Running head: WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 1

Waste Management Using Nylon Nets In End Pipe Sewer In Pulung Cacutud Angeles City

Tabaday, James Dominic S.

Holy Angel University

Author Note

The authors of this study are students from Holy Angel University, Angeles City under the

Department of Civil Engineering of the School of Engineering and Architecture. This is in partial

fulfilment of their requirements in the subject Civil Engineering Projects. Further concerns and

inquiries about this paper should be addressed to, Tabaday James Dominic S., Department of

Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Holy Angel University, Angeles City
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 2

Waste Management Using Nylon Nets In End Pipe Sewer In Pulung Cacutud Angeles City

A.) Background of the study

Plastic is an engineered material produced using a wide scope of natural polymers, for

example, polyethylene, pvc, nylon and so on. That can be formed into shape while delicate and

after that set into inflexible or somewhat flexible structure. Plastics are used in everyday

existence. Plastics are a manufactured natural polymer that has been around just a little more

than a century. Its attributes of delicacy, toughness, quality, generally ease of creation and

adaptability of utilization then again, similar attributes that helped increment plastic generation

together with imprudent administration of its transfer are likewise in charge of making the

material a genuine peril for nature. The success of and dominance of plastics starting in the early

20th century led to environmental concerns its slow decomposition rate after being discarded as

trash due to its composition of large molecules. Toward the end of the century, one approach to

this problem was met with wide efforts toward recycling. Plastic can be trace in one source, the

humans. Some people are just throwing their trash anywhere. Majority of plastics are in bodies

of water. Nobody knows how long it will take to breakdown a plastic, but some believed to take

hundreds or thousands of year. It is not just the accumulation of plastics that harm the

environment. It is also fragments and toxins released during photo- decomposition that pollute

our soil and water.

Waste management is all of the activities that handle waste materials, from the time it is

made to its disposal. This includes how your business collects, transports, processes, recycles or

disposes its waste. Managing what you waste in your business can equate to lost opportunities or

profits. Waste management is about being more efficient with raw materials and making the most

of each stage of the production process. The most important reason for proper waste management
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 3

is to protect the environment and for the health and safety of the population. Certain types of

waste can be hazardous and can pollute the environment. Bad waste management practices can

also cause land and air pollution which can result in serious medical conditions in humans and

animals. Implementing good waste management practices not only helps to protect the

environment but can be beneficial to your business. Environmental concern in accordance

with individual belief will determine actual behavior. A person who cares about environment

wouldn’t take economical advantage, but only satisfied to do something useful, which implied

that person will do waste sorting more convenient

Natural polymers like plastics are manufactured and however they have existed for a little

more than a century (Gorman, 1993), According to O’Hera, 1988 More than millions of plastics

are produced annually. According to Hansen and Laist It came to an extraordinary increment of

the flexibility of these materials in their utilization in the recent decades and they use it every

day. According to Laist,1987, Plastics are lightweight, strong, durable and cheap, characteristics

that make them suitable for the manufactured to a different type of products. These same

properties coincide the reasons why plastics are a serious hazard to the environment. Since they

are additionally light, an expanding heap of plastic flotsam and jetsam is being scattered over

long separations, and when they finally settle in dregs they may continue for a considerable

length of time (Hansen, 1990; Ryan, 1987b; Goldberg, 1995, 1997).

The risk of plastics to the marine condition has been overlooked for quite a while, and its

earnestness has been as of late perceived (Stefatos,1999). for example, at that point an individual

from the Council of the British Plastics Federation and a Fellow of the Plastics Institute,

expressed that ''plastics litter is a little extent of all litter and makes no damage the earth with the

exception of as a blemish''. His remarks not just represent how the malicious ecological effects of
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 4

plastics were totally disregarded, yet additionally that, evidently, even the plastics business

neglected to foresee the incredible blast in the creation and utilization of plastics of the previous

30 years. In the marine condition, the apparent plenitude of marine life and the immensity of the

seas have prompted the rejection of the expansion of plastic garbage as a potential danger (Laist,

1987). Human activities are accountable for an essential rot of the world's natural arranged

assortment, and the issue is basic to the point that joined human impacts could have revived

present disposal rates to 1000– on various occasions the customary rate (Lovejoy, 1997).

