt) + sin(10πt)

Q3 Consider the cascade interconnection of two causal LTI differential systems defined by:

d2 y1 (t) √ dy1 (t)

S1 : + 2 + y1 (t) = −x(t)
dt2 dt
dy1 (t)
S2 : y(t) = + y1 (t)
dt
(a) Find the frequency response of the overall system H(jω) and sketch its magnitude
and phase.
√
S1 : (jw)2 Y (jw) + 2(jw)Y (jw) + Y (jw) = −X(jw)

3
 Y (jw) −1
H1 (jw) = = √
X(jw) (jw)2 + 2jw + 1
S2 : Y (jw) = (jw)X(jw) + X(jw)
Y (jw) −(jw + 1)
H2 (jw) = H2 (jw)H1 (jw) = = √
X(jw) (jw)2 + 2jw + 1
Combining the frequency responses of both systems, we obtain.
Y (jw) −(jw + 1)
H(jw) = H2 (jw)H1 (jw) = = √
X(jw) (jw)2 + 2jw + 1
Now, the magnitude and phase :
√
w2 + 1
|H(jw)| = p
(1 + w4 )
√
∠H(jw) = π + arctan(w) + arctan(− 2w/(1 − w2 ))
(b) Find the output signal y(t) if input signal x(t) is a unit step function as shown in the
figure above using the Fourier transform technique, and sketch it.

−(jw + 1) 1
Y (jw) = H(jw)X(jw) = √ ( + πδ(w))
2
(jw) + 2jw + 1 jw
Expanding the rational function into partial fractions, we obtain;
√ √
1 1
+ j 2−1 1
− j 2−1
Y (jw) = −( + πδ(w)) + 2 √ 2 √ + 2 √ 2 √
jw jw + 22 − j 22 jw + 22 + j 22
and taking the inverse transform, we obtain.
√ √ √ √
y(t) = −u(t) + e−( 2/2t [cos( 2/2)t + ( 2 − 1)sin( 2/2)t]u(t)

Q4 Find the inverse Fourier transform x(t) of X(jω) whose magnitude and phase are shown
below.
If the phase function were 0,then x(t) would be the standard time-domain sinc pulse (call
it xo (t)):
x0 (t) = 5(W/π)sinc(W t/π)
But by virtue of the time-shifting property,

X(jw) = X0 (jw)e−jwπ/W
and when sgifted to time domain comes out to be,

x0 (t − π/W ) = x(t)

, thus
5W W π
x(t) = sinc( (t − )
π π W

4
Q5 Find the Laplace transform of the following signal. Find its Fourier transform if it exists.

x(t) = (1 − e−t )u(t) − et u(−t)

Using the table and the time scaling property, we get;

x(t) = (1 − e−t )u(t) − et u(−t)

X(s) = 1/s − 1/(s + 1) + 1/(s − 1)

s2 + 2s − 1
=
s(s2 − 1)
, 0 < Re(s) < 1; The Fourier transform does not exist because the ROC does not contain
the imaginary axis.

Q6 The following nonlinear circuit is an ideal full-wave rectifier

The input voltage is shown below. Sketch the output voltage v(t). Compute the Fourier
transform of vin (t). Compute the Fourier transform of v(t). Sketch the spectrum V (jω)
for A = 1.
Fourier transform of vin (t).
"Z #
−1/4 Z 1/4 Z 1/2
Vin (jw) = −Ae−jwt dt + 4Ate−jwt dt + Ae−jwt dt
−1/2 −1/4 1/4

Solving this system we arrive at the following stage;

j(2A/w)cos(0.5w) + j(4A/w)cos(0.25w) − j(8A/w2 )sin(0.25w)

which is imaginary and odd, as expected. Fourier transform of v(t).

"Z #
−1/4 Z 0 Z 1/4 Z 1/2
V (jw) = Ae−jwt dt − 4Ate−jwt dt + Ate−jwt dt + Ae−jwt
dt
−1/2 −1/4 0 1/4

Solving this system we arrive at the following stage;

(2A/w) sin (0.5w) + (8A/w2 ) (cos (0.25w) − 1)

which is real and even , as expected.