Lessons

Lecture 1: Steel–What is it? Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel, how structural steel shapes are made.
 What is steel?
 Advantages and disadvantages of using it as a building material.
 Advantages: high strength to weight ratio, recyclable, ductile, and tough.
 Disadvantages: corrosion, melts at high temperatures, fatigue sensitive.
 Pictures from an actual steel rolling mill are shown and the process for how steel shapes are made is
described.
Lecture 2: Material Properties, Stress-Strain curves, Steel types, Steel shapes
 Material properties of steel
 Stress-strain curves of various steel types
 Structural shapes: wide-flange, tube, pipe, angles, etc.
Lecture 3: Specifications, Loads, ASD versus LRFD Design
 Codes for steel design:
 International Building Code (IBC),
 AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications,
 AISC 360 and the 13th Edition of the Steel Manual.
 Design loads from the ASCE 7 manual
 Design methods: Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).
 “Limit states” of structural failure are defined and described, such as strength and serviceability limit
states.
 Differences between ASD and LRFD
 Nominal strengths versus allowable strengths
 Resistance factors (f) versus safety factors (W)
 Service-level loads versus factored loads.
 Load combinations and LRFD load combinations reviewed.
Lecture 4: Load Combinations, Tension Members
 ASD load combinations example.
 Tension members limit states:
 Yielding on the gross cross sectional area
 Rupture on the net effective area.
 Example of how to calculate the net area thru a hole, and what hole size to use with a
given bolt size.
Lecture 5: Organization of the AISC Manual, Tension members with staggered holes, Effective net areas,
Shear Lag Factor, U.
 Photos of actual engineering projects designed by the author with tension members.
 Organization of the AISC Manual, how to navigate it, and where to find the Specification in the manual.
 Spec Chapter D, Tension Members nominal capacity.
 How to calculate the net area through a tension member with staggered holes,
 The shear lag factor, U, explained.
Lecture 6: Bolted and welded tension member examples, Connecting elements in tension.
 LRFD and ASD capacities of two different tension members: one bolted and one welded
 How to calculate the effective net areas for both including shear lag.
 Where to find the provisions for connecting elements in tension
Lecture 7: Connecting element in tension example, Block shear, Block Shear Example
 Connecting elements in tension
 Net effective area limitation for connecting elements
 Connecting element example
 Block Shear for tension members with an example
Lecture 8: Design of Tension members, Slenderness ratio for tension members, Threaded Rod tension
members
 Design of tension members
 How to determine the area required based on a given tensile loading
 Design steps for tension members
 Slenderness recommendation for tension members.
 Example of the design of a tension member
 Threaded rod tension members
Lecture 9: Threaded Rod tension members, Compression members–Flexural (Euler) Buckling v. Local
Buckling, Effective length (K) factors, Slenderness ratio
 Threaded rod tension members: nominal strength from AISC Spec
 3-hinged arch tension tie problem
 Compression members (columns)
 Column limit states:
 Flexural buckling
 Local buckling
 Flexural-torsional buckling
 Column slendernerss ratio, L/r
 Effective Length factor, K
Lecture 10: Effective length factors for braced and unbraced frames, Euler Buckling column capacity
 K factors for sidesway frames (moment frames) and for braced frames (non-sway frames)
 Approximate K values for typical columns
 Column strength dependence on effective slenderness
 Graph for short, intermediate, and long columns.
 Short and Intermediate columns fail by a combo of yielding and buckling (called inelastic buckling)
 Long columns fail by elastic buckling, also called Euler Buckling.
 AISC equations for the critical column stress, Fcr,
 Example problem: capacity of a wide-flange column three different ways:
 AISC equations (fast)
 AISC Table 4-22 (faster)
 AISC Table 4-1 (fastest)
Lecture 11: Determining which buckling axis controls column capacity, local buckling; Compact,
Noncompact and Slender sections (Local Buckling)
 How column strength depends on which direction a column buckles:
 Strong (x-x) axis or weak (y-y) axis buckling
 Depends on the direction with the longer effective slenderness ratio.