The threat of plastics to the marine environment has been ignored for a long time, and its

seriousness has been only recently recognized (Stefatos., 1999). Fergusson (1974) for instance,

then a member of the Council of the British Plastics Federation and a Fellow of the Plastics

Institute, stated that ‘‘plastics litter is a very small proportion of all litter and causes no harm to

the environment except as an eyesore’’. His comments not only illustrate how the deleterious

environmental effects of plastics were entirely overlooked, but also that, apparently, even the

plastics industry failed to predict the great boom in the production and use of plastics of the past

30 years. In the marine environment, the perceived abundance of marine life and the vastness of

the oceans have led to the dismissal of the proliferation of plastic debris as a potential hazard

(Laist, 1987).

Single-use plastic and marine flotsam and jetsam is a standout amongst the most

widespread contamination issues tormenting the world's oceans as it has genuine negative effects

on natural life, ocean life and human wellbeing. Most investigations have concentrated on

improved waste administration or additionally reusing as essential answers for the issue of

marine plastic contamination, in any case, creation of plastic is evaluated to expand four-overlap

by 2050 (Hinojosa and Thiel, 2009). More gathering and reusing of plastics is unlikely to keep
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 5

pace with the monstrous anticipated increment in the utilization of plastics, particularly for

single-use, dispensable applications. There is a significant increment in the amount of litter

created by people that winds up in the world's seas, bringing about a tremendous scope of

possibly hurtful effects on nature influencing marine life (Hardesty, Good, and Wilcox, 2015).

On a worldwide scale, marine natural surroundings on shorelines, in profound sea waters and at

surface dimensions are being dirtied with man-made flotsam and jetsam (Gall and Thompson,

2015). In 2015, Hardesty et al. noticed that "in excess of six million metric huge amounts of

plastic is evaluated to enter the sea every year from land-based sources". Nerve and Thompson

(2015) have depicted that more than 600 species have experienced flotsam and jetsam in the sea.

This study tended to the gap in both past literature and practice by gathering information pointed

towards prescribing potential answers for overall plastic decrease, which could, as a result,

impact the levels of ocean debris and ocean pollution in a positive way (Bowns, 2018). The flow

bypass options are more expensive to install, but are more suited to larger outfalls, or outfalls

where maintenance access is more difficult. In larger creeks, or those with steep banks,

recovering the NetTech nets may prove difficult, but the Fresh Creek design is attached to a

liftable support frame.

On the other hand, several studies have reported that plastic has caused mortality to

marine species by drowning, gastro-intestinal blockage, and stomach rupture among others

(McCauley & Bjorndal 1999; Plot & Georges 2010; Hirai, 2011; De Stephanis, 2013; Laver,

2014). Aside from its direct impacts to individual marine organisms, plastic can also have

ecological effects that may indirectly affect various marine animals. Plastic is known to

introduce alien species, altering the community structure a possible food web simplification

(Katsanevakis 2014; Pham, 2014). Marine turtles are truly powerless against these impacts since
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 6

these living beings effectively ingest plastic mixing up it as prey. This adds worry to the

declining populace of marine turtles. On 17 April 2015, a dead grown-up female green turtle was

recuperated in Brgy. Lapu-lapu, Agdao, Davao City, Philippines. Necropsy demonstrated that

few plastic materials caused blockage in the pyloric end of the stomach which may have caused

the turtle's mortality (Abreo, 2016).

Automatic canal cleaning system makes utilization of sun-based capacity to expel

drifting wastes. The gadget is put over the water body with the goal that stream happens through

lower frameworks. Squander like plastic jugs, jars, bio-garbage and so forth are lifted up by

utilizing transport fitted with anticipating teeth. These belts are driven by sun powered fueled

engines. The preferred standpoint which achieved from our Idea is of a better valuable one and

we are glad in having eco cordial Idea. Regular ones make it hard to acquire and feels massive

work, our thought give the response to this issue through this undertaking we can most likely

comprehend the troubles in keeping up the resistances and furthermore the quality (Prakash,

2017). For larger waterbodies, floatable trash trapping devices may be an option. These practices

can capture large drainage areas, but are only able to capture floatable trash. The Bandalong

Trash Trap is one example of a floatable trash trap. It is composed of a floating boom that

intercepts trash and other debris floating on the surface. This floating material is conveyed to an

aluminum trap that is kept buoyant by polyethylene pipes. This practice can be installed on

waterbodies wider than six feet, and is highly effective at capturing floatable trash.

Outfall practices can have various configurations, each with distinct advantages

and disadvantages, and different applications where they are most appropriate. Outfall practices

refer to practices installed at or below the storm drain outfall. Practice options include the

following: Hydrodynamic Practices, Nets, Litter Traps, Trash Barges and Water Wheels These
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 7

practices can be valuable at outfalls with large drainage areas and high trash loads, when

implemented in concert with upstream measures such as educational efforts and street sweeping.

In addition, they can be implemented fairly quickly, thus serving as a stop gap measure until

other programs and practices are in place. Hydrodynamic practices include a range of

proprietary practices, which are designed to capture floatable materials and sediment from

stormwater runoff. They are available in different sizes, so that smaller units can be used at the

catch basin scale, but larger units can capture large drainage areas and are installed at the outfall.

The use of nylon nets in End pipe sewer to prevent plastics going in the rivers or streams.

This solution for me, is an economical and eco-friendly solution. This solution doesn’t

require bulky work. Catches gross pollutants as little as 5mm, just as natural materials, (for

example, leaves) that could lessen the dimensions of phosphorous and nitrogen. Floods planned

in center points and weirs. Effectively exhausted with truck mounted crane or two-man team.

Available for assessment and upkeep. No kept space passage is required, as net change-out is

done at the surface.

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B.) Statement of the Problem

The researchers aim to find an eco-friendly solution in dealing with gross pollutants in

sewers and streams. The possible solution may help those people who are dealing with waste

management and help us to easily capture and remove trash from water.

• What kind of waste material that people usually throw?

• What is the design of an economical solution to capture gross pollutants?
• What is the holding capacity of nets?

C.) Objectives of the study

The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century led to

environmental concerns. As a result, there are lots of waste plastic. These wastes are not

disposed properly in the right containers, but in rivers and streams. Since the rivers and streams

are connected to the ocean, it will be a problem if these plastics will go to the ocean. Thus, this

research aims:

• To determine what kinds of plastics are being thrown in rivers and streams;

• To proposed design of an economical solution to capture gross pollutants in end pipe

sewers;

• To perform and analyze the capacity of these nets.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 9

D.) Significance of the study

This study will focus on the waste management using nylon nets in end pipe sewers. The

results of the study will greatly benefit the following:

Marine Environment

This study covers about the marine environment because some of the waste or

plastic are in the bodies of waters. This study will help to maintain the cleanliness of our bodies

of water and prevents floating litter and debris from destroying the environment.

People in Pulung Cacutud

The results will provide the people with some knowledge what is the importance

of waste management in our environment. It will give the people’s realization that throwing

garbage in streams have a major impact in marine environment.

Easy Maintenance

This study shows the accessibility to inspect and do maintenance. No confined

space entry is required, as net change-out is done at the surface. Long service life, with cost-

effective maintenance.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 10

E.) Theoretical Framework

The theory of flow bypass options is more expensive to install, but are more suited to

larger outfalls, or outfalls where maintenance access is more difficult. In larger creeks, or those

with steep banks, recovering the NetTech nets may prove difficult, but the Fresh Creek design is

attached to a liftable support frame (Kristar Enterprises, 2014). Figure 1. In stream trash trap

In-Stream Trash Traps Both proprietary and custom-designed trash traps can be installed

within the stream channel. One challenge of these traps is that they can easily become clogged

by trash and debris. The design shown in the Figure minimized the potential for clogging, and

was designed and the shallow angle to the ground, allowing the streams energy to dislodge these

particles. This practice was both designed and maintained by the Anacostia Watershed Society.