 Column strength example with slenderness ratio in the strong direction (KLx) controls.
 How to convert KLx to an equivalent KLy in order to use AISC Table 4-1
 How to do the problem using Table 4-22.
 Local buckling of compression members
 Stiffened and unstiffened elements of a section
 Width-thickness ratio, b/t
 Compact, noncompact and slender sections
Lecture 12: Local Buckling, column capacity example, Torsional buckling
 Local buckling (LB) part 2
 Review of compact, noncompact or slender categories
 b/t limits shown in AISC Table B4.1
 We show how AISC Table 4-1 flags whether a section is noncompact and already accounts for LB in its
compression strength capacities
 Column example showing how to find out if it’s slender
 What is torsional buckling in columns and how does it occur?
Lecture 13: Compression Member examples
 A number of compression member examples are worked, showing you how to quickly determine column
sizes using the Tables in Part 4 of the AISC Manual.
 Built-up columns also briefly discussed
Lecture 14: Single angles in compression, Columns in frames, K factors in sidesway frames
 Single angles compression members
 Examples and photos of columns in steel building frames
 How effective length (K) factors can be estimated for columns in frames using a commonly-used
nomograph.
Lecture 15: K factors in sidesway frames, column baseplates
 Continued discussion on how K factors can be estimated for columns in frames
 Example showing how to use the nomograph chart to find K.
 Another example of sizing a wide-flange column in a frame using a K value determined from the
nomograph
 Design column base plates—Part 1
Lecture 16: Column baseplate design and example
 Design of column base plates—Part 2
 Column base plate design example for wide-flange column
Lecture 17: Intro to Beams, Elastic and Plastic Section Modulus, Bending stresses
 Design of steel beams, one of the most important topics in steel design.
 What is a beam?
 Basic concepts of bending stresses in a beam
 What is the yield moment in a beam?
 What is the plastic moment and what is a “plastic hinge” in a beam?
 How to find bending stresses using the flexure formula
 Simple example of beam bending stresses
 What is the plastic section modulus, Z, and do you find it? (Note: There is a small error at the end of the
video in how Z is calculated which is corrected in Lecture 18.
Lecture 18: Design of Beams, Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB), Unbraced Length, Bending Capacities:
Plastic (Zone 1), Inelastic LTB (Zone 2), Elastic LTB (Zone 3)
 Review bending stresses in beams
 Review how Z is calculated, correcting the small error from Lecture 17.
 What is Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) in beams?
 How LTB be prevented by bracing the compression side of a beam.
 Bending strength of a beam and strength based on its unbraced length, Lb.
 Methods of laterally bracing a beam: by metal deck, other beams or joists.
 Photo of metal decking on steel beams from an actual steel building project.
 Bending strength (moment capacity) of a beam gets smaller as the unbraced length, Lb, increases.
 3 zones of bending strength of a beam versus its unbraced length:
 Plastic (Zone 1)
 Inelastic LTB (Zone 2)
 Elastic LTB (Zone 3)
 Design of beams in Zone 1: fully plastic capacity
 Example of beam in Zone 1
Lecture 19: Design of Beams in Zone 1, 2, and 3
 2 beam design examples with its unbraced length equal to zero
 Review beam moment capacity in Zones 1, 2, and 3 (Plastic, Inelastic Lateral Torsional Buckling, and
Elastic LTB)
 What is the lateral torsional buckling modification factor, Cb
 What is the Bending Factor in AISC Table 3-2
 Beam design example with its unbraced length of 8′-0″
Lecture 20: Design of Beams using AISC Table 3-10, Local Buckling of beams
 Video showing lateral torsional buckling in 3D
 Design of beams in Zone 3, elastic lateral torsional buckling
 AISC Table 3-10, moment capacity of W shaped beams for any unbraced length
 Beam design example using AISC Table 3-10 and unbraced length of 20′-0″
 Local buckling of beams using AISC Table B4.1 for width-thickness ratios
Lecture 21: Shear and Deflection of Beams
 When is shear critical in steel beams?