This practice replaced an earlier design that had experienced problems with clogging.

The theory of Bandalong Litter Trap drifts by bandalong international on

conduits, given lightness by extraordinarily solid and sturdy polyethylene pipes. The unit is held

set up by chains appended to ground grapples or fitted to rider shafts for trench establishments.

Extended accumulation blasts direct coasting litter through a single direction door into the device

where it is held prepared for evacuation.

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Re-entrainment is averted by an arrangement of stabilizers and oars that nearby the

section entryway when the water stream stops or there is an adjustment in stream heading

because of tide or wind. A polyethylene side skirt underneath the waterline averts flotsam and

jetsam getting away under the primary buoys.

Figure 2. Storm water System Figure 3. Bandalong Litter Trap

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F.) Conceptual Framework

The end pipe net sewers is an engineered economical waste management that

prevents gross pollutants flowing in the water.

Figure

Input

• People
• Nets, Concrete pipe,
Stainless Steel U shape
hook base, Hoist Hooks
• Gross Pollutants

Fail

Process

• Multivariate Surveys
• Coding of data

Output

• Finding in types of debris

• Designing of nets
• Applying it Actual
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 13

G.) Scope and Limitations

The scope of this research is focus on waste management concerning marine

environment. The researchers must conduct the experiment to lessen the gross pollutants going to

the rivers or streams. Putting nylon nets in end pipe sewers to catch all the gross pollutants.

Limitations include areas with more wooded and denser tree canopy would require a

more intense street cleaning regimen and leaf drop check to ensure the net is free of leaf debris.

Older nets may have poor in tension present along the support hook, if that is the case, installers

will need to always double check the hooks and need to test the nets and know the allowable

capacity. For outlet screens or nets, finding the best opening size can be a challenge, since there

is a balance between capturing the smallest trash particles and preventing clogging and resulting

bypass of larger storm events.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 14

H.) Definition of Terms

• Nets – a length of open-meshed material made of twine, cord, rope, or something similar,
used typically for catching fish or other animals (Thompson,2009)
• Waste management - the activities and actions required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and
disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management
process (Laist, 1997)
• Plastics - typically organic polymers of high molecular mass and often contain other
substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals,
however, an array of variants is made from renewable materials such as polylactic acid
from corn or cellulosic from cotton linters.
• First Flush - initial surface runoff of a rainstorm. During this phase, water pollution
entering storm drains in areas with high proportions of impervious surfaces is typically
more concentrated compared to the remainder of the storm.
• Marine Debris - is human-created waste that has deliberately or accidentally been
released in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway.
• Bandalong litter trap - is designed to float in waterways in order to capture litter before
it flows farther downstream by using the current to guide debris into the trap.
• Hoist hooks –is a device for grabbing and lifting hooks. Usually equipped with a safety
latch to prevent the disengagement of the lifting wire rope sling, chain or rope to which
the load is attached (Kennedy,2013)
• Flood – is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. An area of study
of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture.
• Polyethylene Pipes – is a thermoplastic pipe made from material that can be melted and
reformed. It is rugged, flexible and durable. It has outstanding chemical and
environmental stress crack resistance.(Kennedy, 2013)
• Regimen – is a plan or regulated course.(Kenndy, 2013)
• Plastic debris- become the most serious problem affecting the marine environment, not
only for coastal areas of developing countries that lack appropriate waste management
infrastructures, but also for the world’s oceans as a whole because slowly degrading large
plastic items generate microplastic particles which spread over long distances by wind-
driven ocean surface layer circulation (Thompson,2009)
• Pollution- - contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.
Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or
naturally occurring contaminants (Prakash,2017)
• MicroPlastics- small pieces of plastic that pollute the environment. Microplastics are not
a specific kind of plastic, but rather any type of plastic fragment that is less than five
millimeters in length according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
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Review of Related Literature

Wilcox (2016) Concludes that Marine litter is a developing natural concern. With

the quick increment in worldwide plastics creation what's more, the subsequent vast

volume of litter that enters the marine condition, deciding the results of this flotsam and

jetsam on marine fauna and sea wellbeing has now turned into a basic natural need,

especially for undermined and imperiled species. Be that as it may, there are restricted

information about the effects of garbage on marine species from which to make

inferences about the populace outcomes of anthropogenic garbage. Franeker and Law

(2015) Claims that Fulmars are successful natural pointers of the bounty of gliding plastic

marine flotsam and jetsam. Long haul information uncovers high plastic plenitude in the

southern North Sea, bit by bit diminishing toward the north at expanding separation from

populace focuses, with most minimal dimensions in high-ice waters. Since the 1980s,

pre-creation plastic pellets in North Sea fulmars have diminished by ~75%, while client

plastics fluctuated without a solid generally change. Comparable patterns were found in

net-gathered gliding plastic flotsam and jetsam in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre,

with a ~75% decline in plastic pellets and no conspicuous pattern in client plastic.

According to Gregory(2009) In the course of the last five or six decades, sullying and

contamination of the world's encased oceans, seaside waters and the more extensive open

seas by plastics and other manufactured, non-biodegradable materials (for the most part

known as 'marine flotsam and jetsam') has been a regularly expanding marvel. The

wellsprings of these dirtying materials are both land-and marine-based, their birthplaces

might be neighborhood or removed, what's more, the ecological results are numerous and

changed.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 16

The more generally perceived issues are ordinarily connected with entrapment,

ingestion, suffocation and general weakening, and are frequently identified with stranding

occasions and open observation. Thompson(2009) concluded that Plastics have changed

regular day to day existence; utilization is expanding and yearly generation is probably

going to surpass 300 million tons by 2010. In this closing paper to the Theme Issue on

Plastics, the Environment what's more, Human Health, we integrate current

comprehension of the advantages and concerns encompassing the utilization of plastics

and look to future needs, difficulties and openings. It is clear that plastics bring numerous

societal advantages and offer future innovative and therapeutic propels. Notwithstanding,

worries about utilization and transfer are differing and incorporate amassing of squander

in landfills and in regular natural surroundings, physical issues for untamed life coming

about because of ingestion or then again snare in plastic, the draining of synthetic

concoctions from plastic items and the potential for plastics to exchange synthetic

compounds to untamed life and people. In any case, maybe the most critical abrogating

Concern, which is certain all through this volume, is that our present utilization isn't

supportable.

Gregory(1991) conclude that Plastic litter and trash of numerous types is prominent

on numerous contemporary shorelines, most much of the time close populated and modern

focuses, yet in addition on remote and seldom visited r then again uninhabited islands,

including Raoul, Campbell and Auckland Islands. Contamination By plastics is stylishly

disagreeable and superfluous, and furthermore makes various ecological issues: for example

demise or potentially incapacitation of natural life through trap; blockages to the intestinal

tract through ingestion prompting starvation and demise, or ulceration of sensitive tissues by
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 17

barbed pieces; decrease in personal satisfaction and conceptive execution. Bigger things may

likewise danger shipping. An encrusting pseudoplanktic biota, like that found on drifting

Sargassum and different ocean growth has been perceived on float plastics. Outsider species,

boated on floating plastic, could jeopardize the widely varied vegetation of ensured and

preservation island environments. A large number of the issues related with marine trash

draw in impressive media and open consideration. Chief of these are the visual attack of

unattractive disposed of plastic and tasteful qualities when all is said in done. Different

effects to get constrained consideration are of no less significance, for example harm to

subsistence fisheries (Nash 1992); dangers to recreational sailing and bigger business vessels;

effect of plastic sheeting that covers the biota of delicate dregs, reef and rough substrata

(Uneputty and Evans 1997) just as anoxia and hypoxia initiated by restraint of gas trade

between pore waters and overlying ocean water (Goldberg 1997; Gregory and Andrady

2003).