 Shear stresses in beams
 Shear capacity using the AISC provisions of Specification Chapter G
 What is the web shear coefficient, Cv?
 Beam shear example
 Beam deflections–when are they critical?
 Beam deflection example showing how to find lightest section based on moment of inertia using AISC
Table 3-3
Lecture 22: Shear and Deflection of Beams, Beams with concentrated forces, Beam bearing plates
 Beam deflections using a simplified AISC equation
 Webs and flanges of beams with concentrated loads: web crippling, web yielding, local flange bending
 AISC Chapter J.10 provisions for beams with concentrated forces
 Beam bearing plates and a bearing plate example
Lecture 23: Biaxial Bending of beams, Shear Center, Combined bending and axial force (beam-columns),
drag struts
 Examples of biaxial bending of beams: crane runway beams, roof purlins, AISC equations for biaxial
bending
 Shear Center: torsion on open and closed sections
 AISC User Note F1.1: Selection Table for the Application of Chapter F Sections
 Examples of beam columns: rigid frames, most building columns, drag struts, explanation of a drag strut
Lecture 24: Beam-columns, second-order (P-Delta) effects, Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis, Cm
factors
 Beam-column example: top chord of a truss
 AISC Chapter H equations for beam columns
 Second order effects (P-Delta) effects based on AISC Chapter C, Stability Analysis and Design
 The difference between member p-d effects and frame drift P-D effects
 First-order analysis versus second-order analysis
 Amplified first-order analysis to approximate second-order effects
 Magnification (amplification) factors B1 for p-d effects and B2 for P-D effects
 How to calculate Cm for use in B1 equation
 Example problem: check a tube column with axial load and moment
Lecture 25: Beam-column examples: HSS Tube column and WF column with bending
 Example problem: finish checking the tube from last lecture as a beam-column
 Example problem: WF beam-column design
 Exam #2 discussion
Lecture 26: High-strength Bolted connections, Types of Bolts, Tightness of Bolts, Bolt shear failure modes
and shear strength
 Why use bolted connections; advantages of bolted connections
 What are rivets and why did bolts replace them
 Types of bolts: A307, A325, A490
 Bolt tightness: Snug Tight (ST), Pretensioned (PT), Slip-Critical (SC) and what are they and when do
you specify them
 Methods to tighten bolts to PT or SC tightness: Turn of the Nut, Calibrated Wrench, Direct Tension
Indicator, Twist-off or Tension-Controlled Bolts
 Examples of Bolts in Shear and Tension
 Bolts in single shear and double shear
 Shear failure modes: bolt shear, rupture on net section, bearing failure of plate, shear tearout
 Bolts in combination with welds: need SC bolts
 Bolt hole sizes: Standard, oversize, short-slotted, long-slotted
 Minimum spacing and edge distances for bolt holes
 Nominal shear strength of bolts
 Bolt Threads excluded (Type X) versus included (Type N) in the shear plane
Lecture 27: Shear strength of bolts, Bearing strength of bolts, bolt shear example, Pretensioned (PT) and
Slip-critical (SC) bolts, SC bolt example
 Shear strength of bolts: limit states of bolt shear and plate bearing from AISC Spec section J3
 Bolt shear example problem with 7/8” A325-X bolts using AISC tables to find bolt shear strength
 When are pretensioned or slip-critical bolts used?
 Nominal strength of SC bolts
 SC bolt example using AISC tables to find bolt slip-critical strength
Lecture 28: Bolts in tension, combined shear and tension in bolts, eccentric shear on bolts (intro), Welds,
Advantages/Disadvantages, Types of Welds
 Example of bolts in tension
 What is prying action on bolts and how do you avoid it?