There are additionally vacationer observations and emotive issues emerging from

broadly distributed pictures of seabirds, marine warm-blooded creatures and fish caught in

surrendered or lost netting; besides, trap and ingestion may prompt demise from starvation

and crippling, with a diminished personal satisfaction and brought down regenerative

execution (Laist 1987). Huge numbers of the litter issues related with marine trash draw in

impressive media and open consideration. Preeminent of these is the visual insult of

unattractive, disposed of or potentially unintentionally lost plastic and other fabricated

materials that will in general strand and concentrate along shorelines and sandy shorelines—

ones frequently of extensive recreational significance. There are likewise firmly emotive

issues related with both neighborhood shoreline clients and vacationer recognitions. Money
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 18

related worries over guest numbers may likewise be a huge factor. Cruelly basic open

reactions are normal and may reflect individual perceptions or generally distributed and

regularly nerve-racking pictures of seabirds, marine warm-blooded creatures and fish snared

in relinquished and shoreline cast or lost netting.

Earthly vertebrates may likewise be trapped or caught in wrack flotsam and jetsam.

Where tidal range is moderate, and especially amid times of back to back spring high tides,

unattractive littering material might be covered and escaped see. Exhumation of litter may

happen amid later times of higher wave action (Williams and Tudor 2001) and may likewise

be cyclic in character. Notwithstanding those components distinguished beforehand and later,

concerns are ordinarily communicated about financial misfortunes, medical problems and

mischief to nearby biota, and generally broad impressions of longer-term crumbling in

shoreline stylish qualities (Gabrielides 1995).

Catch basin screen cover practice, when combined with street sweeping, appears to be

very effective on the West Coast. For example, the City of Los Angeles conducted a pilot

study to determine the effectiveness of catch basin opening screen covers during rain events

with an accumulation of rainfall greater than 0.25 inches. The study was located west of the

City of Los Angeles downtown area with a drainage area of fifty-five acres, with inlet screens

on 24 catch basins. The catch basin inserts were determined to be 58-79% effective in

preventing trash from entering the catch basin (Magallenes, 2008). When combined with

regular street sweeping during dry days (93% of days in Los Angeles), the practice can

prevent 85% of trash from entering the catch basin. However, the practice has not been

studied in humid climates such as the MidAtlantic.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 19

Catch basin inserts have been evaluated extensively as a part of the Los Angeles

River TMDL in order to certify “100% capture” of trash, as required by the TMDL. As a part

of this program, the City of Los Angeles conducted a pilot study on the trash capture

effectiveness of three catch basin insert configurations over a one year duration (2007)

(Magallanes et al, 2008), in a 138-acre drainage area with 50 catch basins located adjacent to

the Los Angeles Coliseum/Exposition Park.

The City of Los Angeles also examined hanging baskets and vertical inserts. Based on

their results, the vertical inserts allowed the most trash capture volume and had the least

maintenance, and the hanging baskets were ineffective due to their small capture volume.

Other options (e.g., the horizontal catch insert) were later reviewed at this location, but due to

ongoing maintenance issues Montgomery County has not continued their use (Curtis, ND).

Data from Montgomery County, Maryland confirm that the smaller volume catch

basin inserts (trays and baskets) require too much maintenance to be practically

implemented. In a study in the White Oak neighborhood of Silver Spring, Maryland, trash

trays were installed at the inlet of several inlets and monitored over a 1year period (Versar,

2006). The trays became clogged with trash and leaf debris very quickly, and needed to be

maintained every two weeks in order to prevent the trays from bypassing stormwater flows

Water quality catch basins are estimated to be between 25% and 50% effective at

removing total suspended solids, and are also designed to remove floatable materials and

oils. Some designs may also incorporate screens to remove neutrally buoyant materials

(AWS, 2008).

Maintenance of most catch basin insert and screen designs includes vacuuming either

through the curb opening or the maintenance grate. A vacuum truck can cost (between
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 20

$120,000 and $150,000) and the time to clean the catch basins adds significant cost to

maintenance. Some designs been designed to use other equipment, however. For example,

the radial axial screen depicted in Figure 7.3 is maintained with a front-end loader, since this

equipment was more readily available. In Los Angeles County, cleaning is recommended

semi-annually at a minimum depending on unit specifications (Gordon and Zamist 2006), at

a cost of approximately $200/unit. The County inspects catch basin inserts monthly and after

storms from October to April. The systems are cleaned when trash is above 40% full. In May

to September, the systems are inspected and cleaned once. They are repaired or replaced as

part of the maintenance program (L.L. Miller, personal communication, August 7, 2014).

Although the costs were not tabulated, data from Montgomery County, Maryland collected to

date suggest that the required maintenance frequency, at least for the trash trays studied in

that municipality, would be cost-prohibitive (Versar, 2006).

In netting systems, a disposable or reusable net is attached to the outfall. Once the net

is full, either the entire net or the trash captured by it is landfilled. Trash netting systems

include a variety of design configurations, with some design variations including in-line

netting systems placed in manholes just above the outfall, and pontoon boats below the

outfall. The specific design option depends on site factors such as ability to access the site

and available head. Regardless of the specific option implemented, the nets cannot

accommodate all storm events and need to include a bypass option for larger storms.

The flow bypass options are more expensive to install, but are more suited to larger

outfalls, or outfalls where maintenance access is more difficult. In larger creeks, or those with

steep banks, recovering the NetTech nets may prove difficult, but the Fresh Creek design is

attached to a liftable support frame.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 21

Outfall practices may play a role in this watershed on a limited basis to achieve two

goals. First, they can be used in trash hotspot sewersheds to get a “jump start” on capturing trash

that ongoing education programs will take a long time to achieve. Second, some of these options

can serve as both public education and watershed monitoring tools. For example, ongoing trash

counts from the Nash Run Trash Trap have demonstrated a decline in plastic bags after

implementing the plastic bag tax in Washington DC (Kennedy, 2013). In the Tookany-Tacony

Frankford, the best option may be to implement a few outfall practices on a trial basis, in

sewersheds known to have high trash loads. In addition, these practices may have additional

benefits by capturing leaf debris and other gross stormwater pollution, which is a source of

nutrients, sediment and organic carbon.

WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 22

Research Methodology

A.) Research Design

This research is a quantitative research that deals with gross pollutants in streams. A

survey research was conducted, focusing on gross pollutants that they are usually seeing in

the streams of Pulung Cacutud Angeles City, the questions was divided in to two 1.) what

kind of plastic they usually see in the streams and 2.) where it causes physical damage to

ecosystem. Once the data collected, analyses were undertaken to determine the debris type,

design of the solution and analyze the capacity of nets during Storm. Quantitative research is

more on collecting and gathering data and analyzing those data given.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 23

B.) Materials

The major parts employed for making of the net system in end pipe sewers are, Nylon

Nets, Concrete pipe, Stainless steel U shape hook base, Hoist Hooks.

• Nylon Nets – the nets must be minimum of 5 feet in length, there are different
size of holes depends on the survey that the researchers conducted. The nets
must capture at least 5mm size of gross pollutants in end pipe sewers.
• Concrete Pipe- Circular pipe is available in a wide range of nominal inside
diameters from 300 to 3000mm. Standard strength classes are 50-D, 65-D,
100-D, and 140-D, but higher strength classes are available. The standard lay
length for all pipe sizes is 2.44m, with shorter lengths available. Each circular
pipe section is supplied with a single offset joint and a pre-lubricated rubber
gasket, which is tested to a hydro-static pressure of 103 kPa (15 psi). Circular
pipe can be designed for open-cut or jacking installation methods. See Table
for the standard dimensions by Aashto 28 Edition.

• Stainless Steel U shape hook base – stainless steel offers several advantages in
terms of strength and hardness. It also doesn't rust, corrode.

• Hoist Hooks – Use to hook in the U shape hook base. A lifting hook is usually
equipped with a safety latch to prevent the disengagement of the lifting wire
rope sling.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 24

C.) Population

The respondents of this study are people in the place of Pulung Cacutud Angeles City

especially those who are near the streams.