 Tension capacity of bolts based on AISC Equation J3-1
 Photo of a moment frame connection with pretensioned bolts
 Bolts in combined shear and tension capacity
 When can you ignore combining shear and tension?
 Eccentric shear on a bolt groups
 3 methods for eccentric shear: Elastic, Effective Eccentricity, and Instantaneous Center of Rotation
Methods
 Welding—What is it?
 Advantages and disadvantages of welded joints
 Types of welding: stick versus wire feed welding; SMAW, SAW, FCAW, GMAW processes
  Exam #2 Q&A
Lecture 29: Weld Inspection methods, Complete Joint Penetration welds, Partial Joint Penetration, fillet
welds, plug and slot welds, Weld Symbols
 Weld Inspection methods: visual, dye penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, radiographic
 Types of welded joints: fillet welds, groove welds, plug welds
 Complete joint penetration welds versus partial joint penetration groove welds
 Weld Symbols, examples of welded joint symbols
Lecture 30: Strength of Fillet and groove welds, Fillet weld requirements
 Effective throat and leg size of fillet welds
 Strength of a fillet welds and groove welds
 Base metal versus weld metal strength
 Weld metal tensile strength, Fu
 Weld electrodes, E70XX, E60XX, etc
 Example of how to calculate strength of 1” long fillet weld
 Fillet weld limitations: minimum length and leg size
 Reduction in strength for long welds
 Maximum fillet weld size
Lecture 31: Base metal versus fillet weld strength, fillet weld capacity per inch of weld, fillet weld examples,
combined bending and shear on weld treated as a line
 How to tell if base metal or weld metal controls fillet weld strength
 How to quickly calculate the strength of fillet welds per inch of length
 Fillet weld examples
 Fillet weld strength perpendicular verus parallel to the weld axis
 Combined bending and shear on a weld group
 Section properties of weld groups treated as a line
Lecture 32: Beam connections, Simple Shear Connections, Moment Connections, Design of Single-Plate
Shear tab connections
 Partially Restrained (PR) versus Fully Restrained (FR) connections
 Single Plate Shear Tab connection
 Double Angle shear connection
 Prequalified bolted moment connection—picture and detail
 Prequalified welded moment connection—detail of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) connection
 Design of single plate shear tabs and example problem
Lecture 33: Final Exam review, Intro to Composite Beams, Intro to Steel Joists and Joist Girders, Intro to
Seismic Braced Frames
 Final exam review
 How to check bolt bearing on the beam web for a single plate shear tab
 What are composite beams? How are composite beam systems erected?
 Picture of composite beam stud welding
 Before and after pictures of complete joint penetration column splice welds showing weld runoff tabs
 Pictures of single plate shear tab connections
 What are steel joists and joist girders?
 Picture and details of typical joists and joist girders
 How are joists and joist girders specified?
 Examples of steel braced frames: Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame (OCBF), Special Concentric
Braced Frame (SCBF), Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF)
 Pictures of BRBF and SCBF for comparison
Bonus PowerPoint Video: Real World Steel Design Projects–Case Studies
Advanced Lectures: Composite Beam design

Class 1: Intro to design of Composite Beams

 What are composite beams?
 Drawings and pictures of composite beam systems
 Camber in composite beams
 Erection sequences for unshored versus shored composite beam systems
 Advantages and disadvantages of composite beam systems
Class 2: Design of Composite Beams
 How to find the effective slab width
 How does horizontal shear transfer happen in a composite beam?
 How to find the number of required weld studs to transfer the horizontal shear force
 Stud requirements for composite beams with metal deck
 How to find the nominal moment strength of composite beams using AISC Table 3-19.
Class 3: Composite Beam Design Example
 Step-by-step example problem of a composite beam design using metal deck and lightweight concrete.
 Beam is sized, camber and number of required studs are determined
 Partial composite action is explained
Advanced PowerPoint lecture: Second-order effects in steel structure