D.) Research Instrument and Data Collection

The instrument used was a Researcher-made questionnaire open ended to gather needed

data for the experiment of waste management using nylon nets in end pipe sewers. The draft of

the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researchers’ readings.

First thing to do, the researchers must make a request letter. When Approve, the

researcher must conduct a survey in Pulung Cacutud Angeles City. After data collecting, the

researcher must analyze what type of debris are there and make a design using nets in streams.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 25

D.) Methods for data Recording and Analysis

Method 1: The researchers must have a request letter. When Approve, the researcher must

conduct a survey in Pulung Cacutud Angeles City.

Method 2: After conducting a survey, the researcher must conduct a tally in the given

data. What type of debris that the people of Pulung Cacutud usually see in the streams?

Method 3: Analysis of sizes of trash there are in the streams.

Method 4:Propose a design of waste management using nylon nets in end piper sewers.
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 26

Reference

• Anacostia Watershed Society (AWS). 2008. Anacostia Watershed Trash

Reduction Plan. Prepared for the District of Columbia Department of the

Environment. Anacostia Watershed Society, Washington, DC. Available at:

http://green.dc.gov/publication/2008anacostia-river-trash-study

• US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1999. Combined Sewer

Overflow Technology Fact Sheet: Netting Systems for Floatables Control.

EPA 832-F-99-037. Available at:

http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/upload/2002_06_28_mtb_nettrash1.pdf

• Kennedy, B. 2013. The DC Bag Fee Is Cleaning Up the Anacostia River.

Retrieved February 5, 2014 from http://www.anacostiaws.org/news/blog/dc-

bag-fee-cleaning-anacostia-river

• King D. and P. Hagan. 2011. Costs of Stormwater Management Practices In

Maryland Counties. Prepared for the Maryland Department of the

Environment. Baltimore, MD. Available at:

http://www.mwcog.org/uploads/committeedocuments/kl1fWF1d20111107094

620.pdf

• Kuebler, B. July 8, 2014. Water wheel, street sweeping credited with the

removal of more than 1k tons of trash in Baltimore. ABC2 News. Retrieved

from: http://www.abc2news.com/news/region/baltore-city/water-wheel-street-

sweeping-creditedwith-the-removal-of-more-than-1k-tons-of-trash-in-

baltimore
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 27

• Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (MWCOG). 2001. DC-

WASA Combined Sewer Overflow Anacostia River Trash Reduction

Demonstration Project: Fresh Creek Netting TrashTrapTM System. Prepared

for the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority. Available at:

http://www.anacostia.net/Archives/download/CSO_Trash_Report.pdf

• Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore (WPB), Center for Watershed Protection

and Biohabitats, 2011. Healthy Harbor Plan: Creating a Cleaner, Greener

Future or Our Neighborhoods, Streams & Harbor. Baltimore, MD.

Available online at: http://healthyharborbaltimore.org/uploads/file/healthy-

harborplan/Complete_Healthy_Harbor_Plan.pdf

• CMC––Center for Marine Conservation, 2002. MARPOL/MPPRCA.

Available online on http://www.cmc-ocean.org/mdio/marpol.php3

• JunzhouHuo, Shiqiang Yu, Jing Yang and Tao Li “Static and Dynamic

Characteristics of the Chain Drive System of a Heavy Duty Apron Feeder”;,

The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2013, 7, 121-128.

• Laist, D.W., 1997. Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in

marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement

and ingestion records. In: Coe, J.M., Rogers, D.B. (Eds.), Marine Debris––

Sources, Impacts and Solutions. SpringerVerlag, New York, pp. 99–139.

• Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection (MC DEP).

ND. http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/DEP/
WASTE MANAGEMENT USING NYLON NET IN END PIPE SEWER 28

• Prince Georges County Department of the Environment. ND.

http://www.princegeorgescountymd.gov/sites/environmentalresources/Pages/d

efault.aspx

• Toy-Chen, D. 2014, July. Complying with the Trash TMDLs in the City of

Los Angeles. Responding to Proposed Trash Amendments. Webinar conducted

by California Stormwater Quality Association (CASQA). Menlo Park, CA.